1274:
if to better fit on tall, narrow slats. The style must have developed on books of bamboo or wood slats, and then carried over to the oracle bone script. Additionally, the layout of characters in columns from top to bottom is mostly carried over from bamboo books. In some instances, characters are instead written in rows in order to match the text with divinatory cracks; in others, columns of text rotate 90 degrees mid-phrase. These are exceptions to the normal pattern of writing, and inscriptions were never read bottom to top. Columns of text in
Chinese writing are traditionally laid out from right to left; this pattern is first found with the Shang-era bronze inscriptions. However, oracle bone inscriptions are often arranged with columns beginning near the center of the shell or bone, then moving toward the edge such that the two sides mirror one another.
1706:
1139:. In 1931, Zhou Yitong proposed for the first time that "oracle bone science" was an independent discipline. Wang Yuxin emphasized that oracle bones are precious cultural relics and historical materials left over from the ancient period, but their value for archaeological and historical research lies in orthography beyond script interpretation, which has become increasingly recognized by scholars as orthography develops. Oracle bone science is a systematic and scientific inquiry into the inherent laws of the oracle bone script itself and uses it as a basis for glimpsing the history, society, and customs of the ancient world. The oracle bones should not be confused with orthography.
1718:
1285:
1296:
41:
1341:
1479:
1262:
1216:
4726:
397:
1131:. This includes the integration of theories, research methods and materials from various disciplines, such as paleography, history, archaeology, historical culture, historical literature, and cultural anthropology, to thoroughly study the historical and cultural background of the oracle bones and some of the patterns of the oracle bone divination. It is a diversified and specialized discipline. In the early days of oracle bone discovery, oracle bones were called
1745:
1733:
1805:
1154:
phonetic loaning had also clearly been used by authors for some time, perhaps centuries. However, no clearly identifiable examples of writing dating prior to the 13th century BC have been discovered. Sets of inscribed symbols on pottery, jade, and bone that have been discovered at a variety of
Neolithic archeological sites across China have not been demonstrated to have any direct or indirect ancestry to the Shang oracle bone script at Anyang.
1781:
1404:
1165:
1793:
5376:
1769:
1757:
1564:
1177:
1008:. It is also the direct ancestor of over a dozen East Asian writing systems. The length of inscriptions ranges from 10 to over 100 characters, but a few dozen is typical. The subjects of concern in inscriptions are broad, and include war, ritual sacrifice, and agriculture, as well as births, illnesses, and deaths in the royal family. As such, they provide invaluable insights into the character of late Shang society.
1431:
1591:
1017:
1582:). From their initial discovery during the 1950s, only a handful of examples from this later period had been uncovered, and those that did were fragments consisting of only one or two characters. In August 1977, a cache containing thousands of Zhou-era oracle bones was discovered at a site closely linked to the ancient Zhou heartland. Among thousands of pieces, 200–300 bore inscriptions.
1377:
One reason for the difficulty in decipherment is that components of certain oracle bone script characters may differ in later script forms. Such differences may be accounted for by character simplification and/or by later generations misunderstanding the original graph, which had evolved beyond recognition. For instance, the standard character
1203:
period writing on bronzes, the oracle bone script is clearly greatly simplified, and rounded forms are often converted to rectilinear ones; this is thought to be due to the difficulty of engraving the bone's hard surface, compared with the ease of writing them in the wet clay of the molds the bronzes
1376:
There are over 30,000 distinct characters found from all the bone fragments so far, which may represent around 4,000 individual characters in their various forms. The majority of these still remain undeciphered, although scholars believe they can decipher between 1,500 and 2,000 of these characters.
1273:
in wet clay, it is assumed that the style and structure of Shang graphs on bamboo were similar to those on bronzes, and also that the majority of writing occurred with a brush on such books. Additional support for this notion includes the reorientation of some graphs, by rotating them 90 degrees, as
1312:
language, and not merely fragments of ideas or words. This level of maturity clearly implies an earlier period of development of at least several hundred years. From their presumed origins as pictographs and signs, by the Shang dynasty, most graphs were already conventionalized in such a simplified
995:
became more common; far fewer oracle bone inscriptions are dated to the
Western Zhou. No Zhou-era sites with a comparable cache of inscriptions to Yinxu have been found; however, examples from this period appear to be more widespread, having been found near most major population centers. New sites
1227:
It is known that the Shang people also wrote with brush and ink, as brush-written graphs have been found on a small number of pottery, shell and bone, and jade and other stone items, and there is evidence that they also wrote on bamboo (or wooden) books just like those found from the late Zhou to
1153:
It is generally agreed that the tradition of writing represented by oracle bone script existed prior to the first known examples, due to the attested script's mature state. Many characters had already undergone extensive simplifications and linearizations, and techniques of semantic extension and
1364:
period, these traits had vanished, but in both periods, the script was not highly regular or standardized; variant forms of graphs abound, and the size and orientation of graphs is also irregular. A graph when inverted horizontally generally refers to the same word, and additional components are
1321:'dog' respectively. As William G. Boltz notes, most of the oracle bone graphs are not depicted realistically enough for those who do not already know the script to recognize what they stand for; although pictographic in origin, they are no longer pictographs in function. Boltz instead calls them
1438:
Some characters are only attested in the oracle bone script, dropping out of later usage and usually being replaced by newer characters. An example is a fragment bearing character for 'spring' that has no known modern counterpart. In such cases, available context may be used to determine the
1204:
were cast from. The more detailed and more pictorial style of the bronze graphs is thought to be more representative of typical Shang writing using bamboo books than the oracle bone forms; this typical style continued to evolve into writing styles of the
Western Zhou period, and then into the
1336:
now in use. Loangraphs, phono-semantic compounds, and associative compounds were already common. One structural and functional analysis of the oracle bone characters found that they were 23% pictographs, 2% simple indicatives, 32% associative compounds, 11% phonetic loans, 27% phono-semantic
1126:
oracle characters. Oracle bone science can be divided into a narrow sense of oracle bone science and a broad sense of oracle bone science. In the narrow sense, the study of oracle bone script is limited to the study of oracle bone script itself, and it is a discipline of
1924:
Boltz surmises that the
Chinese script was invented around the middle of the 2nd millennium BC during the early Shang, and based on the currently available evidence declares attempts to push this date earlier "unsubstantiated speculation and wishful thinking".
1198:
period appears pictographic. The earliest oracle bone script appears even more so than examples from late in the period (thus some evolution did occur over the roughly 200-year period). Comparing the oracle bone script to both Shang and early
1705:
964:
where the oracle bones were exposed to flames, creating patterns of cracks that were then subjected to interpretation. Both the prompt and interpretation were inscribed on the same piece of bone that had been used for the divination itself.
976:, Henan). The most recent major discovery was the Huayuanzhuang cache found near the site in 1993. Of the 1,608 Huayuanzhang pieces, 579 bear inscriptions. Each of the last nine Shang kings are named in the inscriptions beginning with
980:, whose accession is variously dated between 1250 and 1200 BC. Oracle bone inscriptions corresponding to Wu Ding's reign have been radiocarbon dated to 1254–1197 BC (±10 years). Following the overthrow of the Shang by the
1051:'turtle-shell and animal-bone script'). This term is a translation of the English phrase "inscriptions upon bone and tortoise shell", which had been coined by the American missionary Frank H. Chalfant (1862–1914) in his 1906 book
999:
The oracle bone inscriptions—along with several roughly contemporaneous bronzeware inscriptions using a different style—constitute the earliest corpus of
Chinese writing, and are the direct ancestor of the
1633:
collected over 30,000 oracle bones and published several volumes, identified the names of the Shang kings, and thus positively identified the oracle bones as being artifacts from the Shang reign.
1313:
fashion that the meanings of many of the pictographs are not immediately apparent. Without careful research to compare these to later forms, one would probably not know that these represented
1828:
A few such shells and bones do not record divinations, but bear other records such as those of hunting trips, records of sacrifices, wars or other events, calendars, or practice inscriptions;
1832:, pp. 31, 34 these are termed shell and bone inscriptions, rather than oracle bones, because no oracle (divination) was involved. However, they are still written in oracle bone script.
1717:
1265:
Table of the
Chinese sexagenary cycle inscribed on an ox scapula, dating to the reigns of the last two kings of the Shang dynasty during the first half of the 11th century BC
1308:
Despite the pictorial nature of the oracle bone script, it was a fully functional and mature writing system by the time of the Shang dynasty, meaning it was able to record the
1463:) as the phonetic. Though no modern character consists of these two components, it likely refers to a type of Shang dynasty ritual with a name similar to the pronunciation of
3604:
4149:
2872:. Translated by Mattos, Gilbert L.; Norman, Jerry. Berkeley: Society for the Study of Early China and The Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California.
4111:
716:
1055:, which first appeared in Chinese books during the 1930s. In earlier decades, Chinese authors used a variety of names for the inscriptions based on the name of
4851:
3633:
648:
922:
4658:
4648:
1451:
on the right ( when converted from oracle bone forms to their modern printed equivalents). This character may reasonably be guessed to a compound with
6193:
5677:
4653:
4412:
3960:
640:
6623:
6613:
6188:
4567:
1443:, and a rough meaning can be inferred based on the semantic component. For instance, an oracle bone character was recently found which consists of
6603:
6593:
6183:
6178:
6173:
3110:
8319:
6608:
704:
659:
883:
1987:
sacrifice, will it benefit
Ancestor Wu?" The newly found graph was tentatively assigned the same modern reading as the phonetic component
1958:
This character was found on one of nine oracle bone fragments in the
Shandong Provincial Museum's collection. The full inscription reads:
5752:
4734:
3972:
5484:
3361:
1744:
1419:) which is closer to the oracle bone script form – albeit with the insect figure being confused with the similar-looking character for
8351:
5410:
3936:
3924:
915:
3948:
3440:
2161:
Flad, Rowan K. (2008). "Divination and Power: A Multiregional View of the
Development of Oracle Bone Divination in Early China".
