Open access - Knowledge

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research, 30.8% of the 18,483 research articles published between 2008 and 2018 were led by female authors and were more likely to be published in lower-impact journals than those led by male authors. Such disparity can adversely affect the scientific career of women and underrate their scientific impacts for promotion and funding. Open access (OA) publishing can be a tool to help female researchers increase their publications' visibility, measure impact, and help close the gendered citation gap. OA publishing is a well-advocated practice for providing better accessibility to knowledge (especially for researchers in low- and middle-income countries) as well as increasing transparency along with the publishing procedure . Publications' visibility can be enhanced through OA publishing due to its high accessibility by removing paywalls compared to non-OA publishing.

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the time from manuscript submission to acceptance and to final publication can range from a few weeks to years, and go through several rounds of revision and resubmission before final publication. During this time, the same work will have been extensively discussed with external collaborators, presented at conferences, and been read by editors and reviewers in related areas of research. Yet, there is no official open record of that process (e.g., peer reviewers are normally anonymous, reports remain largely unpublished), and if an identical or very similar paper were to be published while the original was still under review, it would be impossible to establish provenance.

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and confusing, and can also include fully legitimate journals, such as those indexed by PubMed Central. In this sense, Grudniewicz et al. proposed a consensus definition that needs to be shared: "Predatory journals and publishers are entities that prioritize self-interest at the expense of scholarship and are characterized by false or misleading information, deviation from best editorial and publication practices, a lack of transparency, and/or the use of aggressive and indiscriminate solicitation practices."

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less than 25% in Western Europe. However, Crawford's study did not count open access articles published in "hybrid" journals (subscription journals that allow authors to make their individual articles open in return for payment of a fee). More comprehensive analyses of the scholarly literature suggest that this resulted in a significant underestimation of the prevalence of author-fee-funded OA publications in the literature. Crawford's study also found that although a minority of open access

1474: 907: 1010:, although others have argued that OA may raise the total cost of publication, and further increase economic incentives for exploitation in academic publishing. The open access movement is motivated by the problems of social inequality caused by restricting access to academic research, which favor large and wealthy institutions with the financial means to purchase access to many journals, as well as the economic challenges and perceived unsustainability of academic publishing. 16844: 856:" is typically a version of a research paper that is shared on an online platform prior to, or during, a formal peer review process. Preprint platforms have become popular due to the increasing drive towards open access publishing and can be publisher- or community-led. A range of discipline-specific or cross-domain platforms now exist. The posting of pre-prints (and/or authors' manuscript versions) is consistent with the Green Open Access model. 419: 2201:

between OA and a higher number of citations may be because higher-quality articles are self-selected for publication as OA. Considering the gender-based issues in academia and the efforts to improve gender equality, OA can be an important factor when female researchers choose a place to publish their articles. With a proper supporting system and funding, OA publishing is shown to have increased female researchers' productivity.

475: 13933: 1411: 58: 610: 6187: 1833: 264: 279: 1397: 1349: 705: 1695:(JIF) measures the average number of citations of articles in a journal over a two-year window. It is commonly used as a proxy for journal quality, expected research impact for articles submitted to that journal, and of researcher success. In subscription journals, impact factor correlates with overall citation count, however this correlation is not observed in gold OA journals. 1952:). While these databases primarily select based on process and content quality, there has been concern that their commercial nature may skew their assessment criteria and representation of journals outside of Europe and North America. At the time of that study in 2018, there were no comprehensive, open source or non-commercial academic databases. However, in more recent years, 6183: 1761:

model as a whole, especially via sting operations where fake papers have been successfully published in such journals. Although commonly associated with OA publishing models, subscription journals are also at risk of similar lax quality control standards and poor editorial policies. OA publishers therefore aim to ensure quality via auditing by registries such as

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practitioners, patient groups, policymakers, non-profit sector workers, industry researchers, and independent researchers). OA articles are more read on publication management programs such as Mendeley. Open access practices can reduce publication delays, an obstacle which led some research fields such as high-energy physics to adopt widespread preprint access.

1620: 1619: 1624: 1623: 1618: 1824:). Typically, these discussions are humorous exposures of articles/editorials that are pro-open access, but locked behind paywalls. The main concern that motivates these discussions is that restricted access to public scientific knowledge is slowing scientific progress. The practice has been justified as important for raising awareness of open access. 1625: 1678:) may be affected by OA publishing, constituting a significant "amplifier" effect for science published on such platforms. Initial studies suggest that OA articles are more referenced in blogs, on Twitter, and on English Knowledge. The OA advantage in altmetrics may be smaller than the advantage in academic citations, although findings are mixed. 8699: 640:. The widely used CC BY license is one of the most permissive, only requiring attribution to be allowed to use the material (and allowing derivations and commercial use). A range of more restrictive Creative Commons licenses are also used. More rarely, some of the smaller academic journals use custom open access licenses. Some publishers (e.g. 2100:

following years. In 2007, Ukraine became the first country to create a national policy on open access, followed by Spain in 2009. Argentina, Brazil, and Poland are currently in the process of developing open access policies. Making master's and doctoral theses open access is an increasingly popular mandate by many educational institutions.

760:) but can be under $ 10, close to $ 5,000 or well over $ 10,000. APCs vary greatly depending on subject and region and are most common in scientific and medical journals (43% and 47% respectively), and lowest in arts and humanities journals (0% and 4% respectively). APCs can also depend on a journal's impact factor. Some publishers (e.g. 1745:

fall (as aspect of predatory publishing), increased use of preprints may populate the academic corpus with un-reviewed junk and propaganda, and that reviewers may self-censor if their identity of open. Some advocates propose that readers will have increased skepticism of preprint studies - a traditional hallmark of scientific inquiry.

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there is ongoing discussion about whether the change-over offers an opportunity to become more cost-effective or promotes more equitable participation in publication. Concern has been noted that increasing subscription journal prices will be mirrored by rising APCs, creating a barrier to less financially privileged authors.

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https://www.scopus.com/results/results.uri?sort=plf-f&src=s&sid=7c069198c393343d11b72b903c0e4a02&sot=a&sdt=a&sl=14&s=PUBYEAR+%3D+2023&origin=searchadvanced&editSaveSearch=&txGid=45ccd8149540fa063d893d60c4e835dc&sessionSearchId=7c069198c393343d11b72b903c0e4a02&limit=10

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The drawn-out and often contentious societal and technological transition to Open Access and Open Science/Open Research, particularly across North America and Europe (Latin America has already widely adopted "Acceso Abierto" since before 2000) has led to increasingly entrenched positions and much debate.

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Citation advantage is most pronounced in OA articles in hybrid journals (compared to the non-OA articles in those same journals), and with articles deposited in green OA repositories. Notably, green OA articles show similar benefits to citation counts as gold OA articles. Articles in gold OA journals

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An obvious advantage of open access journals is the free access to scientific papers regardless of affiliation with a subscribing library and improved access for the general public; this is especially true in developing countries. Lower costs for research in academia and industry have been claimed in

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The "green" route to OA refers to author self-archiving, in which a version of the article (often the peer-reviewed version before editorial typesetting, called "postprint") is posted online to an institutional and/or subject repository. This route is often dependent on journal or publisher policies,

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includes a series of hypothetical scooping scenarios as part of its preprint FAQ, finding that the overall benefits of using preprints vastly outweigh any potential issues around scooping. Indeed, the benefits of preprints, especially for early-career researchers, seem to outweigh any perceived risk:

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The inherent bias of the current APC-based OA publishing perpetuates this inequality through the 'Matthew effect' (the rich get richer, and the poor get poorer). The switch from pay-to-read to pay-to-publish has left essentially the same people behind, with some academics not having enough purchasing

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A 2022 study has found "most OA articles were written by authors in high-income countries, and there were no articles in Mirror journals by authors in low-income countries." "One of the great ironies of open access is that you grant authors around the world the ability to finally read the scientific

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In 2002, the University of Southampton's School of Electronics & Computer Science became one of the first schools to implement a meaningful mandatory open access policy, in which authors had to contribute copies of their articles to the school's repository. More institutions followed suit in the

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database in August, 2024, 46.2% of works, indexed therein and published in 2023, had some form of open access. More than half of the OA publications (27.5% of all indexed works in 2023) were in fully Gold Open Access sources, 16.7% of all were in Green OA sources (i.e. which allow for self-archiving

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By comparison, journal subscriptions equate to $ 3,500–$ 4,000 per article published by an institution, but are highly variable by publisher (and some charge page fees separately). This has led to the assessment that there is enough money "within the system" to enable full transition to OA. However,

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Scholarly publishing invokes various positions and passions. For example, authors may spend hours struggling with diverse article submission systems, often converting document formatting between a multitude of journal and conference styles, and sometimes spend months waiting for peer review results.

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Gender inequality still exists in the modern system of scientific publishing. In terms of citation and authorship position, gender differences favoring men can be found in many disciplines such as political science, economics and neurology, and critical care research. For instance, in critical care

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open access policies remain low (as low as 5%). However it has been demonstrated that more successful outcomes are achieved by policies that are compulsory and more specific, such as specifying maximum permissible embargo times. Compliance with compulsory open-access mandates varies between funders

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Open irony refers to the situation where a scholarly journal article advocates open access but the article itself is only accessible by paying a fee to the journal publisher to read the article. This has been noted in many fields, with more than 20 examples appearing since around 2010, including in

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In this way, predatory journals exploit the OA model by deceptively removing the main value added by the journal (peer review) and parasitize the OA movement, occasionally hijacking or impersonating other journals. The rise of such journals since 2010 has damaged the reputation of the OA publishing

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has made it viable for their peer review to focus solely on methodology and results interpretation whilst ignoring novelty. Major criticisms of the influence of OA on peer review have included that if OA journals have incentives to publish as many articles as possible then peer review standards may

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more often than equivalent articles requiring subscriptions. This 'citation advantage' was first reported in 2001. Although two major studies dispute this claim, the consensus of multiple studies support the effect, with measured OA citation advantage varying in magnitude between 1.3-fold to 6-fold

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A 2013-2018 report (GOA4) found that in 2018 over 700,000 articles were published in gold open access in the world, of which 42% was in journals with no author-paid fees. The figure varies significantly depending on region and kind of publisher: 75% if university-run, over 80% in Latin America, but

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However, preprints, in fact, protect against scooping. Considering the differences between traditional peer-review based publishing models and deposition of an article on a preprint server, "scooping" is less likely for manuscripts first submitted as preprints. In a traditional publishing scenario,

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Vranas, Kelly C.; Ouyang, David; Lin, Amber L.; Slatore, Christopher G.; Sullivan, Donald R.; Kerlin, Meeta Prasad; Liu, Kathleen D.; Baron, Rebecca M.; Calfee, Carolyn S.; Ware, Lorraine B.; Halpern, Scott D.; Matthay, Michael A.; Herridge, Margaret S.; Mehta, Sangeeta; Rogers, Angela J. (1 April

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Additionally, because of this high visibility, authors can receive more recognition for their works. OA publishing is also suggested to be advantageous in terms of citation number compared to non-OA publishing, but this aspect is still controversial within the scientific community. The association

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The idea of mandating self-archiving was raised at least as early as 1998. Since 2003 efforts have been focused on open access mandating by the funders of research: governments, research funding agencies, and universities. Some publishers and publisher associations have lobbied against introducing

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Many universities, research institutions and research funders have adopted mandates requiring their researchers to make their research publications open access. For example, Research Councils UK spent nearly £60m on supporting their open access mandate between 2013 and 2016. New mandates are often

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present themselves as academic journals but use lax or no peer review processes coupled with aggressive advertising in order to generate revenue from article processing charges from authors. The definitions of 'predatory', 'deceptive', or 'questionable' publishers/journals are often vague, opaque,

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OA articles are generally viewed online and downloaded more often than paywalled articles and that readership continues for longer. Readership is especially higher in demographics that typically lack access to subscription journals (in addition to the general population, this includes many medical

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In 2012, the Harvard Open Access Project released its guide to good practices for university open-access policies, focusing on rights-retention policies that allow universities to distribute faculty research without seeking permission from publishers. As of November 2023, Rights retention policies

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A persistent concern surrounding preprints is that work may be at risk of being plagiarised or "scooped" – meaning that the same or similar research will be published by others without proper attribution to the original source – if publicly available but not yet associated with a stamp of approval

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or government agencies. Some publishers may cross-subsidise from other publications or auxiliary services and products. For example, most APC-free journals in Latin America are funded by higher education institutions and are not conditional on institutional affiliation for publication. Conversely,

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argued that the suggested model is unrealistic due to the lack of crucial funding details. Furthermore, the council's recommendations raised concerns within the publishing industry regarding the potential implications, and they also emphasized the importance of research integrity and the need for

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which host articles that have not yet been reviewed as open access copies. These articles are subsequently submitted for peer review by both open access and subscription journals, however the preprint always remains openly accessible. A list of preprint servers is maintained at ResearchPreprints.

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which can be more restrictive and complicated than respective "gold" policies regarding deposit location, license, and embargo requirements. Some publishers require an embargo period before deposition in public repositories, arguing that immediate self-archiving risks loss of subscription income.

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Preprints provide a time-stamp at the time of publication, which helps to establish the "priority of discovery" for scientific claims (Vale and Hyman 2016). This means that a preprint can act as proof of provenance for research ideas, data, code, models, and results. The fact that the majority of

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contain a mixture of open access articles and closed access articles. A publisher following this model is partially funded by subscriptions, and only provide open access for those individual articles for which the authors (or research sponsor) pay a publication fee. Hybrid OA generally costs more

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Multiple databases exist for open access articles, journals and datasets. These databases overlap, however each has different inclusion criteria, which typically include extensive vetting for journal publication practices, editorial boards and ethics statements. The main databases of open access

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In 2013 a group of nine Australian universities formed the Australian Open Access Strategy Group (AOASG) to advocate, collaborate, raise awareness, and lead and build capacity in the open access space in Australia. In 2015, the group expanded to include all eight New Zealand universities and was

442:). In some ways this is a large-scale technical implementation of pre-existing practice, whereby those with access to paywalled literature would share copies with their contacts. However, the increased ease and scale from 2010 onwards have changed how many people treat subscription publications. 1584:

communicated to its members that "Open access to the mathematical literature is an important goal" and encouraged them to " available electronically as much of our own work as feasible" to " the reservoir of freely available primary mathematical material, particularly helping scientists working

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by authors is permitted under green OA. Independently from publication by a publisher, the author also posts the work to a website controlled by the author, the research institution that funded or hosted the work, or to an independent central open repository, where people can download the work

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of research articles prior to publishing has been common since the 18th century. Commonly reviewer comments are only revealed to the authors and reviewer identities kept anonymous. The rise of OA publishing has also given rise to experimentation in technologies and processes for peer review.

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agencies and universities want to ensure that the research they fund and support in various ways has the greatest possible research impact. As a means of achieving this, research funders are beginning to expect open access to the research they support. Many of them (including all UK Research

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publishers. Reactions of existing publishers to open access journal publishing have ranged from moving with enthusiasm to a new open access business model, to experiments with providing as much free or open access as possible, to active lobbying against open access proposals. There are many

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announced a "preprint-centric" open access policy, and their intention to stop paying APCs. In 2024, the government of Japan also announced a Green open access policy, requiring that government-funded research be made freely available on institutional preprint repositories from April 2025.

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In 2011, a group of universities in North America formed the Coalition of Open Access Policy Institutions (COAPI). Starting with 21 institutions where the faculty had either established an open access policy or were in the process of implementing one, COAPI now has nearly 50 members. These

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A growing number of universities are providing institutional repositories in which their researchers can deposit their published articles. Some open access advocates believe that institutional repositories will play a very important role in responding to open-access mandates from funders.

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Vanholsbeeck, Marc; Thacker, Paul; Sattler, Susanne; Ross-Hellauer, Tony; Rivera-López, Bárbara S.; Rice, Curt; Nobes, Andy; Masuzzo, Paola; Martin, Ryan; Kramer, Bianca; Havemann, Johanna; Enkhbayar, Asura; Davila, Jacinto; Crick, Tom; Crane, Harry; Tennant, Jonathan P. (11 March 2019).

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Since open access publication does not charge readers, there are many financial models used to cover costs by other means. Open access can be provided by commercial publishers, who may publish open access as well as subscription-based journals, or dedicated open-access publishers such as

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The adoption of Open Access publishing varies significantly from publisher to publisher, as shown in Fig. OA-Plot, where only the oldest (traditional) publishers are shown, but not the newer publishers, that use the Open Access model exclusively. This plot shows, that since 2010 the

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are published under this arrangement, particularly in the science disciplines (thanks to the enormous output of open access "mega journals", each of which may publish tens of thousands of articles in a year and are invariably funded by author-side charges—see Figure 10.1 in GOA4).

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Journals that publish open access without charging authors article processing charges are sometimes referred to as diamond or platinum OA. Since they do not charge either readers or authors directly, such publishers often require funding from external sources such as the sale of

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is an acronym for 'findable, accessible, interoperable and reusable', intended to more clearly define what is meant by the term 'open access' and make the concept easier to discuss. Initially proposed in March 2016, it has subsequently been endorsed by organisations such as the

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Various studies have investigated the extent of open access. A study published in 2010 showed that roughly 20% of the total number of peer-reviewed articles published in 2008 could be found openly accessible. Another study found that by 2010, 7.9% of all academic journals with

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issued a memorandum calling for the removal of the 12-month embargo. By the end of 2025, US federal agencies must require all results (papers, documents and data) produced as a result of US government-funded research to be available to the public immediately upon publication.

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The intended audience of research articles is usually other researchers. Open access helps researchers as readers by opening up access to articles that their libraries do not subscribe to. All researchers benefit from open access as no library can afford to subscribe to every

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over a wide variety of academic disciplines, giving most academics options for OA with no APCs. Diamond OA journals are available for most disciplines, and are usually small (<25 articles per year) and more likely to be multilingual (38%); thousands of such journals exist.

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did not enforce any copyright license and it was difficult to publish libre gold OA in legacy journals. However, there are no costs nor restrictions for green libre OA as preprints can be freely self-deposited with a free license, and most open-access repositories use

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from peer reviewers and traditional journals. These concerns are often amplified as competition increases for academic jobs and funding, and perceived to be particularly problematic for early-career researchers and other higher-risk demographics within academia.

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Dadkhah, Mehdi; Maliszewski, Tomasz; Teixeira da Silva, Jaime A. (24 June 2016). "Hijacked journals, hijacked web-sites, journal phishing, misleading metrics, and predatory publishing: actual and potential threats to academic integrity and publishing ethics".

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do not know whether authors have requested, or been granted, fee waivers, or to ensure that every paper is approved by an independent editor with no financial stake in the journal. The main argument against requiring authors to pay a fee, is the risk to the

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Some open access journals (under the gold, and hybrid models) generate revenue by charging publication fees in order to make the work openly available at the time of publication. The money might come from the author but more often comes from the author's

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are often vocal and active advocates of open access. These librarians believe that open access promises to remove both the price and permission barriers that undermine library efforts to provide access to scholarship, as well as helping to address the

1191:, supporting researchers' needs for immediate access to scholarship. Librarians and library associations also lead education and outreach initiatives to faculty, administrators, the library community, and the public about the benefits of open access. 16334: 1260:, who have a right to access the results of what they have funded. Examples of people who might wish to read scholarly literature include individuals with medical conditions and their family members, serious hobbyists or "amateur" scholars (e.g. 1740:, open publishing of full datasets and analysis code, and other open science practices. It is proposed that increased transparency of academic quality control processes makes audit of the academic record easier. Additionally, the rise of OA 768:) have released estimates of their direct and indirect costs that set their APCs. Hybrid OA generally costs more than gold OA and can offer a lower quality of service. A particularly controversial practice in hybrid open access journals is " 1287:

In developing nations, open access archiving and publishing acquires a unique importance. Scientists, health care professionals, and institutions in developing nations often do not have the capital necessary to access scholarly literature.

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collected screenshots of examples. In 2012 Duncan Hull proposed the Open Access Irony award to publicly humiliate journals that publish these kinds of papers. Examples of these have been shared and discussed on social media using the

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are imposed by between 20 and 40% of journals, during which time an article is paywalled before permitting self-archiving (green OA) or releasing a free-to-read version (bronze OA). Embargo periods typically vary from 6–12 months in

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Different open access types are currently commonly described using a colour system. The most commonly recognised names are "green", "gold", and "hybrid" open access; however, several other models and alternative terms are also used.

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Munafò, Marcus R.; Nosek, Brian A.; Bishop, Dorothy V. M.; Button, Katherine S.; Chambers, Christopher D.; Percie du Sert, Nathalie; Simonsohn, Uri; Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan; Ware, Jennifer J.; Ioannidis, John P. A. (10 January 2017).

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Since published articles report on research that is typically funded by government or university grants, the more the article is used, cited, applied and built upon, the better for research as well as for the researcher's career.

