1956:
190:
172:
987:
Nasalized vowels are fairly new to the Ponca language. Assimilation has taken place leftward, as opposed to right to left, from nasalized consonants over time. "Originally when the vowel was oral, it nasalized the consonant and a nasalized vowel never followed suit, instead, the nasalized vowel came
1089:
In many languages nasalization of vowels would be a part of assimilation to the next consonant, but Omaha/Ponca is different because it is always assimilating. For example: iⁿdáthiⁿga, meaning mysterious, moves from a nasalized /i/ to an alveolar, stop. Same thing happens with the word iⁿshte,
333:
offers classes in the Omaha language, and its Omaha
Language Curriculum Development Project (OLCDP) provides Internet-based materials for learning the language. A February 2015 article gives the number of fluent speakers as 12, all over age 70, which includes two qualified teachers; the Tribal
334:
Council estimates about 150 people have some ability in the language. The language is taught at the Umónhon Nation Public School. An Omaha Basic iPhone app has been developed by the Omaha Nation Public
Schools (UNPS) and the Omaha Language Cultural Center (ULCC). Members of the
1012:
Omaha-Ponca is a daughter language to the Siouan mother language, but has developed some of its own rules for nasalization and aspiration. What were once allophones in Proto-Siouan have become phonemes in the Omaha–Ponca language.
1432:
1384:
1306:
1098:
Omaha Ponca language adds endings to its definite articles to indicate animacy, number, position and number. Ponca definite articles indicate animacy, position and number.
995:(accent) or a lowering process that applies to the second of two high-tone syllables. A downstepped high tone would be slightly lower than the preceding high tone.”:
1276:
1440:
1681:
1506:
Finegan, Edward, and John R. Rickford. Language in the USA: Themes for the Twenty-first
Century. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2004. Print. (page 171)
964:
There are two or three nasal vowels, depending on the variety. In the Omaha and Ponca
Dhegiha dialects *õ and *ã have merged unconditionally as
2336:
1534:
200:
1090:
meaning, for example, has the nasalized /i/ which does not assimilate to another nasal. It changes completely to an alveolar fricative.
1994:
2341:
1331:
1621:
326:
There are today only 60 speakers of Omaha, and 12 fluent speakers, all over 70; and a handful of semi-fluent speakers of Ponca.
1457:
716:
1674:
675:
222:
1009:"table". Vowel length is distinctive in accented syllables, though it is often not written: "heart", "(inside) wall".
652:
2346:
2326:
1020:
for some sounds which in
English would be considered allophones, but in Omaha/Ponca constitute different phonemes:
620:
482:
891:
212:
1987:
1960:
1667:
1284:
1795:
588:
445:
2188:
1903:
920:
613:
343:
158:
1202:
1192:
1182:
1172:
1162:
1152:
1142:
1132:
1122:
1112:
1006:
999:
981:
969:
965:
958:
954:
743:
739:
701:
681:
1910:
849:
691:
645:
265:
1016:
Many contrasts in the Omaha/Ponca language are unfamiliar to speakers of
English. Below are examples of
801:
of other Siouan languages, which are not specified for voicing and so may sound like either Omaha–Ponca
1648:
912:
475:
468:
1980:
627:
581:
180:
2011:
856:
659:
92:
489:
438:
431:
1898:
1828:
1408:
595:
554:
547:
374:
330:
1706:
indicate extinct languages * indicates extinct language in
Oklahoma but still spoken elsewhere
338:
have expressed an interest in partnerships to use the language as a basis of revitalizing the
318:. The two dialects differ minimally but are considered distinct languages by their speakers.
1690:
720:
406:
399:
1486:
Crystal, David. A Dictionary of
Linguistics & Phonetics. 5th ed. Blackwell, 2003. Print.
342:, which is similar. Louis Headman edited a dictionary of the Ponca People, published by the
2172:
2074:
1834:
1433:"Louis V. Headman to receive Honorary Doctorate at Bacone College Spring 2021 Commencement"
452:
260:
1332:"Culture-thief? Or help to tribe? Non-Native American Omaha language teacher stirs debate"
8:
1941:
1840:
1562:
1339:
1219:
531:
524:
517:
510:
1629:
1549:
2270:
2260:
2129:
1749:
1574:
100:
749:
Consonants are written as in the IPA in school programs, apart from the alveopalatals
150:
2119:
1805:
1778:
1766:
1744:
1739:
1582:
1570:
1557:
1544:
386:
1515:
1454:
218:
2280:
2207:
2113:
2031:
2003:
1936:
1926:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1856:
1790:
1761:
1755:
1724:
1718:
988:
to preceded it"; though this is not true for the Omaha, or its 'mother' language."
