33:
353:
525:
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and attesting to Omar's status as a good
Christian. Additionally, while others writing on Omar's behalf identified him as a Christian, his autobiography and other writings offer more of an ambiguous position. In the autobiography, he still praises Muhammad when describing his life in his own country;
343:
to hide his faith while living under persecution. In a letter written to Sheikh Hunter regarding the autobiography, he apologized for forgetting the "talk" of his homeland. He ended the letter saying: "O my brothers, do not blame me," knowing that Hunter would require Arabic-speaking translators to
336:
Literary analysis of ibn Said's autobiography suggests that he wrote it for two audiences: the white literates who sought to exploit his conversion to
Christianity and Muslim readers who would recognize Qur'anic literary devices and subtext and understand his position as a fellow Muslim using
245:." Ibn Said was offered multiple opportunities to return to Africa, but he chose to remain in the United States, citing his uncertainty that his family and his people were still intact. He lived into his mid-nineties and was still enslaved at the time of his death in 1864. He was buried in
387:, written in 1831. It describes some of the events of his life and includes reflections on his steadfast adherence to Islam and his openness towards other "God-fearing" people. On the surface, the document may appear to be tolerant towards slavery; however, Said begins it with
399:, which states that only God has sovereignty over human beings. The manuscript is the only known Arabic autobiography by a person enslaved in the United States. It was sold as part of a collection of Said's documents between private collectors and later acquired by the
237:, whom Omar ibn Said described as being gracious towards him. The Owen family was impressed by ibn Said's education and provided him with an English translation of the Quran. He also received an Arabic translation of the Bible with the help of
2143:
220:
who spent 25 years of his life studying with prominent Muslim scholars, learning a range of subjects including mathematics, astronomy, business, and theology. In 1807, he was captured during a military conflict, enslaved and taken across the
967:
769:
1184:
329:. It was most likely that he stayed a Muslim his whole life but was believed to have converted to Christianity by people at the time when he simply loved Jesus since he was considered a
344:
read the message. Scholar Basima Kamel
Shaheen argues that Said's spiritual ambiguity may have been purposefully cultivated to impress upon a wide readership the injustices of slavery.
32:
434:. Said also authored a letter in Arabic dated 1819 addressed to James Owen's brother, Major John Owen. It contains numerous Quranic references (including from the above-mentioned
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2135:
999:
740:
275:) which refers to the conversion of non-Muslims to Islam 'in multitudes.' The back of this card contains another person's handwriting in English misidentifying the
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430:. His Bible, a translation into Arabic published by a missionary society, which has notations in Arabic by Said, is part of the rare books collection at
2775:
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2785:
1216:
1173:
2633:
1119:
2765:
2725:
708:
827:
Shaheen, Basima Kamel (2014). "Literary Form and
Islamic Identity in The Life of Omar Ibn Said". In Finseth, Ian; Aljoe, Nicole N. (eds.).
650:
427:
946:
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438:); it includes several geometric symbols and shapes which suggest its possible esoteric intentions. This letter is currently held at
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325:); description of Jesus as 'bringing grace and truth' (a reference to John 1:14) is equally appropriate to the conception of
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2183:
730:
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Most of Said's other work consisted of
Islamic manuscripts in Arabic, including a handwritten copy of some short chapters (
1991:
639:
1543:
806:
2522:
2394:
1625:
673:
2740:
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and transported to the United States in 1807. Remaining enslaved for the remainder of his life, he wrote a series of
677:
2671:
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524:
234:
1374:
598:"Image 1 of The life of Omar ben Saeed, called Morro, a Fullah Slave in Fayetteville, N.C. Owned by Governor Owen"
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1025:""I Wish to be Seen in our Land Called Āfrikā": ʿUmar B. Sayyid's Appeal to be Released from Slavery (1819)"
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his references to "Jesus the
Messiah", in fact, parallel Quranic descriptions of Jesus (who is called
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The life of Omar ben Saeed, called Morro, a Fullah Slave in
Fayetteville, N.C. Owned by Governor Owen
1670:
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1852:
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on
December 3, 1820, his conversion to Christianity is disputed, as there are dedications to
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2001:
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960:"Only Known Surviving Muslim American Slave Autobiography Goes Online at the Library of Congress"
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293:'the Messiah' a total of eleven times in the Quran), and descriptions of Jesus as 'our master' (
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949: . "Blessed is He in Whose hand is the Sovereignty, and He is Able to do all things."