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by authors), 9.2 % in Hybrid Gold OA sources (such as journals, which have open access and behind-paywall articles in the same issue), and 10.6 % were in Bronze OA sources (free-to-read on the publishers' websites).

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Tennant, Jonathan P.; Dugan, Jonathan M.; Graziotin, Daniel; Jacques, Damien C.; Waldner, François; Mietchen, Daniel; Elkhatib, Yehia; B. Collister, Lauren; Pikas, Christina K.; Crick, Tom; Masuzzo, Paola (29 November 2017).

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Robinson-Garcia, Nicolas; Chavarro, Diego Andrés; Molas-Gallart, Jordi; Ràfols, Ismael (28 May 2016). "On the Dominance of Quantitative Evaluation in 'Peripheral" Countries: Auditing Research with Technologies of Distance".

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The area of (open) scholarly practices increasingly sees a role for policy-makers and research funders giving focus to issues such as career incentives, research evaluation and business models for publicly funded research.

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Munafò, Marcus R.; Nosek, Brian A.; Bishop, Dorothy V. M.; Button, Katherine S.; Chambers, Christopher D.; Percie Du Sert, Nathalie; Simonsohn, Uri; Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan; Ware, Jennifer J.; Ioannidis, John P. A. (2017).

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McKiernan, Erin C; Bourne, Philip E; Brown, C Titus; Buck, Stuart; Kenall, Amye; Lin, Jennifer; McDougall, Damon; Nosek, Brian A; Ram, Karthik; Soderberg, Courtney K; Spies, Jeffrey R (7 July 2016). Rodgers, Peter (ed.).

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rapid sharing of academic research, open access without author-facing charges, establishing priority of discoveries, receiving wider feedback in parallel with or before peer review, and facilitating wider collaborations.

6218: 13507: by Tennant JP, Crane H, Crick T, Davila J, Enkhbayar A, Havemann J, Kramer B, Martin R, Masuzzo P, Nobes A, Rice C, Rivera-López BS, Ross-Hellauer T, Sattler S, Thacker P, Vanholsbeeck M. available under the 1023: 306:(APC), which is typically paid through institutional or grant funding. The majority of gold open access journals charging APCs follow an "author-pays" model, although this is not an intrinsic property of gold OA. 14212: 11069:

Grudniewicz, Agnes; Moher, David; Cobey, Kelly D.; Bryson, Gregory L.; Cukier, Samantha; Allen, Kristiann; Ardern, Clare; Balcom, Lesley; Barros, Tiago; Berger, Monica; Ciro, Jairo Buitrago (12 December 2019).

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McKiernan, E. C.; Bourne, P. E.; Brown, C. T.; Buck, S.; Kenall, A.; Lin, J.; McDougall, D.; Nosek, B. A.; Ram, K.; Soderberg, C. K.; Spies, J. R.; Thaney, K.; Updegrove, A.; Woo, K. H.; Yarkoni, T. (2016).

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Gargouri, Yassine; Hajjem, Chawki; Lariviere, Vincent; Gingras, Yves; Carr, Les; Brody, Tim; Harnad, Stevan (2018). "The Journal Impact Factor: A Brief History, Critique, and Discussion of Adverse Effects".

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for being an "outspoken advocate for public participation in government and unrestricted access to peer-reviewed scholarly articles". In March 2013, the entire editorial board and the editor-in-chief of the

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Harnad, S.; Brody, T.; Vallières, F. O.; Carr, L.; Hitchcock, S.; Gingras, Y.; Oppenheim, C.; Stamerjohanns, H.; Hilf, E. R. (2004). "The Access/Impact Problem and the Green and Gold Roads to Open Access".

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resigned en masse, citing a dispute with the journal's publisher. One board member wrote of a "crisis of conscience about publishing in a journal that was not open access" after the death of Aaron Swartz.

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Bachrach, S.; Berry, R. S.; Blume, M.; von Foerster, T.; Fowler, A.; Ginsparg, P.; Heller, S.; Kestner, N.; Odlyzko, A.; Okerson, A.; Wigington, R.; Moffat, A. (1998). "Who Should Own Scientific Papers?".

877:(DOI), also makes them easy to cite and track. Thus, if one were to be "scooped" without adequate acknowledgement, this would be a case of academic misconduct and plagiarism, and could be pursued as such. 672:

Advantages and disadvantages of open access have generated considerable discussion amongst researchers, academics, librarians, university administrators, funding agencies, government officials, commercial

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In the gold OA model, the publisher makes all articles and related content available for free immediately on the journal's website. In such publications, articles are licensed for sharing and reuse via

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Shema, Hadas; Bar-Ilan, Judit; Thelwall, Mike (15 January 2014). "Do blog citations correlate with a higher number of future citations? Research blogs as a potential source for alternative metrics".

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Gentil-Beccot, Anne; Mele, Salvatore; Brooks, Travis (2009). "Citing and Reading Behaviours in High-Energy Physics. How a Community Stopped Worrying about Journals and Learned to Love Repositories".

3431:"The diamond model of open access publishing: Why policy makers, scholars, universities, libraries, labour unions and the publishing world need to take non-commercial, non-profit open access serious" 1206:(SPARC). Librarians and library associations also develop and share informational resources on scholarly publishing and open access to research; the Scholarly Communications Toolkit developed by the 12939: 12817: 12515:

Okune, Angela; Hillyer, Rebecca; Albornoz, Denisse; Posada, Alejandro; Chan, Leslie (2018). "Whose Infrastructure? Towards Inclusive and Collaborative Knowledge Infrastructures in Open Science".

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Gold OA vs green OA by institution for 2017 (size indicates number of outputs, colour indicates region). Note: articles may be both green and gold OA so x and y values do not sum to total OA.

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Tennant, Jonathan; Bauin, Serge; James, Sarah; Kant, Juliane (2018). "The Evolving Preprint Landscape: Introductory Report for the Knowledge Exchange Working Group on Preprints".

2755: 945:, and tends to increase readership and citations. Embargoes have been lifted on particular topics for either limited times or ongoing (e.g. Zika outbreaks or indigenous health). 13839: 12992: 5825:

Schimmer, Ralf; Geschuhn, Kai Karin; Vogler, Andreas (2015). "Disrupting the Subscription Journals" Business Model for the Necessary Large-Scale Transformation to Open Access".

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Himmelstein, Daniel S; Romero, Ariel Rodriguez; Levernier, Jacob G; Munro, Thomas Anthony; McLaughlin, Stephen Reid; Greshake Tzovaras, Bastian; Greene, Casey S (1 March 2018).

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In 2009, there were approximately 4,800 active open access journals, publishing around 190,000 articles. As of February 2019, over 12,500 open access journals are listed in the

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dedicated to helping publishers in developing countries is a collaboration of people in the UK, Canada, and Brazil; the Bioline International Software is used around the world.

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server for sharing preprints since 1991. If the unlikely case of scooping emerges as the growth of the preprint system continues, it can be dealt with as academic malpractice.

10050:

Chua, SK; Qureshi, Ahmad M; Krishnan, Vijay; Pai, Dinker R; Kamal, Laila B; Gunasegaran, Sharmilla; Afzal, MZ; Ambawatta, Lahiru; Gan, JY; Kew, PY; Winn, Than (2 March 2017).

5950:"The 'Total Cost of Publication" in a Hybrid Open-Access Environment: Institutional Approaches to Funding Journal Article-Processing Charges in Combination with Subscriptions" 3234: 2734: 9370:

Piwowar, Heather; Priem, Jason; Larivière, Vincent; Alperin, Juan Pablo; Matthias, Lisa; Norlander, Bree; Farley, Ashley; West, Jevin; Haustein, Stefanie (13 February 2018).

8171:

Piwowar, Heather; Priem, Jason; Larivière, Vincent; Alperin, Juan Pablo; Matthias, Lisa; Norlander, Bree; Farley, Ashley; West, Jevin; Haustein, Stefanie (13 February 2018).

6210: 3371:

Piwowar, Heather; Priem, Jason; Larivière, Vincent; Alperin, Juan Pablo; Matthias, Lisa; Norlander, Bree; Farley, Ashley; West, Jevin; Haustein, Stefanie (13 February 2018).

14017:, a community of organisations engaged in open scholarship with a mission to encourage and enable open access as the predominant model of communication for scholarly outputs 11436:

Shamseer, Larissa; Moher, David; Maduekwe, Onyi; Turner, Lucy; Barbour, Virginia; Burch, Rebecca; Clark, Jocalyn; Galipeau, James; Roberts, Jason; Shea, Beverley J. (2017).

1467: 13873: 7784: 7318: 12463: 7802: 7102: 12055: 3006: 805:

including subsidies, advertising, membership dues, endowments, or volunteer labour. Subsidising sources range from universities, libraries and museums to foundations,

364:

Bronze open access articles are free to read only on the publisher page, but lack a clearly identifiable license. Such articles are typically not available for reuse.

7188:, "As the BOAI text expressed it, 'the overall costs of providing open access to this literature are far lower than the costs of traditional forms of dissemination.'" 625:

so that the latter can monetise the process via dissemination and reproduction of the work. With OA publishing, typically authors retain copyright to their work, and

6248: 2183:

started tracking and indicating compliance with funders' open-access mandates, although it only checks whether items are free-to-read, rather than openly licensed.

16675: 10692: 7992: 3723: 2164: 6780: 3147: 1136:

institutions' administrators, faculty and librarians, and staff support the international work of the Coalition's awareness-raising and advocacy for open access.

14588: 13992: 5980: 1441:

were gold open access journals and showed a broad distribution of Gold Open Access journals throughout academic disciplines. A study of random journals from the

1140:

are being adopted by an increasing number of UK universities as well. For a list of institutions worldwide currently espousing rights retention, see the list at

7599: 12962: 7961: 7555: 2284: 8833:

Wang, Xianwen; Liu, Chen; Mao, Wenli; Fang, Zhichao (1 May 2015). "The open access advantage considering citation, article usage and social media attention".

5706: 4145: 3979: 821:. APC-free journals tend to be smaller and more local-regional in scope. Some also require submitting authors to have a particular institutional affiliation. 15062: 14355: 8957:

Davis, Philip M. (2010). "Does open access lead to increased readership and citations? A randomized controlled trial of articles published in APS journals".

1253: 1203: 1120:, the Digital Academic Repositories, making over 47,000 research papers available. From 2 June 2008, DAREnet has been incorporated into the scholarly portal 13018: 7175: 205:

charges, open-access journals are characterised by funding models which do not require the reader to pay to read the journal's contents, relying instead on

14207: 12908: 12701: 12665: 9349: 5773: 2210:

literature that was completely closed off to them, but it ends up excluding them from publishing in the same journals" says Emilio Bruna, a scholar at the

191: 7341: 1445:

AHSCI, SCI and SSCI in 2013 came to the result that 88% of the journals were closed access and 12% were open access. In August 2013, a study done for the

510:

to the original authors. In 2012, the number of works under libre open access was considered to have been rapidly increasing for a few years, though most

12931: 12825: 6005:

Green, Toby (2019). "Is Open Access Affordable? Why Current Models Do Not Work and Why We Need Internet-Era Transformation of Scholarly Communications".

2130:

and member states. These recommendations are not legally binding and received mixed reactions. While welcomed by some members of the academic community,

1572:

Comparison of OA publications to non-OA publications for academic citations (n=44), HTML views (n=4), PDF downloads (n=3), Twitter (n=2), Knowledge (n=1)

321:

Green OA is free of charge for the author. Some publishers (less than 5% and decreasing as of 2014) may charge a fee for an additional service such as a

91:

publications are delivered to readers free of access charges or other barriers. With open access strictly defined (according to the 2001 definition), or

10732: 5406: 1473: 14027:, a crowd-sourced tagging project providing real-time alerts about new OA developments and organizing knowledge of the field (started by Peter Suber). 6802:

Laakso, Mikael (1 May 2014). "Green open access policies of scholarly journal publishers: a study of what, when, and where self-archiving is allowed".

2685:

Hill GA, Mattacotti V. The Toxic Principle of the Poison Ivy. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1934;56(12):2736-8 doi: 10.1021/ja01327a064;

1989:

Access to online content requires Internet access, and this distributional consideration presents physical and sometimes financial barriers to access.

963:

Open access (mostly green and gratis) began to be sought and provided worldwide by researchers when the possibility itself was opened by the advent of

13613:

on May 23. The tide is turning in favor of unrestricted access, but the countervailing forces are so complex that the future remains cloudy." (p. 73.)

1279:

professionals have access to the latest research. Advocates argue that open access speeds research progress, productivity, and knowledge translation.

1217:

At most universities, the library manages the institutional repository, which provides free access to scholarly work by the university's faculty. The

14008: 7236: 922: 7198: 14202: 10190: 8366: 2566: 1949: 1707: 1327:

group, and one of the most active development groups is Portuguese. This international perspective has resulted in advocacy for the development of

1129: 644:) use "author nominal copyright" for OA articles, where the author retains copyright in name only and all rights are transferred to the publisher. 490:) also refers to free online access, to read, free of charge, plus some additional re-use rights, covering the kinds of open access defined in the 5078: 11939: 11309:

Perlin, Marcelo S.; Imasato, Takeyoshi; Borenstein, Denis (2018). "Is Predatory Publishing a Real Threat? Evidence from a Large Database Study".

9463:

Tennant, Jonathan P.; Waldner, François; Jacques, Damien C.; Masuzzo, Paola; Collister, Lauren B.; Hartgerink, Chris. H. J. (21 September 2016).

7873: 7431: 7258:

Tennant, Jonathan P.; Waldner, François; Jacques, Damien C.; Masuzzo, Paola; Collister, Lauren B.; Hartgerink, Chris. H. J. (21 September 2016).

6274: 4674:"AmeliCA before Plan S – The Latin American Initiative to develop a cooperative, non-commercial, academic led, system of scholarly communication" 2107:

has required since 2008 that papers describing research funded by the National Institutes of Health must be available to the public free through

780:

power (individually or through their institutions) for either option. Some gold OA publishers will waive all or part of the fee for authors from

9156: 6885:

Laakso, Mikael; Björk, Bo-Christer (2013). "Delayed open access: An overlooked high-impact category of openly available scientific literature".

5560: 4459: 1872:, where it can be accessed for free. Most subscription journals place restrictions on which version of the work may be shared and/or require an 15814: 12886: 1125: 6134: 6040:

Pourret, Olivier; Hedding, David William; Ibarra, Daniel Enrique; Irawan, Dasapta Erwin; Liu, Haiyan; Tennant, Jonathan Peter (10 June 2021).

1272:, and hospitals, may not have access to publications behind paywalls, and OA publications are the only type that they can access in practice. 15799: 15642: 15291: 13898: 8337: 5375: 1427:

Share of hybrid open access (OA) articles in the subscription journals of the top three publishers. JCR, Journal Citation Reports. Reproduced

1275:

Even those who do not read scholarly articles benefit indirectly from open access. For example, patients benefit when their doctor and other

1207: 12485: 7451: 5586: 4437: 801:

No-fee open access journals, also known as "platinum" or "diamond" do not charge either readers or authors. These journals use a variety of

16252: 14310: 14197: 14069: 14014: 12196: 12148: 10276: 9176: 6305: 2388: 1766: 1528:

are non-profit publishers. The increase in OA percentage for articles published before ca. 1923 is related to the expiration of a 100-year

495: 12803: 7997:

It was just days after Aaron Swartz' death, and I was having a crisis of conscience about publishing in a journal that was not open access

4634: 4348:

Wilkinson, Mark D.; da Silva Santos, Luiz Olavo Bonino; Dumontier, Michel; Velterop, Jan; Neylon, Cameron; Mons, Barend (1 January 2017).

3835: 3623: 3267: 16512: 14581: 8448: 7930: 7850: 7064: 1662:

are typically cited at a similar frequency to paywalled articles. Citation advantage increases the longer an article has been published.

1503: 139: 12258: 1507:

Percentage of Open Access articles from 8 oldest journal publishers. The data were extracted from Web of Science database on 2023-01-30.

880:

There is no evidence that "scooping" of research via preprints exists, not even in communities that have broadly adopted the use of the

11405:"Format Aside: Applying Beall's Criteria to Assess the Predatory Nature of Both OA and Non-OA Library and Information Science Journals" 5321: 2748: 2458: 1781:). Increased transparency of the peer review and publication process has been proposed as a way to combat predatory journal practices. 1218: 13862: 4399: 3349: 1159:, highlighting its emphasis on strategy. The awareness raising activities of the AOASG include presentations, workshops, blogs, and a 15862: 15809: 9058: 8292:

Cummings, J. (2013). "Open access journal content found in commercial full-text aggregation databases and journal citation reports".

5622:

Kozak, Marcin; Hartley, James (December 2013). "Publication fees for open access journals: Different disciplines-different methods".

4960: 3645:

Rosenblum, Brian; Greenberg, Marc; Bolick, Josh; Emmett, Ada; Peterson, A. Townsend (17 June 2016). "Subsidizing truly open access".

2711: 2358: 1921: 1555:

and their contents. As of February 2019, over 4,500 institutional and cross-institutional repositories have been registered in ROAR.

598: 14291: 13404:"Assessing the effect of article processing charges on the geographic diversity of authors using Elsevier's "Mirror Journal" system" 9195: 3242: 2726: 1221:

has a program to develop institutional repositories at all Canadian university libraries. An increasing number of libraries provide

190:

since ca. 2000, is incommensurably smaller, than the cost of on-paper publishing and distribution, which is still preferred by many

13905: 11184: 6998:"The Post-Embargo Open Access Citation Advantage: It Exists (Probably), It's Modest (Usually), and the Rich Get Richer (of Course)" 5370: 2960: 2849: 2433: 1983: 2039:

Many open-access repositories offer a programmable interface to query their content. Some of them use a generic protocol, such as

1295:(Scientific Electronic Library Online), is a comprehensive approach to full open access journal publishing, involving a number of 971:. The momentum was further increased by a growing movement for academic journal publishing reform, and with it gold and libre OA. 209:

or on public funding, subsidies and sponsorships. Open access can be applied to all forms of published research output, including

13880: 7907: 7799: 7780: 4609: 2167:. As these sorts of mandates increase in prevalence, collaborating researchers may be affected by several at once. Tools such as 2115: 2065:

Several initiatives provide an alternative to the English language dominance of existing publication indexing systems, including

1048:

Open access extends the reach of research beyond its immediate academic circle. An open access article can be read by anyone – a

633:

by enabling greater control of the work (e.g. for image re-use) or licensing agreements (e.g. to allow dissemination by others).

10369: 7310: 5649:

Björk, Bo-Christer; Solomon, David (2015). "Article Processing Charges in OA Journals: Relationship between Price and Quality".

2902: 2673:

Diedrich V, Zweerink K, Elder B. Plant Dermatitis. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2024;42(3):613-38 doi: 10.1016/j.emc.2024.03.001;

2652: 1857:. In the case of DOAJ, only fully gold open access journals are included, whereas PMC also hosts articles from hybrid journals. 344:

than gold OA and can offer a lower quality of service. A particularly controversial practice in hybrid open access journals is "

14574: 14426: 13402:

Smith, Audrey C.; Merz, Leandra; Borden, Jesse B.; Gulick, Chris K.; Kshirsagar, Akhil R.; Bruna, Emilio M. (4 February 2022).

13175: 12839: 11660:"Whatever happened to the Academic Spring? (Or the irony of hiding papers on transparency and accountability behind a paywall)" 9928: 8649:

Piwowar, H.; Priem, J.; Larivière, V.; Alperin, J. P.; Matthias, L.; Norlander, B.; Farley, A.; West, J.; Haustein, S. (2018).

4736:

Pourret, Olivier; Irawan, Dasapta Erwin; Tennant, Jonathan P.; Hursthouse, Andrew; Van Hullebusch, Eric D. (1 September 2020).

2274: 6098: 4199: 2932: 13827: 13635: 12610: 12455: 12119: 9656: 7585: 7094: 5480: 3586: 2604: 1996:(the Directory of Open Access Scholarly Resources) synthesizes information about open access journals and is a subset of the 356:, as libraries already pay for subscriptions thus have no financial incentive to fund open access articles in such journals. 12542: 12378: 12047: 171:

2) the authors of research papers are not paid in any way, so they do not suffer any monetary losses, when they switch from

16463: 14350: 14094: 12156: 6570:

Sarabipour, Sarvenaz; Debat, Humberto J.; Emmott, Edward; Burgess, Steven J.; Schwessinger, Benjamin; Hensel, Zach (2019).

1837: 1548: 328:

If the author posts the near-final version of their work after peer review by a journal, the archived version is called a "

12189:"Evaluating Institutional Repository Deployment in American Academe Since Early 2005: Repositories by the Numbers, Part 2" 9588: 9109:

Teplitskiy, M.; Lu, G.; Duede, E. (2016). "Amplifying the impact of open access: Knowledge and the diffusion of science".

6156:

Montgomery, Lucy (2014). "Knowledge Unlatched:A Global Library Consortium Model for Funding Open Access Scholarly Books".