1219:
Comparison of characters in the Shang bronzeware script (first and fourth rows), oracle bone script (second and fifth rows), and
5032:
1598:
Among the major scholars making significant contributions to the study of the oracle bone writings, especially early on, were:
7541:
9421:
5670:
4271:
3079:
3032:
2992:
2973:
2947:
2896:
2877:
2855:
2832:
2792:
2773:
2751:
2728:
2709:
2686:
2664:
2628:
2554:
2305:
2272:
2137:
7990:
5082:
1841:
There are no such bamboo books extant before the late Zhou, however, as the materials were not permanent enough to survive.
667:
7427:
5739:
5499:
4924:
3103:
908:
5963:
1594:
Wang Yirong, Chinese politician and scholar, was the first to recognize the oracle bone inscriptions as ancient writing.
2297:
2264:
9543:
9189:
9175:
9145:
8284:
5644:
1979:
had been attested attested in oracle bone inscriptions. Wang translated the sentence as: "Prognostication on the day
1711:
An oracle bone (incomplete) with a diviner asking the Shang king if there would be misfortune over the next ten days
1673:, first scholar to systematically treat the language of the oracle bones from the perspective of modern linguistics.
1655:
identified the diviners and established a chronology for the oracle bones as well as numerous other dating criteria.
9407:
8124:
7521:
5663:
1946:
1434:
Oracle bone script fragment featuring a character for 'spring' in the top-left which has no known modern descendant
1360:
Although it was a fully functional writing system, the oracle bone script was not fully standardized. By the early
1333:
796:
756:
559:
5968:
7847:
7108:
5004:
2545:
Creamer, Thomas B. I. (1992). "Lexicography and the history of the Chinese language". In Zgusta, Ladislav (ed.).
1756:
1365:
sometimes present without changing the meaning. These irregularities persisted until the standardization of the
1332:
By the late Shang, oracle bone graphs had already evolved into mostly non-pictographic forms, including all the
9414:
7980:
7619:
3711:
3354:
3096:
1645:
307:
588:
9533:
8089:
7614:
6672:
5593:
5403:
5320:
4774:
2702:
Research on the Qin Lineage of Writing: An Examination from the Perspective of the History of Chinese Writing
17:
6951:
1325:, emphasizing their function as representing concepts exclusively through words. Similarly, Qiu labels them
9400:
9379:
6667:
6442:
5958:
5734:
5494:
5379:
5290:
4814:
566:
2462:
9280:
9259:
7939:
7934:
7629:
7531:
6053:
5744:
5295:
5167:
5092:
4749:
3146:
3054:
1611:
collected five thousand oracle bone fragments, published the first collection of 1,058 rubbings entitled
1558:
954:. The writings themselves mainly record the results of official divinations carried out on behalf of the
467:
195:
9347:
7944:
7511:
6924:
5985:
5428:
5337:
5310:
5187:
5099:
4846:
4826:
3318:
3256:
1732:
1148:
968:
Out of an estimated 150,000 inscriptions that have been uncovered, the vast majority were unearthed at
896:
789:
583:
543:
505:
453:
263:
6677:
5995:
1284:
7597:
7319:
6872:
6459:
5639:
4889:
3587:
3347:
1295:
1001:
571:
408:
396:
284:
1804:
1016:
9097:
9083:
8388:
6971:
6774:
5990:
5396:
5263:
5248:
5238:
4952:
2504:
Online Journal of the Fudan University Center for Unearthed Texts and Paleography (复旦大学出土文献与古文字研究中心
8702:
6118:
9386:
8414:
7371:
7048:
7027:
6907:
6887:
6719:
6390:
6294:
5771:
5729:
5686:
5552:
5532:
5509:
5478:
5452:
5275:
3514:
2238:
1440:
1251:
5268:
5117:
2090:
Liu, Kexin; Wu, Xiaohong; Guo, Zhiyu; Yuan, Sixun; Ding, Xingfang; Fu, Dongpo; Pan, Yan (2020).
1792:
1780:
1768:
1571:
There are relatively few oracle bone inscriptions dating after the conquest of the Shang by the
1407:
below said figure. In this case, the modern character is a simplification of an archaic variant
9538:
8104:
7043:
7033:
6966:
6476:
5909:
5209:
5052:
3650:
2621:
The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China: An Abridgement of Joseph Needham's Original Text
2570:
726:
711:
627:
1340:
1004:
developed over the next three millennia. Their study is essential for the research of Chinese
40:
9488:
9393:
9182:
9131:
8591:
8513:
8277:
8216:
8201:
7770:
7649:
7391:
7351:
7083:
6759:
5943:
5931:
5904:
5889:
5204:
5127:
4841:
4819:
3574:
3407:
3206:
3194:
3119:
2096:
1621:, Tie Yun's Repository of Turtles) in 1903, and correctly identified thirty-four characters.
699:
528:
490:
445:
8196:
7401:
2785:
The Ancestral Landscape: Time, Space, and Community in Late Shang China (ca. 1200–1045 B.C.)
9548:
9252:
9003:
8680:
8176:
7831:
7795:
7200:
7123:
6956:
6704:
6694:
6533:
6516:
5832:
5489:
4972:
4940:
4769:
3894:
3389:
992:
1639:
demonstrated that the commemorative cycle of the Shang kings matched the list of kings in
8:
9528:
8079:
7975:
7697:
7220:
5926:
5216:
5182:
5017:
4984:
4831:
4759:
4676:
4517:
4512:
4266:
4076:
3582:
3244:
2232:
1475:
means 'mound', 'hill', and the divination concerned the king traveling for a royal hunt.
860:
855:
510:
6242:
1478:
1439:
possible meaning of the character. In other cases, the character may be assumed to be a
9238:
9215:
8849:
8738:
8728:
8620:
8563:
8549:
8506:
8211:
8094:
7929:
7821:
7780:
7734:
7729:
7606:
7274:
7205:
7170:
7118:
6931:
6919:
6330:
6252:
6153:
5708:
5598:
5447:
5332:
5199:
5047:
4945:
4879:
4874:
4764:
4754:
4380:
4358:
4251:
4059:
4054:
3977:
3965:
3953:
3941:
3929:
3453:
2935:
2923:
2598:
2186:
2143:
1670:
943:
388:
343:
335:
8471:
8129:
362:
9361:
9354:
9090:
9076:
8988:
8877:
8787:
8766:
8745:
8673:
8605:
8464:
8422:
8374:
8109:
8099:
7744:
7739:
7644:
7639:
7546:
7501:
7324:
7304:
7294:
7284:
7279:
7215:
7210:
7138:
7073:
7058:
7008:
7003:
6946:
6882:
6840:
6682:
6568:
6491:
6007:
6002:
5879:
5243:
5233:
5112:
5077:
4932:
4884:
4836:
4603:
4456:
4390:
4246:
4231:
3902:
3879:
3833:
3758:
3684:
3564:
3532:
3486:
3425:
3415:
3380:
3182:
3170:
3075:
3028:
3007:
2988:
2969:
2943:
2892:
2873:
2851:
2828:
2788:
2769:
2747:
2724:
2705:
2682:
2660:
2648:
2624:
2550:
2301:
2268:
2178:
2133:
1390:
1191:
520:
485:
480:
247:
239:
2190:
1261:
951:
9495:
9433:
9326:
9287:
9273:
9231:
9106:
9052:
9033:
8967:
8959:
8945:
8938:
8863:
8659:
8634:
8570:
8542:
8457:
8443:
8360:
8333:
8270:
8181:
8084:
7906:
7749:
7376:
7356:
7346:
7341:
7225:
6981:
6914:
6902:
6867:
6862:
6845:
6784:
6749:
6709:
6511:
6506:
6454:
6405:
6289:
6223:
6163:
6113:
6058:
5975:
5953:
5938:
5884:
5874:
5808:
5623:
5462:
5349:
4869:
4744:
4608:
4598:
4583:
4529:
4451:
4402:
4363:
4312:
4226:
4178:
4162:
4042:
4002:
3997:
3884:
3838:
3784:
3779:
3769:
3763:
3592:
3537:
3522:
3398:
3370:
3288:
2915:
2674:
2170:
2105:
2060:
1394:
1269:
Since the ease of writing with a brush is even greater than that of writing with a
1123:
150:
119:
9333:
8528:
8154:
7805:
7175:
2906:
Thorp, Robert L. (1981). "The Date of Tomb 5 at Yinxu, Anyang: A Review Article".
822:
9319:
9011:
8952:
8898:
8891:
8870:
8856:
8840:
8818:
8773:
8666:
8641:
8613:
8598:
8521:
8499:
8492:
8450:
8410:
8381:
8069:
8039:
7862:
7785:
7551:
7481:
7386:
7334:
7314:
7250:
7240:
7230:
7195:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7063:
7018:
7013:
6897:
6892:
6739:
6729:
6583:
6548:
6543:
6523:
6417:
6375:
6315:
6198:
6168:
6078:
6038:
5980:
5914:
5894:
5842:
5825:
5813:
5300:
5280:
5177:
5137:
5122:
4861:
4711:
4701:
4681:
4638:
4633:
4499:
4463:
4446:
4436:
4375:
4193:
4129:
4071:
4019:
4014:
3916:
3812:
3807:
3716:
3663:
3658:
3638:
3623:
3618:
3559:
3554:
3544:
3527:
3499:
3471:
3448:
3220:
2761:
1691:
1215:
939:
677:
500:
418:
225:
7516:
6699:
748:
9553:
9456:
9340:
9224:
9204:
9113:
8981:
8912:
8811:
8759:
8752:
8584:
8577:
8556:
8535:
8436:
8429:
8236:
8191:
8119:
8114:
7965:
7949:
7924:
7867:
7857:
7852:
7692:
7566:
7526:
7496:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7406:
7381:
7329:
7269:
7235:
7185:
7133:
7098:
7053:
7023:
6976:
6936:
6835:
6789:
6744:
6662:
6598:
6553:
6538:
6501:
6481:
6449:
6437:
6385:
6380:
6370:
6360:
6355:
6272:
6257:
6247:
6213:
6203:
6148:
6133:
6098:
5948:
5852:
5800:
5690:
5562:
5547:
5419:
5354:
5344:
5315:
5305:
5022:
4994:
4706:
4691:
4593:
4544:
4539:
4524:
4468:
4407:
4289:
4261:
4241:
4188:
4157:
4134:
4124:
4119:
4081:
4064:
4009:
3874:
3856:
3774:
3748:
3689:
3609:
3597:
3549:
3504:
3494:
3420:
3232:
2987:. Translated by Caltonhill, Mark; Moser, Jeff. Taipei: National Palace Museum.