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in 2017. It has since been treated for preservation and made available for viewing online.
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309:) employ the typical Islamic honorific for prophets and is not to be confused with Lord (
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1836:
1607:
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1114:
731:"Autobiography from 1831 provides rare, firsthand account of a Muslim slave in America"
90:
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1939:
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762:"Enslaved and Freed African Muslims: Spiritual Wayfarers in the South and Lowcountry"
238:
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993:
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468:
431:
380:
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249:, North Carolina. Omar ibn Sa'id was also known as Uncle Moreau and Prince Omeroh.
200:
Omar ibn Said was born to a wealthy family in what would in a few years become the
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1346:
Parramore, Thomas C. (April 2000). "Muslim Slave
Aristocrats in North Carolina".
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192:-language works on history and theology, including a short autobiography.
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1518:
68:
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1043:
1174:"Rhiannon Giddens and Michael Abels Win the Pulitzer Prize for Music"
511:
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903:
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120:
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2200:
Slave
Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States
626:"Autobiography of Omar ibn Sa'id, Slave in North Carolina, 1831"
2276:
1272:———— (2011-07-20). Alryyes, Ala (ed.).
451:
339:
189:
2136:
Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave
699:"NPS Ethnography: African American Heritage & Ethnography"
260:
written in his Bible, and a card dated 1857 on which he wrote
942:
880:
Al' America: Travels Through America's Arab and Islamic Roots
272:
233:. There, he was recaptured, sent to jail, and later sold to
1319:. Critical Studies on Black Life and Culture. Vol. 5.
624:
Said, Omar ibn (July 1925) . Jameson, John Franklin (ed.).
408:
356:
796:"Omar ibn Sa'id, African Muslim Enslaved in the Carolinas"
225:
to the United States. He escaped from a cruel enslaver in
1211:
735:
2112:
The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano
204:, an Islamic theocratic state located along the Middle
1205:
Ulaby, Neda; Gomez Sarmiento, Isabella (2023-05-08).
1065:
African people that are Africans : A Sourcebook.
830:
Journeys of the Slave Narrative in the Early Americas
1204:
664:
Parramore, Thomas (1979). Powell, William S. (ed.).
458:
renamed itself Masjid Omar ibn Sayyid in his honor.
319:
303:
153:
1316:
African Muslims in Antebellum America: A Sourcebook
2680:Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery
1275:A Muslim American Slave: The Life of Omar Ibn Said
1207:"Here are the winners of the 2023 Pulitzer Prizes"
1172:
1107:
877:
475:, had its debut at the Sottile Theater during the
2702:
2634:List of last surviving American enslaved people
619:
617:
602:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA
375:Omar ibn Said authored fourteen manuscripts in
252:Although it is said that ibn Said converted to
2224:Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"
16:Islamic scholar, enslaved in the United States
1399:
614:
368:, copied by Omar ibn Sa'id in a rudimentary
310:
294:
285:
707:. Acculturation & Cultural Resistance.
651:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
428:University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
1406:
1392:
728:
31:
2776:People from Bladen County, North Carolina
2648:Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book
1345:
1042:
663:
333:. This was stated in his auto-biography.