1423: 16443: 16086: 13601:

they deserve." (p. 74.) Writes Darnton: "Most scientific research is subsidized by the federal government." Under a 2022

9303: 7729: 6240: 5803: 5743: 1402:

The number and proportion of open access articles split between Gold, Green, Hybrid, Bronze and closed access (1950–2016)

17: 12865: 12776: 12283:

Mongeon, Philippe; Paul-Hus, Adèle (2016). "The Journal Coverage of Web of Science and Scopus: A Comparative Analysis".

8027: 7984: 3715: 15569: 7655: 7495: 6772: 4636:

Future of Scholarly Publishing and Scholarly Communication : Report of the Expert Group to the European Commission

3159: 3136: 1328: 1163: 958: 111: 12099: 11488: 11008:"Comments on "Factors affecting global flow of scientific knowledge in environmental sciences" by Sonne et al. (2020)" 5949: 348:", where both authors and subscribers are charged. For these reasons, hybrid open access journals have been called a " 16881: 16547: 15632: 15284: 15217: 14300: 13856: 13819: 11975: 8093: 7764: 7132: 5437: 4644: 3024: 2485: 2009: 1461: 1239: 1199: 741: 270: 164:

review article on this topic for a 90 year-old copyright-expired article, that was published before the invention of

7547: 4283:

Wilkinson, Mark D.; Dumontier, Michel; Aalbersberg, IJsbrand Jan; Appleton, Gabrielle; et al. (15 March 2016).

4060:

Jamali, Hamid R. (1 July 2017). "Copyright compliance and infringement in ResearchGate full-text journal articles".

2062:, among other scholarly software projects. As of 2010, it was being used by approximately 5,000 journals worldwide. 1612:

Authors may use form language like this to request an open access license when submitting their work to a publisher.

16901: 16858: 16417: 15981: 15027: 14062: 13718:"Ten-Year Cross-Disciplinary Comparison of the Growth of Open Access and How It Increases Research Citation Impact" 12768: 11997: 11438:"Potential Predatory and Legitimate Biomedical Journals: Can You Tell the Difference? A Cross-Sectional Comparison" 9197: 6723:"What Does "Green" Open Access Mean? Tracking Twelve Years of Changes to Journal Publisher Self-Archiving Policies" 3052:"What does 'green' open access mean? Tracking twelve years of changes to journal publisher self-archiving policies" 2413: 2040: 1733: 1581: 12643: 9919:

Alhoori, Hamed; Ray Choudhury, Sagnik; Kanan, Tarek; Fox, Edward; Furuta, Richard; Giles, C. Lee (15 March 2015).

8995:

Davis, Philip M.; Lewenstein, Bruce V.; Simon, Daniel H.; Booth, James G.; Connolly, Mathew J. L. (31 July 2008).

1970:

Like the self-archived green open access articles, most gold open access journal articles are distributed via the

1457:

put the share of gold access articles in pure open access journals at around 13 percent of total research papers.

1225:

or hosting services for open access journals, with the Library Publishing Coalition as a membership organisation.

16765: 16145: 14187: 13959: 13899:

In Oldenburg's Long Shadow: Librarians, Research Scientists, Publishers, and the Control of Scientific Publishing

11006:

Pourret, Olivier; Irawan, Dasapta Erwin; Tennant, Jonathan P.; Wien, Charlotte; Dorch, Bertil F. (15 June 2020).

10965:

Spezi, Valerie; Wakeling, Simon; Pinfield, Stephen; Creaser, Claire; Fry, Jenny; Willett, Peter (13 March 2017).

9682: 9438: 8233:

Björk, B. C.; Welling, P.; Laakso, M.; Majlender, P.; Hedlund, T.; Guðnason, G. N. (2010). Scalas, Enrico (ed.).

6864: 2780:

Simard, Marc-André; Ghiasi, Gita; Mongeon, Philippe; Larivière, Vincent (9 August 2022). Baccini, Alberto (ed.).

2428: 1974:, due to low distribution costs, increasing reach, speed, and increasing importance for scholarly communication. 1007: 491: 465: 12900: 11801: 9346: 8741: 8554:; Richard Hosking; Lucy Montgomery; Katie S Wilson; Alkim Ozaygen; Chloe Brookes-Kenworthy (14 September 2020). 8441:"Area-wide transition to open access is possible: A new study calculates a redeployment of funds in Open Access" 7171: 5765: 5486: 16906: 16896: 16407: 15579: 14436: 14286: 12171: 12079: 9205: 7382: 5343: 5198: 2289: 1256:'s Alliance for Taxpayer Access in the US argue that most scientific research is paid for by taxpayers through 1194:

Many library associations have either signed major open access declarations or created their own. For example,

683: 11543:"Blacklists and Whitelists to Tackle Predatory Publishing: A Cross-Sectional Comparison and Thematic Analysis" 6943: 3519:

Bosman, Jeroen; Frantsvåg, Jan Erik; Kramer, Bianca; Langlais, Pierre-Carl; Proudman, Vanessa (9 March 2021).

332:". This can be the accepted manuscript as returned by the journal to the author after successful peer review. 16911: 16438: 15855: 15829: 15166: 14895: 14624: 14555: 14305: 2562: 2512: 2423: 1965: 1945: 1873: 1635: 917: 8011: 7525: 5398: 4350:"Cloudy, increasingly FAIR; revisiting the FAIR Data guiding principles for the European Open Science Cloud" 1868:

For articles that are published in closed access journals, some authors will deposit a postprint copy in an

1368:

for information on how to incorporate it into this article's main text, or the main text of another article.

974:

The premises behind open access publishing are that there are viable funding models to maintain traditional

430:

The growth of unauthorized digital copying by large-scale copyright infringement has enabled free access to

16886: 15824: 15794: 15277: 15222: 14507: 14497: 14136: 14024: 13659:

Laakso, Mikael; Welling, Patrik; Bukvova, Helena; Nyman, Linus; Björk, Bo-Christer; Hedlund, Turid (2011).

13557: 8623: 8156:

Proceedings of the 14th Annual National Collegiate Inventors and Innovators Alliance Conference : Open

7931:"Entire library journal editorial board resigns, citing 'crisis of conscience' after death of Aaron Swartz" 2373: 2348: 1308: 1211: 38: 14044:'s Global Open Access Portal, providing "status of open access to scientific information around the world" 13948: 11007: 10841:"Peer Review Quality and Transparency of the Peer-Review Process in Open Access and Subscription Journals" 7228: 1773:

and comply to a standardised set of conditions. A blacklist of predatory publishers is also maintained by

1141: 16713: 16155: 16028: 15789: 15342: 14466: 14258: 14121: 14055: 11775: 7065:"The evidence fails to justify publishers' demand for longer embargo periods on publicly-funded research" 2674: 2319: 2126:

recommended the implementation of an open-access and not-for-profit model for research publishing by the

1905: 1268:

students. Additionally, professionals in many fields, such as those doing research in private companies,

983: 942: 769: 661:. Another source of funding for open access can be institutional subscribers. One example of this is the 345: 241:

There are different models of open access publishing and publishers may use one or more of these models.

198: 13879:. United Kingdom: Working Group on Expanding Access to Published Research Findings. 2012. Archived from 13264:

Van Noorden, Richard (31 March 2021). "Do you obey public-access mandates? Google Scholar is watching".

12679: 11489:"I confess, I wrote the Arsenic DNA paper to expose flaws in peer-review at subscription based journals" 10159: 8359: 6974: 3747:"The Rise of Platinum Open Access Journals with Both Impact Factors and Zero Article Processing Charges" 2956:"Open access publishing and author-pays business models: a survey of authors' knowledge and perceptions" 2092:

announced during the Open Access Week, that takes place each year during the last full week of October.

1252:

The public may benefit from open access to scholarly research for many reasons. Advocacy groups such as

1202:

has documented the need for increased access to scholarly information, and was a leading founder of the

1032:

A fictional thank you note from the future to contemporary researchers for sharing their research openly

601:(Open Knowledge for Latin America) caused a wave of debate in scholarly communication in 2019 and 2020. 16192: 16170: 15804: 15784: 15244: 15232: 15207: 14824: 14441: 14253: 13978: 12046:

Fortier, Rose; James, Heather G.; Jermé, Martha G.; Berge, Patricia; Del Toro, Rosemary (14 May 2015).

11931: 7745: 4567:

Vincent-Lamarre, Philippe; Boivin, Jade; Gargouri, Yassine; Larivière, Vincent; Harnad, Stevan (2016).

2403: 2294: 2005: 1065: 817:

Estimates of prevalence vary, but approximately 10,000 journals without APC are listed in DOAJ and the

666: 340: 13128:

Singh Chawla, Dalmeet (30 May 2024). "Japan's push to make all research open access is taking shape".

12562: 9703:"The open access advantage for studies of human electrophysiology: Impact on citations and Altmetrics" 9531:"The open access advantage for studies of human electrophysiology: Impact on citations and Altmetrics" 8716: 7199:"Gold open access in practice: How will universities respond to the rising total cost of publication?" 5294: 5262:"The Reinterpretation of the Visibility and Quality of New Policies to Assess Scientific Publications" 4737: 4146:"Sci-Hub's cache of pirated papers is so big, subscription journals are doomed, data analyst suggests" 16891: 16286: 15032: 15022: 14839: 14340: 14325: 14166: 13566: 13544: 7470: 5552: 5156:

Peters, Diane; Margoni, Thomas (10 March 2016). "Creative Commons Licenses: Empowering Open Access".

1537: 1525: 1517: 874: 713: 654: 303: 51: 15819: 9987: 9224:"Open access, readership, citations: a randomized controlled trial of scientific journal publishing" 8899:"Open access, readership, citations: a randomized controlled trial of scientific journal publishing" 7707: 7361: 6410: 485: 16123: 15848: 15202: 15017: 14930: 14376: 14345: 14330: 14320: 14217: 12587: 6126: 3903:"We've failed: Pirate black open access is trumping green and gold and we must change our approach" 3573:. SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 23–29. 2418: 2224: 2104: 2055: 1889: 1312: 1152: 1124:. By 2019, NARCIS provided access to 360,000 open access publications from all Dutch universities, 1083: 637: 503: 12799: 8329: 7428: 2163:

have been registered by over 100 research funders and 800 universities worldwide, compiled in the

1876:

period following the original date of publication. What is deposited can therefore vary, either a

16329: 16296: 16076: 15721: 15665: 14456: 14151: 12379:"Google Scholar, Scopus and the Web of Science: A Longitudinal and Cross-Disciplinary Comparison" 12220:"Institutional Repositories, Open Access and Copyright: What Are the Practices and Implications?" 9153: 8549: 7448: 5582: 4429: 2309: 2036: 1893: 1608: 1365: 1332: 1324: 1304: 507: 71: 13516: 12188: 12145: 10442:

Nosek, Brian A.; Ebersole, Charles R.; DeHaven, Alexander C.; Mellor, David T. (12 March 2018).

10322: 9173: 669:; if the subscription revenue goal is met, the given journal's volume is published open access. 16773: 16656: 16402: 16371: 16187: 16091: 16069: 15761: 15477: 15433: 15151: 15141: 15042: 14992: 14875: 14481: 14416: 14406: 14396: 14386: 14381: 14248: 14089: 13995:, an "open-access, wiki-based, community-updated encyclopedia of OA factual lists" (started by 13621: 13605:

directive, "As of December 31, 2025, all agencies... must require immediate open access... The

10633:

Pawlik, Mateusz; Hütter, Thomas; Kocher, Daniel; Mann, Willi; Augsten, Nikolaus (1 July 2019).

8528: 7600:"Australian Open Access Support Group expands to become Australasian Open Access Support Group" 7356: 5608: 4805: 3787: 3603: 2363: 2334: 2264: 2254: 2244: 2234: 2229: 2004:

lists international publishers that allow the published version of articles to be deposited in

1979: 1920:

site maintains a list of the different publisher copyright and self-archiving policies and the

1869: 1552: 1386: 1358: 519:

licenses to allow reuse. The biggest drawback of many Open Access licenses is a prohibition on

14020: 12993:"OSTP Issues Guidance to Make Federally Funded Research Freely Available Without Delay | OSTP" 12440: 9372:"The state of OA: a large-scale analysis of the prevalence and impact of Open Access articles" 8651:"The state of OA: A large-scale analysis of the prevalence and impact of Open Access articles" 8440: 8173:"The state of OA: a large-scale analysis of the prevalence and impact of Open Access articles" 5161: 5142: 3373:"The state of OA: a large-scale analysis of the prevalence and impact of Open Access articles" 16853: 16826: 16806: 16798: 16650: 16422: 15976: 15751: 15726: 15503: 15412: 15324: 15197: 15146: 14783: 14696: 14660: 14597: 14476: 14461: 14451: 14446: 14411: 14401: 14391: 14276: 12219: 11260:"'Predatory" Open Access: A Longitudinal Study of Article Volumes and Market Characteristics" 9974: 7820: 7694: 6397: 2383: 2329: 2314: 2304: 2299: 2259: 2249: 2239: 2211: 1774: 1724: 1719: 1692: 1300: 757: 183: 145: 13784: 12330:"Comparison of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar: Strengths and Weaknesses" 9154:

Maximising the Return on the UK's Public Investment in Research – Open Access Archivangelism

7874:"Aaron Swartz to receive posthumous 'Freedom of Information' award for open access advocacy" 5313: 2700:"Degrees of secrecy in an open environment. The case of electronic theses and dissertations" 2043:(e.g., base-search.net). In addition, some repositories propose a specific API, such as the 16689: 16023: 15885: 15741: 15706: 15660: 15548: 15508: 15493: 14935: 14918: 14913: 14906: 14540: 14471: 14431: 14421: 14171: 13739: 13672: 13371:"Open Access Publishing Probabilities Based on Gender and Authorship Structures in Vietnam" 12519:. Vol. Connecting the Knowledge Commons: From Projects to Sustainable Infrastructure. 11603: 11367: 11083: 11019: 10852: 10455: 10122: 10052:"The impact factor of an open access journal does not contribute to an article's citations" 10014: 9962: 8852: 8404: 8360:"Proportion of Open Access Peer-Reviewed Papers at the European and World Levels—2004–2011" 8246: 8123: 7009: 6634: 6521: 4878: 4749: 4296: 3943: 3654: 3350:"Open choice vs open access: Why don't "hybrid" journals qualify for the open access fund?" 2795: 2454: 2368: 2324: 2279: 2269: 2136: 2059: 2032: 2012:(DOAJ) contains over 12,500 peer-reviewed open access journals for searching and browsing. 1975: 1753: 1513: 1320: 1316: 818: 384: 13874:"Accessibility, sustainability, excellence: how to expand access to research publications" 13508: 13499: 4921: 2699: 1888:, either immediately deposited or after several years. Repositories may be specific to an 8: 16812: 16500: 16495: 16182: 16096: 16038: 15971: 15300: 15227: 15161: 15047: 14798: 14634: 14243: 14110: 13019:"White House requires immediate public access to all U.S.-funded research papers by 2025" 11590:

Polka, Jessica K.; Kiley, Robert; Konforti, Boyana; Stern, Bodo; Vale, Ronald D. (2018).

5513:"Influence of open access journals on the research community in Journal Citation Reports" 3110: 2160: 2131: 2127: 2086: 2016: 1812: 1446: 1233: 1093: 987: 811: 562: 536: 511: 461: 451: 373: 353: 176: 92: 13938: 13743: 13676: 12328:

Falagas, Matthew E.; Pitsouni, Eleni I.; Malietzis, George A.; Pappas, Georgios (2008).

11607: 11371: 11146: 11087: 11023: 10856: 10459: 10393:"Technical and social issues influencing the adoption of preprints in the life sciences" 10126: 10018: 9966: 8856: 8408: 8250: 8127: 7821:"The Library Publishing Coalition: organizing libraries to enhance scholarly publishing" 7013: 6638: 6525: 4882: 4753: 4300: 3658: 2857: 2799: 352:

invention", and publishing in hybrid OA journals often do not qualify for funding under

172: 16779: 16103: 15900: 15711: 15347: 15319: 15083: 14864: 14741: 14645: 14222: 14146: 13729: 13695: 13660: 13570: 13476: 13433: 13346: 13313: 13293: 13068: 12401: 12359: 12310: 12292: 12250: 12097:"Scholarly Journals at the Crossroads: A Subversive Proposal for Electronic Publishing" 11908: 11883: 11859: 11824: 11713: 11567: 11542: 11464: 11437: 11336: 11286: 11259: 11240: 11127: 11051: 10942: 10907: 10883: 10840: 10816: 10789: 10719: 10667: 10634: 10610: 10575: 10550: 10515: 10486: 10443: 10419: 10392: 10361: 10309: 10252: 10217: 10182: 10086: 10051: 9952: 9901: 9853: 9818: 9794: 9759: 9740: 9631: 9607:"Open access publishing, article downloads, and citations: randomised controlled trial" 9606: 9568: 9499: 9464: 9406: 9371: 9326: 9255: 9136: 9118: 9074: 9029: 8997:"Open access publishing, article downloads, and citations: randomised controlled trial" 8996: 8936: 8876: 8842: 8803: 8768: 8677: 8650: 8592: 8556:"Meta-Research: Evaluating the impact of open access policies on research institutions" 8555: 8498: 8471: 8269: 8234: 8207: 8172: 8068: 8041: 7286: 7259: 7040: 6997: 6837: 6742: 6691: 6660: 6598: 6571: 6544: 6509: 6452: 6425: 6361: 6336: 6071: 6022: 5972: 5925: 5898: 5666: 5534: 5101: 5054: 5027: 5008: 4952: 4902: 4773: 4601: 4583: 4568: 4516: 4460:"Hecho En Latinoamérica. Acceso Abierto, Revistas Académicas e Innovaciones Regionales" 4325: 4284: 4085: 4037: 4002: 3822: 3696: 3569:Öchsner, A. (2013). "Publishing Companies, Publishing Fees, and Open Access Journals". 3493: 3468: 3399: 3372: 3325: 3298: 3079: 2982: 2955: 2826: 2781: 2378: 1728:

Increasing transparency of peer review and quality control includes posting results to

1454: 1222: 1113: 1038: 781: 622: 618: 325:

on the publisher-authored copyrightable portions of the printed version of an article.

13652: 12525: 11963: 9465:"The academic, economic and societal impacts of Open Access: an evidence-based review" 7903: 7260:"The academic, economic and societal impacts of Open Access: an evidence-based review" 3542:

Machovec, George (2013). "An Interview with Jeffrey Beall on Open Access Publishing".

1992:

There are various open access aggregators that list open access journals or articles.

1932:

Uneven coverage of journals in the major commercial citation index databases (such as

474: 16848: 16572: 16557: 16177: 16043: 15993: 15988: 15767: 15655: 15622: 15443: 15364: 15239: 15093: 15037: 14736: 14706: 14292: 14126: 14028: 14000: 13852: 13823: 13815:

Scholarly Journals at the Crossroads: A Subversive Proposal for Electronic Publishing

13700: 13631: 13525: 13480: 13468: 13452: 13437: 13425: 13351: 13333: 13297: 13285: 13277: 13220: 13149: 13141: 13103: 13087: 13072: 13060: 13044: 12738: 12695: 12659: 12436: 12405: 12351: 12242: 12128: 11971: 11913: 11864: 11846: 11759: 11717: 11621: 11572: 11469: 11385: 11291: 11232: 11224: 11176: 11168: 11131: 11119: 11111: 11055: 11043: 11035: 10988: 10947: 10929: 10888: 10870: 10821: 10724: 10672: 10654: 10615: 10597: 10555: 10537: 10491: 10473: 10424: 10345: 10314: 10296: 10257: 10239: 10186: 10140: 10091: 10073: 10032: 9893: 9858: 9840: 9799: 9781: 9744: 9732: 9724: 9636: 9572: 9560: 9552: 9504: 9486: 9411: 9393: 9295: 9259: 9247: 9228: 9078: 9034: 9016: 8974: 8966: 8940: 8928: 8920: 8868: 8808: 8790: 8682: 8597: 8579: 8503: 8422: 8274: 8212: 8194: 8073: 7842: 7374: 7291: 7045: 7027: 6935: 6829: 6652: 6603: 6549: 6457: 6366: 6306:"Is it True that Most Open Access Journals Do Not Charge an APC? Sort of. It Depends" 6075: 6063: 5930: 5538: 5476: 5443: 5433: 5296:

Open Access Survey: Exploring the Views of Taylor & Francis and Routledge Authors

5157: 5138: 5105: 5059: 4894: 4850: 4777: 4765: 4640: 4520: 4508: 4381: 4330: 4312: 4203: 4161: 4126: 4089: 4077: 4042: 4024: 3971: 3963: 3924: 3883: 3827: 3809: 3768: 3700: 3688: 3680: 3615: 3582: 3498: 3404: 3330: 3071: 3020: 2987: 2894: 2831: 2813: 2644: 2600: 1901: 1885: 1798: 1449:

reported that 50% of a random sample of all articles published in 2011 as indexed by

1261: 1188: 842: 662: 218: 187: 134: 95:

open access, barriers to copying or reuse are also reduced or removed by applying an

13792: 13167: 12843: 12314: 12254: 11518:

Silver, Andrew (2017). "Pay-to-View Blacklist of Predatory Journals Set to Launch".

