Operation Trikora - Knowledge

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that Dutch can't keep Dutch New Guinea from Indonesia that they wanted took steps to prepare it for independence as a separate country. The Dutch and some West Papuan leaders argued that the territory did not belong to Indonesia because the West Papuans were ethnically and geographically separated from Indonesians, had always been administered separately, and that the West Papuans did not want to be under Indonesian control. From its independence in 1949 until 1961, Indonesia attempted to gain control of Western New Guinea through the United Nations. The vote reached majority but not two-thirds needed for adoption. Since the

809: 1392:, the Deputy Chief of the Indonesian Navy Staff. Some 55 survivors were captured. Over the next eight months, the Indonesian forces managed to insert 562 troops by sea and 1,154 by air drops. The inserted Indonesian troops conducted guerrilla operations throughout Western New Guinea from April 1962 onwards, but they were largely militarily ineffective. At least 94 Indonesian soldiers were killed and 73 were wounded during the hostilities. By contrast, the Dutch suffered only minimal casualties. 305: 945:, escalated pressure on the Netherlands by nationalising Dutch-owned businesses and estates and repatriating Dutch nationals. These actions increased tensions between Indonesia and the Netherlands led to a sharp reduction in trade between the two countries. Following a sustained period of harassment of Dutch diplomats in Indonesia, Indonesia formally severed ties with the Netherlands in August 1960. Indonesia also increased its military pressure on Dutch New Guinea by buying weapons from the 348: 150: 1190:

Netherlands to relinquish control of West Papua. At the height of the Cold War, it was strategically critical that Indonesia remain outside the Soviet sphere of influence, which made the U.S willing to take action to ensure a neutral or friendly relationship with Indonesia. By enforcing the transfer of New Guinea, the US could keep the Sukarno regime friendly. As the US relinquished support, the Dutch eventually gave way to US pressure and the threat of an extended conflict in New Guinea.

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300 was isolated and assaulted by Dutch forces. On 25 March 1962, Indonesian Air force planes engaged a Dutch Navy ship, setting the ship on fire. On 26 March 1962, Dutch forces landed in Gag island. The fighting from both forces lasted for a month. On 15 April 1962, Dutch forces began another sweeping operation on the island, however some PG 300 forces was able to move to the interior and to other coastal areas. Around 29 Gag islanders joined with PG 300 forces.

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secure acceptance in the United Nations for the pro-integration vote. In all, 84 member states voted in favor for the United Nations to accept the result, with 30 others abstaining. Due to the Netherlands' efforts to promote a West Papuan national identity, a significant number of West Papuans refused to accept the territory's integration into Indonesia. These formed the separatist Organisasi Papua Merdeka (

1418:("Victory over Imperialism") and would have included a substantial task force of 60 ships including several which had been supplied by Sukarno's Soviet and Eastern Bloc allies. On 13 and 14 August 1962, air drops of Indonesian troops were staged from Sorong in the northwest to Merauke in the southeast as a diversion for an amphibious assault against the Dutch military base at Biak by a force of 7,000 Army ( 1369:'s diplomatic confrontation with the Dutch. Operation Trikora was to unfold in three phases: infiltration, exploitation and consolidation, all under cover of the Indonesian Air Force. The plan called first for the insertion of small bands of Indonesian troops by sea and by airdrop, who would then draw Dutch forces away from areas where the exploitation phase would stage full-scale amphibious landings and 976:(the future President of Indonesia) serving as its commander. In preparation for the planned invasion, the Mandala command began making land, air, and sea incursions into West Irian. As a result, Indonesia began a policy of confronting the Dutch over control of Western New Guinea. Sukarno also embarked on a policy of "progressive mobilization" to prepare the nation to carry out his commands. 1642:, which handed the colony to an interim United Nations administration. Consequently, Operation Jayawijaya was called off and Western New Guinea was officially acquired by Indonesia in 1963. The Dutch decision to hand over Western New Guinea to Indonesia had been influenced by its main ally, the United States. While the Netherlands was a member of the 1201:, the US ambassador in Jakarta. Admiral Sudomo revealed in a newspaper article in 2005 that six Soviet submarines supported the amphibious operations while stationed Bitang, East Sulawesi, tasked to attack the Dutch fleet in Manokwari. Submarine commander Rudolf Ryzhikov recalled in a Russian article he received orders on 29 July from Admiral 1650:

was unwilling to antagonize Indonesia since it was trying to court President Sukarno away from the Soviet orbit. The Indonesian military's incursions into West Irian, plus the substantial Soviet military assistance to the Indonesian military, had convinced the United States government to pressure the

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On 15 July 1962, PG 500 under the command of Jonkey Robert Komontoy, consisted of 87 people travelled from Gebe island to Waigeo. In Waigeo they met up with forces under Herlina Kasim which was a false flag unit. These 2 forces joined and enter Arugu Bay, northwest of Sorong. PG 500 enter Sausapor on

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On 23 March 1962, infiltration began using 3 boats, one of them motorised, and carry PG 600. PG 600 was led by Maksum with Ki R/XV under the leadership of Lt. Nussy. They travelled from Ujir and Karwai to S. Jera. a unit consisted of 24 members under the leadership of Octavianus Marani was able land,