2889:
Anyang and Sanxingdui: Unveiling the Mysteries of Ancient Chinese Civilizations
2652:
2064:
1608:
1349:
1255:
1220:
942:, dating to the late 2nd millennium BC. Inscriptions were made by carving
847:
609:
538:
515:
209:
7666:
4725:
2092:"Radiocarbon Dating of Oracle Bones of the Late Shang Period in Ancient China"
433:
9522:
9463:
9312:
9245:
9168:
9138:
8996:
8974:
8905:
8801:
8780:
8627:
8485:
8403:
8396:
8367:
8326:
8241:
8231:
8226:
8013:
7707:
7366:
7309:
6961:
6734:
6618:
6573:
6528:
6496:
6345:
6262:
6235:
6208:
6138:
6123:
6108:
6063:
5820:
5588:
5155:
4967:
4962:
4534:
4478:
4473:
4441:
4428:
4304:
4256:
4183:
4139:
4029:
3866:
3789:
3628:
3476:
3463:
2480:
2182:
2147:
2125:
1663:
277:
6282:
3011:
2499:
8919:
8884:
8825:
8312:
8074:
7970:
7883:
7775:
7676:
7486:
7299:
7264:
7245:
7180:
7068:
6830:
6754:
6563:
6558:
6469:
6464:
6400:
6340:
6320:
6277:
6267:
6218:
6103:
6083:
6073:
5921:
5899:
5857:
5655:
5618:
5027:
4977:
4353:
4236:
4209:
3753:
3743:
1572:
1361:
1345:
1209:
1200:
1128:
981:
960:
576:
352:
157:
7128:
3069:
2806:[Looking at Shell and Bone Inscriptions From the Point of View of the
2766:
Sources of Shang History: The Oracle-Bone Inscriptions of Bronze Age China
2051:(2002). "The Xia–Shang–Zhou Chronology Project: Methodology and Results".
1723:
Tortoise plastron with divination inscription dating to the reign of King
1122:
and oracle bone script. It is a humanities discipline that focuses on the
9502:
9266:
9197:
8478:
8169:
8029:
7790:
7634:
7491:
7396:
7165:
7093:
7078:
6986:
6779:
6689:
6588:
6578:
6432:
6395:
6350:
6335:
6310:
6230:
6158:
6143:
5847:
5172:
5146:
5042:
5012:
4989:
4957:
4696:
4686:
4490:
4385:
4370:
4333:
4281:
4102:
4093:
3989:
3828:
3703:
3430:
3158:
1860:
1652:
1636:
1602:
1370:
1366:
1309:
1229:
1205:
1119:
1005:
947:
475:
99:
82:
52:
3088:
2110:
2091:
1389:'fire', whereas the oracle bone form depicts an insect-like figure with
732:
8159:
8134:
7702:
7145:
6635:
6630:
6486:
6427:
6068:
5603:
4588:
4562:
4328:
4294:
3799:
3726:
3050:
2985:
Ancient Chinese Writing, Oracle Bone Inscriptions from the Ruins of Yin
2927:
1687:
1630:
1624:
1195:
955:
775:
600:
593:
256:
9470:
9449:
9442:
8221:
8058:
7754:
7721:
7556:
7447:
6996:
6724:
6640:
6365:
5572:
5567:
5557:
5037:
4788:
4779:
4507:
4397:
4049:
4037:
3848:
3679:
2865:
2048:
1658:
1640:
300:
8164:
2919:
1694:
3 (the Tertiary Ideographic Plane) have been tentatively allocated.
8186:
8149:
8144:
8024:
7985:
7826:
7585:
7470:
7361:
7103:
6991:
6941:
6812:
6325:
6128:
6088:
5869:
5862:
5713:
5542:
5537:
5527:
5457:
5442:
5327:
4913:
4554:
3735:
3339:
3306:
3272:
2594:
2485:
2174:
1605:
recognized the characters as being ancient Chinese writing in 1899.
1563:
1467:
in Old Chinese. In the same collection of fragments, the character
1403:
1164:
875:
836:
829:
533:
321:
171:
8206:
5388:
5359:
2576:. Working Group Document, ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC. 2015-10-21
870:
8293:
7800:
7671:
7561:
7536:
7422:
7259:
7113:
7088:
6857:
6764:
6412:
6026:
5837:
5522:
5226:
4906:
4793:
4622:
4218:
1724:
1683:
1176:
1021:
977:
359:
2387:
9294:
7038:
6850:
6769:
6714:
6422:
6093:
5608:
5285:
5087:
2942:(4th ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Asia Center.
2571:"L2/15-280: Request for comment on encoding Oracle Bone Script"
1887:"Duoshi" chapter also refers to use of such books by the Shang.
1430:
1398:
1270:
973:
765:
2679:
The Origin and Early Development of the Chinese Writing System
1590:
1471:
was surmised to be a place name, since the semantic component
7661:
7656:
7506:
7289:
7190:
6877:
5788:
5517:
4798:
1945:; the percentages do not add up to 100% due to rounding; see
1241:, depicting a hand holding a writing brush) and bamboo book (
1056:
969:
428:
423:
367:
2415:
2358:
2356:
1258:
turned 90 degrees, are present in oracle bone inscriptions.
8139:
8034:
5613:
2510:
2011:
by Diviner Lü: if the king travels to , will there be harm?
1896:
Identification of these graphs is based on consultation of
815:
3280:
2377:
2375:
2214:
2212:
3025:
Concise Reader of Oracle Bone Inscription Classifications
2353:
340:
326:
312:
1750:
Oracle script inquiry about rain: "Today, will it rain?"
268:
2746:] (in Chinese). Beijing: Beijing University Press.
2403:
2372:
2209:
2071:
2842:
Liu Xiang (刘翔) Li, Xueqin; et al., eds. (1989).
2443:
1039:'shell and bone script'), which is an abbreviation of
1854:
1245:
1236:
1088:
1076:
1065:
1046:
1034:
244:
230:
214:
200:
176:
162:
2343:
2341:
2623:. Cambridge University Press. p. 6, Table 20.
2526:
2431:
1667:, the largest published collection of oracle bones.
950:, usually either the shoulder bones of oxen or the
289:
2966:The Origin and Dissemination of Chinese Characters
2959:The Origin and Dissemination of Chinese Characters
2827:] (in Chinese). Beijing: Wenshizhe chubanshe.
2197:
1949:for explanations of the various types listed here.
1344:Comparison of oracle bone script, large and small
1027:The common Chinese term for oracle bone script is
972:, the site of the final Shang capital (modern-day
2338:
2326:
2029:
1627:was the first serious researcher of oracle bones.
1232:periods, because the graphs for a writing brush (
958:royal family. These divinations took the form of
9520:
1682:A proposal to include the oracle bone script in
2314:
2850:] (in Chinese). Beijing: Yuwen chubanshe.
2255:Wang Yuxin (王宇信); Wei Jianzhen (魏建震) (2010).
2237:. Pittsburgh, PA: Carnegie Institute. p.
8278:
5671:
5404:
3355:
3321:
3309:
3297:
3291:
3259:
3247:
3235:
3223:
3209:
3197:
3185:
3173:
3161:
3149:
3137:
3104:
3027:] (in Chinese). Beijing: Zhonghua shuju.
2704:] (in Chinese). Taipei: Academia Sinica.
2250:
2248:
2002:
1972:
1961:
1616:
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1414:
1408:
1082:
1071:
1060:
1040:
1028:
916:
124:
5685:
5154:
2787:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2768:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2681:. New Haven, CT: American Oriental Society.
2647:
2618:
2089:
1864:
1762:Oracle script inquiry about rain (annotated)
1081:'to engrave'). A previously common term was
1070:'to divine'), or the method of inscription (
996:have continued to be discovered since 2000.
2744:General Introduction to Chinese Paleography
1135:, and the study of oracle bones was called
8285:
8271:
5678:
5664:
5411:
5397:
5375:
5145:
3362:
3348:
3111:
3097:
2245:
2104:(1). Cambridge University Press: 155–175.
2083:
923:
909:
3118:
3004:Chinese writing: its origin and evolution
2934:
2782:
2760:
2619:Needham, Joseph; Ronan, Colin A. (1978).
2467:Multi-function Chinese Character Database
2409:
2397:
2381:
2218:
2109:
2077:
1909:
1482:Oracle bone script forms, from the left:
1381:'autumn' now appears with the components
1277:
3006:. Macau: University of East Asia Press.
2230:
2007:Translation: Prognostication on the day
1589:
1562:
1552:
1477:
1429:
1339:
1294:
1283:
1260:
1214:
1175:
1163:
1015:
5483:Languages by writing system /
5070:
3067:
2848:Reader of Shang–Zhou Ancient Characters
2718:
2544:
2254:
1969:This was the first time that the graph
14:
9521:
2547:History, languages, and lexicographers
2132:. Yale University Press. p. 217.