11244: 11031: 10365: 10218:"A multi-disciplinary perspective on emergent and future innovations in peer review" 9920: 9905: 9140: 8880: 7617:"Creative Commons Australia partners with Australasian Open Access Strategy Group". 6746: 6211:"Introducing the Free Journal Network – community-controlled open access publishing" 6026: 5976: 5670: 5012: 4956: 4906: 4105:"Scholarly Sharing via Twitter: #icanhazpdf Requests for Health Sciences Literature" 3083: 2565:. Bibliographic data from Scopus represents more than 36% of assessment criteria in 137:: whereas a teacher of English literature can substitute in her class a copyrighted 46: 16749: 16741: 16669: 16366: 16306: 16059: 15945: 15935: 15920: 15890: 15756: 15670: 15392: 15314: 15249: 15103: 15098: 15012: 14788: 14281: 14141: 13764: 13690: 13680: 13610: 13460: 13415: 13382: 13341: 13325: 13269: 13210: 13133: 13095: 13052: 12728: 12520: 12393: 12341: 12302: 12234: 12028: 11903: 11895: 11854: 11836: 11754: 11744: 11705: 11611: 11562: 11554: 11523: 11459: 11449: 11416: 11375: 11340: 11326: 11318: 11281: 11271: 11216: 11158: 11101: 11091: 11027: 10978: 10937: 10919: 10878: 10860: 10811: 10801: 10767: 10714: 10704: 10662: 10646: 10605: 10587: 10545: 10532: 10527: 10481: 10463: 10414: 10404: 10353: 10304: 10288: 10247: 10234: 10229: 10174: 10130: 10081: 10068: 10063: 10022: 9885: 9848: 9830: 9789: 9771: 9719: 9714: 9702: 9626: 9618: 9547: 9542: 9530: 9494: 9476: 9401: 9383: 9285: 9237: 9128: 9070: 9066: 9024: 9008: 8910: 8860: 8798: 8780: 8672: 8662: 8605: 8587: 8569: 8493: 8483: 8412: 8309: 8301: 8264: 8254: 8202: 8184: 8131: 8063: 8053: 7962:"Journal's Editorial Board Resigns in Protest of Publisher's Policy Toward Authors" 7832: 7682: 7645: 7366: 7281: 7271: 7172:"The Life and Death of an Open Access Journal: Q&A with Librarian Marcus Banks" 7035: 7017: 6902: 6894: 6841: 6819: 6811: 6734: 6701: 6664: 6642: 6593: 6583: 6539: 6529: 6488: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6385: 6356: 6348: 6165: 6090: 6053: 6014: 5964: 5920: 5910: 5877: 5830: 5693: 5689: 5658: 5631: 5524: 5273: 5237: 5229: 5188: 5093: 5049: 5039: 4998: 4944: 4936: 4886: 4840: 4757: 4716: 4605: 4593: 4547: 4498: 4371: 4361: 4320: 4304: 4262: 4153: 4116: 4069: 4032: 4019: 4014: 3955: 3914: 3873: 3817: 3799: 3758: 3670: 3662: 3574: 3551: 3524: 3488: 3480: 3442: 3394: 3384: 3320: 3310: 3186: 3137:"Leveraging Elsevier's Creative Commons License Requirement to Undermine Embargoes" 3063: 3012: 2977: 2969: 2924: 2876: 2821: 2803: 2686: 2393: 2168: 2147: 2066: 1804: 1737: 1703: 1257: 1088: 630: 532: 516: 396: 296: 214: 107: 13973: 12363: 12238: 12116: 11709: 11640: 10772: 10755: 9653: 9605:

Davis, P. M; Lewenstein, B. V; Simon, D. H; Booth, J. G; Connolly, M. J L (2008).

9481: 8151: 7678: 7634:"Removing the Barriers to Research: An Introduction to Open Access for Librarians" 7577: 7276: 5220:

Morrison, Heather (2017). "From the Field: Elsevier as an Open Access Publisher".

4890: 1944:) has strong effects on evaluating both researchers and institutions (e.g. the UK 1068:

are roughly twice as likely to read a relevant article if it is freely available.

16792: 16614: 16604: 16580: 16517: 16383: 16339: 16240: 15940: 15925: 15731: 15528: 15518: 15465: 15448: 15374: 15088: 15078: 14987: 14971: 14956: 14868: 14834: 14829: 14793: 14681: 14535: 14502: 13813: 13753:"Electronic Journals, Prestige, and the Economics of Academic Journal Publishing" 13685: 13368: 12618: 12566: 12546: 12539: 12409: 12175: 12152: 12123: 12103: 12083: 12032: 12001: 11841: 10924: 10865: 10409: 9776: 9660: 9592: 9353: 9180: 9160: 8720: 8259: 8097: 8015: 7806: 7788: 7768: 7749: 7488:"Open and closed access scholarly publications in NARCIS per year of publication" 7474: 7455: 7435: 7022: 6588: 6534: 5044: 4761: 3959: 3016: 2808: 2408: 1861: 1778: 1729: 1650: 1649:

A main reason authors make their articles openly accessible is to maximize their

1639: 1580:

Some professional organizations have encouraged use of open access: in 2001, the

1568: 1167: 1156: 934: 806: 687: 678: 629:

its reproduction to the publisher. Retention of copyright by authors can support

540: 388: 349: 230: 130: 14566: 13387: 13370: 13239: 12932:"Science-Journal Publishers Take Fight Against Open-Access Policies to Congress" 11380: 11355: 6493: 6477:"Preprints in Scholarly Communication: Re-Imagining Metrics and Infrastructures" 6476: 5882: 5865: 4267: 4251:"Preprints in Scholarly Communication: Re-Imagining Metrics and Infrastructures" 4250: 3578: 1291:

Many open access projects involve international collaboration. For example, the

998: 479:) refers to free online access, to read, free of charge, without re-use rights. 16697: 16468: 16451: 16388: 16361: 16344: 16033: 15966: 15930: 15910: 15680: 15650: 15586: 15553: 15523: 15472: 15359: 15354: 14819: 14746: 14545: 14530: 14238: 13562: 13540: 13464: 13329: 13273: 13199:"Developing strategies to ensure compliance with funders' open access policies" 13137: 13099: 13056: 11616: 11591: 11096: 11071: 10650: 10357: 10027: 10002: 9585: 8551: 5278: 5261: 4940: 4487:"The (ir)rational consideration of the cost of science in transition economies" 3447: 3430: 2973: 2180: 2123: 2108: 2058:

to foster open access, and developed the open-source journal publishing system

2024: 1971: 1933: 1854: 1533: 1529: 1521: 1442: 1311:(RePEc), is a collaborative effort of over 100 volunteers in 45 countries. The 1265: 1184: 1042: 968: 938: 829: 802: 765: 720: 658: 413: 400: 392: 380: 314: 285: 150: 118: 13504: 12397: 12306: 11527: 11454: 11322: 11276: 11220: 10178: 8864: 8305: 8136: 8111: 7721: 6815: 6169: 5795: 5739: 5662: 5097: 4503: 4486: 4376: 4073: 3191: 3174: 16875: 16787: 16754: 16552: 16532: 16483: 16160: 16140: 16081: 15998: 15895: 15736: 15543: 15513: 15397: 15382: 15123: 14966: 14901: 14859: 14701: 14629: 13906:"Open access: All human knowledge is there—so why can't everybody access it?" 13713: 13429: 13337: 13281: 13224: 13145: 12857: 12742: 12733: 12716: 12246: 12141: 11990: 11899: 11850: 11749: 11732: 11228: 11172: 11115: 11039: 10992: 10933: 10874: 10658: 10601: 10541: 10477: 10300: 10243: 10077: 9897: 9844: 9819:"Open access versus subscription journals: a comparison of scientific impact" 9785: 9728: 9556: 9490: 9397: 9299: 9277: 9020: 8970: 8924: 8872: 8794: 8583: 8198: 7846: 7031: 6939: 6833: 6738: 6508:

Bourne, Philip E.; Polka, Jessica K.; Vale, Ronald D.; Kiley, Robert (2017).

6067: 5740:"APCs—Mirroring the Impact Factor or Legacy of the Subscription-Based Model?" 5447: 4769: 4705:"From Coalition to Commons: Plan S and the Future of Scholarly Communication" 4552: 4535: 4385: 4316: 4165: 4130: 4081: 4028: 3967: 3928: 3887: 3813: 3772: 3763: 3746: 3684: 3619: 3075: 3067: 2817: 2020: 1687: 1438: 1296: 1061: 582: 500:

Berlin Declaration on Open Access to Knowledge in the Sciences and Humanities

210: 11496: 11403:

Olivarez, Joseph; Bales, Stephen; Sare, Laura; Vanduinkerken, Wyoma (2018).

10983: 10966: 10709: 10592: 10468: 10292: 9835: 9278:"Who needs access to research? Exploring the societal impact of open access" 7633: 7487: 6424:

Neylon, Cameron; Pattinson, Damian; Bilder, Geoffrey; Lin, Jennifer (2017).

6389: 6352: 6058: 5137:

Frosio, Giancarlo F. (2014). "Open Access Publishing: A Literature Review".

4845: 4828: 4285:"The FAIR Guiding Principles for scientific data management and stewardship" 4157: 3666: 3484: 1710:(DORA) alongside fundamental changes in the scholarly communication system. 1160: 1148:

renamed the Australasian Open Access Support Group. It was then renamed the

16759: 16735: 16702: 16683: 16664: 16619: 16592: 16585: 16567: 16505: 16281: 16235: 16230: 16133: 16118: 15961: 15156: 15118: 15052: 14951: 14751: 14731: 14686: 14601: 14550: 14520: 14032: 13769: 13752: 13704: 13521: 13472: 13355: 13289: 13153: 13107: 13064: 12456:"Clarivate Analytics will provide citation data during REF 2021 - REF 2021" 12355: 12096: 11962: 11917: 11868: 11625: 11576: 11541:

Strinzel, Michaela; Severin, Anna; Milzow, Katrin; Egger, Matthias (2019).

11473: 11389: 11295: 11236: 11180: 11123: 11047: 10951: 10892: 10825: 10728: 10676: 10619: 10559: 10495: 10428: 10318: 10261: 10144: 10095: 10036: 10003:"Let's Move beyond the Rhetoric: It's Time to Change How We Judge Research" 9862: 9803: 9736: 9640: 9564: 9508: 9415: 9251: 9163:. Openaccess.eprints.org (14 September 2005). Retrieved on 3 December 2011. 9038: 8978: 8932: 8812: 8686: 8601: 8507: 8426: 8278: 8216: 8077: 7378: 7295: 7049: 6924:"Scientific Journal Publishing: Yearly Volume and Open Access Availability" 6656: 6607: 6553: 6461: 6370: 5934: 5707:"Developing an Effective Market for Open Access Article Processing Charges" 5063: 4854: 4512: 4334: 4046: 3975: 3831: 3692: 3528: 3502: 3408: 3334: 2991: 2835: 2001: 1917: 1741: 1643: 1229: 1049: 906: 846: 728: 578: 457: 322: 202: 96: 14004: 13841:

The Access Principle: The Case for Open Access to Research and Scholarship

13783:

on open access by Richard Poynder, a freelance journalist, who has done a

13527:

Policy guidelines for the development and promotion of open access

12433: 12346: 12329: 11558: 8609: 8152:

Open Design-Based Strategies to Enhance Appropriate Technology Development

8090: 7761: 7124: 6042:"International disparities in open access practices in the Earth Sciences" 6041: 5371:"The Sustainability of Open Access Publishing Models Past a Tipping Point" 5233: 5003: 4986: 4922:"RoMEO Studies 4: An Analysis of Journal Publishers" Copyright Agreements" 4898: 4308: 3555: 2481: 2023:

or those specialized for the scholarly and scientific literature, such as

1884:, either the author's refereed and revised final draft or the publisher's 1416:

Ratios of article access types for different subjects (averaged 2009–2015)

1041:

and most can only afford a small fraction of them – this is known as the "

793:

system, diminishing the overall quality of scientific journal publishing.

87:) is a set of principles and a range of practices through which nominally 16727: 16527: 16412: 16301: 16276: 16264: 16245: 16128: 16108: 16018: 15915: 15716: 15533: 15387: 15176: 15113: 15108: 14961: 14925: 14803: 14650: 13996: 13617: 13602: 13598: 11884:"Preprints: What Role do These Have in Communicating Scientific Results?" 11163: 9242: 9223: 8915: 8898: 7650: 4347: 3469:"Diamond Open Access in the quest for interdisciplinarity and excellence" 3005:

Eve, Martin Paul (3 December 2023). "Introduction, or why open access?".

2782:"National differences in dissemination and use of open access literature" 1986:, and other aspects of open access provision and open access publishing. 1276: 975: 790: 785: 682:

publishers that started up as open access-only publishers, such as PLOS,

585:

has brought to light a number of controversial and hotly-debated topics.

520: 434:

literature. This has been done via existing social media sites (e.g. the

206: 103: 31: 13717: 13420: 13403: 13369:

Gemma Derrick; Alesia Ann Zuccala; Georgiana Turculet (5 October 2021).

11421: 11404: 11331: 11106: 10806: 9701:

Clayson, Peter E.; Baldwin, Scott A.; Larson, Michael J. (1 June 2021).

9529:

Clayson, Peter E.; Baldwin, Scott A.; Larson, Michael J. (1 June 2021).

8785: 8574: 8058: 6907: 6824: 6722: 6426:"On the Origin of Nonequivalent States: How We Can Talk about Preprints" 4948: 3804: 3051: 2871:

Morrison, Heather (31 December 2018). "Dramatic Growth of Open Access".

2561:

Publications in journals listed in the WoS has a large effect on the UK

2535: 1821: 814:

crowdsources funding in order to make monographs available open access.

502:. The re-use rights of libre OA are often specified by various specific 16820: 16707: 16324: 15905: 15596: 15498: 13811: 13626:(The MIT Press Essential Knowledge Series ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: 13088:"Will the Gates Foundation's preprint-centric policy help open access?" 11994: 11733:"Practicing What You Preach: Evaluating Access of Open Access Research" 11687: 11685: 9388: 9290: 8667: 8189: 7370: 6863:, Stevan Harnad, J. Britt Holbrook, Carl Mitcham, Macmillan Reference, 6861:

Ethics, Science, Technology, and Engineering: An International Resource

5915: 5862: 5242: 4366: 4349: 3389: 3315: 2880: 2353: 2140: 1792: 1675: 1603: 1187:. Open access provides a complement to library access services such as 1057: 1053: 926: 528: 435: 165: 122: 15269: 13549:

Athena Unbound: Why and How Scholarly Knowledge Should Be Free for All

9889: 9674: 9430: 9132: 8488: 7438:. Openaccess.eprints.org (2 March 2008). Retrieved on 3 December 2011. 6898: 6887:

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology

6856: 6018: 5968: 5635: 5624:

Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology

5193: 4597: 4566: 3919: 3902: 3878: 3861: 3675: 2749:"Terms and conditions for the use and redistribution of Sentinel data" 2675:

https://www.emed.theclinics.com/article/S0733-8627(24)00041-5/abstract

1453:

were freely accessible online by the end of 2012. A 2017 study by the

16721: 16522: 16473: 16456: 16394: 16376: 16150: 16064: 15617: 15460: 15171: 14756: 14525: 14161: 13848: 13661:"The Development of Open Access Journal Publishing from 1993 to 2009" 13627: 13578: 13574: 13552: 13215: 13198: 12006:

The Culture of Periodicals from the Perspective of the Electronic Age

11793: 9622: 9012: 8733: 8624:"Institutions' open access over time: Evolution of green and gold OA" 8519: 8517: 8314: 8018:. Taxpayeraccess.org (29 October 2011). Retrieved on 3 December 2011. 7837: 5529: 5512: 5467: 4721: 4704: 4282: 2398: 2112: 2048: 1881: 1179: 994: 949:

includes zero-length embargoes on self-archiving as a key principle.

838: 674: 557: 552: 468:

definition to distinguish between free to read versus free to reuse.

329: 226: 161: 153: 126: 88: 13653:

Transforming access to research literature for developing countries.

12168: 12076: 11694:"Open Access to Publications to Expand Participation in Archaeology" 11682: 10135: 10110: 9282:

Revue française des sciences de l'information et de la communication

9201: 9196:

Committee on Electronic Information and Communication (CEIC) of the

8417: 8392: 6706: 6679: 6647: 6622: 5176: 4121: 4104: 3608:

The IJournal: Graduate Student Journal of the Faculty of Information

3520: 3262: 3260: 2645:"Policy guidelines for the development and promotion of open access" 1956:

emerged as a suitable outside-paywalls universal academic database.

418: 16609: 16542: 16478: 16291: 16269: 16165: 16113: 15871: 15690: 15685: 15612: 15402: 15254: 14655: 14315: 14156: 13734: 13586: 13453:"Open-access publishing fees deter researchers in the global south" 12297: 11205: 11147:"Hijacked Journals: An Emerging Challenge for Scholarly Publishing" 9957: 9123: 8847: 8228: 8226: 7686: 6923: 6696: 6572:"On the Value of Preprints: An Early Career Researcher Perspective" 2786: 1953: 1913: 1877: 1671: 1654: 1541: 1269: 964: 930: 911: 853: 834: 641: 524: 157: 13240:"Compliance with the first funder open access policy in Australia" 12800:"Re: Savings from Converting to On-Line-Only: 30%- or 70%+ ?" 12106:. Association of Research Libraries. Retrieved on 3 December 2011. 9331: 8514: 8472:"A Study of Innovative Features in Scholarly Open Access Journals" 8235:"Open Access to the Scientific Journal Literature: Situation 2009" 7408:"DFID Research: DFID's Policy Opens up a World of Global Research" 4588: 4003:"Looking into Pandora's Box: The Content of Sci-Hub and its Usage" 2508: 543:, since the patent documents are not subject to copyright at all. 99:

for copyright, which regulates post-publication uses of the work.

16562: 16356: 16349: 16214: 16010: 15627: 15591: 15538: 15181: 14665: 14360: 14131: 9878:

Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology

9675:"The Open Access citation advantage: Studies and results to date" 9431:"The Open Access citation advantage: Studies and results to date" 9111:

Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology

8008: 7517: 6855:

Harnad, Stevan (2015), Holbrook, J. Britt; Mitcham, Carl (eds.),

5957:

Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology

5834: 4672:

Aguado-López, Eduardo; Becerril-Garcia, Arianna (8 August 2019).

4576:

Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology

4569:"Estimating Open Access Mandate Effectiveness: The MELIBEA Score" 3257: 2074: 2028: 1817: 1631: 1357:

This section should include a summary of, or be summarized in,

1117: 1097: 1064:, or an interested layperson. Indeed, a 2008 study revealed that 885: 626: 439: 431: 423: 12549:. Earlham.edu (13 September 2011). Retrieved on 3 December 2011. 12169:

SHERPA/RoMEO – Publisher copyright policies & self-archiving

10160:"The Royal Society and the Prehistory of Peer Review, 1665–1965" 8223: 7771:. Southern Cross University Library. Retrieved on 14 March 2014. 7229:"Reasoning and Interest: Clustering Open Access - LePublikateur" 1551:(ROAR) indexes the creation, location and growth of open access 1540:

made many such articles available as Open Access, while others (

1410: 1323:(OJS), which is now in use around the world, for example by the 609: 197:

Whereas non-open access journals cover publishing costs through

16537: 16489: 16258: 15675: 15438: 15428: 14711: 14335: 14041: 13777: 13590: 13582: 9059:"Attention! A study of open access vs non-open access articles" 8330:"Open access to research publications reaching 'tipping point'" 6680:"Reproducibility in Research: Systems, Infrastructure, Culture" 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 3785: 2070: 1941: 1937: 1809: 1770: 1702:

typically call on a broader adoption and implementation of the

1699: 1496: 1450: 1292: 946: 594: 222: 14047: 13314:"Gender Differences in Authorship of Critical Care Literature" 12769:"RCUK Open Access Block Grant analysis - Research Councils UK" 12644:"BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine | What is BASE?" 12327: 11402: 9949: 7518:"Coalition of Open Access Policy Institutions (COAPI) – SPARC" 4867: 4735: 4639:. Publications Office of the European Union. 30 January 2019. 3644: 3111:"Subject Guides: Copyright: Keeping Control of Your Copyright" 1927: 1832: 978:

standards of quality while also making the following changes:

873:

preprints come with a form of permanent identifier, usually a

263: 16626: 16222: 15746: 15407: 13594: 13045:"EU council's 'no pay' publishing model draws mixed response" 8560: 7095:"Global scientific community commits to sharing data on Zika" 6966: 4534:

Ross-Hellauer, Tony; Schmidt, Birgit; Kramer, Bianca (2018).