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On 17 May 1962, with a C-47 plane, a drop was performed on Teminabuan consisted of 39 people under the leadership of Air Lt. Lambertus Manuhua. The landed in Dutch military barracks, the fighting began immediately for several days before Indonesian forces managed to take over on 21 May 1962, and fly

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On 18 March 1962 at 15.15 from this post, on Gebe island, PG 300 consisted of 2 platoons and Command Company 191261, under the leadership of Lt. Nana attempt an infiltration to Waigeo. They were sighted by Dutch reconnaissance plane, and therefore was forced to land on Gag island, west of Waigeo. PG

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in December 1960 to negotiate what eventually turned out to be a US$ 2.5 billion arms package with the Soviet government. The subsequent deliveries that arose from this deal led the Indonesian National Armed Forces (TNI) to boast that Indonesia had the strongest air force in the southern hemisphere.

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While the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia sided with the Netherlands' claims to Western New Guinea and were opposed to Indonesian expansionism, they were unwilling to commit military support to the Dutch. The Netherlands was unable to find sufficient international support for its New

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This infiltration operation was planned on using 3 submarines to land 45 servicemen under the leadership of First Lt. Dolf Latumahina on regions surrounding Jayapura. In this operation, one submarine managed to land forces in Tanah Merah. The other two submarines did not manage to land forces after

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Garuda Putih, consisted of 122 members led by Lettu Idris with the target Kaimana. The first drop was on 15 Nay 1962, consisting of 27 people. On this drop a C-47 plane was shot down on the way home. As a result, on second drop, this operation used the larger Hercules plane. On 19 May 1962 at 04.00

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was responsible for the defence of Western New Guinea. In 1962, the Dutch naval presence in New Guinea consisted of five anti-submarine destroyers, two frigates, three submarines, one survey vessel, one supply ship and two oil tankers. Dutch air power in Western New Guinea consisted of 11 Lockheed

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and will discuss method of transfer over the next 12 months. Instead, Dutch wanted to retain Dutch New Guinea. Right-wing politicians wanted that the "Dutch flag remain planted in at least one portion of the former colony" and cited the presence of oil around Sorong. Only when situation is certain

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After the Act of Free Choice plebiscite in 1969, West Irian was formally integrated into the Republic of Indonesia. While several international observers including journalists and diplomats criticized the referendum as being rigged, the United States and Australia supported Indonesia's efforts to

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Units sent from this post, were tasked to collect intelligence. There were 5 failed attempts although on 13 May 1962 a unit consisted of 20 people from Brimob was able to arrive although promptly captured by Dutch Navy before they were able to land. On 7 August 1962 63 people consisted of 53 from

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to patrol a combat zone west of New Guinea and sink any shipping after midnight on 5 August. Naval officer and Historian Matthijs Ooms has shown in his masterpaper that the Dutch naval intelligence service, MARID (Marine Inlichtingendienst), received information in the summer of 1962 that Soviet

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Soviet support of Indonesia played a crucial role in ending the conflict over New Guinea. Owing to the support of Soviet submarines and bombers, Indonesian military forces could confidently launch attacks on Dutch troops. In response to the Soviet presence, the United States put pressure on the

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After the failed infiltration from Post 101, on 9 August 1962, Raider Corps Kodam XV under the leadership of Lt. Nussy landed in Misool. Another forces from Wahai on 11 August 1962 consisted of 46 members was forced to return after meeting a Dutch Navy destroyer. However, after escorts from 5

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On 20 April 1962, 2 platoons 191260 PG 300 under the command of Sergeant Major Boy Thomas travelled from Yu island to Tanjung Dalpele on Waigeo. They were sighted by Dutch reconnaissance plane, and therefore took refuge in Bala-Bala island for 2 hours before landed safely in Tanjung Dalpele.

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Indonesian military activity continued to increase in the area through mid-1962 in preparation for the second phase of the operation. The Indonesian Air Force began to fly missions in the area from bases on surrounding islands, with Soviet-supplied Tupolev Tu-16 bombers armed with

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On 26 September 1961, the Netherlands proposed United Nations administration for which the Netherlands would maintain $ 30 million annual funding, and proposed a United Nations commission to assess conditions, the public's wishes, and possibility of a United Nations plebiscite.

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The New York Agreement was the result of negotiations led by the US diplomat Ellsworth Bunker. As a face-saving measure for the Dutch, Bunker arranged for a Dutch-Indonesian ceasefire which would be followed by the handover of Western New Guinea on 1 October 1962 to a temporary

1663:, would be held in 1969 to determine whether the West Papuans would choose to remain in Indonesia or seek self-determination. However, US efforts to win over Sukarno proved futile and Indonesia turned its attention to the former British colony of Malaysia, resulting in the 988:. In response to Indonesian claims, the Netherlands sped up the process of implementing West Papuan self-rule from 1959 onward. These measures included the establishment of a legislative New Guinea Council in 1960, establishing hospitals, completion of a shipyard in 1628:

This operation consisted of three operations, Operation Elang landed 132 airborne forces consisting of PGT in Klamono-Sorong, Operation Gagak landed 141 airborne forces from Yon-454 in Kaimana, and Operation Alap-alap landed 132 PGT forces in Merauke from Bandung.