1254:bound with horizontal strings, like a
342:
246:
9422:American Printing House for the Blind
9198:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
8850:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
8266:
8056:
8011:
7904:
7583:
7468:
6810:
6024:
5786:
5769:
5659:
5392:
3343:
3092:
2905:
2673:
2449:
2437:
2421:
2203:
2124:
1926:
7905:
3369:
3071:Oracle records from the Waste of Yin
3018:
3001:
2886:
2695:
2497:
2287:
2160:
2035:
1942:
1897:
1677:
668:Standard Form of National Characters
8292:
5418:
3049:
2968:] (in Chinese). Taipei: Caves.
2864:
2841:
2818:
2737:
2520:
2516:
2425:
2393:
2362:
2347:
2332:
2320:
1913:
1901:
1877:
24:
8012:
5490:Ancient languages corpuses by size
2982:
2956:
2801:
2532:
2366:
2298:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
2265:Chinese Academy of Social Sciences
2047:
1938:
1905:
1829:
25:
9565:
3043:
2891:. Toronto: Royal Ontario Museum.
2657:Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction
2053:Journal of East Asian Archaeology
1423:'turtle' and the addition of the
1334:major types of Chinese characters
5374:
4852:Literary and colloquial readings
4724:
1947:Chinese character classification
1803:
1791:
1779:
1767:
1755:
1743:
1731:
1716:
1704:
1402:
1401:– with a variant depicting fire
1337:compounds, and 6% undetermined.
1194:, the oracle bone script of the
757:Literary and colloquial readings
395:
39:
8057:
2640:
2612:
2587:
2563:
2538:
2491:
2473:
2455:
2281:
2224:
1995:
1952:
1932:
1918:
1890:
1870:
1863:dialectal variant of this word
1844:
1835:
1567:Hand copy of a Zhou inscription
938:is the oldest attested form of
368:
341:
327:
313:
290:
269:
27:Ancient form of written Chinese
5751:Languages by writing system /
3322:
3310:
3298:
3292:
3260:
3248:
3236:
3224:
3210:
3198:
3138:
3068:Menzies, James Mellon (1917).
2783:——— (2000).
2721:The Origins of Chinese Writing
2154:
2128:(2001). "The Changes (Yi 易)".
2118:
2041:
1822:
1585:
1114:
1109:
1105:
1096:
660:Nan Min Recommended Characters
245:
231:
215:
201:
178:
177:
163:
125:
13:
1:
9190:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
9146:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
7584:
7469:
6811:
3074:. Shanghai: Kelly and Walsh.
2940:Chinese History: A New Manual
2696:Chen Zhaorong (陳昭容) (2003).
2294:General Theory of Oraculology
2263:] (in Chinese). Beijing:
2130:The Five "Confucian" Classics
2018:
1738:Oracle script from a divining
1576:
1455:'altar' as the semantic and
985:
65:
9401:National Braille Association
9380:Braille Institute of America
9098:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
6025:
5495:Undeciphered writing systems
5380:List of varieties of Chinese
2983:Xu Yahui (許雅惠), ed. (2002).
2819:Liu Xinglong (刘兴隆) (1997).
2023:
1880:, pp. 62–63 notes, the
1190:Along with the contemporary
1093:'Yinxu divinatory texts').
7:
9281:Refreshable braille display
9260:Optical braille recognition
8857:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
8389:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
7532:New Epoch Notation Painting
5500:Creators of writing systems
3281:Derived from regular script
2802:Li Xiaoding (李孝定) (1968).
2723:. Oxford University Press.
2659:. Oxford University Press.
2549:. De Gruyter. p. 108.
2498:Wang, Entian (2015-08-27).
2261:Introduction to Oraculology
2231:Chalfant, Frank H. (1906).
1983:: if the king performs the
1855:
1690:U+35400–U+36BFF in Unicode
1559:Chinese bronze inscriptions
1246:
1237:
1089:
1077:
1066:
1047:
1035:
1020:Fragments of divination on
652:(Hong Kong, 2007)
10:
9570:
9348:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
5787:
5429:Index of language articles
5338:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
3019:Zhao Cheng (趙誠) (2009) .
2825:New Oracle Bone Dictionary
2288:Wang Yuxin (王宇信) (1999).
2065:10.1163/156852302322454585
1810:Shang oracle bone numerals
1697:
1556:
1149:Neolithic symbols in China
1146:
1142:
897:Transliteration of Chinese
454:Neolithic symbols in China
9480:
9431:
9371:
9304:
9214:
9160:
9123:
9084:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
9063:
9044:
9025:
8930:
8836:
8797:
8724:
8651:
8350:
8343:
8304:
8262:
8065:
8052:
8020:
8007:
7958:
7917:
7913:
7900:
7876:
7840:
7814:
7763:
7720:
7685:
7605:
7598:Chinese family of scripts
7596:
7592:
7579:
7477:
7464:
7415:
6823:
6819:
6806:
6668:Boyd's syllabic shorthand
6655:
6303:
6046:
6037:
6033:
6020:
5795:
5782:
5778:
5770:
5765:
5753:by first written accounts
5722:
5701:
5697:
5632:
5581:
5508:
5471:
5435:
5426:
5372:
5256:
5225:
5136:
5061:
5003:
4923:
4898:
4860:
4807:
4733:
4722:
4669:
4621:
4576:
4553:
4498:
4489:
4427:
4346:
4321:
4303:
4280:
4217:
4208:
4171:
4148:
4110:
4101:
4092:
4028:
3988:
3915:
3893:
3865:
3847:
3821:
3798:
3734:
3725:
3702:
3672:
3649:
3573:
3513:
3485:
3462:
3439:
3406:
3397:
3388:
3377:
3271:
3186:
3174:
3162:
3150:
3126:
2003:
1988:
1973:
1962:
1851:
1617:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1472:
1464:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1353:
1318:
1314:
1299:
1288:
1242:
1233:
1181:
1169:
1083:
1072:
1061:
1041:
1029:
1002:Chinese family of scripts
409:Chinese family of scripts
379:
358:
351:
334:
320:
306:
299:
283:
276:
262:
255:
238:
224:
208:
194:
170:
156:
149:
144:
140:
132:
118:
114:
109:
93:
88:
78:
59:
47:
38:
32:
9544:Obsolete writing systems
9071:Chinese semi-syllabaries
8334:Unicode braille patterns
8320:International uniformity
6775:Thomas Natural Shorthand
5485:by first written account
3055:
3020:
2961:
2887:Shen, Chen, ed. (2002).
2843:
2820:
2803:
2739:
2697:
2289:
2256:
1865:Baxter & Sagart 2014
1815:
1798:Oracle script for Winter
1786:Oracle script for Autumn
1774:Oracle script for Spring
1646:Records of the Historian
1157:
649:Commonly-Used Characters
641:Commonly Used Characters
9408:Blindness organizations
9387:Braille Without Borders
9176:Canadian currency marks
8798:Egyptian lineage family
7981:Southwest Paleohispanic
5453:History of the alphabet
2738:Gao Ming (高明) (1996).
2719:Demattè, Paola (2022).
1941:, p. 95, cited in
1441:phono-semantic compound
1252:bamboo and wooden slips
1124:Chinese Upper Antiquity
1011:
622:Collation and standards
8725:Russian lineage family
8125:Great Lakes Algonquian
7034:Greco-Iberian alphabet
6967:Gabelsberger shorthand
5910:Inscriptional Parthian
3002:Woon, Wee Lee (1987).
2957:Wu, Teresa L. (1990).
2001:The full inscription:
1967:
1595:
1568:
1549:
1435:
1357:
1303:
1292:
1278:Structure and function
1266:
1224:
1223:(third and sixth rows)
1185:
1173:
1024:
884:Slavonic transcription
727:Japanese script reform
712:Traditional characters
9489:Accessible publishing
9415:Schools for the blind
9394:Japan Braille Library
9183:Computer Braille Code
8837:Indian lineage family
8217:Old Persian cuneiform
7084:Carolingian minuscule
5890:Ancient North Arabian
3120:Chinese script styles
2814:(in Chinese): 84–106.
2234:Early Chinese Writing
1959:
1593:
1566:
1557:Further information:
1553:Zhou-era inscriptions
1481:
1433:
1343:
1298:
1287:
1264:
1218:
1179:
1167:
1053:Early Chinese Writing
1019:
700:Simplified characters
136:shell and bone script
9534:Chinese script style
9253:Mountbatten Brailler
8608:(largely reassigned)
8391:(largely reassigned)
7940:Southeastern Iberian
7935:Northeastern Iberian
5833:Egyptian hieroglyphs
3289:Ming / Song
2812:Nanyang Daxue Xuebao
2595:"Roadmap to the TIP"
2296:] (in Chinese).
2163:Current Anthropology
1180:Oracle bone form of
1168:Oracle bone form of
952:plastrons of turtles
9205:Nemeth braille code
8991:(reassigned vowels)
8516:(extended to 8-dot)
8090:Canadian Aboriginal
7976:Khitan small script
7698:Khitan large script
6888:Coorgi–Cox alphabet
3245:Semi-cursive script
3127:Handwritten scripts
2936:Wilkinson, Endymion
2762:Keightley, David N.
2111:10.1017/RDC.2020.90
1686:is being prepared.
1580: 1046 BC
1048:guījiǎ shòugǔ wénzì
991:, divination using
671:(Taiwan, 1982)
663:(Taiwan, 2009)
73: 1050 BC
9239:Braille translator
9216:Braille technology
9192:(science; GS8/GS6)
9161:Symbols in braille
9091:Taiwanese Mandarin
8606:Taiwanese Mandarin
8212:Nwagu Aneke script
7764:Other logosyllabic
7686:Chinese-influenced
7625:Oracle bone script
7607:Chinese characters
7542:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs
6932:Eclectic shorthand
6920:Duployan shorthand
6873:Caucasian Albanian
6673:Canadian syllabics
5709:History of writing
5594:Canadian syllabics
5463:Scripts in Unicode
5448:History of writing
5333:Cantonese Bopomofo
5200:Chinese characters
5128:Written Sichuanese
3712:Zhangjiakou–Hohhot
3135:Oracle bone script
3061:Yinxu inscriptions
2649:Baxter, William H.