797:
etc.). These latter unusual conventions serve to distinguish these sounds from the
369:
364:
87:
1594:
2287:
2234:
2214:
2155:
2096:
2089:
2084:
2050:
1931:
1851:
1846:
1821:
1815:
1734:
1615:
1461:
393:
381:
287:
79:
16:
Siouan language spoken by the Omaha (Umoⁿhoⁿ) people and the Ponca (Paⁿka) people
1643:
163:
2331:
2307:
2144:
2138:
2079:
1882:
1810:
1784:
1772:
1729:
735:. It varies freely from to a light , and derives historically from Siouan *r.
339:
1654:
1579:
Washington: Smithsonian, Bureau of
American Ethnology, Report No. 3, 1892–1893
1474:
1241:
2320:
2026:
30:
171:
2241:
1800:
1655:
Ponca Hymns sung by the congregation of White Eagle United
Methodist Church
1017:
728:
496:
335:
291:
245:
59:
55:
134:
961:
in men's speech. The letter ‘o’ is phonemically /au/, and phonetically .
943:
935:
870:
826:
669:
1659:
1530:
1246:
838:
831:
901:
880:
568:
143:
127:
189:
1972:
1694:
1475:
Historical Transfer of Nasality between Consonantal Onset and Vowel
1385:"Omaha Tribe members trying to revitalize an 'endangered language'"
992:
732:
315:
311:
299:
230:
177:
44:
40:
420:
226:
1601:
1477:." Diachronica 2012th ser. 29.2 (2011): 1-34. Web. 26 Oct. 2011.
1360:
1649:
Chairman Elmer Blackbird Delivers Introduction (in Omaha-Ponca)
197:
1495:
303:
250:
229:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
196:
Omaha-Ponca is classified as Critically Endangered by the
1612:. Extensive language learning materials, including audio.
738:
Initial consonant clusters include approximates, as in
1644:
OLAC resources in and about the Omaha-Ponca language
1307:"Woman travels 1,100 miles to learn Omaha language"
1464:." The Hello Oklahoma! Project. Web. 24 Oct. 2011.
1167:for animate singular patient in standing position
1197:for animate singular patient in sitting position
321:
2318:
793:have either been written upside-down or double (
1602:"Omaha Language Curriculum Development Project"
1361:"Omaha Language Curriculum Development Project"
1207:for animate plural patient in sitting position
1157:for singular animate agent in motion or plural
991:Omaha/Ponca is a tonal language that utilizes
704:may also be heard as tense in free variation.
1262:Rudin & Shea (2006) "Omaha–Ponca", in the
1988:
1675:
1595:Omaha-Ponca Indian Language (Cegiha, Dhegiha)
1567:Washington: Government Printing Office. 1890
1554:Washington: Government Printing Office, 1891
1378:
1376:
1277:"Omaha language classes keep culture alive"
1995:
1981:
1682:
1668:
188:
170:
1689:
1373:
1409:"Omaha Basic on the App Store on iTunes"
1304:
1274:
1264:Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics
201:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
1583:List of basic references on Omaha-Ponca
1539:Congrès international des américanistes
1177:for animate singular patient in motion
223:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
2319:
1382:
980:in Ponca. The close front nasal vowel
1976:
1663:
1237:
1235:
1187:for animate plural patient in motion
813:are not used in writing Omaha-Ponca.
2002:
1801:Mesquakie (Fox, Kickapoo, and Sauk)
13:
1329:
1232:
14:
2358:
1588:
942:
934:
919:
911:
890:
869:
855:
848:
707:One consonant, sometimes written
690:
674:
658:
651:
644:
626:
619:
612:
594:
587:
580:
553:
546:
530:
523:
516:
509:
495:
488:
481:
474:
467:
451:
444:
437:
430:
405:
398:
2342:Indigenous languages of Oklahoma
1955:
1954:
1439:. April 14, 2021. Archived from
1275:Overmyer, Krystal (2003-12-13).
1218:Omaha-Ponca's syntactic type is
1117:for inanimate horizontal object
723:release, , found for example in
176:Map showing the distribution of
1509:
1500:
1489:
1480:
1467:
1447:
1311:The Lincoln Journal Star Online
1425:
1401:
1353:
1323:
1305:Abourezk, Kevin (2011-10-09).