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In accordance with the development of the Trikora situation, instructions were given by the Commander in Chief of the Highest Commodity of Liberation of West Irian No. 1 to Major General Suharto, Commanding General of the Mandala Command, which were the following:

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On 19 May 1962, with a Hercules plane, a drop was performed on Sansapor with forces consisted of 81 people under the leadership of second Lt. Suhadi. They landed on Dutch military barracks, the fighting ended quickly, as Dutch forces suffered a loss of morale.

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although the parent force was forced to return because was sighted by Neptune plane. They are able to return except 7 members on board the vessel "Ho Sing Sang" which was shot by Dutch forces and presumed lost between Etna Bay and Watu Belah Islands.

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17 July 1962. Previous successful infiltration by PG 400 consisted of 200 people. This group movement was covered by Herlina forces on 12 August 1962. In Waigeo, Indonesian soldiers did not encounter Dutch forces as they rarely visited the island.

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A successful paratrooper operation occurred on 24 June 1962, with the target Merauke using 3 Hercules planes. This operation consisted of 55 members of special forces, and 160 members of Battalion 530/Brawijaya under the command of Major

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Infiltration (until the end 1962), namely by deploying infantry units around certain targets to create a strong de facto free area that is resistant to destruction by the enemy and to develop territorial control by unifying the local

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Operation Badar Lumut was trained in Tual (Post 101) with forces from Battalion 521/Brawijaya. They were planned to land on Kaimana, however, the operation was not started because of higher Dutch patrol intensity on the coast.

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crews were manning Indonesian submarines and Tupolev bombers. In his memoirs, Khrushchev freely admitted that during the West New Guinea crisis Soviet personnel had been commanding Indonesian submarines and piloting Tu-16s.

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On 15 August 1962, the Netherlands recognized Indonesia's resolve to take Western New Guinea. Since it was unwilling to be drawn into a protracted conflict on the other side of the world, the Dutch government signed the

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Operasi Banteng Merah, under the leadership of Air Captain Santoso, with the target of Kaimana. This unit consisted of 39 members, led by Lettu Heru Sinodo. The drop was on 26 May 1962, at 05.00, using 3 C-47 planes.

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Motorised Torpedo Boats (MTB), they were able to land on 12 August 1962. Those 5 MTB were engaged with Dutch forces consisted of 1 frigate, 1 destroyer, 1 submarine, and 1 Neptune, however managed to return safely.

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Garuda Merah, consisted of 140 members led by Captain Kartawi with the target Fakfak. The first drop was on 15 May 1962, consisting of 40 people. The second drop was on 16 May 1962, consisting of 38 people.

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Some sources claim that the wording of the third command is "Prepare for mass mobilization to protect the independence and unity of the Motherland and Nation," but this exact wording wasn't in Sukarno's

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Operasi Banteng Putih, under the leadership of Air Major Nayoan, with the target of Fakfak. This unit consisted of 40 members, led by Lettu Agus Hernoto. The drop was on 26 April 1962, at 04.00, using 3

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the operation was paused, after cessation of hostilities. All submarines managed to land safely back to base. The successful infiltrators managed to made contact with Marthen Indey, and Elly Uyo.

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Developing the situation in West Papua in accordance with the struggle in the field of diplomacy and in the shortest possible time in this region creating de facto regions of Indonesian control.

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Nikita Khrushchev, Memoirs of Nikita Khrushchev: Volume 3: Statesman (1953-1964), ed. Sergei Khrushchev, trans. George Shriver (Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State Press, 2007)

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Operation Badar Besi was planned in conjunction based in Post 103 with forces from Battalion 515/Brawijaya. Although same with the previous operation was not started yet.

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Indonesia began seeking weapons from abroad in response to the conflict with the Netherlands. Having failed to secure anything from the United States (Dutch membership in

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This operation was done by of paratroopers from PGT and RPKAD with the target of Kaimana and Fakfak. Based on those 2 objectives this operation consisted of 2 operation.

1802:. Other roads in several Indonesian cities, particularly in Papua and West Papua, are also named after the operation as well. Another place named after the operation is 1246:

to ensure that they would not support the Netherlands in a potential Dutch-Indonesian conflict. In the United Nations General Assembly in 1961, the UN Secretary General

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In 1962, Indonesian incursions into the territory in the form of paratroop drops and the naval landings of guerrillas were used to step up Indonesian Foreign Minister

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On 27 December 1958, President Sukarno issued Law No. 86 of 1958 concerning the nationalization of all Dutch companies in Indonesia. Nationalized companies included:

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infantry battalions. As part of the planned defence, the Dutch had considered using Marid 6 NNG to disrupt the Indonesian military's communication systems.

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Many monuments and places are dedicated to the Trikora command, and subsequently the operation itself. Numerous monuments were built, notably the two in

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The units from this operation consisted from members of PGT with the target of Sorong regions and the surrounding. This operation is split into 2 steps.