2599:Unicode Consortium
2500:"王恩田：王獻唐先生征集甲骨文考釋"
1859:is derived from a
1671:Ken-ichi Takashima
1596:
1569:
1550:
1524:'beasts of prey',
1469:⟨阝心⟩
1436:
1385:'plant stalk' and
1358:
1304:
1293:
1267:
1225:
1186:
1174:
1118:) is the study of
1025:
936:Oracle bone script
683:(Japan, 2010)
389:Chinese characters
110:Oracle bone script
33:Oracle bone script
9516:
9515:
9512:
9511:
9434:tactile alphabets
9362:William Bell Wait
9355:Sabriye Tenberken
9156:
9155:
9021:
9020:
9006:(Japanese vowels)
8804:-mediated scripts
8731:-mediated scripts
8258:
8257:
8254:
8253:
8250:
8249:
8110:Ditema tsa Dinoko
8048:
8047:
8003:
8002:
7999:
7998:
7896:
7895:
7892:
7891:
7716:
7715:
7575:
7574:
7460:
7459:
7456:
7455:
6802:
6801:
6798:
6797:
6651:
6650:
6016:
6015:
6003:Teeline Shorthand
5761:
5760:
5653:
5652:
5645:In Southeast Asia
5386:
5385:
5368:
5367:
5195:
5194:
5113:Written Cantonese
5108:
5107:
4890:Classical grammar
4885:Cantonese grammar
4720:
4719:
4617:
4616:
4423:
4422:
4342:
4341:
4204:
4203:
3911:
3910:
3698:
3697:
3588:Chengdu–Chongqing
3381:Sinitic languages
3337:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3081:978-0-659-90806-3
3034:978-7-101-00254-6
2994:978-957-562-420-0
2975:978-957-606-002-1
2949:978-0-674-08846-7
2898:978-0-88854-441-4
2879:978-1-55729-071-7
2857:978-7-80006-238-4
2834:978-7-80173-355-9
2794:978-1-55729-070-0
2775:978-0-520-02969-9
2753:978-7-301-02285-6
2730:978-0-19-763576-6
2711:978-957-671-995-0
2688:978-0-940490-18-5
2675:Boltz, William G.
2666:978-0-19-994537-5
2630:978-0-521-21821-4
2556:978-3-11-134107-1
2535:, pp. 16–19.
2452:, pp. 31–33.
2307:978-7-5004-0329-6
2274:978-7-5004-8878-1
2139:978-0-300-13033-1
1867:, pp. 42–43.
1678:Computer encoding
1250:, a book of thin
1192:bronzeware script
1059:, their purpose (
933:
932:
797:Zetian characters
629:Kangxi Dictionary
383:
382:
375:
374:
308:Yale Romanization
151:Standard Mandarin
105:
104:
16:(Redirected from
9561:
9505:
9498:
9496:Braille literacy
9491:
9473:
9466:
9459:
9452:
9445:
9424:
9417:
9410:
9403:
9396:
9389:
9382:
9364:
9357:
9350:
9343:
9336:
9329:
9322:
9315:
9297:
9290:
9288:Slate and stylus
9283:
9276:
9274:Perkins Brailler
9269:
9262:
9255:
9248:
9241:
9234:
9232:Braille embosser
9227:
9207:
9200:
9193:
9185:
9178:
9171:
9149:
9141:
9134:
9116:
9109:
9100:
9093:
9086:
9079:
9072:
9056:
9053:American Braille
9037:
9034:Algerian Braille
9014:
9007:
8999:
8992:
8984:
8977:
8970:
8963:
8955:
8948:
8941:
8923:
8915:
8908:
8901:
8894:
8887:
8880:
8873:
8866:
8859:
8852:
8829:
8821:
8814:
8790:
8783:
8776:
8769:
8762:
8755:
8748:
8741:
8715:
8710:
8705:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8683:
8676:
8669:
8662:
8649:
8648:
8644:
8637:
8630:
8623:
8616:
8609:
8601:
8594:
8587:
8580:
8573:
8566:
8559:
8552:
8545:
8538:
8531:
8524:
8517:
8509:
8502:
8495:
8488:
8481:
8474:
8467:
8460:
8453:
8446:
8439:
8432:
8425:
8418:
8406:
8399:
8392:
8384:
8377:
8370:
8363:
8348:
8347:
8336:
8329:
8322:
8315:
8298:
8287:
8280:
8273:
8264:
8263:
8054:
8053:
8009:
8008:
7915:
7914:
7907:Semi-syllabaries
7902:
7901:
7603:
7602:
7594:
7593:
7581:
7580:
7466:
7465:
6821:
6820:
6808:
6807:
6710:Japanese Braille
6295:Zanabazar square
6164:Nepalese scripts
6054:Bengali–Assamese
6044:
6043:
6035:
6034:
6022:
6021:
5939:Pitman shorthand
5784:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5767:
5766:
5699:
5698:
5680:
5673:
5666:
5657:
5656:
5582:Current examples
5563:Semi-syllabaries
5413:
5406:
5399:
5390:
5389:
5378:
5377:
5350:Taiwanese Hangul
5239:Mainland Chinese
5152:
5151:
5143:
5142:
5068:
5067:
4745:Standard Chinese
4728:
4496:
4495:
4215:
4214:
4108:
4107:
4099:
4098:
3981:
3969:
3957:
3945:
3933:
3732:
3731:
3404:
3403:
3395:
3394:
3371:Chinese language
3364:
3357:
3350:
3341:
3340:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3314:
3313:
3312:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3295:
3294:
3278:
3277:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3228:
3227:
3226:
3214:
3213:
3212:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3190:
3189:
3188:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3113:
3106:
3099:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3064:
3038:
3015:
2998:
2979:
2953:
2931:
2902:
2883:
2861:
2838:
2815:
2798:
2779:
2757:
2734:
2715:
2698:秦系文字研究﹕从漢字史的角度考察
2692:
2670:
2635:
2634:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2606:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2581:
2575:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2495:
2489:
2488:: 从禾，省聲。𪛁，籒文不省。
2477:
2471:
2470:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2370:
2360:
2351:
2345:
2336:
2330:
2324:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2300:. pp. 3–4.
2285:
2279:
2278:
2252:
2243:
2242:
2228:
2222:
2219:Wilkinson (2015)
2216:
2207:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2158:
2152:
2151:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2087:
2081:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2012:
2006:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1990:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1965:
1964:
1956:
1950:
1936:
1930:
1922:
1916:
1894:
1888:
1886:
1874:
1868:
1858:
1853:
1850:The modern word
1848:
1842:
1839:
1833:
1826:
1807:
1795:
1783:
1771:
1759:
1747:
1735:
1720:
1708:
1620:
1619:
1581:
1578:
1547:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1523:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1486:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1459:(modern reading
1458:
1454:
1450:
1447:on the left and
1446:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1355:
1320:
1316:
1301:
1290:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1183:
1171:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1032:
1031:
990:
987:
925:
918:
911:
644:(PRC, 2013)
610:Digital encoding
529:Modern typefaces
412:
399:
385:
384:
371:
370:
347:
346:
345:
330:
329:
328:gaap3 gwat1 man4
316:
315:
295:
294:
293:
272:
271:
251:
250:
249:
234:
233:
220:
219:
218:
204:
203:
190:
189:
188:
186:
182:
166:
165:
142:
141:
128:
127:
107:
106:
74:
70:
67:
43:
30:
29:
21:
9569:
9568:
9564:
9563:
9562:
9560:
9559:
9558:
9519:
9518:
9517:
9508:
9501:
9494:
9487:
9476:
9469:
9462:
9455:
9448:
9441:
9427:
9420:
9413:
9406:
9399:
9392:
9385:
9378:
9367:
9360:
9353:
9346:
9339:
9332:
9325:
9320:Charles Barbier
9318:
9311:
9300:
9293:
9286:
9279:
9272:
9265:
9258:
9251:
9244:
9237:
9230:
9223:
9210:
9203:
9196:
9188:
9181:
9174:
9167:
9152:
9144:
9137:
9130:
9119:
9112:
9105:
9096:
9089:
9082:
9075:
9070:
9059:
9051:
9045:Frequency-based
9040:
9032:
9017:
9010:
9002:
8995:
8987:
8980:
8973:
8966:
8958:
8951:
8944:
8937:
8926:
8918:
8911:
8904:
8897:
8890:
8883:
8876:
8869:
8862:
8855:
8848:
8841:Bharati Braille
8838:
8832:
8824:
8817:
8810:
8799:
8793:
8786:
8779:
8772:
8765:
8758:
8751:
8744:
8737:
8726:
8720:
8713:
8708:
8701:
8696:
8691:
8686:
8679:
8672:
8665:
8658:
8647:
8640:
8633:
8626:
8619:
8612:
8604:
8597:
8590:
8583:
8576:
8569:
8562:
8555:
8548:
8541:
8534:
8527:
8520:
8512:
8505:
8498:
8491:
8484:
8477:
8470:
8463:
8456:
8449:
8442:
8435:
8428:
8421:
8415:Unified English
8409:
8402:
8395:
8387:
8380:
8373:
8366:
8359:
8344:Braille scripts
8339:
8332:
8325:
8318:
8311:
8300:
8296:
8291:
8246:
8061:
8044:
8040:Stokoe notation
8016:
7995:
7954:
7909:
7888:
7872:
7836:
7815:Logoconsonantal
7810:
7759:
7712:
7681:
7588:
7571:
7552:Siglas poveiras
7473:
7452:
7411:
7315:Younger Futhark
7019:Gregg shorthand
6815:
6794:
6647:
6299:
6029:
6012:
5791:
5774:
5757:
5730:Writing systems
5718:
5693:
5691:writing systems
5684:
5654:
5649:
5628:
5577:
5504:
5479:Writing systems
5467:
5431:
5422:
5420:Writing systems
5417:
5387:
5382:
5364:
5301:Tongyong Pinyin
5281:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
5269:Dungan Cyrillic
5252:
5221:
5191:
5132:
5123:Written Hokkien
5104:
5063:
5057:
5033:Middle Mandarin
4999:
4919:
4894:
4856:
4803:
4736:
4729:
4716:
4665:
4613:
4572:
4549:
4485:
4419:
4338:
4317:
4299:
4276:
4200:
4167:
4144:
4088:
4024:
3984:
3975:
3963:
3951:
3939:
3927:
3907:
3889:
3861:
3843:
3817:
3794:
3721:
3694:
3668:
3645:
3569:
3509:
3481:
3458:
3435:
3384:
3373:
3368:
3338:
3329:
3317:
3305:
3287:
3267:
3255:
3243:
3231:
3221:Clerical script
3219:
3205:
3193:
3181:
3169:
3157:
3145:
3133:
3122:
3117:
3082:
3057:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3022:
3021:甲骨文簡明詞典——卜辭分類讀本
2995:
2976:
2963:
2950:
2920:10.2307/3249839
2899:
2880:
2870:Chinese Writing
2866:Qiu Xigui (裘锡圭)
2858:
2845:
2835:
2822:
2805:
2795:
2776:
2754:
2741:
2731:
2712:
2699:
2689:
2667:
2653:Sagart, Laurent
2643:
2638:
2631:
2617:
2613:
2604:
2602:
2593:
2592:
2588:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2527:
2515:
2511:
2496:
2492:
2478:
2474:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2420:
2416:
2408:
2404:
2392:
2388:
2380:
2373:
2361:
2354:
2346:
2339:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2308:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2275:
2258:
2253:
2246:
2229:
2225:
2217:
2210:
2202:
2198:
2159:
2155:
2140:
2123:
2119:
2088:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2046:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2015:
2000:
1996:
1970:
1957:
1953:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1919:
1895:
1891:
1884:
1875:
1871:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1811:
1808:
1799:
1796:
1787:
1784:
1775:
1772:
1763:
1760:
1751:
1748:
1739:
1736:
1727:
1721:
1712:
1709:
1700:
1680:
1588:
1579:
1561:
1555:
1542:'to lead', and
1468:
1352:characters for
1306:
1305:
1280:
1188:
1187:
1160:
1151:
1145:
1099:
1014:
988:
940:written Chinese
929:
889:
888:
880:
867:
844:
810:
809:Derived systems
802:
801:
792:
782:
781:
771:
761:
752:
741:
740:
723:
695:
687:
686:
674:
655:
636:
623:
615:
614:
562:
558:Properties and
551:
550:
525:
497:
472:
459:
448:
419:Written Chinese
415:
406:
291:
226:Tongyong Pinyin
216:
196:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
184:
180:
133:Literal meaning
96:
89:Related scripts
72:
68:
62:
55:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9567:
9557:
9556:
9551:
9546:
9541:
9536:
9531:
9514:
9513:
9510:
9509:
9507:
9506:
9499:
9492:
9484:
9482:
9481:Related topics
9478:
9477:
9475:
9474:
9467:
9460:
9457:New York Point
9453:
9446:
9438:
9436:
9429:
9428:
9426:
9425:
9418:
9411:
9404:
9397:
9390:
9383:
9375:
9373:
9369:
9368:
9366:
9365:
9358:
9351:
9344:
9341:Harris Mowbray
9337:
9330:
9323:
9316:
9308:
9306:
9302:
9301:
9299:
9298:
9291:
9284:
9277:
9270:
9263:
9256:
9249:
9242:
9235:
9228:
9225:Braille e-book
9220:
9218:
9212:
9211:
9209:
9208:
9201:
9194:
9186:
9179:
9172:
9164:
9162:
9158:
9157:
9154:
9153:
9151:
9150:
9142:
9135:
9127:
9125:
9121:
9120:
9118:
9117:
9110:
9103:
9102:
9101:
9094:
9087:
9080:
9067:
9065:
9061:
9060:
9058:
9057:
9048:
9046:
9042:
9041:
9039:
9038:
9029:
9027:
9023:
9022:
9019:
9018:
9016:
9015:
9008:
9000:
8993:
8985:
8978:
8971:
8964:
8956:
8949:
8942:
8934:
8932:
8928:
8927:
8925:
8924:
8916:
8909:
8902:
8895:
8888:
8881:
8874:
8867:
8860:
8853:
8845:
8843:
8834:
8833:
8831:
8830:
8822:
8815:
8807:
8805:
8795:
8794:
8792:
8791:
8784:
8777:
8770:
8763:
8756:
8749:
8742:
8734:
8732:
8722:
8721:
8719:
8718:
8717:
8716:
8711:
8706:
8699:
8694:
8689:
8677:
8670:
8663:
8655:
8653:
8646:
8645:
8638:
8631:
8624:
8617:
8610:
8602:
8595:
8588:
8581:
8574:
8567:
8560:
8553:
8546:
8539:
8532:
8525:
8518:
8510:
8503:
8496:
8489:
8482:
8475:
8468:
8461:
8454:
8447:
8440:
8433:
8426:
8419:
8407:
8400:
8393:
8385:
8378:
8371:
8364:
8356:
8354:
8352:French-ordered
8345:
8341:
8340:
8338:
8337:
8330:
8323:
8316:
8308:
8306:
8302:
8301:
8290:
8289:
8282:
8275:
8267:
8260:
8259:
8256:
8255:
8252:
8251:
8248:
8247:
8245:
8244:
8239:
8234:
8229:
8224:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8199:
8194:
8192:Linear Elamite
8189:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8173:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8152:
8147:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8087:
8082:
8077:
8072:
8066:
8063:
8062:
8050:
8049:
8046:
8045:
8043:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8021:
8018:
8017:
8014:Sign languages
8005:
8004:
8001:
8000:
7997:
7996:
7994:
7993:
7991:Quốc Âm Tân Tự
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7966:Espanca script
7962:
7960:
7956:
7955:
7953:
7952:
7947:
7942:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7925:Linear Elamite
7921:
7919:
7911:
7910:
7898:
7897:
7894:
7893:
7890:
7889:
7887:
7886:
7880:
7878:
7874:
7873:
7871:
7870:
7865:
7860:
7855:
7850:
7844:
7842:
7838:
7837:
7835:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7818:
7816:
7812:
7811:
7809:
7808:
7806:Yi (Classical)
7803:
7798:
7793:
7788:
7783:
7778:
7773:
7767:
7765:
7761:
7760:
7758:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7726:
7724:
7718:
7717:
7714:
7713:
7711:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7689:
7687:
7683:
7682:
7680:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7653:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7632:
7630:Bronze scripts
7627:
7622:
7617:
7611:
7609:
7600:
7590:
7589:
7577:
7576:
7573:
7572:
7570:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7519:
7514:
7509:
7504:
7499:
7494:
7489:
7484:
7478:
7475:
7474:
7462:
7461:
7458:
7457:
7454:
7453:
7451:
7450:
7445:
7443:Flag semaphore
7440:
7438:New York Point
7435:
7433:Telegraph code
7430:
7428:Maritime flags
7425:
7419:
7417:
7413:
7412:
7410:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7382:Visible Speech
7379:
7374:
7369:
7364:
7359:
7354:
7352:Sorang Sompeng
7349:
7344:
7339:
7338:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7256:
7255:
7254:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7238:
7236:Galik alphabet
7233:
7218:
7213:
7208:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7142:
7141:
7136:
7134:Tironian notes
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7066:
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7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
7000:
6999:
6994:
6989:
6979:
6977:Garay alphabet
6974:
6969:
6964:
6959:
6954:
6949:
6944:
6939:
6934:
6929:
6928:
6927:
6917:
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6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
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6865:
6860:
6855:
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6843:
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6827:
6825:
6817:
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6804:
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6800:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6760:Sorang Sompeng
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6686:
6685:
6683:Déné syllabics
6680:
6670:
6665:
6659:
6657:
6653:
6652:
6649:
6648:
6646:
6645:
6644:
6643:
6638:
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6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
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6581:
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6556:
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6509:
6504:
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6484:
6479:
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6457:
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6447:
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6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6313:
6307:
6305:
6301:
6300:
6298:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6286:
6285:
6280:
6270:
6265:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6240:
6239:
6238:
6228:
6227:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6161:
6156:
6151:
6146:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6086:
6081:
6076:
6071:
6066:
6061:
6056:
6050:
6048:
6041:
6031:
6030:
6018:
6017:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5999:
5998:
5993:
5988:
5978:
5973:
5972:
5971:
5966:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5944:Proto-Sinaitic
5941:
5936:
5935:
5934:
5924:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5866:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5840:
5835:
5830:
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5828:
5818:
5817:
5816:
5805:
5804:
5796:
5793:
5792:
5776:
5775:
5763:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5749:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5726:
5724:
5720:
5719:
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5711:
5705:
5703:
5695:
5694:
5683:
5682:
5675:
5668:
5660:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5636:
5634:
5633:Related topics
5630:
5629:
5627:
5626:
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5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5585:
5583:
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5383:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5345:Taiwanese kana
5342:
5341:
5340:
5335:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5318:
5316:Lessing-Othmer
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5260:
5258:
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5170:
5165:
5160:
5158:
5149:
5140:
5134:
5133:
5131:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5118:Written Dungan
5115:
5109:
5106:
5105:
5103:
5102:
5097:
5096:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5074:
5072:
5065:
5059:
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5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5023:Middle Chinese
5020:
5015:
5009:
5007:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4992:
4990:Wubi (Wang Ma)
4987:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4949:
4948:
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4777:
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4757:
4752:
4741:
4739:
4731:
4730:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4717:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4707:Xiangnan Tuhua
4704:
4699:
4694:
4692:Shaozhou Tuhua
4689:
4684:
4679:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
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4661:
4656:
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4493:
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4459:
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4415:
4410:
4405:
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4394:
4393:
4383:
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4350:
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4343:
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4331:
4325:
4323:
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4316:
4315:
4309:
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4301:
4300:
4298:
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4292:
4286:
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4278:
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4275:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4223:
4221:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4202:
4201:
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4196:
4191:
4181:
4175:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4154:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4116:
4114:
4105:
4096:
4090:
4089:
4087:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4074:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4034:
4032:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4006:
4005:
3994:
3992:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3970:
3958:
3946:
3934:
3921:
3919:
3913:
3912:
3909:
3908:
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3899:
3897:
3891:
3890:
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3877:
3871:
3869:
3863:
3862:
3860:
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3845:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3825:
3823:
3819:
3818:
3816:
3815:
3810:
3804:
3802:
3796:
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3793:
3792:
3787:
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3767:
3761:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3740:
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3729:
3723:
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3719:
3714:
3708:
3706:
3700:
3699:
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3670:
3669:
3667:
3666:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3612:
3605:Renshou–Fushun
3602:
3601:
3600:
3590:
3579:
3577:
3571:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3530:
3525:
3519:
3517:
3515:Central Plains
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3491:
3489:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3468:
3466:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3456:
3451:
3445:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3412:
3410:
3401:
3392:
3386:
3385:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3367:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3344:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3330:
3328:
3327:
3315:
3303:
3284:
3282:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3265:
3257:Cursive script
3253:
3241:
3233:Regular script
3229:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3203:
3191:
3179:
3155:
3143:
3130:
3128:
3124:
3123:
3116:
3115:
3108:
3101:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3080:
3065:
3045:
3044:External links
3042:
3040:
3039:
3033:
3016:
2999:
2993:
2980:
2974:
2954:
2948:
2932:
2914:(3): 239–246.