2629:Treatment of slaves in the United States
2403:Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade
1717:(1766 Saint-Dominque – June 30, 1853 NY)
1241:
351:
2786:Writers from Charleston, South Carolina
1019:
826:
2703:
2566:Frederick Douglass and the White Negro
2387:Queen: The Story of an American Family
2307:Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp
1312:
1170:
1109:"Rhiannon Giddens Is Writing an Opera"
1105:
875:
670:Dictionary of North Carolina Biography
467:, inspired by ibn Said and written by
2766:American people of Senegalese descent
2726:19th-century Muslim scholars of Islam
2339:Roots: The Saga of an American Family
2168:Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
1604:(c. 1745 Nigeria – 31 March 1797 Eng)
1387:
1075:
1030:Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies
989:"Search Results for: Omar Ibn Sayyid"
766:Lowcountry Digital History Initiative
2184:Life and Times of Frederick Douglass
1679:(1783 England – 1821 United States)
1413:
1271:
1248:Five Classic Muslim Slave Narratives
729:McLaughlin, Eliott C. (2019-01-17).
623:
592:
590:
140:
109:Formal Islamic education in Senegal
13:
2523:The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom
2395:Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons
1673:(c. 1710 Portugal – 1734 Montreal)
1626:Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino
1313:Austin, Allan D. (December 1983).
1234:
996:Archives & Special Collections
674:University of North Carolina Press
14:
2802:
2624:Songs of the Underground Railroad
2584:Abolitionism in the United States
2092:(c. 1795 Nigeria – ? Brazil)
1723:(c. 1819 – ???, Puerto Rico)
1368:
888:: The New Press. pp. 30–32.
768:. Omar Ibn Said (ca. 1770–1864).
587:
379:. The best known of these is his
2761:American people of Fulbe descent
2736:American Arabic-language writers
2672:Slave Songs of the United States
2176:The Underground Railroad Records
2086:(? Puerto Rico – 1555 Venezuela)
1348:North Carolina Historical Review
793:
541:
523:
504:
2052:(19th century Indian Territory)
2026:(1766 Saint-Dominque – 1853 NY)
1219:from the original on 2023-05-08
1198:
1187:from the original on 2023-05-08
1164:
1153:from the original on 2022-06-01
1133:
1122:from the original on 2022-05-22
1099:
1069:
1057:
1013:
1002:from the original on 2022-06-01
981:
970:from the original on 2022-06-01
952:
936:
876:Curiel, Jonathan (2008-11-17).
809:from the original on 2012-07-08
772:from the original on 2022-06-01
743:from the original on 2022-06-01
711:from the original on 2022-06-01
680:from the original on 2012-07-08
642:from the original on 2012-12-11
2781:Senegalese non-fiction writers
2656:Slave-Trading in the Old South
1710:(c. 1788 Bermuda – after 1833)
1278:. Translated by Alryyes, Ala.
1106:Cooper, Michael (2019-06-10).
869:
820:
787:
754:
722:
691:
657:
631:The American Historical Review
347:
1:
2331:The Confessions of Nat Turner
2296:
2289:
2120:The Narrative of Robert Adams
1534:
1280:University of Wisconsin Press
1171:Barone, Joshua (2023-05-08).
580:
549:
531:
515:
163:
87:Bladen County, North Carolina
60:
42:
2721:19th-century American slaves
2664:Sarah Johnson's Mount Vernon
2619:Slavery in the United States
1976:Greensbury Washington Offley
1251:. Chicago: Magribine Press.
1063:Published in Allen Austin's
839:University of Virginia Press
802:University of North Carolina
456:Fayetteville, North Carolina
440:Andover Theological Seminary
231:Fayetteville, North Carolina
195:
180:in West Africa (present-day
83:1864 (aged 93–94)
7:
2791:Muslims from North Carolina
2688:The Hemingses of Monticello
2589:African-American literature
563:
320:
304:
154:
101:Uncle Moreau, Prince Omeroh
10:
2807:
2504:A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin
1610:(c. 1705 Bornu – 1775 Eng)
1426:Slave Narrative Collection
1076:Ivins, Tammy (June 2007).