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The Soviet support was secret – the "volunteers" wore Indonesian uniforms. However, according to Khrushchev's memoirs, Indonesian Foreign Minister

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motor torpedo boats attempted to land a unit of 150 marines on the south coast of New Guinea near Vlakke Hoek. The force was detected by a Dutch

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began to prepare plans for the United Nations to give the impression that surrender to Indonesia was legal. Although reluctantly, President

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Perspectives on Military Intelligence from the First World War to Mali: Between Learning and Law, T.M.C. Asser Press, 21 July 2017, page 91

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Consolidation (early 1964), namely by demonstrating the power and absolute sovereignty of the Republic of Indonesia throughout West Papua.

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finally supported these plans, fearing that, without U.S support, the Indonesians would become further entrenched into the Soviet-bloc.

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This operation was commenced on 30 June 1962 intended to supply infiltration forces that had successfully landed (Operation Naga) in

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Since 1954, Indonesia had sporadically launched military raids into Western New Guinea. Following the failure of negotiations at the

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Exploitation (early 1963), namely carrying out an open attack on enemy forces and occupying all important enemy defense posts.

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Plan, prepare and conduct military operations with the aim of unification of West Papua as part of the territory of Indonesia.

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states that the Dutch were relinquishing the “whole territory of Netherlands (East) Indie" and West Papua was incorporated in

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became fully independent as Indonesia in December 1949, the Dutch retained sovereignty over the western part of the island of

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regarding the liberation of Papua, revolving around "The three principles of Trikora." The three principles of Trikora were:

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to seize key locations. The consolidation phase would then expand Indonesian control over the whole of Western New Guinea.

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by 1 January 1963. Trikora's operational command was to be called the Mandala Command for the Liberation of West Irian (

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Two battalions of Raiders Yon 454/Diponegoro and PGT members joined for this operation. This force was split into 2:

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By the summer of 1962, the Indonesian military had begun planning a large-scale amphibious and air assault against

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presence. Such airbases and landing strips were last used in 1945, and had since fallen into disrepair.

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aircraft and the Indonesian boats were intercepted by three Dutch destroyers. During the subsequent

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Prepare for mass mobilisation that cover all Indonesians to free West Papua from Dutch imperialism

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the second drop consisted of 79 people. On 26 May 1962, the third drop consisted of 68 people.

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Guinea policy. By contrast, Sukarno was able to muster the support of the Soviet Union and its

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Matthijs Ooms, “Geheime Sovjetsteun in Nieuw-Guinea”, Marineblad, Vol. 122, No. 5 (2012), 26.

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long-range medium bombers, and 12 maritime versions of Tu-16 aircraft equipped to launch the

923: 719: 563: 48: 2539: 1894:(in Indonesian). Yayasan Badan Kontak Keluarga Besar Perintis Irian Barat. 1988. p. 192 1454:. In addition, Dutch ground forces consisted of several anti-aircraft artillery units, five 3643: 3609: 3472: 3345: 3335: 3274: 3217: 3170: 3164: 3112: 3049: 3007: 2963: 2850: 1756: 1435: 1426:) paratroopers, 4,500 marines and 13,000 army servicemen, from various military districts ( 1381: 1162: 1045: 985: 655: 595: 476: 223: 212: 1414:, the Netherlands' main power base in West Irian. This operation would have been known as 8: 3505: 3452: 3392: 3325: 3249: 1680: 1334:

Strategies developed by the CGMC to carry out these instructions included the following:

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considered it an act of trading one occupying power for another. However, in April 1961,

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On 19 December 1961, Sukarno decreed the establishment of the People's Triple Command or

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Cuplikan Pidato Presiden Sukarno : TRIKORA di Yogyakarta tanggal 19 desember 1961.

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with Indonesia on 15 August 1962, relinquishing control of Western New Guinea to the

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section and Neptune aircraft detected the invasion force and alerted their command.

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In the buildup to the conflict, Indonesia approached key regional players including

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Subversion as Foreign Policy: The Secret Eisenhower and Dulles Debacle in Indonesia

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which in turn became Republic of Indonesia, has also not been tended at the ICJ.

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On 15 January 1962, the infiltration phase of Operation Trikora began when four

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Platje, Wies (2001). "Dutch Sigint and the Conflict with Indonesia 1950–62".

2015:

Platje, Wies (2001). "Dutch Sigint and the Conflict with Indonesia 1950–62".

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in 1965 and was replaced by the pro-Western Suharto. The US mining company

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Patiara, John; Renwarin, Herman; Soedharto, Bondan; Palangan, M. (1983).

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Brimob and 10 volunteers managed to land in Rumbati near Patipi, Fakfak.

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let the Soviet willingness to actively provide military support leak to

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anti-ship missiles deployed in anticipation of an attack against the

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To achieve air superiority, the first preparations undertaken by the

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did not support the surrender of West Papua to Indonesia, since the

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Indonesia bought various kinds of military equipment, including 41

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against the Indonesian authorities, which continues to this day.

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in 1961 and 1962. After negotiations, the Netherlands signed the

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Konfrontasi Revisited: Indonesia's Foreign Policy Under Soekarno

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began exploiting Western New Guinea's copper and gold deposits.