3518: 2111:(PMC) within 12 months of publication. In 2022, US President 2044: 1897: 1487:

impose charges on authors, a growing majority of open access

1396: 881: 833:

Typical publishing workflow for an academic journal article (

761: 750: 278: 13793:"Wikimedia and Open Access — a rich history of interactions" 10964: 10756:"A Layered Framework for Considering Open Science Practices" 10214: 9918: 9462: 9369: 9347:

The culture of Open Access: researchers' views and responses

8648: 8170: 7742: 7679:"Capturing the Benefits of Open Access in Interlibrary Loan" 7257: 6971:

Departmental Technical Report. UK FE and HE Funding Councils

6569: 6510:"Ten simple rules to consider regarding preprint submission" 6275:"A Reality Check on Author Access to Open Access Publishing" 5948:

Pinfield, Stephen; Salter, Jennifer; Bath, Peter A. (2016).

4920:

Gadd, Elizabeth; Oppenheim, Charles; Probets, Steve (2003).

4184: 3788:"Sci-Hub provides access to nearly all scholarly literature" 3370: 2779: 2204: 1232:

was posthumously awarded the American Library Association's

704: 636:

The most common licenses used in open access publishing are

15840: 15455: 15057: 13780: 13561:, vol. LXX, no. 20 (21 December 2023), pp. 73–74. Reviewer 12717:"A survey of scholarly journals using open journal systems" 12611:"Research Guides: Open Access: Finding Open Access Content" 12559: 11435: 11068: 10790:"Point of View: How Open Science Helps Researchers Succeed" 9586:

Online or Invisible? Steve Lawrence; NEC Research Institute

8713: 8232: 7429:

How To Integrate University and Funder Open Access Mandates

7342:"Diffusion of Treatment Research: Does Open Access Matter?" 4671: 1997: 1850: 1762: 859: 732: 691: 13988: 13318:

American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

12514: 12146:"Re: when did the Open Access movement "officially" begin" 11540: 10441: 9654:

Effect of OA on citation impact: a bibliography of studies

9358:

Open access: key strategic, technical and economic aspects

7467: 6039: 5292: 4533: 2754:. No. version 1.0. European Space Agency. July 2014. 1331:

and the necessary open access to relevant information for

756:

Charges typically range from $ 1,000–$ 3,000 ($ 5,380 for

16599: 13658: 13609:

leaders took a similar stand on May 14, 2023, as did the

12095:

Ann Shumelda Okerson and James J. O'Donnell (eds). 1995.

9604: 8994: 6928:

Information Research: An International Electronic Journal

6241:"Is the EU's open access plan a tremor or an earthquake?" 5177:"The Changing Copyright Landscape in Academic Publishing" 1909: 1516:

has the largest percentage of OA publications, while the

1013: 982:

Rather than making journal articles accessible through a

566: 284:

Number of gold and hybrid open access journals listed in

16676:

The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State

12579: 12039: 12017: 11970:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 9–10. 11825:"Preprints in medical research: Progress and principles" 11005: 10786: 9921:"On the Relationship between Open Access and Altmetrics" 9758:

Eysenbach, Gunther (16 May 2006). Tenopir, Carol (ed.).

8765: 8433: 6423: 2165:

Registry of Open Access Repository Mandates and Policies

1924:

database hosts an index of the repositories themselves.

1149: 102:

The main focus of the open access movement has been on "

13750: 13606: 13524:

work. Licensed under CC-BY-SA. Text taken from

12218:

Dawson, Patricia H.; Yang, Sharon Q. (1 October 2016).

11995:"The Green Road to Open Access: A Leveraged Transition" 11693: 11641:"The Open Access Irony Awards: Naming and shaming them" 11589: 11308: 10689: 10572: 9324: 6996:

Ottaviani, Jim (22 August 2016). Bornmann, Lutz (ed.).

6922:

Bjork, Bo-Christer; Roos, Annikki; Lauri, Mari (2009).

5469:

Gold Open Access 2013-2018: Articles in Journals (GOA4)

723:

or employer. While the payments are typically incurred

13787:

with a few of the leaders of the open access movement.

13310: 12517:

22nd International Conference on Electronic Publishing

12045: 10632: 10346:"Peer-review experiments tracked in online repository" 10049: 6678:

Crick, Tom; Hall, Benjamin A.; Ishtiaq, Samin (2017).

5824: 5259: 4833:

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

4738:"The growth of open access publishing in geochemistry" 2171:

can help authors manage sharing between repositories.

708:

Article processing charges by gold OA journals in DOAJ

14356:

Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition

14037: 13401: 12840:"Recommendations For UK Open-Access Provision Policy" 12008:, pp. 99–105, L'Harmattan. Retrieved 3 December 2011. 10754:

Bowman, Nicholas David; Keene, Justin Robert (2018).

9875: 9595:. Citeseer.ist.psu.edu. Retrieved on 3 December 2011. 7743:

Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition

6383: 3050:

Gadd, Elizabeth; Troll Covey, Denise (1 March 2019).

1204:

Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition

133:. The main difference between these two groups is in 12889:. Roarmap.eprints.org. Retrieved on 3 December 2011. 12132:, 21(9), October 2004. Retrieved on 3 December 2011. 9700: 9528: 8524: 7548:"Good practices for university open-access policies" 6565: 6563: 6507: 5399:"How Much Do Top Publishers Charge for Open Access?" 4919: 4797: 4560: 4276: 4109:

Journal of the Canadian Health Libraries Association

3235:"Wellcome Trust and COAF Open Access Spend, 2014-15" 613:

Licenses used by gold and hybrid OA journals in DOAJ

14015:

OASPA: Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association

13812:Okerson, Ann; O'Donnell, James (Eds.) (June 1995). 13711: 9817:Björk, Bo-Christer; Solomon, David (17 July 2012). 9696: 9694: 9692: 4829:"Take Another Look at the Instructions for Authors" 3604:"Is Diamond Open Access the Future of Open Access?" 772:", where both authors and subscribers are charged. 399:. There are now over 350 platinum OA journals with 175:to open access publishing, especially, if they use 13573:publishers are gouging their customers, scholarly 13079: 12842:. Ecs.soton.ac.uk. 5 November 1998. Archived from 9663:. Opcit.eprints.org. Retrieved on 3 December 2011. 8030:. Eprints.rclis.org. Retrieved on 3 December 2011. 7458:. Theregister.co.uk. Retrieved on 3 December 2011. 5947: 4987:"Copyright Contradictions in Scholarly Publishing" 4527: 4400:"European Commission embraces the FAIR principles" 2179:from 27% to 91% (averaging 67%). From March 2021, 1558: 269:Number of gold open access journals listed in the 186:, which has been the main form of distribution of 160:poisoning can not substitute the most recent, but 14596: 14009:Simmons School of Library and Information Science 13197:Pontika, Nancy; Rozenberga, Dace (5 March 2015). 13196: 12715:Edgar, Brian D.; Willinsky, John (14 June 2010). 9108: 8723:. Roar.eprints.org. Retrieved on 3 December 2011. 8112:"The case for open source appropriate technology" 6560: 5615: 4791: 4789: 4787: 1836:Number of open access repositories listed in the 617:Subscription-based publishing typically requires 149:without a detrimental effect on the students, an 16873: 13543:, "The Dream of a Universal Library" (review of 13530:, 45-48, Swan, Alma, UNESCO. UNESCO. 12700:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 12664:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 12646:. Archived from the original on 16 February 2016 12376: 11145:Dadkhah, Mehdi; Borchardt, Glenn (1 June 2016). 11144: 10635:"A Link is not Enough – Reproducibility of Data" 9689: 6727:Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 6677: 6474: 5731: 5260:Pablo Alperin, Juan; Rozemblum, Cecilia (2017). 4248: 4230: 4218: 3056:Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 2687:https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ja01327a064 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 1708:San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment 106:research literature", and more specifically on 13837: 12638: 12636: 12282: 11072:"Predatory journals: no definition, no defence" 10780: 10516:"What is open peer review? A systematic review" 10448:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 9943: 9647: 8166: 8164: 7311:"Periodicals Price Survey 2005: Choosing Sides" 7308:Van Orsdel, Lee C. & Born, Kathleen. 2005. 6720: 5255: 5253: 4536:"Are Funder Open Access Platforms a Good Idea?" 4103:Swab, Michelle; Romme, Kristen (1 April 2016). 3049: 1966:Scientific journal § Electronic publishing 27:Research publications distributed freely online 13238:Kirkman, Noreen; Haddow, Gaby (15 June 2020). 12963:"Publishers Blast New Open Access Bill, FASTR" 12714: 12321: 12011: 11776:"How ironic are the open access irony awards?" 11534: 11429: 11396: 11347: 10958: 8832: 7340:Hardisty, David J.; Haaga, David A.F. (2008). 7154: 7152: 7150: 6921: 6377: 6328: 4978: 4784: 1198:have produced a Statement on Open Access. The 15856: 15285: 14582: 14063: 13751:Tötösy; de Zepetnek, S.; Joshua, Jia (2014). 13237: 12822:American Scientist Open Access Forum Archives 12682:. Archived from the original on 12 March 2016 12486:"World University Rankings 2019: methodology" 12370: 12276: 12178:. Sherpa.ac.uk. Retrieved on 3 December 2011. 12159:, 27 June 2007. Retrieved on 3 December 2011. 10908:"Reliable novelty: New should not trump true" 10683: 10513: 10391:Penfold, Naomi C.; Polka, Jessica K. (2020). 10102: 8761: 8759: 8714:"Registry of Open Access Repositories (ROAR)" 7449:Dutch academics declare research free-for-all 7339: 6967:"Open Access Self-Archiving: An Author Study" 6857:"Open access: what, where, when, how and why" 6721:Gadd, Elizabeth; Troll Covey, Denise (2019). 5941: 5818: 5465: 5213: 5155: 4861: 4820: 3428: 2929:National Center for Biotechnology Information 2899:National Center for Biotechnology Information 2704:ESSACHESS – Journal for Communication Studies 2697: 2583: 2186: 1843: 1208:Association of College and Research Libraries 697: 527:studies of various technologies performed by 14311:Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association 13520: This article incorporates text from a 13127: 13121: 12633: 12460:Higher Education Funding Council for England 12427: 11511: 11302: 10747: 10390: 10151: 9816: 9760:"Citation Advantage of Open Access Articles" 8769:"How open science helps researchers succeed" 8161: 7477:. Narcis.info. Retrieved on 3 December 2011. 6623:"Does It Take Too Long to Publish Research?" 6614: 6501: 6468: 6417: 5866:"Ten Hot Topics around Scholarly Publishing" 5648: 5621: 5250: 5019: 4696: 4452: 3944:"Who's downloading pirated papers? Everyone" 3716:"Diamond Open Access, Societies and Mission" 3429:Fuchs, Christian; Sandoval, Marisol (2013). 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 2998: 2953: 2389:Open Access Scholarly Publishers Association 993:Rather than applying traditional notions of 496:Bethesda Statement on Open Access Publishing 13263: 13257: 12508: 12377:Harzing, Anne-Wil; Alakangas, Satu (2016). 11583: 10753: 9994: 9598: 8390: 8116:Environment, Development and Sustainability 7985:"My short stint on the JLA Editorial Board" 7147: 7131:. Australasian Medical Publishing Company. 6884: 6671: 5890: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5737: 5677: 5070: 3521:OA Diamond Journals Study. Part 1: Findings 3173:Laakso, Mikael; Björk, Bo-Christer (2016). 3172: 2509:"The Leiden Manifesto for Research Metrics" 1928:Representativeness in proprietary databases 1173: 15863: 15849: 15292: 15278: 14589: 14575: 14070: 14056: 13903: 13757:CLCWeb: Comparative Literature and Culture 12217: 12070: 11251: 10157: 9174:Can Researchers Bank on Citation Analysis? 8756: 8463: 8447:. Max Planck Gesellschaft. 27 April 2015. 7818: 7809:. Carl-abrc.ca. Retrieved on 12 June 2013. 6958: 6714: 6155: 6149: 5998: 5699: 5642: 5286: 5168: 5079:"Academic Freedom: A Lawyer's Perspective" 4913: 4627: 2727:"Directory of Open Access Books Goes Live" 2054:In 1998, several universities founded the 1912:archives in the 1980s (later harvested by 1219:Canadian Association of Research Libraries 1096:, and others are on the way to do so (see 1077: 784:. Steps are normally taken to ensure that 438:hashtag) as well as dedicated sites (e.g. 156:treating a patient for a life-threatening 13768: 13733: 13694: 13684: 13651:Kirsop, Barbara, and Leslie Chan. (2005) 13419: 13386: 13345: 13214: 13042: 12901:"PRISM – a new lobby against open access" 12732: 12533: 12524: 12345: 12296: 11907: 11858: 11840: 11758: 11748: 11615: 11566: 11463: 11453: 11420: 11379: 11330: 11285: 11275: 11257: 11209:Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology 11162: 11105: 11095: 10982: 10941: 10923: 10882: 10864: 10815: 10805: 10771: 10718: 10708: 10666: 10609: 10591: 10549: 10531: 10485: 10467: 10418: 10408: 10308: 10251: 10233: 10134: 10085: 10067: 10026: 9956: 9852: 9834: 9793: 9775: 9757: 9718: 9707:International Journal of Psychophysiology 9630: 9546: 9535:International Journal of Psychophysiology 9498: 9480: 9405: 9387: 9330: 9289: 9241: 9122: 9028: 8914: 8846: 8802: 8784: 8709: 8707: 8676: 8666: 8591: 8573: 8497: 8487: 8416: 8313: 8268: 8258: 8206: 8188: 8135: 8067: 8057: 8039: 7871: 7836: 7800:CARL – Institutional Repositories Program 7649: 7360: 7285: 7275: 7039: 7021: 6995: 6964: 6906: 6823: 6705: 6695: 6646: 6597: 6587: 6543: 6533: 6492: 6451: 6441: 6360: 6057: 5924: 5914: 5881: 5528: 5277: 5266:Revista Interamericana de Bibliotecología 5241: 5192: 5053: 5043: 5002: 4984: 4844: 4720: 4587: 4551: 4502: 4430:"G20 Leaders' Communique Hangzhou Summit" 4375: 4365: 4324: 4266: 4120: 4102: 4036: 4018: 3918: 3877: 3821: 3803: 3762: 3674: 3492: 3446: 3415: 3398: 3388: 3324: 3314: 3299:"Growth of hybrid open access, 2009–2016" 3211: 3190: 3175:"Hybrid open access—A longitudinal study" 2981: 2850:"DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals" 2825: 2807: 2698:Schöpfel, Joachim; Prost, Hélène (2013). 2359:Copyright policies of academic publishers 2205:High-income–low-income country inequality 2015:Open access articles can be found with a 50:Open access logo, originally designed by 13790: 12960: 12880: 12824:. 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Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. 5344:"Jisc supports Subscribe to Open model" 5293:W. Frass; J. Cross; V. Gardner (2013). 5025: 4702: 3601: 3568: 3466: 3228: 3226: 3045: 3043: 2116:Office of Science and Technology Policy 1748: 1282: 1150:Australasian Open Access Strategy Group 1142:University rights-retention OA policies 1132:and a number of scientific institutes. 796: 244: 14: 16874: 13597:, and readers are not getting all the 12929: 12818:"(#710) What Provosts Need to Mandate" 12806:from the original on 10 December 2005. 11881: 11657: 11517: 10905: 10839:Wicherts, Jelte M. 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Wellcome. 10 February 2016. 6443:10.12688/f1000research.11408.1 5899:"Growth of Hybrid Open Access" 5694:10.6084/m9.figshare.1056280.v3 5475:. Cites & Insights Books. 5397:Socha, Beata (20 April 2017). 5028:"Why Full Open Access Matters" 4354:Information Services & Use 4200:"Gratis and Libre Open Access" 4020:10.12688/f1000research.11366.1 3160:University of Nebraska–Lincoln 3008:Open Access and the Humanities 2842: 2773: 2718: 2691: 2679: 2667: 1950:Times Higher Education ranking 1228:In 2013, open access activist 1178:As information professionals, 952: 684:Hindawi Publishing Corporation 422:Download rate for articles on 236: 13: 1: 15830:Category:Scientific documents 15167:Open-source software movement 14896:Free and open-source software 14625:Commons-based peer production 14306:Initiative for Open Citations 12802:. 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Ala.org. 17 January 2013. 7129:Medical Journal of Australia 7023:10.1371/journal.pone.0159614 6589:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000151 6535:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005473 6131:SPARC open access Newsletter 5583:"Article processing charges" 5314:"OA journal business models" 5045:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001210 5026:Carroll, Michael W. (2011). 4762:10.1016/j.ringeo.2020.100001 3960:10.1126/science.352.6285.508 3017:10.1017/CBO9781316161012.003 2856:. 1 May 2013. Archived from 2809:10.1371/journal.pone.0272730 2374:List of open access journals 2349:Access to knowledge movement 2122:In 2023, the Council of the 1984:open access journal websites 1309:Research Papers in Economics 1212:American Library Association 1078:§ Policies and mandates 892: 359: 335: 110:. because such publications 39:Open access (disambiguation) 7: 16714:Two Treatises of Government 14259:Delayed open-access journal 14122:Subscription business model 13904:Glyn Moody (17 June 2016). 13388:10.3390/publications9040045 13094:. Nature Publishing Group. 11381:10.1126/science.342.6154.60 10967:"Open-access mega-journals" 8734:"Browse by Repository Type" 8470:Björk, Bo-Christer (2011). 8150:A. J. 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Both the 1518:American Chemical Society 1431: 1247: 875:digital object identifier 714:Article processing charge 655:Public Library of Science 523:. For this reason, many 508:attribution of authorship 504:Creative Commons licenses 304:article processing charge 52:Public Library of Science 16882:Open access (publishing) 16766:The Great Transformation 16124:Labor theory of property 15018:Free Software Foundation 14931:Open-source architecture 14346:Public Knowledge Project 14331:Open Society Foundations 14321:Open Archives Initiative 14218:NIH Public Access Policy 13838:Willinsky, John (2006). 12734:10.22230/src.2010v1n2a24 12174:11 November 2007 at the 12115:Poynder, Richard. 2004. 12082:18 November 2015 at the 12052:e-Publications@Marquette 11900:10.1177/0192623318767322 11750:10.3998/3336451.0021.103 10971:Journal of Documentation 9356:. 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Some publishers (e.g. 1315:in Canada developed the 1313:Public Knowledge Project 1174:Libraries and librarians 1155:10 February 2018 at the 1001:or "free to build upon". 782:less developed economies 737:per manuscript submitted 30:Not to be confused with 16902:Scholarly communication 16335:Forest-dwelling (India) 16297:restraint on alienation 16077:Common good (economics) 15820:Style/formatting guides 15722:Scholarly communication 15422:Other publication types 14981:Politics and governance 13577:reach a tiny audience, 11354:Bohannon, John (2013). 10984:10.1108/JD-06-2016-0082 10710:10.1038/s41562-016-0021 10593:10.1038/s41562-016-0021 10469:10.1073/pnas.1708274114 10001:Curry, Stephen (2018). 9836:10.1186/1741-7015-10-73 9659:2 November 2017 at the 9179:25 October 2005 at the 8719:30 October 2012 at the 8550:Chun-Kai (Karl) Huang; 7473:5 November 2010 at the 6353:10.15252/embj.201695531 6059:10.3897/ese.2021.e63663 5684:Lawson, Stuart (2014), 5557:The Occasional Pamphlet 5175:Dodds, Francis (2018). 4846:10.2460/javma.250.3.258 4742:Results in Geochemistry 4158:10.1126/science.aan7164 3667:10.1126/science.aag0946 3485:10.3325/cmj.2017.58.261 3179:Journal of Informetrics 1366:Knowledge:Summary style 1333:sustainable development 1325:African Journals Online 1305:non-profit organization 1264:), and high school and 1170:on open access issues. 1166:5 February 2018 at the 1116:cooperatively launched 546: 16774:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon 16548:Primitive accumulation 16403:Right of way (transit) 16188:Tragedy of the commons 16070:fictitious commodities 15762:Least publishable unit 15434:Collection of articles 15152:Free software movement 15043:Open Source Initiative 14993:Open-source governance 14876:Open-source journalism 14249:Open-access repository 13799:. Wikimedia Foundation 13770:10.7771/1481-4374.2426 13716:; Gingras, Y. (2005). 13581:are floundering under 12560:"Open Journal Systems" 11592:"Publish Peer Reviews" 10697:Nature Human Behaviour 10580:Nature Human Behaviour 10167:The Historical Journal 10109:Csiszar, Alex (2016). 9982:Cite journal requires 8628:storage.googleapis.com 8110:Pearce, J. M. (2012). 8096:31 August 2005 at the 7748:15 August 2013 at the 7702:Cite journal requires 6405:Cite journal requires 5553:"An efficient journal" 5466:Walt Crawford (2019). 5222:The Charleston Advisor 4491:Nature Human Behaviour 3544:The Charleston Advisor 3529:10.5281/zenodo.4558704 3144:digitalcommons.unl.edu 2601:"Open Access Overview" 2364:Freedom of information 2174:Compliance rates with 1978:is sometimes used for 1870:open-access repository 1840: 1646: 1613: 1573: 1508: 1479: 1428: 1387:History of open access 1359:History of open access 1112:In May 2005, 16 major 1033: 914: 849: 709: 677:, editorial staff and 614: 460:definition, the terms 427: 213:and non peer-reviewed 77: 54: 16907:Free culture movement 16897:Electronic publishing 16827:The Wealth of Nations 16807:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 16799:The Ethics of Liberty 15752:Electronic publishing 15727:Scientific literature 15504:Article-level metrics 15157:Open science movement 15147:Free-culture movement 14825:Educational resources 14784:Collaborative writing 14661:Participatory culture 14277:The Cost of Knowledge 13993:Open Access Directory 12347:10.1096/fj.07-9492LSF 12000:12 March 2010 at the 11888:Toxicologic Pathology 11664:From Poverty to Power 11559:10.1128/mBio.00411-19 10293:10.1093/femsle/fny204 9591:16 March 2007 at the 9222:Davis, P. M. (2011). 7904:"James Madison Award" 7632:Suber, Peter (2003). 7434:16 March 2008 at the 7063:Suber, Peter (2014). 6390:10.17605/OSF.IO/796TU 6335:Ginsparg, P. (2016). 6310:The Scholarly Kitchen 5897:Björk, B. C. (2017). 5800:www.ubiquitypress.com 5772:. 29 September 2016. 5428:Peter, Suber (2012). 5318:Open Access Directory 5234:10.5260/chara.18.3.53 5077:Davies, Mark (2015). 5004:10.5210/fm.v7i11.1006 4703:Johnson, Rob (2019). 4309:10.1038/sdata.2016.18 4198:Suber, Peter (2008). 3720:The Scholarly Kitchen 3556:10.5260/chara.15.1.50 3297:Björk, B. C. (2017). 3135:Bolick, Josh (2018). 2384:Open access monograph 2212:University of Florida 2081:Policies and mandates 1880:or the peer-reviewed 1835: 1720:Scholarly peer review 1714:Peer review processes 1693:Journal impact factor 1682:Journal impact factor 1634:and open access with 1629: 1611: 1571: 1506: 1470: 1426: 1301:Bioline International 1082:Further information: 1031: 925:and >12 months in 909: 832: 758:Nature Communications 725:per article published 707: 619:transfer of copyright 612: 421: 385:academic institutions 299:licenses or similar. 184:electronic publishing 69: 49: 16912:Open access journals 16690:Progress and Poverty 16024:Common-pool resource 15795:Open-access journals 15742:Open scientific data 15549:SCImago Journal Rank 15509:Author-level metrics 15494:Acknowledgment index 14936:Open-source hardware 14914:Open-design movement 14907:Open-source software 14675:Research and science 14172:Predatory publishing 13785:series of interviews 12565:1 March 2013 at the 12492:. 7 September 2018. 11961:Eve, Martin (2014). 11499:on 24 September 2018 11493:www.michaeleisen.org 9243:10.1096/fj.11-183988 9172:Garfield, E. (1988) 8916:10.1096/fj.11-183988 7677:Baich, Tina (2015). 7651:10.5860/crln.64.2.92 7454:15 July 2017 at the 5609:"Publishing options" 3901:Green, Toby (2017). 2369:Guerilla Open Access 2161:open-access mandates 2060:Open Journal Systems 2019:, using any general 1976:Open source software 1820:#openirony (e.g. on 1754:Predatory publishers 1749:Predatory publishing 1630:A 2013 interview on 1514:Institute of Physics 1321:Open Journal Systems 1319:publishing software 1283:Low-income countries 1094:open-access mandates 1056:in another field, a 943:subscription revenue 819:Free Journal Network 797:Subsidized or no-fee 694:and BioMed Central. 621:from authors to the 512:open-access mandates 471:Gratis open access ( 462:'gratis' and 'libre' 354:open access mandates 245:Colour naming system 146:A Voyage to Lilliput 37:For other uses, see 16887:Academic publishing 16813:The Social Contract 16501:population transfer 16418:prior-appropriation 16097:homestead principle 15790:Scientific journals 15301:Academic publishing 15218:Free Cultural Works 15162:Open Source Ecology 15048:Open Web Foundation 14945:Economic principles 14902:Free/libre software 14799:Participatory media 14427:Republic of Ireland 14244:Open-access mandate 13868:on 5 November 2013. 13744:2006cs........6079H 13677:2011PLoSO...620961L 13421:10.1162/qss_a_00157 12828:on 11 January 2007. 12621:on 8 September 2018 12615:mcphs.libguides.com 12545:3 July 2006 at the 11608:2018Natur.560..545P 11422:10.5860/crl.79.1.52 11372:2013Sci...342...60B 11088:2019Natur.576..210G 11024:2020ScTEn.72136454P 10857:2016PLoSO..1147913W 10807:10.7554/eLife.16800 10460:2018PNAS..115.2600N 10325:on 24 February 2020 10127:2016Natur.532..306C 10019:2018Natur.554..147C 9967:2018arXiv180108992L 9679:eprints.soton.ac.uk 9673:Swan, Alma (2010). 9435:eprints.soton.ac.uk 9429:Swan, Alma (2010). 9352:22 May 2012 at the 9159:2 July 2017 at the 8965:(6): 197, 200–201. 8857:2015arXiv150305702W 8786:10.7554/eLife.16800 8575:10.7554/ELIFE.57067 8409:2013Natur.500..386V 8251:2010PLoSO...511273B 8128:2012EDSus..14..425P 8059:10.2196/jmir.8.2.e8 7805:7 June 2013 at the 7767:19 May 2014 at the 7584:. 5 February 2013. 7014:2016PLoSO..1159614O 6639:2016Natur.530..148P 6526:2017PLSCB..13E5473B 5827:MPG.PuRe Repository 4883:1998Sci...281.1459B 4754:2020ResGc...100001P 4301:2016NatSD...360018W 3805:10.7554/eLife.32822 3659:2016Sci...352.1405P 3239:Wellcome Trust Blog 2800:2022PLoSO..1772730S 2643:Swan, Alma (2012). 2275:Republic of Ireland 2128:European Commission 2087:Open access mandate 1447:European Commission 1262:amateur astronomers 1234:James Madison Award 812:Knowledge Unlatched 745:until recently) or 563:European Commission 537:computer scientists 482:Libre open access ( 452:Gratis versus libre 426:(black open access) 374:Diamond open access 368:Diamond/platinum OA 177:diamond open access 18:Open-access journal 16793:Murray N. Rothbard 16104:Free-rider problem 15810:Copyright policies 15805:University presses 15712:Scientific writing 15580:Citation advantage 15487:Impact and ranking 15320:Scientific journal 15084:Alexandra Elbakyan 15028:Openmod Initiative 14865:Citizen journalism 14742:Open communication 14723:Data, information, 14646:Open collaboration 14223:Research Works Act 14213:Geneva Declaration 14198:Bethesda Statement 14193:Berlin Declaration 14147:Scientific journal 13818:. Washington, DC: 13555:, 2023, 405 pp.), 12846:on 7 January 2006. 11936:Research Preprints 11670:on 20 October 2020 11164:10.1093/asj/sjw026 10639:Datenbank-Spektrum 9389:10.7717/peerj.4375 9345:Swan, Alma (2006) 9291:10.4000/rfsic.3271 8668:10.7717/peerj.4375 8190:10.7717/peerj.4375 8046:J Med Internet Res 7602:. 17 August 2015. 7371:10.1002/jclp.20492 6337:"Preprint Déjà Vu" 6170:20.500.11937/12680 6007:Learned Publishing 5916:10.7717/peerj.3878 5181:Learned Publishing 4929:Learned Publishing 4798:"Journal metadata" 4684:on 1 November 2019 4377:20.500.11937/53669 4367:10.3233/ISU-170824 3907:Learned Publishing 3866:Learned Publishing 3714:By (1 June 2017). 3390:10.7717/peerj.4375 3316:10.7717/peerj.3878 3245:on 27 October 2019 3208:, pp. 140–141 2379:Open Access Button 2159:As of March 2021, 2137:predatory journals 1841: 1775:Cabell's blacklist 1647: 1614: 1574: 1509: 1480: 1455:Max Planck Society 1429: 1114:Dutch universities 1060:, a politician or 1039:scientific journal 1034: 990:or "free to read". 915: 850: 710: 615: 428: 192:fiction literature 78: 55: 16869: 16868: 16780:What Is Property? 16573:human trafficking 16558:Regulatory taking 16433: 16432: 16178:Right to property 15838: 15837: 15815:Preprint policies 15785:Academic journals 15768:Publish or perish 15623:Version of record 15563:Reform and access 15365:Literature review 15267: 15266: 15263: 15262: 15255:Open Web movement 15240:Open Data Indices 15094:Peter Murray-Rust 15038:Open Rights Group 15001: 15000: 14884: 14883: 14737:Knowledge commons 14564: 14563: 14127:Subscribe to Open 13999:and Robin Peek). 13960:Library resources 13847:. Cambridge, MA: 13829:978-0-918006-26-4 13637:978-0-262-51763-8 12967:Publishers Weekly 12334:The FASEB Journal 12129:Information Today 11602:(7720): 545–547. 11082:(7786): 210–212. 10454:(11): 2600–2606. 10121:(7599): 306–308. 9890:10.1002/asi.23037 9617:(jul31 1): a568. 9229:The FASEB Journal 9133:10.1002/asi.23687 9007:(jul31 1): a568. 