570:Islam in the United States
494:
481:Charleston, South Carolina
227:Charleston, South Carolina
2576:
2549:
2514:
2497:To a Southern Slaveholder
2488:
2453:
2285:The Bondwoman's Narrative
2234:
2160:My Bondage and My Freedom
2144:The Life of Josiah Henson
2128:American Slavery as It Is
2103:
2070:
1730:
1686:
1661:
1635:
1588:
1571:
1556:Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang
1445:
1434:
1421:
666:"Omar ibn Said, b. 1770?"
445:
420:North Carolina Collection
418:that are now part of the
312:
311:
296:
295:
287:
286:
141:
113:
105:
97:
79:
52:
30:
23:
2741:American autobiographers
2731:African-American Muslims
2443:The Underground Railroad
2208:The Peculiar Institution
1853:Sarah Jane Woodson Early
1375:Omar Ibn Said Collection
489:Pulitzer Prize for Music
243:The Star-Spangled Banner
2614:Films featuring slavery
2078:Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua
2002:William Henry Singleton
1807:Ellen and William Craft
530:Photographic portrait,
483:on May 27, 2022.
37:Restored and colorized
2751:American Muslim slaves
2462:Amos Fortune, Free Man
1696:Juan Francisco Manzano
1671:Marie-Joseph Angélique
1579:Brigitta Scherzenfeldt
1562:Johann Georg Wolffgang
1544:Guðríður Símonardóttir
1483:James Leander Cathcart
491:on May 8, 2023.
372:
2411:Walk Through Darkness
2347:Underground to Canada
1960:Jermain Wesley Loguen
1905:(1848/1854 VA – 1957)
1832:Ayuba Suleiman Diallo
1648:Konstantin Mihailović
1596:Lovisa von Burghausen
1082:Davidson Encyclopedia
781:College of Charleston
704:National Park Service
393:, a chapter from the
355:
2771:American theologians
2609:Caribbean literature
2599:Atlantic slave trade
2152:Twelve Years a Slave
2045:Booker T. Washington
1847:Jordan Winston Early
1146:Spoleto Festival USA
841:. pp. 187–208.
800:University Library,
477:Spoleto Festival USA
202:Imamate of Futa Toro
73:Empire of Great Fulo
2756:American literature
2746:American historians
2604:Captivity narrative
2435:The Book of Negroes
2216:The Slave Community
2080:(1845–1847, Brazil)
2007:James Lindsay Smith
1914:John Andrew Jackson
1849:(1814 – after 1894)
1803:(1845 KY – 1938 OH)
1796:William Wells Brown
1755:Jared Maurice Arter
1750:William J. Anderson
1643:Johann Schiltberger
1379:Library of Congress
964:Library of Congress
401:Library of Congress
229:, and journeyed to
2558:Unchained Memories
2063:(b. c. 1780 Congo)
1837:Frederick Douglass
1608:Ukawsaw Gronniosaw
1507:Maria ter Meetelen
1243:Al-Ahari, Muhammed
1180:The New York Times
1115:The New York Times
373:
91:Confederate States
41:of Omar ibn Said,
2698:
2697:
2470:I, Juan de Pareja
2454:Young adult books
2261:Uncle Tom's Cabin
2104:Non-fiction books
2099:
2098:
2056:Harriet E. Wilson
1940:Elizabeth Keckley
1786:Henry "Box" Brown
1704:(1860–1965, Cuba)
1698:(1797–1854, Cuba)
1653:George of Hungary
1628:(1792 – fl. 1828)
1330:978-0-8240-9317-4
1289:978-0-299-24954-0
1258:978-1-4635-9327-8
1078:"Omar ibn Sayyid"
1044:10.5617/jais.4572
895:978-1-59558-352-9
848:978-0-8139-3637-6
794:Horn, Patrick E.