2489:"Monumen Trikora Kota Bitung: Saksi Sejarah Yang Terpinggirkan" 1728: 1291: 1243: 1170: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1049: 857: 617: 612: 2739:"Operation Trikora – Indonesia's Takeover of West New Guinea" 2055: 1975:"Operation Trikora – Indonesia's Takeover of West New Guinea" 1864:"Operation Trikora – Indonesia's Takeover of West New Guinea" 1215: 2658: 2654: 1474: 1411: 1041: 2405: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 1667:. Ultimately, President Sukarno was overthrown during the 62:

19 December 1961 – 15 August 1962

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On 19 December 1961, President Sukarno made a speech in

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P2V-7B Neptune aircraft from the Dutch Navy plus 24

1137:. Of the types of transport aircraft, there were 26 2615: 2064: 1651:Dutch to seek a peaceful solution to the conflict. 1307:(a Dutch airline) from entering Indonesian airspace 2105: 2103: 1282:While other policies were implemented, including: 964:(Trikora) in order to annex what Indonesia called 2743:Pathfinder: Air Power Development Centre Bulletin 2723:(Fourth ed.). Singapore: Periplus Editions. 2380: 2378: 2117: 2115: 2048: 2046: 1979:Pathfinder: Air Power Development Centre Bulletin 1868:Pathfinder: Air Power Development Centre Bulletin 1352: 3687: 1969: 1967: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1707:and Trikora Monument inside TNI headquarters in 2293:"Maritime-sar – Militaire Luchtvaart Nederland" 2100: 1914:"Nederland stuurt militairen naar Nieuw-Guinea" 1500: 3746:Military operations involving the Soviet Union 2676:Centre for Strategic and International Studies 2375: 2112: 2043: 1782:A short main street located north of Northern 1517:, who later participated in Operation Trikora. 3721:Military operations involving the Netherlands 2823: 1954: 864:operation which aimed to seize and annex the 834: 2010: 2008: 2006: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1657:United Nations Temporary Executive Authority 2830: 2816: 2682: 2669: 1016:from forming a puppet state in West Papua. 841: 827: 41: 2384: 1993: 1361:The disputed territory of West New Guinea 1122:. Of the types of bombers, there were 22 1021:Indonesian bicolour (the "red and white") 2645: 2512: 2486: 2174:"Heroic Story of Seizing West Irian (1)" 2061:UN General Assembly plenary meeting 1016 1602: 1504: 1475:Infiltration from Post 102 Kapi Jembawan 1356: 1310:Prohibiting the screening of Dutch films 3716:Military operations involving Indonesia 2721:Irian Jaya : Indonesian New Guinea 2215:"Russische duikboten voor Nieuw-Guinea" 1951:Audrey and George McTurnan Kahin, p. 45 1646:(NATO) and thus an ally of the US, the 1173:which were common along the borders of 907:Dutch-Indonesian Round Table Conference 16:1961–1962 Indonesian military operation 3688: 2837: 2757: 2718: 2171: 2165: 2145:Media, Kompas Cyber (22 August 2021). 2014: 1798:(Trikora Street) before being renamed 1620:, New Guinea, using a Hercules plane. 1111:missile boats, and one ex-Soviet Navy 970:Komando Mandala Pembebasan Irian Barat 3736:Liberal democracy period in Indonesia 2811: 2786: 2695: 2515:"Mengenal Monumen Trikora di Morotai" 2144: 2077:West Irian and the Suharto Presidency 1570:the Indonesian flag on the compound. 1561: 1184: 2564: 1938: 1936: 1611: 1591:Operation Badar Lumut and Badar Besi 1525: 779:Soekarno–Hatta International Airport 1623: 1545: 1466:Infiltration from Post 101 Hanggodo 1314: 922:(ICJ). A further argument that the 47:Indonesian stamp commemorating the 13: 3756:Netherlands–Soviet Union relations 2889:French and British era (1806–1816) 2760:Intelligence and National Security 2385:Wardayati, K. Tatik (1 May 2018). 2017:Intelligence and National Security 1727:, as well as Trikora monuments in 1665:Indonesian-Malaysian Confrontation 1644:North Atlantic Treaty Organization 1145:-14 light transport aircraft, six 1044:was the possible reason), General 14: 3772: 2540:"Tugu Trikora di Pusaran Korupsi" 1933: 1577: 1484:Infiltration from Post 103 Hanilo 1300:Dutch workers strike in Indonesia 1269:Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij 3751:Indonesia–Soviet Union relations 2700:. Singapore: Archipelago Press, 2567:"54 Tahun Tugu Trikora Telantar" 807: 800: 408: 362: 346: 327: 311: 303: 291: 272: 261: 250: 239: 228: 217: 206: 195: 175: 162: 148: 136: 2909:Liberal democracy era (1950–59) 2663:University of the South Pacific 2639: 2609: 2584: 2558: 2532: 2506: 2480: 2454: 2445: 2436: 2427: 2418: 2297:militaireluchtvaartnederland.nl 2285: 2257: 2248: 2239: 2230: 2221: 2207: 2189: 2180: 2138: 2091: 2082: 1819: 1177:and West Irian, were relics of 3177:People's Consultative Assembly 2698:Sukarno: A Political Biography 2172:Sibero, Tarigan (3 May 2006). 