8903:The FASEB Journal 8489:10.2196/jmir.1802 8294:New Library World 7644:(2): 92–94, 113. 7621:. 31 August 2016. 7578:"About the AOASG" 7317:. 15 April 2005. 7205:. 25 March 2015. 7174:. 31 March 2015. 6899:10.1002/asi.22856 6633:(7589): 148–151. 6347:(24): 2620–2625. 6019:10.1002/leap.1219 5969:10.1002/asi.23446 5636:10.1002/asi.22972 5630:(12): 2591–2594. 5482:978-1-329-54713-1 5194:10.1002/leap.1157 4877:(5382): 1459–60. 4598:10.1002/asi.23601 4582:(11): 2815–2828. 4406:. 20 April 2016. 3920:10.1002/leap.1116 3879:10.1002/leap.1096 3588:978-3-642-38645-9 3115:libguides.mst.edu 2192:Gender inequality 1902:scholarly society 1886:version of record 1627: 1443:citations indexes 1383: 1382: 1258:government grants 1189:interlibrary loan 1029: 912:Elsevier journals 663:Subscribe to Open 631:academic freedoms 577:The emergence of 539:) are limited to 464:were used in the 397:government grants 389:learned societies 225:, book chapters, 219:conference papers 135:demand elasticity 108:academic journals 67: 16:(Redirected from 16919: 16892:Social movements 16846: 16845: 16750:John Stuart Mill 16670:Friedrich Engels 16651:Frédéric Bastiat 16644: 16496:Forced migration 16464:Collectivization 16208: 16207: 16087:First possession 16060:Bundle of rights 15865: 15858: 15851: 15842: 15841: 15757:Ingelfinger rule 15671:Semantic Scholar 15393:Technical report 15315:Academic journal 15294: 15287: 15280: 15271: 15270: 15250:Open music model 15214:Definition docs 15203:Creative Commons 15188: 15187: 15104:Richard Stallman 15099:Douglas Rushkoff 15013:Creative Commons 14789:Democratic media 14774: 14773: 14697:Notebook science 14615: 14614: 14591: 14584: 14577: 14568: 14567: 14297: 14294: 14282:Creative Commons 14208:Durham Statement 14142:Academic journal 14072: 14065: 14058: 14049: 14048: 13935: 13934: 13920: 13918: 13916: 13895: 13893: 13891: 13885: 13878: 13869: 13867: 13861:. Archived from 13846: 13833: 13808: 13806: 13804: 13778:"Open and Shut?" 13774: 13772: 13747: 13737: 13708: 13698: 13688: 13648: 13646: 13644: 13611:European Council 13519: 13502: 13485: 13484: 13448: 13442: 13441: 13423: 13414:(4): 1123–1143. 13399: 13393: 13392: 13390: 13366: 13360: 13359: 13349: 13308: 13302: 13301: 13261: 13255: 13254: 13252: 13250: 13244:informationr.net 13235: 13229: 13228: 13218: 13216:10.1629/uksg.168 13194: 13188: 13187: 13185: 13183: 13164: 13158: 13157: 13125: 13119: 13118: 13116: 13114: 13083: 13077: 13076: 13040: 13034: 13033: 13031: 13029: 13015: 13009: 13008: 13006: 13004: 12999:. 25 August 2022 12989: 12983: 12982: 12980: 12978: 12958: 12952: 12951: 12949: 12947: 12927: 12921: 12920: 12918: 12916: 12896: 12890: 12884: 12878: 12877: 12875: 12873: 12854: 12848: 12847: 12836: 12830: 12829: 12814: 12808: 12807: 12798:Harnad, Stevan. 12795: 12789: 12788: 12786: 12784: 12765: 12759: 12758:, pp. 77–78 12753: 12747: 12746: 12736: 12712: 12706: 12705: 12699: 12691: 12689: 12687: 12676: 12670: 12669: 12663: 12655: 12653: 12651: 12640: 12631: 12630: 12628: 12626: 12617:. Archived from 12606: 12600: 12599: 12597: 12595: 12580:"Welcome - ROAD" 12576: 12570: 12556: 12550: 12537: 12531: 12530: 12528: 12512: 12506: 12505: 12503: 12501: 12482: 12476: 12475: 12473: 12471: 12451: 12445: 12444: 12431: 12425: 12424: 12422: 12420: 12414: 12408:. Archived from 12383: 12374: 12368: 12367: 12349: 12325: 12319: 12318: 12300: 12280: 12274: 12273: 12271: 12269: 12263: 12224: 12215: 12209: 12208: 12206: 12204: 12185: 12179: 12166: 12160: 12139: 12133: 12113: 12107: 12093: 12087: 12074: 12068: 12067: 12065: 12063: 12043: 12037: 12036: 12015: 12009: 11988: 11982: 11981: 11969: 11958: 11952: 11951: 11949: 11947: 11938:. 9 March 2017. 11928: 11922: 11921: 11911: 11879: 11873: 11872: 11862: 11844: 11820: 11814: 11813: 11811: 11809: 11798:roar.eprints.org 11794:"Browse by Year" 11790: 11784: 11783: 11771: 11765: 11764: 11762: 11752: 11728: 11722: 11721: 11689: 11680: 11679: 11677: 11675: 11666:. Archived from 11655: 11649: 11648: 11636: 11630: 11629: 11619: 11587: 11581: 11580: 11570: 11538: 11532: 11531: 11515: 11509: 11508: 11506: 11504: 11495:. Archived from 11484: 11478: 11477: 11467: 11457: 11433: 11427: 11426: 11424: 11400: 11394: 11393: 11383: 11351: 11345: 11344: 11334: 11306: 11300: 11299: 11289: 11279: 11255: 11249: 11248: 11203: 11197: 11196: 11194: 11192: 11166: 11142: 11136: 11135: 11109: 11099: 11066: 11060: 11059: 11003: 10997: 10996: 10986: 10962: 10956: 10955: 10945: 10927: 10903: 10897: 10896: 10886: 10868: 10836: 10830: 10829: 10819: 10809: 10784: 10778: 10777: 10775: 10751: 10745: 10744: 10742: 10740: 10722: 10712: 10687: 10681: 10680: 10670: 10630: 10624: 10623: 10613: 10595: 10570: 10564: 10563: 10553: 10535: 10511: 10500: 10499: 10489: 10471: 10439: 10433: 10432: 10422: 10412: 10388: 10382: 10381: 10379: 10377: 10341: 10335: 10334: 10332: 10330: 10321:. Archived from 10312: 10272: 10266: 10265: 10255: 10237: 10212: 10206: 10205: 10203: 10201: 10195: 10164: 10155: 10149: 10148: 10138: 10106: 10100: 10099: 10089: 10071: 10047: 10041: 10040: 10030: 9998: 9992: 9991: 9985: 9980: 9978: 9970: 9960: 9947: 9941: 9940: 9938: 9936: 9916: 9910: 9909: 9884:(5): 1018–1027. 9873: 9867: 9866: 9856: 9838: 9814: 9808: 9807: 9797: 9779: 9755: 9749: 9748: 9722: 9698: 9687: 9686: 9670: 9664: 9651: 9645: 9644: 9634: 9623:10.1136/bmj.a568 9602: 9596: 9583: 9577: 9576: 9550: 9526: 9513: 9512: 9502: 9484: 9460: 9451: 9450: 9448: 9446: 9426: 9420: 9419: 9409: 9391: 9367: 9361: 9343: 9337: 9336: 9334: 9322: 9316: 9315: 9313: 9311: 9293: 9273: 9264: 9263: 9245: 9219: 9210: 9209: 9193: 9187: 9184:Current Comments 9170: 9164: 9151: 9145: 9144: 9126: 9106: 9095: 9094: 9092: 9090: 9054: 9043: 9042: 9032: 9013:10.1136/bmj.a568 8992: 8983: 8982: 8959:The Physiologist 8954: 8945: 8944: 8918: 8909:(7): 2129–2134. 8894: 8885: 8884: 8850: 8830: 8817: 8816: 8806: 8788: 8763: 8754: 8753: 8751: 8749: 8730: 8724: 8711: 8702: 8697: 8691: 8690: 8680: 8670: 8646: 8640: 8639: 8637: 8635: 8620: 8614: 8613: 8595: 8577: 8547: 8541: 8540: 8538: 8536: 8521: 8512: 8511: 8501: 8491: 8467: 8461: 8460: 8458: 8456: 8437: 8431: 8430: 8420: 8388: 8382: 8381: 8379: 8377: 8371: 8364: 8356: 8350: 8349: 8347: 8345: 8326: 8320: 8319: 8317: 8300:(3/4): 166–178. 8289: 8283: 8282: 8272: 8262: 8230: 8221: 8220: 8210: 8192: 8168: 8159: 8148: 8142: 8141: 8139: 8107: 8101: 8088: 8082: 8081: 8071: 8061: 8037: 8031: 8025: 8019: 8006: 8000: 7999: 7980: 7974: 7973: 7957: 7951: 7950: 7948: 7946: 7926: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7915: 7900: 7894: 7893: 7891: 7889: 7869: 7863: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7840: 7838:10.1629/uksg.296 7816: 7810: 7797: 7791: 7778: 7772: 7759: 7753: 7740: 7734: 7733: 7728:. 6 March 2019. 7718: 7712: 7711: 7705: 7700: 7698: 7690: 7674: 7668: 7667: 7665: 7663: 7653: 7629: 7623: 7622: 7614: 7608: 7607: 7596: 7590: 7589: 7574: 7568: 7567: 7565: 7563: 7544: 7538: 7537: 7535: 7533: 7514: 7508: 7507: 7505: 7503: 7484: 7478: 7465: 7459: 7445: 7439: 7426: 7420: 7419: 7404: 7398: 7397: 7395: 7393: 7387: 7381:. Archived from 7364: 7346: 7337: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7326: 7306: 7300: 7299: 7289: 7279: 7255: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7244: 7225: 7219: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7195: 7189: 7187: 7185: 7183: 7168: 7162: 7161:, pp. 29–43 7156: 7145: 7144: 7142: 7140: 7121: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7110: 7091: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7060: 7054: 7053: 7043: 7025: 6993: 6987: 6986: 6984: 6982: 6962: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6893:(7): 1323–1329. 6882: 6876: 6875: 6874: 6872: 6852: 6846: 6845: 6827: 6799: 6793: 6792: 6790: 6788: 6777:www.elsevier.com 6769: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6758: 6718: 6712: 6711: 6709: 6699: 6675: 6669: 6668: 6650: 6618: 6612: 6611: 6601: 6591: 6567: 6558: 6557: 6547: 6537: 6505: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6472: 6466: 6465: 6455: 6445: 6421: 6415: 6414: 6408: 6403: 6401: 6393: 6381: 6375: 6374: 6364: 6341:The EMBO Journal 6332: 6326: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6301: 6295: 6294: 6292: 6290: 6279:Absolutely Maybe 6270: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6245:Science|Business 6237: 6231: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6206: 6200: 6199: 6197: 6195: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6158:Cultural Science 6153: 6147: 6146: 6144: 6142: 6122: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6086: 6080: 6079: 6061: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5993: 5991: 5985: 5963:(7): 1751–1766. 5954: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5928: 5918: 5894: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5860: 5839: 5838: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5796:"Ubiquity Press" 5792: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5762: 5756: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5735: 5729: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5718: 5711: 5703: 5697: 5696: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5646: 5640: 5639: 5619: 5613: 5612: 5605: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5594: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5568: 5559:. 6 March 2012. 5549: 5543: 5542: 5532: 5530:10.6087/kcse.227 5508: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5497: 5491: 5474: 5463: 5452: 5451: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5385: 5383: 5366: 5360: 5359: 5357: 5355: 5340: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5290: 5284: 5283: 5281: 5257: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5196: 5172: 5166: 5165: 5153: 5147: 5146: 5134: 5125: 5124: 5122: 5120: 5114: 5086:Higher Education 5083: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5057: 5047: 5038:(11): e1001210. 5023: 5017: 5016: 5006: 4982: 4976: 4975: 4973: 4971: 4965: 4926: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4848: 4824: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4813: 4793: 4782: 4781: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4722:10.1629/uksg.453 4700: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4680:. Archived from 4669: 4663: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4614: 4591: 4573: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4555: 4531: 4525: 4524: 4506: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4426: 4420: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4396: 4390: 4389: 4379: 4369: 4345: 4339: 4338: 4328: 4280: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4246: 4240: 4234: 4228: 4227:, pp. 68–69 4222: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4206:on 10 March 2017 4202:. 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Archived from 3230: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3194: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3157: 3155: 3141: 3132: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3095: 3047: 3038: 3037: 3035: 3033: 3002: 2996: 2995: 2985: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2868: 2862: 2861: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2829: 2811: 2777: 2771: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2760: 2753: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2722: 2716: 2715: 2710:(2(12)): 65–86. 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2671: 2665: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2640: 2617: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2596: 2570: 2559: 2553: 2552:, February 2019. 2551: 2549: 2547: 2532: 2526: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2505: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2478: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2451: 2394:Open Access Week 2214:in Gainesville. 2148:Gates Foundation 2067:Index Copernicus 1862:preprint servers 1777:(a successor to 1730:preprint servers 1704:Leiden Manifesto 1628: 1476: 1413: 1399: 1378: 1375: 1369: 1351: 1350: 1343: 1089:Research funding 1072:Research funders 1052:in the field, a 1030: 638:Creative Commons 533:machine learning 517:Creative Commons 489: 488: 478: 477: 446:Gratis and libre 318:without paying. 297:Creative Commons 281: 266: 231:research reports 215:academic journal 188:journal articles 117:1) a subject of 68: 21: 16927: 16926: 16922: 16921: 16920: 16918: 16917: 16916: 16872: 16871: 16870: 16865: 16834: 16638: 16637: 16631: 16581:husband-selling 16518:Illegal logging 16513:Illegal fishing 16442: 16429: 16340:Freedom to roam 16313: 16226:(agrarian land) 16199: 16156:Property rights 16048: 16005: 15967:Estate (landed) 15950: 15874: 15869: 15839: 15834: 15773: 15732:Learned society 15695: 15637: 15601: 15558: 15529:Journal ranking 15519:Citation impact 15482: 15417: 15375:Grey literature 15369: 15331: 15303: 15298: 15268: 15259: 15186: 15134: 15128: 15089:Lawrence Lessig 15079:Tim Berners-Lee 15067: 14997: 14988:Open government 14976: 14972:Sharing economy 14957:Open innovation 14940: 14880: 14869:Wiki journalism 14848: 14808: 14794:Open publishing 14769: 14763: 14724: 14718: 14682:Citizen science 14670: 14610: 14604: 14595: 14565: 14560: 14536:Open government 14512: 14503:Access2Research 14486: 14365: 14289: 14269: 14263: 14227: 14176: 14099: 14081: 14076: 14007:. Published by 13985: 13984: 13983: 13968: 13967: 13963: 13956: 13955: 13954: 13936: 13932: 13927: 13914: 13912: 13889: 13887: 13886:on 19 June 2012 13883: 13876: 13872: 13865: 13859: 13844: 13830: 13802: 13800: 13642: 13640: 13638: 13541:Darnton, Robert 13537: 13535:Further reading 13494: 13489: 13488: 13449: 13445: 13400: 13396: 13367: 13363: 13309: 13305: 13262: 13258: 13248: 13246: 13236: 13232: 13195: 13191: 13181: 13179: 13166: 13165: 13161: 13126: 13122: 13112: 13110: 13084: 13080: 13041: 13037: 13027: 13025: 13023:www.science.org 13017: 13016: 13012: 13002: 13000: 12997:The White House 12991: 12990: 12986: 12976: 12974: 12959: 12955: 12945: 12943: 12928: 12924: 12914: 12912: 12897: 12893: 12885: 12881: 12871: 12869: 12856: 12855: 12851: 12838: 12837: 12833: 12816: 12815: 12811: 12796: 12792: 12782: 12780: 12767: 12766: 12762: 12754: 12750: 12713: 12709: 12693: 12692: 12685: 12683: 12678: 12677: 12673: 12657: 12656: 12649: 12647: 12642: 12641: 12634: 12624: 12622: 12607: 12603: 12593: 12591: 12578: 12577: 12573: 12567:Wayback Machine 12557: 12553: 12547:Wayback Machine 12538: 12534: 12513: 12509: 12499: 12497: 12484: 12483: 12479: 12469: 12467: 12452: 12448: 12432: 12428: 12418: 12416: 12415:on 23 June 2021 12412: 12381: 12375: 12371: 12326: 12322: 12281: 12277: 12267: 12265: 12261: 12222: 12216: 12212: 12202: 12200: 12187: 12186: 12182: 12176:Wayback Machine 12167: 12163: 12153:Wayback Machine 12140: 12136: 12124:Wayback Machine 12114: 12110: 12104:Wayback Machine 12094: 12090: 12084:Wayback Machine 12075: 12071: 12061: 12059: 12044: 12040: 12016: 12012: 12002:Wayback Machine 11989: 11985: 11978: 11959: 11955: 11945: 11943: 11930: 11929: 11925: 11880: 11876: 11835:(4): e1002563. 11821: 11817: 11807: 11805: 11792: 11791: 11787: 11780:Martin Paul Eve 11772: 11768: 11729: 11725: 11690: 11683: 11673: 11671: 11656: 11652: 11637: 11633: 11588: 11584: 11539: 11535: 11516: 11512: 11502: 11500: 11485: 11481: 11434: 11430: 11401: 11397: 11366:(6154): 60–65. 11352: 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7486: 7485: 7481: 7475:Wayback Machine 7466: 7462: 7456:Wayback Machine 7446: 7442: 7436:Wayback Machine 7427: 7423: 7406: 7405: 7401: 7391: 7389: 7385: 7362:10.1.1.487.5198 7344: 7338: 7334: 7324: 7322: 7315:Library Journal 7309: 7307: 7303: 7256: 7252: 7242: 7240: 7235:. 4 June 2018. 7227: 7226: 7222: 7212: 7210: 7197: 7196: 7192: 7181: 7179: 7170: 7169: 7165: 7157: 7148: 7138: 7136: 7123: 7122: 7118: 7108: 7106: 7093: 7092: 7088: 7078: 7076: 7069:LSA impact blog 7061: 7057: 7008:(8): e0159614. 6994: 6990: 6980: 6978: 6963: 6959: 6949: 6947: 6920: 6916: 6883: 6879: 6870: 6868: 6853: 6849: 6800: 6796: 6786: 6784: 6771: 6770: 6766: 6756: 6754: 6719: 6715: 6707:10.5334/jors.73 6676: 6672: 6648:10.1038/530148a 6619: 6615: 6582:(2): e3000151. 6568: 6561: 6520:(5): e1005473. 6506: 6502: 6473: 6469: 6422: 6418: 6406: 6404: 6395: 6394: 6382: 6378: 6333: 6329: 6319: 6317: 6302: 6298: 6288: 6286: 6271: 6264: 6254: 6252: 6239: 6238: 6234: 6224: 6222: 6207: 6203: 6193: 6191: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6154: 6150: 6140: 6138: 6123: 6114: 6104: 6102: 6087: 6083: 6038: 6034: 6003: 5999: 5989: 5987: 5983: 5952: 5946: 5942: 5895: 5891: 5861: 5842: 5823: 5819: 5809: 5807: 5794: 5793: 5789: 5779: 5777: 5764: 5763: 5759: 5749: 5747: 5736: 5732: 5722: 5720: 5716: 5709: 5705: 5704: 5700: 5682: 5678: 5647: 5643: 5620: 5616: 5607: 5606: 5602: 5592: 5590: 5581: 5580: 5576: 5566: 5564: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5517:Science Editing 5509: 5505: 5495: 5493: 5489: 5483: 5472: 5464: 5455: 5440: 5426: 5422: 5412: 5410: 5403:openscience.com 5395: 5391: 5381: 5379: 5367: 5363: 5353: 5351: 5350:. 11 March 2020 5342: 5341: 5337: 5327: 5325: 5312: 5311: 5307: 5299: 5291: 5287: 5258: 5251: 5218: 5214: 5204: 5202: 5173: 5169: 5154: 5150: 5135: 5128: 5118: 5116: 5112: 5092:(6): 987–1002. 5081: 5075: 5071: 5024: 5020: 4983: 4979: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4924: 4918: 4914: 4866: 4862: 4825: 4821: 4811: 4809: 4794: 4785: 4734: 4730: 4701: 4697: 4687: 4685: 4670: 4666: 4656: 4654: 4647: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4571: 4565: 4561: 4532: 4528: 4483: 4479: 4469: 4467: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4443: 4441: 4428: 4427: 4423: 4413: 4411: 4398: 4397: 4393: 4346: 4342: 4289:Scientific Data 4281: 4277: 4247: 4243: 4235: 4231: 4223: 4219: 4209: 4207: 4196: 4185: 4175: 4173: 4142: 4138: 4122:10.5596/c16-009 4101: 4097: 4058: 4054: 3999: 3995: 3985: 3983: 3940: 3936: 3899: 3895: 3858: 3851: 3841: 3839: 3784: 3780: 3743: 3739: 3729: 3727: 3712: 3708: 3643: 3639: 3629: 3627: 3600: 3596: 3589: 3567: 3563: 3540: 3536: 3517: 3510: 3465: 3456: 3427: 3416: 3369: 3365: 3356:. SFU Library. 3346: 3342: 3295: 3291: 3281: 3279: 3266: 3265: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3231: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3171: 3167: 3153: 3151: 3139: 3133: 3129: 3119: 3117: 3109:Weaver, Roger. 3107: 3103: 3093: 3091: 3048: 3041: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3003: 2999: 2952: 2948: 2938: 2936: 2923: 2922: 2918: 2908: 2906: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2869: 2865: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2794:(8): e0272730. 2778: 2774: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2731:Library Journal 2723: 2719: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2672: 2668: 2658: 2656: 2641: 2620: 2610: 2608: 2597: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2573: 2560: 2556: 2545: 2543: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2518: 2516: 2507: 2506: 2502: 2491: 2489: 2480: 2479: 2475: 2464: 2462: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2443: 2438: 2409:Open government 2344: 2339: 2220: 2207: 2194: 2189: 2157: 2103:In the US, the 2089: 2083: 2033:base-search.net 1968: 1962: 1930: 1846: 1830: 1787: 1751: 1734:preregistration 1722: 1716: 1690: 1684: 1668: 1651:citation impact 1640:Francis Collins 1616: 1606: 1600: 1591: 1566: 1561: 1477: 1434: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1417: 1414: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1400: 1389: 1379: 1373: 1370: 1363: 1352: 1348: 1341: 1285: 1250: 1176: 1168:Wayback Machine 1157:Wayback Machine 1106: 1086: 1080: 1074: 1018: 1016: 961: 955: 937:. Embargo-free 935:social sciences 904: 902:Embargo periods 895: 862: 827: 803:business models 799: 716: 700: 688:Frontiers in... 650: 607: 575: 555: 549: 541:patent analysis 483: 472: 456:Similar to the 454: 448: 416: 410: 393:philanthropists 376: 370: 362: 350:Mephistophelian 338: 312: 292: 291: 290: 289: 288: 282: 274: 273: 267: 256: 247: 239: 182:3) the cost of 131:fiction writing 57: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 16925: 16915: 16914: 16909: 16904: 16899: 16894: 16889: 16884: 16867: 16866: 16864: 16863: 16862: 16861: 16851: 16839: 16836: 16835: 16833: 16832: 16831: 16830: 16818: 16817: 16816: 16804: 16803: 16802: 16790: 16785: 16784: 16783: 16771: 16770: 16769: 16757: 16752: 16747: 16746: 16745: 16733: 16732: 16731: 16719: 16718: 16717: 16705: 16700: 16698:Garrett Hardin 16695: 16694: 16693: 16681: 16680: 16679: 16667: 16662: 16661: 16660: 16647: 16645: 16633: 16632: 16630: 16629: 16624: 16623: 16622: 16617: 16612: 16607: 16597: 16596: 16595: 16590: 16589: 16588: 16583: 16575: 16570: 16560: 16555: 16550: 16545: 16540: 16535: 16530: 16525: 16520: 16515: 16510: 16509: 16508: 16503: 16493: 16486: 16481: 16476: 16471: 16469:Eminent domain 16466: 16461: 16460: 16459: 16452:Bioprospecting 16448: 16446: 16444:redistribution 16435: 16434: 16431: 16430: 16428: 16427: 16426: 16425: 16420: 16410: 16405: 16400: 16399: 16398: 16386: 16381: 16380: 16379: 16374: 16369: 16359: 16354: 16353: 16352: 16342: 16337: 16332: 16327: 16321: 16319: 16315: 16314: 16312: 16311: 16310: 16309: 16304: 16299: 16294: 16289: 16279: 16274: 16273: 16272: 16262: 16255: 16250: 16249: 16248: 16243: 16238: 16228: 16220: 16211: 16205: 16201: 16200: 16198: 16197: 16196: 16195: 16185: 16180: 16175: 16174: 16173: 16168: 16163: 16153: 16148: 16146:Natural rights 16143: 16138: 16137: 16136: 16126: 16121: 16116: 16111: 16106: 16101: 16100: 16099: 16094: 16084: 16079: 16074: 16073: 16072: 16062: 16056: 16054: 16050: 16049: 16047: 16046: 16041: 16036: 16031: 16026: 16021: 16015: 16013: 16007: 16006: 16004: 16003: 16002: 16001: 15991: 15986: 15985: 15984: 15974: 15969: 15964: 15958: 15956: 15952: 15951: 15949: 15948: 15943: 15938: 15933: 15928: 15923: 15918: 15913: 15908: 15903: 15898: 15893: 15888: 15882: 15880: 15876: 15875: 15868: 15867: 15860: 15853: 15845: 15836: 15835: 15833: 15832: 15827: 15822: 15817: 15812: 15807: 15802: 15797: 15792: 15787: 15781: 15779: 15775: 15774: 15772: 15771: 15764: 15759: 15754: 15749: 15744: 15739: 15734: 15729: 15724: 15719: 15714: 15709: 15703: 15701: 15700:Related topics 15697: 15696: 15694: 15693: 15688: 15683: 15681:Web of Science 15678: 15673: 15668: 15663: 15658: 15653: 15651:Google Scholar 15647: 15645: 15639: 15638: 15636: 15635: 15630: 15625: 15620: 15615: 15609: 15607: 15603: 15602: 15600: 15599: 15594: 15589: 15587:Serials crisis 15584: 15583: 15582: 15572: 15566: 15564: 15560: 15559: 15557: 15556: 15554:Scientometrics 15551: 15546: 15541: 15536: 15531: 15526: 15524:Citation index 15521: 15516: 15511: 15506: 15501: 15496: 15490: 15488: 15484: 15483: 15481: 15480: 15475: 15473:Poster session 15470: 15469: 15468: 15463: 15453: 15452: 15451: 15446: 15436: 15431: 15425: 15423: 15419: 15418: 15416: 15415: 15410: 15405: 15400: 15395: 15390: 15385: 15379: 15377: 15371: 15370: 15368: 15367: 15362: 15360:Position paper 15357: 15355:Review article 15352: 15351: 15350: 15339: 15337: 15333: 15332: 15330: 15329: 15328: 15327: 15317: 15311: 15309: 15305: 15304: 15297: 15296: 15289: 15282: 15274: 15265: 15264: 15261: 15260: 15258: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15242: 15237: 15236: 15235: 15230: 15225: 15220: 15212: 15211: 15210: 15205: 15194: 15192: 15185: 15184: 15179: 15174: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15138: 15136: 15130: 15129: 15127: 15126: 15121: 15116: 15111: 15106: 15101: 15096: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15075: 15073: 15069: 15068: 15066: 15065: 15060: 15055: 15050: 15045: 15040: 15035: 15030: 15025: 15020: 15015: 15009: 15007: 15003: 15002: 14999: 14998: 14996: 14995: 14990: 14984: 14982: 14978: 14977: 14975: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14948: 14946: 14942: 14941: 14939: 14938: 14933: 14928: 14923: 14922: 14921: 14911: 14910: 14909: 14904: 14892: 14890: 14886: 14885: 14882: 14881: 14879: 14878: 14873: 14872: 14871: 14856: 14854: 14850: 14849: 14847: 14846: 14845: 14844: 14843: 14842: 14837: 14827: 14820:Open education 14816: 14814: 14810: 14809: 14807: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14786: 14780: 14778: 14771: 14765: 14764: 14762: 14761: 14760: 14759: 14754: 14747:Open knowledge 14744: 14739: 14734: 14728: 14726: 14720: 14719: 14717: 14716: 14715: 14714: 14709: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14684: 14678: 14676: 14672: 14671: 14669: 14668: 14663: 14658: 14653: 14648: 14643: 14632: 14627: 14621: 14619: 14612: 14606: 14605: 14594: 14593: 14586: 14579: 14571: 14562: 14561: 14559: 14558: 14553: 14548: 14546:Open knowledge 14543: 14538: 14533: 14531:Open education 14528: 14523: 14517: 14514: 14513: 14511: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14494: 14492: 14488: 14487: 14485: 14484: 14479: 14474: 14469: 14464: 14459: 14454: 14449: 14444: 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13394: 13361: 13324:(7): 840–847. 