239:Francis Scott Key
152:
130:
129:
2798:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2291:
2269:The Heroic Slave
2024:Pierre Toussaint
2019:(1793 VA – 1860)
1983:(1827 VA – 1900)
1715:Pierre Toussaint
1550:Antoine Qaurtier
1539:
1536:
1443:
1442:
1415:Slave narratives
1408:
1401:
1394:
1385:
1384:
1363:
1342:
1309:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1228:
1227:
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1202:
1196:
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1158:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1127:
1111:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1084:. Archived from
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1021:Hunwick, John O.
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
994:Davidson College
985:
979:
978:
976:
975:
956:
950:
940:
934:
933:
930:Internet Archive
927:
926:
883:
873:
867:
866:
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863:
824:
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815:
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791:
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621:
612:
611:
609:
608:
594:
554:
551:
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536:
533:
527:
517:
508:
469:Rhiannon Giddens
432:Davidson College
381:autobiographical
331:prophet in Islam
323:
317:
316:
314:
307:
301:
300:
298:
292:
291:
289:
271:(chapter in the
168:
165:
157:
147:
145:
143:
125:slave narratives
98:Other names
65:
62:
47:
44:
35:
21:
20:
2806:
2805:
2801:
2800:
2799:
2797:
2796:
2795:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2640:Book of Negroes
2594:Anti-Tom novels
2572:
2545:
2510:
2484:
2449:
2419:The Known World
2299:
2292:
2230:
2192:Up from Slavery
2095:
2084:Miguel de Buría
2066:
2035:Wallace Turnage
1971:Solomon Northup
1903:Fountain Hughes
1745:Jordan Anderson
1732:
1726:
1702:Esteban Montejo
1688:
1682:
1663:
1657:
1631:
1602:Olaudah Equiano
1584:
1567:
1537:
1501:Elizabeth Marsh
1489:Ólafur Egilsson
1477:Felice Caronni
1438:
1436:
1430:
1417:
1412:
1371:
1366:
1331:
1290:
1263:
1261:
1259:
1237:
1235:Further reading
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861:
859:
849:
835:Charlottesville
825:
821:
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537:
534:
528:
519:
509:
497:
448:
350:
198:
166:
155:ʿUmar bin Saeed
93:
84:
75:
66:
63:
59:
58:
57:Omar ibn Sayyid
48:
45:
26:
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1471:Isaac Brassard
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1354:(2): 127–150.
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223:Atlantic Ocean
216:scholar and a
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247:Bladen County
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206:Senegal River
203:
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187:
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176:scholar from
175:
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169:–1864) was a
161:
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133:Omar ibn Said
126:
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25:Omar Ibn Said
22:
19:
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2537:
2531:The Octoroon
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1924:Thomas James
1908:
1873:Moses Grandy
1868:David George
1827:Lucy Delaney
1801:Peter Bruner
1740:Sam Aleckson
1620:Roustam Raza
1531:Joseph Pitts
1453:Robert Adams
1437:by continent
1351:
1347:
1315:
1274:
1262:. Retrieved
1247:
1221:. Retrieved
1210:
1200:
1189:. Retrieved
1178:
1166:
1155:. Retrieved
1144:
1135:
1124:. Retrieved
1113:
1101:
1090:. Retrieved
1086:the original
1081:
1071:
1064:
1059:
1048:. Retrieved
1034:
1028:
1015:
1004:. Retrieved
992:
983:
972:. Retrieved
963:
954:
938:
928:– via
923:. Retrieved
879:
871:
860:. Retrieved
829:
822:
811:. Retrieved
799:
789:
779:– via
774:. Retrieved
765:
756:
745:. Retrieved
734:
724:
713:. Retrieved
702:
693:
682:. Retrieved
669:
659:
649:– via
644:. Retrieved
635:
629:
605:. Retrieved
601:
484:
462:
460:
449:
435:
413:
407:
405:
394:
388:
384:
374:
363:
338:
335:
318:
302:
276:
268:
261:
254:Christianity
251:
212:. He was an
199:
159:
132:
131:
123:, author of
18:
2716:1864 deaths
2711:1770 births
2300: 1861
2293: 1853
1997:Moses Roper
1981:John Parker
1967:(1790–1880)
1945:Boston King
1936:(1799–1874)
1765:Polly Berry
1708:Mary Prince
1622:(1783–1845)
1616:(1684-1777)
1598:(1698–1733)
1581:(1684–1736)
1564:(1644–1744)
1558:(1660–1736)
1552:(1632–1702)
1546:(1598–1682)
1538: 1735
1521:(1708–1754)
1513:Mende Nazer
1503:(1735–1785)
1491:(1564–1639)
1485:(1767–1843)
1479:(1747–1815)
1473:(1620–1702)
1465:Francis Bok
1461:(1714-1761)
1459:Marcus Berg
1455:(c. 1790–?)