1945: 1924: 1906: 1856: 1701:West Irian Liberation Monument 1441:According to Wies Platje, the 1432:Marid 6 Netherlands New Guinea 1353:Indonesian military operations 1030: 941:, the president of Indonesia, 920:International Court of Justice 912:Indonesian National Revolution 490:Indonesian National Revolution 1: 3731:History of Western New Guinea 2919:Transitional period (1965–66) 2904:National Revolution (1945–49) 2899:Japanese occupation (1942–45) 2894:Dutch East Indies (1800–1942) 2670:Djiwandono, Soedjati (1996). 1849: 1719:, and Jayawijaya Monument in 1430:). However, the Dutch Navy's 1153:tactical transport aircraft. 928:Negara Indonesia Timur or NIT 886: 392:2 motor torpedo boats damaged 2616:Redaksi Solopos.com (2013). 1792:Special Region of Yogyakarta 1632: 1501:Infiltration from Post Wahai 1209: 495:Proclamation of Independence 7: 3285:Water supply and sanitation 2651:Asia in the Pacific Islands 2088:Soedjati Djiwandono, p. 131 1832: 1585:Leonardus Benjamin Moerdani 1452:Royal Netherlands Air Force 1278:Hospital (CBZ) becomes RSCM 1156: 1035: 298:Leonardus Benjamin Moerdani 10: 3777: 2914:Guided Democracy (1959–65) 2879:Portuguese era (1512–1605) 2691:. New York: The New Press. 1257: 1149:heavy transports, and ten 1062:Bureau of European Affairs 999: 932:United States of Indonesia 890: 3637: 3551: 3486: 3344: 3306: 3297: 3225: 3216: 3081: 3072: 3028:Provincial highest points 2949: 2940: 2849: 2745:(150): 1–2. February 2011 1981:(150): 1–2. February 2011 1870:(150): 1–2. February 2011 1690: 1509:Lt. Thomas Nussy, former 996:to defend the territory. 784:Gelora Bung Karno Stadium 390:1 motor torpedo boat sunk 382: 320: 188: 129: 54: 40: 28: 23: 3711:1962 in the Dutch Empire 3701:1961 in the Dutch Empire 3086:Administrative divisions 2513:Bachtiar, Basri (2017). 1813: 1456:Netherlands Marine Corps 417:This article is part of 2787:Singh, Bilveer (2001). 2696:Legge, John D. (2003). 1844:West New Guinea dispute 1721:Banggai Islands Regency 1382:Lockheed P2V-7B Neptune 930:and NIT dissolved into 893:West New Guinea dispute 817:: Picture, Sound, Video 681:Tahun Vivere Pericoloso 378:1,000 papuan volunteers 31:West New Guinea dispute 3761:Invasions by Indonesia 3706:1962 in Southeast Asia 3696:1961 in Southeast Asia 3260:Science and technology 3101:Regencies & Cities 2793:The Act of Free Choice 2702:Editions Didier Millet 2685:Kahin, George McTurnan 1669:Indonesian coup d'état 1648:Kennedy administration 1518: 1513:and Chief of Staff of 1460:Royal Netherlands Army 1450:jet fighters from the 1443:Royal Netherlands Navy 1362: 1286:Moving the Indonesian 1115:which was renamed the 1113:Sverdlov-class cruiser 1107:-class submarines, 12 994:Papuan Volunteer Corps 873:Netherlands New Guinea 443:President of Indonesia 189:Commanders and leaders 2869:Hinduism-Buddhism era 2596:indonesia-tourism.com 2413:Konfrontasi Revisited 2411:Soedjati Djiwandono, 1794:was previously named 1767:as well as statue of 1603:Operation Lumba-Lumba 1536:Douglas C-47 Skytrain 1508: 1386:Battle of Arafura Sea 1360: 1272:Electricity companies 972:) with Major-General 924:Linggadjati Agreement 897:When the rest of the 383:Casualties and losses 309:C.J. van Westenbrugge 49:Battle of Arafura Sea 3003:Environmental issues 2719:Muller, Kal (1996). 2661:: IPS Publications, 2451:Ron Crocombe, 286-91 2097:Wies Platje, 297–299 1771:as a paratrooper in 1757:South Sorong Regency 1683:) and have waged an 1458:companies and three 1436:signals intelligence 1416:Operation Jayawijaya 1371:paratroop operations 1266:Plantation companies 1163:Indonesian Air Force 986:Non-Aligned Movement 656:Sunda Straits Crisis 596:Non-aligned movement 224:Abdul Haris Nasution 213:Soerjadi Soerjadarma 2924:New Order (1966–98) 2884:VOC era (1603–1800) 2424:J.D. Legge, 403–404 1681:Free Papua Movement 1275:Petroleum companies 862:Indonesian military 674:Indonesia Menggugat 532:Three Souths Affair 3270:Telecommunications 2981:Biosphere reserves 2468:. 20 December 2019 2217:. 30 October 2013. 2203:. 21 January 2017. 1661:Act of Free Choice 1640:New York Agreement 1562:Operation Serigala 1519: 1363: 1290:auction market to 1185:Soviet involvement 1135:anti-ship missiles 1126:light bombers, 14 962:Tri Komando Rakyat 916:Western New Guinea 877:New York Agreement 869:overseas territory 601:Bandung Conference 104:Western New Guinea 100:Military stalemate 95:New York Agreement 83:Western New Guinea 3683: 3682: 3633: 3632: 3321:Human trafficking 3293: 3292: 3212: 3211: 3203:Wawasan Nusantara 3187:Political parties 3128:Foreign relations 3068: 3067: 2772:10.1080/714002840 2487:Prasetyo (2017). 