13303: 13256: 13230: 13189: 13159: 13120: 13078: 13035: 13010: 12984: 12953: 12922: 12891: 12879: 12849: 12831: 12809: 12790: 12773:www.rcuk.ac.uk 12760: 12748: 12707: 12671: 12632: 12609:Martin, Greg. 12601: 12571: 12551: 12532: 12507: 12477: 12446: 12426: 12392:(2): 787–804. 12386:Scientometrics 12369: 12340:(2): 338–342. 12320: 12291:(1): 213–228. 12285:Scientometrics 12275: 12233:(4): 279–294. 12210: 12180: 12161: 12134: 12108: 12088: 12069: 12038: 12027:(4): 310–314. 12021:Serials Review 12010: 11983: 11976: 11953: 11923: 11894:(4): 364–365. 11874: 11815: 11785: 11766: 11723: 11704:(2): 163–169. 11681: 11650: 11631: 11582: 11533: 11510: 11479: 11428: 11395: 11346: 11317:(1): 255–273. 11311:Scientometrics 11301: 11250: 11215:(3): 353–362. 11198: 11157:(6): 739–741. 11137: 11061: 10998: 10977:(2): 263–283. 10957: 10898: 10831: 10779: 10766:(4): 363–372. 10746: 10682: 10645:(2): 107–115. 10625: 10565: 10501: 10434: 10383: 10336: 10267: 10207: 10173:(4): 863–889. 10150: 10101: 10042: 9993: 9984:|journal= 9942: 9911: 9868: 9809: 9750: 9688: 9665: 9646: 9597: 9578: 9514: 9452: 9421: 9362: 9338: 9317: 9265: 9236:(7): 2129–34. 9211: 9188: 9165: 9146: 9096: 9044: 8984: 8946: 8886: 8841:(2): 555–564. 8835:Scientometrics 8818: 8755: 8725: 8703: 8692: 8641: 8615: 8552:Cameron Neylon 8542: 8513: 8462: 8432: 8383: 8351: 8334:Press Releases 8321: 8284: 8222: 8160: 8143: 8122:(3): 425–431. 8102: 8083: 8032: 8020: 8001: 7975: 7952: 7921: 7895: 7864: 7831:(2): 186–191. 7811: 7792: 7773: 7754: 7735: 7713: 7704:|journal= 7687:10.7912/C2KW2F 7669: 7624: 7609: 7591: 7569: 7539: 7509: 7479: 7460: 7440: 7421: 7399: 7388:on 28 May 2008 7355:(7): 821–839. 7332: 7301: 7250: 7220: 7190: 7163: 7146: 7116: 7099:wellcome.ac.uk 7086: 7055: 6988: 6957: 6914: 6877: 6847: 6810:(2): 475–494. 6804:Scientometrics 6794: 6764: 6733:(1): 106–122. 6713: 6670: 6613: 6559: 6500: 6467: 6416: 6407:|journal= 6376: 6327: 6296: 6262: 6232: 6201: 6175: 6148: 6112: 6081: 6032: 5997: 5940: 5889: 5840: 5817: 5787: 5757: 5730: 5698: 5676: 5657:(2): 373–385. 5651:Scientometrics 5641: 5614: 5600: 5574: 5544: 5503: 5481: 5453: 5438: 5420: 5389: 5361: 5335: 5305: 5285: 5272:(3): 231–241. 5249: 5212: 5187:(3): 270–275. 5167: 5148: 5126: 5069: 5018: 4977: 4935:(4): 293–308. 4912: 4860: 4839:(3): 258–259. 4819: 4783: 4728: 4695: 4664: 4645: 4626: 4559: 4526: 4477: 4451: 4421: 4391: 4340: 4275: 4241: 4239:, pp. 7–8 4229: 4217: 4183: 4136: 4095: 4068:(1): 241–254. 4062:Scientometrics 4052: 3993: 3934: 3913:(4): 325–329. 3893: 3872:(2): 173–175. 3849: 3778: 3757:(2): 209–224. 3737: 3706: 3653:(6292): 1405. 3637: 3594: 3587: 3561: 3534: 3508: 3479:(4): 261–262. 3454: 3441:(2): 428–443. 3414: 3363: 3354:Radical Access 3340: 3289: 3272:Cambridge Core 3256: 3222: 3210: 3198: 3185:(4): 919–932. 3165: 3127: 3101: 3062:(1): 106–122. 3039: 3025: 2997: 2968:(3): 141–148. 2946: 2916: 2886: 2863: 2860:on 1 May 2013. 2841: 2772: 2740: 2717: 2690: 2678: 2666: 2618: 2599:Suber, Peter. 2581: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2554: 2527: 2500: 2482:"SHERPA/RoMEO" 2473: 2445: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2436: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2206: 2203: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2181:Google Scholar 2156: 2153: 2124:European Union 2109:PubMed Central 2085:Main article: 2082: 2079: 2025:Google Scholar 1972:World Wide Web 1961: 1958: 1934:Web of Science 1929: 1926: 1845: 1842: 1829: 1828:Infrastructure 1826: 1786: 1783: 1750: 1747: 1715: 1712: 1683: 1680: 1667: 1664: 1599: 1596: 1590: 1587: 1565: 1564:Article impact 1562: 1560: 1557: 1530:copyright term 1471: 1439:impact factors 1433: 1430: 1415: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1401: 1394: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1390: 1385:Main article: 1381: 1380: 1355: 1353: 1346: 1340: 1337: 1297:Latin American 1284: 1281: 1266:junior college 1249: 1246: 1185:serials crisis 1175: 1172: 1161:webinar series 1105: 1102: 1073: 1070: 1043:serials crisis 1015: 1012: 1003: 1002: 991: 969:World Wide Web 957:Main article: 954: 951: 939:self-archiving 903: 900: 894: 891: 861: 858: 826: 823: 798: 795: 786:peer reviewers 770:double dipping 766:Ubiquity Press 721:research grant 699: 696: 667:Annual Reviews 659:BioMed Central 649: 646: 606: 603: 574: 571: 551:Main article: 548: 545: 450:Main article: 447: 444: 414:Shadow library 409: 406: 401:impact factors 381:advertisements 369: 366: 361: 358: 346:double dipping 337: 334: 315:Self-archiving 311: 308: 286:PubMed Central 283: 276: 275: 268: 261: 260: 259: 258: 257: 255: 252: 246: 243: 238: 235: 173:behind paywall 151:emergency room 119:serials crisis 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16924: 16913: 16910: 16908: 16905: 16903: 16900: 16898: 16895: 16893: 16890: 16888: 16885: 16883: 16880: 16879: 16877: 16860: 16857: 16856: 16855: 16852: 16850: 16847:Categories: 16841: 16840: 16837: 16829: 16828: 16824: 16823: 16822: 16819: 16815: 16814: 16810: 16809: 16808: 16805: 16801: 16800: 16796: 16795: 16794: 16791: 16789: 16788:David Ricardo 16786: 16782: 16781: 16777: 16776: 16775: 16772: 16768: 16767: 16763: 16762: 16761: 16758: 16756: 16755:Elinor Ostrom 16753: 16751: 16748: 16744: 16743: 16739: 16738: 16737: 16734: 16730: 16729: 16725: 16724: 16723: 16720: 16716: 16715: 16711: 16710: 16709: 16706: 16704: 16701: 16699: 16696: 16692: 16691: 16687: 16686: 16685: 16682: 16678: 16677: 16673: 16672: 16671: 16668: 16666: 16663: 16659: 16658: 16654: 16653: 16652: 16649: 16648: 16646: 16642: 16634: 16628: 16625: 16621: 16618: 16616: 16613: 16611: 16608: 16606: 16603: 16602: 16601: 16598: 16594: 16591: 16587: 16584: 16582: 16579: 16578: 16576: 16574: 16571: 16569: 16566: 16565: 16564: 16561: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16553:Privatization 16551: 16549: 16546: 16544: 16541: 16539: 16536: 16534: 16533:Legal plunder 16531: 16529: 16526: 16524: 16521: 16519: 16516: 16514: 16511: 16507: 16504: 16502: 16499: 16498: 16497: 16494: 16492: 16491: 16487: 16485: 16484:Expropriation 16482: 16480: 16477: 16475: 16472: 16470: 16467: 16465: 16462: 16458: 16455: 16454: 16453: 16450: 16449: 16447: 16445: 16440: 16436: 16424: 16421: 16419: 16416: 16415: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16404: 16401: 16397: 16396: 16392: 16391: 16390: 16387: 16385: 16382: 16378: 16375: 16373: 16370: 16368: 16365: 16364: 16363: 16360: 16358: 16355: 16351: 16348: 16347: 16346: 16343: 16341: 16338: 16336: 16333: 16331: 16328: 16326: 16323: 16322: 16320: 16316: 16308: 16305: 16303: 16300: 16298: 16295: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16285: 16284: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16271: 16268: 16267: 16266: 16263: 16261: 16260: 16256: 16254: 16251: 16247: 16244: 16242: 16239: 16237: 16234: 16233: 16232: 16229: 16227: 16225: 16221: 16219: 16218:(watercourse) 16217: 16213: 16212: 16209: 16206: 16202: 16194: 16191: 16190: 16189: 16186: 16184: 16181: 16179: 16176: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16161:primogeniture 16159: 16158: 16157: 16154: 16152: 16149: 16147: 16144: 16142: 16141:Legal plunder 16139: 16135: 16132: 16131: 16130: 16127: 16125: 16122: 16120: 16117: 16115: 16112: 16110: 16107: 16105: 16102: 16098: 16095: 16093: 16092:appropriation 16090: 16089: 16088: 16085: 16083: 16082:Excludability 16080: 16078: 16075: 16071: 16068: 16067: 16066: 16063: 16061: 16058: 16057: 16055: 16051: 16045: 16042: 16040: 16037: 16035: 16032: 16030: 16027: 16025: 16022: 16020: 16017: 16016: 16014: 16012: 16008: 16000: 15997: 15996: 15995: 15992: 15990: 15987: 15983: 15980: 15979: 15978: 15975: 15973: 15970: 15968: 15965: 15963: 15960: 15959: 15957: 15953: 15947: 15944: 15942: 15939: 15937: 15934: 15932: 15929: 15927: 15924: 15922: 15919: 15917: 15914: 15912: 15909: 15907: 15904: 15902: 15899: 15897: 15894: 15892: 15889: 15887: 15884: 15883: 15881: 15877: 15873: 15866: 15861: 15859: 15854: 15852: 15847: 15846: 15843: 15831: 15828: 15826: 15823: 15821: 15818: 15816: 15813: 15811: 15808: 15806: 15803: 15801: 15798: 15796: 15793: 15791: 15788: 15786: 15783: 15782: 15780: 15776: 15769: 15765: 15763: 15760: 15758: 15755: 15753: 15750: 15748: 15745: 15743: 15740: 15738: 15737:Open research 15735: 15733: 15730: 15728: 15725: 15723: 15720: 15718: 15715: 15713: 15710: 15708: 15705: 15704: 15702: 15698: 15692: 15689: 15687: 15684: 15682: 15679: 15677: 15674: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15659: 15657: 15654: 15652: 15649: 15648: 15646: 15644: 15640: 15634: 15631: 15629: 15626: 15624: 15621: 15619: 15616: 15614: 15611: 15610: 15608: 15604: 15598: 15595: 15593: 15590: 15588: 15585: 15581: 15578: 15577: 15576: 15573: 15571: 15568: 15567: 15565: 15561: 15555: 15552: 15550: 15547: 15545: 15544:Impact factor 15542: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15527: 15525: 15522: 15520: 15517: 15515: 15514:Bibliometrics 15512: 15510: 15507: 15505: 15502: 15500: 15497: 15495: 15492: 15491: 15489: 15485: 15479: 15476: 15474: 15471: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15459: 15458: 15457: 15454: 15450: 15447: 15445: 15442: 15441: 15440: 15437: 15435: 15432: 15430: 15427: 15426: 15424: 15420: 15414: 15411: 15409: 15406: 15404: 15401: 15399: 15398:Annual report 15396: 15394: 15391: 15389: 15386: 15384: 15383:Working paper 15381: 15380: 15378: 15376: 15372: 15366: 15363: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15349: 15346: 15345: 15344: 15341: 15340: 15338: 15334: 15326: 15325:Public health 15323: 15322: 15321: 15318: 15316: 15313: 15312: 15310: 15306: 15302: 15295: 15290: 15288: 15283: 15281: 15276: 15275: 15272: 15256: 15253: 15251: 15248: 15246: 15243: 15241: 15238: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15226: 15224: 15223:Free Software 15221: 15219: 15216: 15215: 15213: 15209: 15206: 15204: 15201: 15200: 15199: 15196: 15195: 15193: 15189: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15139: 15137: 15131: 15125: 15124:John Wilbanks 15122: 15120: 15117: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15076: 15074: 15070: 15064: 15061: 15059: 15056: 15054: 15051: 15049: 15046: 15044: 15041: 15039: 15036: 15034: 15031: 15029: 15026: 15024: 15021: 15019: 15016: 15014: 15011: 15010: 15008: 15006:Organizations 15004: 14994: 14991: 14989: 14986: 14985: 14983: 14979: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14967:Open standard 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14949: 14947: 14943: 14937: 14934: 14932: 14929: 14927: 14924: 14920: 14917: 14916: 14915: 14912: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14899: 14897: 14894: 14893: 14891: 14887: 14877: 14874: 14870: 14866: 14863: 14862: 14861: 14860:Citizen media 14858: 14857: 14855: 14851: 14841: 14838: 14836: 14833: 14832: 14831: 14828: 14826: 14823: 14822: 14821: 14818: 14817: 14815: 14811: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14781: 14779: 14775: 14772: 14770:and learning 14768:Communication 14766: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14749: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14729: 14727: 14725:and knowledge 14721: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14689: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14679: 14677: 14673: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14641: 14637: 14633: 14631: 14630:Crowdsourcing 14628: 14626: 14623: 14622: 14620: 14616: 14613: 14607: 14603: 14599: 14592: 14587: 14585: 14580: 14578: 14573: 14572: 14569: 14557: 14554: 14552: 14549: 14547: 14544: 14542: 14541:Open hardware 14539: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14524: 14522: 14519: 14518: 14515: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14495: 14493: 14489: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14380: 14378: 14375: 14374: 14372: 14368: 14362: 14359: 14357: 14354: 14352: 14349: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14339: 14337: 14334: 14332: 14329: 14327: 14324: 14322: 14319: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14295: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14274: 14272: 14270:organizations 14266: 14260: 14257: 14255: 14252: 14250: 14247: 14245: 14242: 14240: 14237: 14236: 14234: 14230: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14194: 14191: 14189: 14186: 14185: 14183: 14179: 14173: 14170: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14148: 14145: 14143: 14140: 14138: 14135: 14133: 14130: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14118: 14117: 14113: 14109: 14108: 14106: 14102: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14087: 14084: 14080: 14073: 14068: 14066: 14061: 14059: 14054: 14053: 14050: 14043: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14030: 14026: 14022: 14019: 14016: 14013: 14010: 14006: 14002: 13998: 13994: 13990: 13987: 13986: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13971: 13966: 13961: 13952: 13951: 13950: 13944: 13940: 13911: 13907: 13902: 13900: 13897: 13882: 13875: 13871: 13864: 13860: 13858:9780262512664 13854: 13850: 13843: 13842: 13836: 13831: 13825: 13821: 13817: 13816: 13810: 13798: 13794: 13789: 13786: 13782: 13779: 13776: 13771: 13766: 13762: 13758: 13754: 13749: 13745: 13741: 13736: 13731: 13727: 13723: 13719: 13715: 13710: 13706: 13702: 13697: 13692: 13687: 13682: 13678: 13674: 13671:(6): e20961. 13670: 13666: 13662: 13657: 13654: 13650: 13639: 13633: 13629: 13625: 13624: 13619: 13615: 13612: 13608: 13604: 13600: 13596: 13592: 13589:are pursuing 13588: 13584: 13580: 13576: 13572: 13568: 13564: 13560: 13559: 13554: 13550: 13546: 13545:Peter Baldwin 13542: 13539: 13538: 13529: 13528: 13523: 13518: 13514: 13512: 13510: 13506: 13501: 13496: 13495: 13482: 13478: 13474: 13470: 13466: 13462: 13458: 13454: 13447: 13439: 13435: 13431: 13427: 13422: 13417: 13413: 13409: 13405: 13398: 13389: 13384: 13380: 13376: 13372: 13365: 13357: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13339: 13335: 13331: 13327: 13323: 13319: 13315: 13307: 13299: 13295: 13291: 13287: 13283: 13279: 13275: 13271: 13267: 13260: 13245: 13241: 13234: 13226: 13222: 13217: 13212: 13208: 13204: 13200: 13193: 13177: 13173: 13169: 13163: 13155: 13151: 13147: 13143: 13139: 13135: 13131: 13124: 13109: 13105: 13101: 13097: 13093: 13089: 13082: 13074: 13070: 13066: 13062: 13058: 13054: 13050: 13046: 13039: 13024: 13020: 13014: 12998: 12994: 12988: 12972: 12968: 12964: 12957: 12941: 12937: 12933: 12926: 12910: 12906: 12905:Science Blogs 12902: 12895: 12888: 12883: 12867: 12863: 12859: 12858:"Open Access" 12853: 12845: 12841: 12835: 12827: 12823: 12819: 12813: 12805: 12801: 12794: 12778: 12774: 12770: 12764: 12757: 12752: 12744: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12726: 12722: 12718: 12711: 12703: 12697: 12681: 12680:"Search CORE" 12675: 12667: 12661: 12645: 12639: 12637: 12620: 12616: 12612: 12605: 12589: 12585: 12584:road.issn.org 12581: 12575: 12568: 12564: 12561: 12555: 12548: 12544: 12541: 12536: 12527: 12522: 12518: 12511: 12495: 12491: 12487: 12481: 12465: 12461: 12457: 12450: 12442: 12438: 12430: 12411: 12407: 12403: 12399: 12395: 12391: 12387: 12380: 12373: 12365: 12361: 12357: 12353: 12348: 12343: 12339: 12335: 12331: 12324: 12316: 12312: 12308: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12290: 12286: 12279: 12260: 12256: 12252: 12248: 12244: 12240: 12236: 12232: 12228: 12221: 12214: 12198: 12194: 12190: 12184: 12177: 12173: 12170: 12165: 12158: 12154: 12150: 12147: 12143: 12138: 12131: 12130: 12125: 12121: 12118: 12112: 12105: 12101: 12098: 12092: 12085: 12081: 12078: 12073: 12057: 12053: 12049: 12042: 12034: 12030: 12026: 12022: 12014: 12007: 12003: 11999: 11996: 11992: 11987: 11979: 11977:9781107484016 11973: 11968: 11966: 11957: 11941: 11937: 11933: 11927: 11919: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11901: 11897: 11893: 11889: 11885: 11878: 11870: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11852: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11834: 11830: 11829:PLOS Medicine 11826: 11819: 11803: 11799: 11795: 11789: 11781: 11777: 11770: 11761: 11756: 11751: 11746: 11742: 11738: 11734: 11727: 11719: 11715: 11711: 11707: 11703: 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Alma Swan. 9680: 9676: 9669: 9662: 9658: 9655: 9650: 9642: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9624: 9620: 9616: 9612: 9608: 9601: 9594: 9590: 9587: 9582: 9574: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9558: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9525: 9523: 9521: 9519: 9510: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9492: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9474: 9470: 9469:F1000Research 9466: 9459: 9457: 9440: 9437:. Alma Swan. 9436: 9432: 9425: 9417: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9399: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9366: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9348: 9342: 9333: 9328: 9321: 9305: 9301: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9283: 9279: 9272: 9270: 9261: 9257: 9253: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9235: 9231: 9230: 9225: 9218: 9216: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9192: 9185: 9182: 9178: 9175: 9169: 9162: 9158: 9155: 9150: 9142: 9138: 9134: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9105: 9103: 9101: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9064: 9060: 9053: 9051: 9049: 9040: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9022: 9018: 9014: 9010: 9006: 9002: 8998: 8991: 8989: 8980: 8976: 8972: 8968: 8964: 8960: 8953: 8951: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8930: 8926: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8893: 8891: 8882: 8878: 8874: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8829: 8827: 8825: 8823: 8814: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8796: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8762: 8760: 8743: 8739: 8735: 8729: 8722: 8718: 8715: 8710: 8708: 8701: 8696: 8688: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8652: 8645: 8629: 8625: 8619: 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89:copyrightable 86: 82: 75: 74: 53: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 16854:Property law 16825: 16811: 16797: 16778: 16764: 16760:Karl Polanyi 16740: 16736:Marcel Mauss 16726: 16712: 16703:David Harvey 16688: 16684:Henry George 16674: 16665:Ronald Coase 16655: 16640: 16586:wife selling 16568:bride buying 16506:repatriation 16488: 16439:Disposession 16393: 16282:Property law 16257: 16253:Forest types 16223: 16215: 16204:Applications 16134:rent-seeking 16119:Gift economy 15977:Intellectual 15574: 15133:Projects and 15119:Aaron Swartz 15053:Pirate Party 14952:Gift economy 14732:Free content 14707:Science data 14691: 14687:Open science 14639: 14635: 14618:Key concepts 14609:Concepts and 14602:open content 14598:Free culture 14551:Open science 14521:Open content 14467:South Africa 14268:Projects and 14115: 14111: 14078: 13964: 13947: 13946: 13945:profile for 13942: 13913:. Retrieved 13910:Ars Technica 13909: 13888:. Retrieved 13881:the original 13863:the original 13840: 13814: 13801:. Retrieved 13796: 13760: 13756: 13728:(4): 39–47. 13725: 13721: 13712:Hajjem, C.; 13668: 13664: 13641:. Retrieved 13622: 13618:Suber, Peter 13593:rather than 13556: 13548: 13526: 13522:free content 13497: 13456: 13446: 13411: 13407: 13397: 13378: 13375:Publications 13374: 13364: 13321: 13317: 13306: 13265: 13259: 13247:. Retrieved 13243: 13233: 13209:(1): 32–36. 13206: 13202: 13192: 13180:. Retrieved 13171: 13162: 13129: 13123: 13111:. Retrieved 13091: 13081: 13048: 13038: 13026:. Retrieved 13022: 13013: 13001:. Retrieved 12996: 12987: 12975:. Retrieved 12966: 12956: 12944:. Retrieved 12935: 12925: 12913:. Retrieved 12904: 12894: 12882: 12870:. Retrieved 12861: 12852: 12844:the original 12834: 12826:the original 12821: 12812: 12793: 12781:. Retrieved 12772: 12763: 12751: 12724: 12720: 12710: 12684:. Retrieved 12674: 12648:. Retrieved 12623:. 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Retrieved 11497:the original 11492: 11482: 11445: 11442:BMC Medicine 11441: 11431: 11412: 11408: 11398: 11363: 11359: 11349: 11332:10183/182710 11314: 11310: 11304: 11267: 11264:BMC Medicine 11263: 11253: 11212: 11208: 11201: 11189:. Retrieved 11154: 11150: 11140: 11107:11584/281794 11079: 11075: 11064: 11015: 11011: 11001: 10974: 10970: 10960: 10915: 10912:PLOS Biology 10911: 10901: 10848: 10844: 10834: 10797: 10793: 10782: 10763: 10759: 10749: 10739:25 September 10737:. Retrieved 10700: 10696: 10685: 10642: 10638: 10628: 10583: 10579: 10568: 10523: 10519: 10451: 10447: 10437: 10400: 10396: 10386: 10374:. Retrieved 10349: 10339: 10327:. Retrieved 10323:the original 10284: 10280: 10270: 10225: 10221: 10210: 10198:. Retrieved 10170: 10166: 10153: 10118: 10114: 10104: 10059: 10055: 10045: 10010: 10006: 9996: 9975:cite journal 9945: 9933:. 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