1435:Individuals
1323:: Garland.
553: 1905
548:Reverse of
535: 1905
450:In 1991, a
412:) from the
348:Manuscripts
210:West Africa
184:), who was
167: 1770
142:عمر بن سعيد
64: 1770
46: 1850
2705:Categories
2478:Copper Sun
2427:Unburnable
2363:Dessa Rose
2090:Osifekunde
2022:Venerable
1965:James Mars
1878:Lear Green
1862:Monticello
1822:Noah Davis
1791:John Brown
1770:Henry Bibb
1713:Venerable
1519:Hark Olufs
1298:2010044625
1264:2022-06-01
1223:2023-05-09
1191:2023-05-09
1157:2022-06-01
1126:2022-06-01
1092:2022-06-01
1050:2022-06-01
1006:2022-06-01
974:2022-06-01
925:2022-06-01
904:2008024217
862:2022-06-01
813:2022-06-01
776:2022-06-01
747:2022-06-01
715:2022-06-01
684:2022-06-01
646:2022-06-01
607:2023-04-27
581:References
514:portrait,
461:The opera
267:, a short
235:James Owen
69:Futa Tooro
2203:(1936–38)
1689:Caribbean
1515:(b. 1982)
1467:(b. 1979)
1306:25008284M
1037:: 62–77.
920:16909197M
912:227016079
857:28800322M
512:Ambrotype
362:from the
305:sayyidunā
196:Biography
178:Futa Toro
149:romanized
106:Education
39:ambrotype
2499:" (1848)
2245:Oroonoko
1929:John Jea
1533:(1663 –
1527:(1705–?)
1509:(1704–?)
1360:23522130
1339:8123085M
1217:Archived
1185:Archived
1151:Archived
1120:Archived
1023:(2004).
1000:Archived
968:Archived
807:Archived
770:Archived
741:Archived
709:Archived
678:Archived
640:Archived
564:See also
555:portrait
487:won the
258:Muhammad
186:enslaved
2577:Related
2371:Beloved
2355:Kindred
2323:Jubilee
2315:Our Nig
495:Gallery
422:in the
383:essay,
360:Al-Mulk
315:
299:
290:
279:as the
264:An-Nasr
214:Islamic
182:Senegal
151::
144:
121:scholar
118:Islamic
2691:(2008)
2683:(2002)
2675:(1867)
2667:(2008)
2659:(1931)
2651:(1847)
2643:(1783)
2569:(2008)
2561:(2003)
2542:(2022)
2534:(1859)
2526:(1858)
2507:(1853)
2489:Essays
2481:(2006)
2473:(1965)
2465:(1951)
2446:(2016)
2438:(2007)
2430:(2006)
2422:(2003)
2414:(2002)
2406:(2001)
2398:(1996)
2390:(1993)
2382:(1990)
2374:(1987)
2366:(1986)
2358:(1979)
2350:(1977)
2342:(1976)
2334:(1967)
2326:(1966)
2318:(1859)
2310:(1856)
2280:(1853)
2277:Clotel
2272:(1852)
2264:(1852)
2256:(1841)
2248:(1688)
2227:(2018)
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