2442:Ron Crocombe, 284 2433:Ron Crocombe, 285 2272:kclpure.kcl.ac.uk 2029:10.1080/714002840 1942:Ron Crocombe, 282 1612:Operation Lumbung 1526:Operation Banteng 1422:) and Air Force ( 1179:imperial Japanese 1103:fighter jets, 12 899:Dutch East Indies 854:Operation Trikora 851: 850: 579:De-Sukarnoization 434: 433: 399: 398: 125: 124: 24:Operation Trikora 3768: 3726:Dutch New Guinea 3653: 3646: 3304: 3303: 3223: 3222: 3165:National capital 3079: 3078: 2947: 2946: 2832: 2825: 2818: 2809: 2808: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2783: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2734: 2715: 2692: 2679: 2666: 2633: 2632: 2630: 2628: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2588: 2582: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2562: 2556: 2555: 2553: 2551: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2484: 2478: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2458: 2452: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2434: 2431: 2425: 2422: 2416: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2382: 2373: 2372: 2370: 2368: 2363:. pp. 91–99 2358: 2349: 2308: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2269: 2261: 2255: 2252: 2246: 2243: 2237: 2234: 2228: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2193: 2187: 2184: 2178: 2177: 2169: 2163: 2162: 2160: 2158: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2134: 2132: 2119: 2110: 2107: 2098: 2095: 2089: 2086: 2080: 2073: 2062: 2059: 2053: 2050: 2041: 2040: 2012: 1991: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1971: 1952: 1949: 1943: 1940: 1931: 1928: 1922: 1921: 1920:. 27 April 2016. 1910: 1904: 1903: 1901: 1899: 1891:25 tahun Trikora 1886: 1880: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1860: 1839:Dutch New Guinea 1827: 1823: 1800:Jalan Pangurakan 1725:Central Sulawesi 1673:Freeport-McMoRan 1624:Operation Jatayu 1546:Operation Garuda 1315:General Strategy 1252:Ellsworth Bunker 1087:helicopters, 30 984:allies, and the 843: 836: 829: 811: 804: 756:Media and legacy 608:1962 Asian Games 542:Guided Democracy 450:Pre-Independence 430: 429: 427: 420: 412: 405: 404: 401: 400: 368: 366: 365: 352: 350: 349: 341:7,000 paratroops 333: 331: 330: 315: 308: 307: 296: 295: 287: 277: 276: 268:Eddy Martadinata 266: 265: 255: 254: 244: 243: 233: 232: 222: 221: 211: 210: 200: 199: 181:Dutch New Guinea 179: 168: 166: 165: 154: 152: 151: 142: 140: 139: 73: 71: 67: 56: 55: 45: 35:Cold War in Asia 21: 20: 3776: 3775: 3771: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3766: 3765: 3686: 3685: 3684: 3679: 3656: 3649: 3642: 3629: 3620:Personification 3547: 3482: 3463:Public holidays 3448:National heroes 3340: 3289: 3208: 3064: 3033:Natural history 2936: 2874:Spread of Islam 2845: 2836: 2798: 2796: 2748: 2746: 2737: 2731: 2712: 2683:Kahin, Audrey; 2642: 2637: 2636: 2626: 2624: 2614: 2610: 2600: 2598: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2575: 2573: 2563: 2559: 2549: 2547: 2538: 2537: 2533: 2523: 2521: 2511: 2507: 2497: 2495: 2485: 2481: 2471: 2469: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2446: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2428: 2423: 2419: 2410: 2406: 2396: 2394: 2393:(in Indonesian) 2383: 2376: 2366: 2364: 2356: 2350: 2311: 2301: 2299: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2276: 2274: 2267: 2263: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2222: 2213: 2212: 2208: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2181: 2170: 2166: 2156: 2154: 2153:(in Indonesian) 2143: 2139: 2130: 2128: 2127:(in Indonesian) 2121: 2120: 2113: 2109:J.D. Legge, 403 2108: 2101: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2075:Bilveer Singh, 2074: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2052:J.D. Legge, 402 2051: 2044: 2013: 1994: 1984: 1982: 1973: 1972: 1955: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1934: 1929: 1925: 1912: 1911: 1907: 1897: 1895: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1873: 1871: 1862: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1835: 1830: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1808:Papua highlands 1773:Merauke Regency 1737:Morotai Regency 1705:Central Jakarta 1693: 1635: 1626: 1614: 1605: 1593: 1580: 1564: 1548: 1528: 1503: 1486: 1477: 1468: 1378:Indonesian Navy 1355: 1317: 1260: 1212: 1203:Sergey Gorshkov 1199:Howard P. Jones 1187: 1159: 1074:John F. Kennedy 1038: 1033: 1014:The Netherlands 1002: 895: 889: 856:was a combined 847: 805: 798: 797: 796: 774:Seclusion house 757: 753: 752: 751: 692: 688: 687: 686: 668: 664: 663: 662: 591: 587: 586: 585: 507: 506:Domestic policy 503: 502: 501: 451: 447: 425: 423: 422: 421: 418: 416: 391: 389: 377: 375: 374:10,000 soldiers 373: 363: 361: 357: 347: 345: 344: 342: 340: 339:13,000 soldiers 338: 328: 326: 316:W.A. van Heuven 310: 302: 290: 289: 283: 271: 270: 