1298:
1268:
1256:
1127:for inanimate standing object
322:Use and revitalization efforts
1:
2337:Subject–object–verb languages
1524:
1093:
761:, and the dental approximant
757:, the voiced velar fricative
717:velarized lateral approximant
354:
1904:Black American Sign Language
1535:"Notes on the Ponka grammar"
1496:Omaha Ponca Dictionary Index
1383:Peters, Chris (2015-02-15).
1083:during future early autumns
349:
344:University of Nebraska Press
7:
1796:Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache
1147:for singular animate agent
1137:for inanimate round object
10:
2363:
731:), the source of the name
2301:
2268:
2259:
2224:
2197:
2186:
2164:
2128:
2105:
2067:
2060:
2040:
2019:
2010:
1950:
1919:
1891:
1711:
1701:
1213:
968:, which may range across
900:
837:
823:
816:
668:
567:
419:
392:
361:
271:
256:
241:
209:
187:
169:
157:
141:
125:
120:
76:
66:
50:
36:
26:
21:
2347:Western Siouan languages
1225:
957:, plus a few words with
336:Osage Nation of Oklahoma
2327:Omaha Tribe of Nebraska
1756:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)
1550:Omaha and Ponka Letters
1541:, Proceedings 2:217-37.
1252:(subscription required)
751:j, ch, chʰ, zh, sh, shʼ
1899:American Sign Language
1616:Omaha Ponca dictionary
953:The simple vowels are
769:has also been written
331:University of Nebraska
211:This article contains
1622:"Omaha Ponca grammar"
1597:, native-language.org
1104:morphological ending
765:. Historically, this
1571:Dorsey, Rev. J. Owen
1563:The Cegiha Language
1220:subject-object-verb
789:; the tenuis stops
753:, the glottal stop
2226:Mississippi Siouan
2061:Mississippi Valley
1626:Omaha Ponca Sketch
1558:Dorsey, James Owen
1545:Dorsey, James Owen
1473:Michaud, Alexis. "
1460:2011-11-06 at the
1453:Bruce, Benjamin. "
984:remains distinct.
978:⟨aⁿ⟩
974:⟨oⁿ⟩
97:Mississippi Valley
2314:
2313:
2308:extinct languages
2297:
2296:
2255:
2254:
2251:
2250:
2182:
2181:
2106:Chiwere–Winnebago
1970:
1969:
1779:Hitchiti-Mikasuki
1389:Omaha.com: Living
1250:(18th ed., 2015)
1211:
1210:
1087:
1086:
951:
950:
700:Voiceless sounds
698:
697:
281:
280:
237:
236:
219:rendering support
215:phonetic symbols.
2354:
2266:
2265:
2195:
2194:
2065:
2064:
2017:
2016:
2004:Siouan languages
1997:
1990:
1983:
1974:
1973:
1958:
1957:
1911:Plains Sign Talk
1684:
1677:
1670:
1661:
1660:
1640:
1638:
1637:
1628:. Archived from
1611:
1609:
1608:
1518:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1498:
1493:
1487:
1484:
1478:
1471:
1465:
1451:
1445:
1444:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1396:
1395:
1380:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1357:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1338:. Archived from
1336:The Buffalo Post
1327:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1317:
1302:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1283:. Archived from
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1239:
1204:
1194:
1184:
1174:
1164:
1154:
1144:
1134:
1124:
1114:
1101:
1100:
1023:
1022:
1008:
1001:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
960:
956:
946:
938:
931:
923:
915:
908:
894:
887:
873:
866:
859:
852:
845:
821:
820:
745:
741:
703:
694:
683:
678:
662:
655:
648:
639:
630:
623:
616:
607:
598:
591:
584:
575:
557:
550:
543:
534:
527:
520:
513:
506:
499:
492:
485:
478:
471:
464:
455:
448:
441:
434:
427:
409:
402:
359:
358:
239:
238:
203:
192:
181:Indian Languages
174:
153:
137:
130:
82:
19:
18:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2351:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2293:
2247:
2220:
2199:Virginia Siouan
2178:
2160:
2124:
2101:
2056:
2036:
2006:
2001:
1971:
1966:
1946:
1915:
1887:
1707:
1697:
1688:
1635:
1633:
1620:
1606:
1604:
1600:
1591:
1575:Omaha Sociology
1527:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1472:
1468:
1462:Wayback Machine
1452:
1448:
1437:Ponca City News
1431:
1430:
1426:
1417:
1415:
1407:
1406:
1402:
1393:
1391:
1381:
1374:
1365:
1363:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1345:
1343:
1328:
1324:
1315:
1313:
1303:
1299:
1290:
1288:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1240:
1233:
1228:
1216:
1096:
977:
973:
972:and is written
929:
906:
885:
864:
843:
819:
637:
605:
573:
541:
504:
462:
425:
376:
357:
352:
324:
288:Siouan language
276:
275:Umoⁿhoⁿ Mazhóⁿ,
264:
249:
217:Without proper
205:
204:
195:
183:
149:
133:
126:
116:
83:
80:Language family
78:
69:
68:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
2360:
2350:
2349:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2312:
2311:
2302:
2299:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2284:
2276:
2274:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2238:
2230:
2228:
2222:
2221:
2219:
2218:
2211:
2203:
2201:
2192:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2168:
2166:
2165:(unclassified)
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2134:
2132:
2126:
2125:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2087:
2077:
2071:
2069:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2046:
2044:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2023:
2021:
2020:Missouri River
2014:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1985:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1923:
1921:
1920:Non-Indigenous
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1895:
1893:
1892:Sign languages
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1837:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1781:
1776:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1708:
1702:
1699:
1698:
1687:
1686:
1679:
1672:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1646:
1641:
1618:
1613:
1598:
1590:
1589:External links
1587:
1586:
1585:
1580:
1568:
1555:
1542:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1508:
1499:
1488:
1479:
1466:
1455:Ponca Alphabet
1446:
1443:on 1 May 2021.
1424:
1413:iTunes Preview
1400:
1372:
1352:
1330:Florio, Gwen.
1322:
1297:
1267:
1255:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1109:
1108:
1107:gloss meaning
1105:
1095:
1092:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
949:
948:
939:
932:
926:
925:
916:
909:
904:
898:
897:
895:
888:
883:
877:
876:
874:
867:
861:
860:
853:
846:
841:
835:
834:
829:
824:
818:
815:
809:. The letters
727:"flat water" (
696:
695:
688:
686:
684:
679:
672:
666:
665:
663:
656:
649:
642:
640:
634:
633:
631:
624:
617:
610:
608:
602:
601:
599:
592:
585:
578:
576:
571:
565:
564:
562:
560:
558:
551:
544:
538:
537:
535:
528:
521:
514:
507:
501:
500:
493:
486:
479:
472:
465:
459:
458:
456:
449:
442:
435:
428:
423:
417:
416:
414:
412:
410:
403:
396:
390:
389:
384:
379:
372:
367:
362:
356:
353:
351:
348:
340:Osage language
323:
320:
290:spoken by the
279:
278:
273:
269:
268:
258:
254:
253:
243:
235:
234:
221:, you may see
207:
206:
194:
193:
185:
184:
175:
167:
166:
161:
155:
154:
147:
139:
138:
131:
123:
122:
121:Language codes
118:
117:
115:
114:
113:
112:
111:
110:
109:
108:
93:Western Siouan
86:
84:
77:
74:
73:
72:85 (2007)
70:
67:
64:
63:
62:, 2010 census)
52:
48:
47:
38:
34:
33:
28:
27:Native to
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2359:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2309:
2305:
2300:
2290:
2289:
2285:
2283:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2244:
2243:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2215:Tutelo-Saponi
2212:
2210:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2193:
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811:f, l, q, r, v
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31:United States
29:
25:
20:
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1959:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1839:
1827:
1820:
1783:
1771:
1754:
1703:
1634:. Retrieved
1630:the original
1625:
1605:. Retrieved
1573:
1561:
1548:
1538:
1511:
1502:
1491:
1482:
1469:
1449:
1441:the original
1436:
1427:
1416:. Retrieved
1412:
1403:
1392:. Retrieved
1388:
1364:. Retrieved
1355:
1344:. Retrieved
1340:the original
1335:
1325:
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1310:
1300:
1289:. Retrieved
1285:the original
1280:
1270:
1263:
1258:
1245:
1217:
1097:
1088:
1015:
1011:
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748:
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729:Platte River
724:
712:
708:
706:
699:
328:
325:
310:) people of
307:
298:) people of
295:
283:
282:
277:Páⁿka Mazhóⁿ
210:
142:
105:
2189:Ohio Valley
2173:Mitchigamea
2151:Omaha–Ponca
2075:Assiniboine
1531:Boas, Franz
1242:Omaha–Ponca
1078:the ground
1007:/waꜜlᶞatʰe/
1000:/walᶞaꜜtʰe/
721:interdental
670:Approximant
638:glottalized
284:Omaha–Ponca
225:instead of
164:Omaha-Ponca
106:Omaha–Ponca
22:Omaha–Ponca
2321:Categories
1942:Vietnamese
1841:Potawatomi
1712:Indigenous
1636:2024-01-13
1607:2013-08-15
1525:References
1418:2015-03-03
1394:2015-03-03
1366:2013-08-15
1346:2013-08-15
1316:2013-08-15
1291:2013-08-15
1247:Ethnologue
1094:Morphology
1063:to go out
1048:head/nose
773:, and the
725:ní btháska
702:/p,t,tʃ,k/
355:Consonants
2306:indicate
1750:Chickasaw
1691:Languages
1281:Canku Ota
1068:to stand
955:/a,e,i,u/
606:voiceless
569:Fricative
505:aspirated
463:voiceless
350:Phonology
144:Glottolog
128:ISO 639-3
54:525 (365
51:Ethnicity
2271:Catawban
2130:Dhegihan
2120:Ho-Chunk
1961:Category
1806:Muscogee
1773:Delaware
1767:Comanche
1745:Cheyenne
1740:Cherokee
1695:Oklahoma
1458:Archived
1026:Contrast
1004:wáthatʰe
1002:"food",
997:wathátʰe
993:downstep
803:p t ch k
799:p t ch k
791:p t ch k
771:dh, ð, ¢
733:Nebraska
542:ejective
377:alveolar
316:Nebraska
312:Oklahoma
302:and the
300:Nebraska
257:Language
231:Help:IPA
178:Oklahoma
151:omah1247
45:Oklahoma
41:Nebraska
2304:Italics
2281:Catawba
2261:Eastern
2208:Moneton
2114:Chiwere
2068:Dakotan
2032:Hidatsa
2012:Western
1937:Spanish
1927:English
1877:Wyandot
1870:Wichita
1863:Tonkawa
1857:Shawnee
1791:Koasati
1762:Choctaw
1725:Arapaho
1719:Alabama
1704:Italics
1203:-ðaⁿkʰá
1193:-ðiⁿkʰé
1053:bitter
807:b d j g
795:pp, kk,
421:Plosive
387:Glottal
296:Umoⁿhoⁿ
272:Country
246:Umoⁿhoⁿ
227:Unicode
101:Dhegiha
2288:Woccon
2235:Biloxi
2156:Quapaw
2097:Stoney
2090:Lakota
2085:Dakota
2051:Mandan
2042:Mandan
1932:German
1852:Seneca
1847:Quapaw
1822:Pawnee
1816:Ottawa
1735:Cayuga
1516:Syntax
1214:Syntax
1038:Gloss
817:Vowels
574:voiced
426:voiced
370:Dental
365:Labial
242:People
198:UNESCO
88:Siouan
58:, 160
37:Region
2332:Ponca
2145:Osage
2139:Kansa
2080:Sioux
1883:Yuchi
1835:Ponca
1811:Osage
1785:Kansa
1730:Caddo
1226:Notes
1163:-tʰaⁿ
1073:vs.
1058:vs.
1043:vs.
1032:Gloss
930:nasal
865:nasal
827:Front
744:/ɡlᶞ/
740:/blᶞ/
719:with
715:is a
394:Nasal
382:Velar
375:Post-
308:Paⁿka
304:Ponca
292:Omaha
286:is a
251:Páⁿka
60:Ponca
56:Omaha
2027:Crow
1651:.mp3
1153:-amá
1143:akʰá
1133:-ðaⁿ
1123:-tʰe
1113:-kʰe
1035:Word
1029:Word
907:oral
886:oral
844:oral
839:High
832:Back
785:and
777:and
742:and
329:The
314:and
266:Gáxe
43:and
2242:Ofo
1693:of
1244:at
1183:-ma
1173:ðiⁿ
982:/ĩ/
966:/õ/
959:/o/
902:Low
881:Mid
805:or
781:as
713:th,
711:or
525:tʃʰ
261:Iyé
213:IPA
159:ELP
135:oma
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660:xʼ
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532:kʰ
518:tʰ
511:pʰ
483:tʃ
446:dʒ
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1982:v
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871:ĩ
857:u
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783:c
779:x
755:’
709:l
692:h
676:w
628:x
621:ʃ
614:s
596:ɣ
589:ʒ
582:z
497:ʔ
490:k
476:t
469:p
453:ɡ
439:d
432:b
407:n
400:m
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