260: 259: 249: 248: 238: 237: 227: 226: 216: 215: 205: 204: 194: 163: 161: 149: 147: 146: 137: 135: 85: 69: 65: 63: 46: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3774: 3764: 3763: 3758: 3753: 3748: 3743: 3738: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3667: 3662: 3655: 3654: 3647: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3634: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3605:Floral emblems 3602: 3601: 3600: 3590: 3588:Faunal emblems 3585: 3584: 3583: 3578: 3568: 3563: 3557: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3514: 3513: 3503: 3498: 3492: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3481: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3410: 3405: 3400: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3380: 3379: 3378: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3350: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3338: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3288: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3265:Stock Exchange 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3206: 3199: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3167: 3162: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3145: 3135: 3130: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3109: 3108: 3103: 3098: 3093: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3030: 3025: 3020: 3015: 3010: 3005: 3000: 2995: 2990: 2989: 2988: 2986:National parks 2983: 2973: 2972: 2971: 2969:Climate change 2961: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2935: 2934: 2926: 2921: 2916: 2911: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2855: 2853: 2847: 2846: 2835: 2834: 2827: 2820: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2784: 2766:(1): 285–312. 2755: 2735: 2729: 2716: 2710: 2693: 2680: 2667: 2641: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2608: 2583: 2557: 2531: 2505: 2479: 2453: 2444: 2435: 2426: 2417: 2404: 2374: 2309: 2284: 2256: 2247: 2238: 2229: 2220: 2206: 2188: 2179: 2164: 2137: 2111: 2099: 2090: 2081: 2063: 2054: 2042: 2023:(1): 285–312. 1992: 1953: 1944: 1932: 1923: 1918:IsGeschiedenis 1905: 1881: 1854: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1847: 1846: 1841: 1834: 1831: 1829: 1828: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1761:Fakfak Regency 1733:North Sulawesi 1717:South Sulawesi 1692: 1689: 1634: 1631: 1625: 1622: 1613: 1610: 1604: 1601: 1592: 1589: 1579: 1578:Operation Naga 1576: 1563: 1560: 1547: 1544: 1527: 1524: 1502: 1499: 1485: 1482: 1476: 1473: 1467: 1464: 1434:(Marid 6 NNG) 1354: 1351: 1347: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1301: 1298: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1259: 1256: 1236:United Kingdom 1211: 1208: 1186: 1183: 1171:landing strips 1158: 1155: 1151:C-130 Hercules 1124:Ilyushin Il-28 1070:McGeorge Bundy 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1024: 1023:in West Papua. 1017: 1001: 998: 939:United Nations 891:Main article: 888: 885: 881:United Nations 849: 848: 846: 845: 838: 831: 823: 820: 819: 799: 795: 794: 786: 781: 776: 771: 764: 758: 755: 754: 750: 749: 748: 747: 741:Grandchildren 739: 738: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 709: 708: 707: 702: 693: 690: 689: 685: 684: 677: 669: 666: 665: 661: 660: 659: 658: 646: 645: 644: 637: 627: 626: 625: 620: 610: 605: 604: 603: 592: 590:Foreign policy 589: 588: 584: 583: 582: 581: 571: 566: 561: 556: 555: 554: 549: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 514: 508: 505: 504: 500: 499: 498: 497: 487: 482: 481: 480: 468: 463: 458: 452: 449: 448: 436: 435: 432: 431: 419:a series about 415: 413: 397: 396: 393: 385: 384: 380: 379: 359: 358:3,000 soldiers 323: 322: 318: 317: 300: 191: 190: 186: 185: 184: 183: 158: 132: 131: 127: 126: 123: 122: 121: 120: 118:Papua conflict 114: 108:United Nations 101: 91: 87: 86: 81: 79: 75: 74: 60: 52: 51: 38: 37: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3773: 3762: 3759: 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3732: 3729: 3727: 3724: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3691: 3676: 3673: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3657: 3652: 3648: 3645: 3641: 3640: 3636: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3596: 3595: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3573: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3501:Ethnic groups 3499: 3497: 3494: 3493: 3491: 3489: 3485: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3406: 3404: 3401: 3399: 3396: 3394: 3391: 3389: 3386: 3384: 3381: 3377: 3376: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3355: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3329: 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