2903:
2897:
2884:
2878:
2862:
2856:
2839:
2833:
2816:
2799:
2793:
2780:
2774:
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2693:
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2642:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2629:
2611:
2586:
2562:
2555:
2537:
2525:
2523:, p. 327.
2519:, p. 67;
2509:
2490:
2472:
2454:
2442:
2430:
2424:, p. 31;
2414:
2410:Keightley 1978
2402:
2398:Keightley 1978
2396:, p. 67;
2386:
2382:Keightley 1978
2371:
2365:, p. 63;
2352:
2337:
2325:
2313:
2306:
2280:
2273:
2244:
2223:
2221:, p. 681.
2208:
2196:
2175:10.1086/588495
2169:(3): 403–437.
2153:
2138:
2126:Nylan, Michael
2117:
2082:
2080:, p. 228.
2078:Keightley 1978
2070:
2040:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2004:戊寅卜，旅貞：王其于，亡災？
1994:
1951:
1931:
1917:
1910:Keightley 1978
1889:
1869:
1843:
1834:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1814:
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1812:
1809:
1802:
1800:
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1773:
1766:
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1722:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1703:
1699:
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1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1668:
1661:editor of the
1656:
1650:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1613:Tieyun Canggui
1606:
1587:
1584:
1554:
1551:
1350:regular script
1282:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1256:Venetian blind
1221:regular script
1162:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1147:Main article:
1144:
1141:
1098:
1095:
1013:
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989: 1046 BC
931:
930:
928:
927:
920:
913:
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901:
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891:
890:
887:
886:
879:
878:
873:
866:
865:
864:
863:
858:
850:
848:Jurchen script
843:
842:
841:
840:
833:
826:
811:
808:
807:
804:
803:
800:
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793:
788:
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783:
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709:
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673:
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664:
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624:
621:
620:
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616:
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607:
606:
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586:
581:
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579:
569:
563:
560:classification
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549:
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541:
536:
524:
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518:
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496:
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493:
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471:
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458:
457:
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438:
437:
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431:
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414:
413:
401:
400:
392:
391:
381:
380:
377:
376:
373:
372:
365:
356:
355:
349:
348:
338:
332:
331:
324:
318:
317:
310:
304:
303:
301:Yue: Cantonese
297:
296:
287:
281:
280:
274:
273:
270:chiaʔ-kueʔ ven
266:
260:
259:
253:
252:
242:
236:
235:
228:
222:
221:
212:
206:
205:
198:
192:
191:
174:
168:
167:
160:
154:
153:
147:
146:
145:Transcriptions
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
122:
116:
115:
112:
111:
103:
102:
97:
94:
91:
90:
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63:
60:
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49:
45:
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36:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9566:
9555:
9552:
9550:
9547:
9545:
9542:
9540:
9539:Shang dynasty
9537:
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9532:
9530:
9527:
9526:
9524:
9504:
9500:
9497:
9493:
9490:
9486:
9485:
9483:
9479:
9472:
9468:
9465:
9464:Night writing
9461:
9458:
9454:
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9444:
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9409:
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9391:
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9384:
9381:
9377:
9376:
9374:
9372:Organisations
9370:
9363:
9359:
9356:
9352:
9349:
9345:
9342:
9338:
9335:
9334:Valentin Haüy
9331:
9328:
9324:
9321:
9317:
9314:
9313:Louis Braille
9310:
9309:
9307:
9303:
9296:
9292:
9289:
9285:
9282:
9278:
9275:
9271:
9268:
9264:
9261:
9257:
9254:
9250:
9247:
9246:Braille watch
9243:
9240:
9236:
9233:
9229:
9226:
9222:
9221:
9219:
9217:
9213:
9206:
9202:
9199:
9195:
9191:
9187:
9184:
9180:
9177:
9173:
9170:
9169:Braille music
9166:
9165:
9163:
9159:
9147:
9143:
9140:
9136:
9133:
9132:Luxembourgish
9129:
9128:
9126:
9122:
9115:
9111:
9108:
9104:
9099:
9095:
9092:
9088:
9085:
9081:
9078:
9074:
9073:
9069:
9068:
9066:
9062:
9054:
9050:
9049:
9047:
9043:
9035:
9031:
9030:
9028:
9024:
9013:
9009:
9005:
9001:
8998:
8994:
8990:
8986:
8983:
8979:
8976:
8972:
8969:
8965:
8961:
8957:
8954:
8950:
8947:
8943:
8940:
8936:
8935:
8933:
8931:Other scripts
8929:
8921:
8917:
8914:
8910:
8907:
8903:
8900:
8896:
8893:
8889:
8886:
8882:
8879:
8875:
8872:
8868:
8865:
8861:
8858:
8854:
8851:
8847:
8846:
8844:
8842:
8835:
8827:
8823:
8820:
8816:
8813:
8809:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8796:
8789:
8785:
8782:
8778:
8775:
8771:
8768:
8764:
8761:
8757:
8754:
8750:
8747:
8743:
8740:
8736:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8723:
8712:
8707:
8704:
8703:Northern Sámi
8700:
8695:
8690:
8685:
8684:
8682:
8678:
8675:
8671:
8668:
8664:
8661:
8657:
8656:
8654:
8652:Nordic family
8650:
8643:
8639:
8636:
8632:
8629:
8625:
8622:
8618:
8615:
8611:
8607:
8603:
8600:
8596:
8593:
8592:South African
8589:
8586:
8582:
8579:
8575:
8572:
8568:
8565:
8561:
8558:
8554:
8551:
8547:
8544:
8540:
8537:
8533:
8530:
8526:
8523:
8519:
8515:
8514:Luxembourgish
8511:
8508:
8504:
8501:
8497:
8494:
8490:
8487:
8483:
8480:
8476:
8473:
8469:
8466:
8462:
8459:
8455:
8452:
8448:
8445:
8441:
8438:
8434:
8431:
8427:
8424:
8420:
8416:
8412:
8408:
8405:
8401:
8398:
8394:
8390:
8386:
8383:
8379:
8376:
8372:
8369:
8365:
8362:
8358:
8357:
8355:
8353:
8349:
8346:
8342:
8335:
8331:
8328:
8327:ASCII braille
8324:
8321:
8317:
8314:
8310:
8309:
8307:
8303:
8295:
8288:
8283:
8281:
8276:
8274:
8269:
8268:
8265:
8261:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8223:
8220:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
8193:
8190:
8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
8178:
8175:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8142:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8098:
8096:
8093:
8091:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8067:
8064:
8060:
8055:
8051:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8022:
8019:
8015:
8010:
8006:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7963:
7961:
7957:
7951:
7948:
7946:
7943:
7941:
7938:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7922:
7920:
7916:
7912:
7908:
7903:
7899:
7885:
7882:
7881:
7879:
7875:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7859:
7858:Attic (Greek)
7856:
7854:
7851:
7849:
7846:
7845:
7843:
7839:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7825:
7823:
7820:
7819:
7817:
7813:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7796:Proto-Elamite
7794:
7792:
7789:
7787:
7784:
7782:
7779:
7777:
7774:
7772:
7769:
7768:
7766:
7762:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7727:
7725:
7723:
7719:
7709:
7706:
7704:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7694:
7691:
7690:
7688:
7684:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7655:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7637:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7612:
7610:
7608:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7595:
7591:
7587:
7582:
7578:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7523:
7520:
7518:
7515:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7503:
7500:
7498:
7495:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7479:
7476:
7472:
7467:
7463:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7420:
7418:
7414:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7383:
7380:
7378:
7375:
7373:
7370:
7368:
7365:
7363:
7360:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7343:
7340:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7310:Elder Futhark
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7292:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7228:
7227:
7224:
7223:
7222:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7201:Old Hungarian
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7147:
7144:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7127:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7110:
7107:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7095:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7071:
7070:
7067:
7065:
7062:
7060:
7057:
7055:
7052:
7050:
7047:
7045:
7042:
7040:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7029:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7012:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
6998:
6995:
6993:
6990:
6988:
6985:
6984:
6983:
6980:
6978:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6968:
6965:
6963:
6960:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6948:
6945:
6943:
6940:
6938:
6935:
6933:
6930:
6926:
6923:
6922:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6909:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6852:
6849:
6848:
6847:
6844:
6842:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6832:
6829:
6828:
6826:
6822:
6818:
6814:
6809:
6805:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6778:
6776:
6773:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6751:
6748:
6746:
6743:
6741:
6738:
6736:
6735:Masaram Gondi
6733:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6706:
6705:Gunjala Gondi
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6654:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6633:
6632:
6629:
6625:
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6610:
6607:
6605:
6602:
6600:
6597:
6595:
6592:
6591:
6590:
6587:
6585:
6582:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6560:
6557:
6555:
6552:
6550:
6547:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6518:
6517:Old Sundanese
6515:
6514:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6462:
6461:
6460:Old Maldivian
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6444:
6443:Bilang-bilang
6441:
6440:
6439:
6436:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6407:
6404:
6403:
6402:
6399:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6317:
6314:
6312:
6309:
6308:
6306:
6302:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6276:
6275:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6263:Sylheti Nagri
6261:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6237:
6234:
6233:
6232:
6229:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6166:
6165:
6162:
6160:
6157:
6155:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6095:
6092:
6090:
6087:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6077:
6075:
6072:
6070:
6067:
6065:
6064:Brahmi script
6062:
6060:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6045:
6042:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6023:
6019:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
5997:
5994:
5992:
5989:
5987:
5984:
5983:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5960:
5959:South Arabian
5957:
5955:
5952:
5950:
5947:
5945:
5942:
5940:
5937:
5933:
5930:
5929:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5905:Inscriptional
5903:
5901:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5827:
5824:
5823:
5822:
5819:
5815:
5812:
5811:
5810:
5807:
5806:
5803:
5802:
5798:
5797:
5794:
5790:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5768:
5764:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5743:
5741:
5738:
5736:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5721:
5715:
5712:
5710:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5700:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5681:
5676:
5674:
5669:
5667:
5662:
5661:
5658:
5646:
5643:
5641:
5638:
5637:
5635:
5631:
5625:
5622:
5620:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5580:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5511:
5507:
5501:
5498:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5486:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5470:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5449:
5446:
5444:
5441:
5440:
5438:
5434:
5430:
5425:
5421:
5414:
5409:
5407:
5402:
5400:
5395:
5394:
5391:
5381:
5371:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5326:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5266:
5265:
5264:Cyrillization
5262:
5261:
5259:
5255:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5224:
5218:
5215:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5198:
5197:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5156:Script styles
5153:
5150:
5148:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5135:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5110:
5101:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5079:
5076:
5075:
5073:
5069:
5066:
5060:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5006:
5002:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4942:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4903:
4901:
4897:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4859:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4821:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4806:
4800:
4797:
4795:
4792:
4790:
4787:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4732:
4727:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4575:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4552:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4465:
4462:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4392:
4389:
4388:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4324:
4320:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4207:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4170:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4091:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3979:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3962:
3959:
3955:
3950:
3947:
3943:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3898:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3868:
3864:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:
3846:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3824:
3820:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3724:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3652:
3648:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3603:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3512:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3484:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3465:
3461:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3360:
3358:
3353:
3351:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3320:
3316:
3308:
3304:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3258:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3234:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3208:
3204:
3196:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3160:
3156:
3148:
3147:Bronze script
3144:
3136:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3114:
3109:
3107:
3102:
3100:
3095:
3094:
3091:
3083:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3036:
3030:
3026:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3000:
2996:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2977:
2971:
2967:
2960:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2908:Artibus Asiae
2904:
2900:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2881:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2853:
2849:
2840:
2836:
2830:
2826:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2800:
2796:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2749:
2745:
2736:
2732:
2726:
2722:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2703:
2694:
2690:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2632:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2572:
2566:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2529:
2522:
2518:
2513:
2506:(in Chinese).
2505:
2501:
2494:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2481:Shuowen Jiezi
2476:
2469:(in Chinese).
2468:
2464:
2458:
2451:
2446:
2440:, p. 55.
2439:
2434:
2428:, p. 29.
2427:
2423:
2418:
2412:, p. 53.
2411:
2406:
2400:, p. 50.
2399:
2395:
2390:
2384:, p. 50.
2383:
2378:
2376:
2369:, p. 12.
2368:
2364:
2359:
2357:
2350:, p. 63.
2349:
2344:
2342:
2335:, p. 64.
2334:
2329:
2322:
2317:
2309:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2284:
2276:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2251:
2249:
2240:
2236:
2235:
2227:
2220:
2215:
2213:
2206:, p. 31.
2205:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2149:
2148:j.ctt1nq7hj.9
2145:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2086:
2079:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2038:, p. 86.
2037:
2032:
2028:
2010:
1998:
1992:
1986:
1982:
1966:
1955:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1928:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1847:
1838:
1831:
1825:
1821:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1789:
1782:
1777:
1770:
1765:
1758:
1753:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1726:
1719:
1714:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1665:
1664:Jiaguwen Heji
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1614:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1599:
1592:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1560:
1536:'low table',
1480:
1476:
1462:
1442:
1432:
1428:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1330:
1328:
1327:semantographs
1324:
1311:
1297:
1286:
1275:
1272:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1239:
1231:
1222:
1217:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1178:
1166:
1155:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1103:
1094:
1091:
1079:
1068:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1037:
1023:
1018:
1009:
1007:
1003:
997:
994:
983:
979:
975:
971:
966:
963:
962:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
926:
921:
919:
914:
912:
907:
906:
904:
903:
898:
895:
894:
893:
892:
885:
882:
881:
877:
874:
872:
869:
868:
862:
859:
857:
854:
853:
851:
849:
846:
845:
839:
838:
834:
832:
831:
827:
825:
824:
820:
819:
818:
817:
813:
812:
806:
805:
798:
795:
794:
791:
786:
785:
778:
777:
773:
772:
768:
767:
763:
762:
758:
755:
754:
750:
745:
744:
735:
734:
730:
729:
728:
725:
724:
718:
715:
714:
713:
710:
706:
703:
702:
701:
698:
697:
691:
690:
682:
680:
676:
675:
670:
669:
665:
662:
661:
657:
656:
651:
650:
646:
643:
642:
638:
637:
632:
630:
626:
625:
619:
618:
611:
608:
604:
603:
599:
597:
596:
592:
591:
590:
587:
585:
582:
578:
575:
574:
573:
570:
568:
565:
564:
561:
555:
554:
545:
542:
540:
537:
535:
532:
531:
530:
527:
526:
522:
519:
517:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
498:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
478:
477:
474:
473:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
456:
455:
451:
450:
447:
446:script styles
444:Evolution of
441:
440:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
416:
411:
410:
405:
404:
403:
402:
398:
394:
393:
390:
387:
386:
378:
366:
364:
361:
357:
354:
350:
344:
339:
337:
333:
325:
323:
319:
314:gaapgwāt màhn
311:
309:
305:
302:
298:
288:
286:
282:
279:
275:
267:
265:
261:
258:
254:
248:
243:
241:
237:
229:
227:
223:
213:
211:
207:
199:
197:
193:
175:
173:
169:
161:
159:
155:
152:
148:
143:
139:
135:
131:
123:
121:
117:
113:
108:
101:
98:
95:Child systems
92:
87:
84:
81:
77:
64:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
37:
31:
19:
18:Oracle script
9004:Thai and Lao
8681:Scandinavian
8313:1829 braille
8305:Braille cell
8105:Cypro-Minoan
7971:Pahawh Hmong
7884:Sitelen Pona
7848:Hindu-Arabic
7624:
7181:Mundari Bani
6755:Pahawh Hmong
6564:Tamil-Brahmi
6470:Eveyla Akuru
6465:Dhives Akuru
5932:Paleo-Hebrew
5799:
5735:undeciphered
5558:Pictographic
5553:Phonogrammic
5286:Hanyu Pinyin
5276:Romanization
5183:Semi-cursive
5162:
5028:Old Mandarin
4985:Stroke count
4912:
4905:
4827:Old National
4670:Unclassified
3575:Southwestern
3408:Northeastern
3390:Major groups
3379:
3296: /
3134:
3070:
3060:
3024:
3003:
2984:
2965:
2958:
2939:
2911:
2907:
2888:
2869:
2847:
2824:
2811:
2807:
2784:
2765:
2743:
2720:
2701:
2678:
2656:
2641:Bibliography
2620:
2614:
2603:. Retrieved
2601:. 2016-01-21
2589:
2578:. Retrieved
2565:
2546:
2540:
2528:
2512:
2503:
2493:
2479:
2475:
2466:
2457:
2445:
2433:
2417:
2405:
2389:
2328:
2316:
2293:
2283:
2260:
2233:
2226:
2199:
2166:
2162:
2156:
2129:
2120:
2101:
2095:
2085:
2073:
2056:
2052:
2043:
2031:
2008:
1997:
1984:
1980:
1968:
1960:
1954:
1934:
1929:, p. 39
1920:
1892:
1881:
1872:
1846:
1837:
1824:
1681:
1662:
1644:
1612:
1597:
1573:Zhou dynasty
1570:
1518:'elephant',
1460:
1437:
1375:
1362:Western Zhou
1359:
1346:seal scripts
1331:
1326:
1322:
1317:'swine' and
1307:
1268:
1226:
1210:state of Qin
1201:Western Zhou
1189:
1152:
1136:
1132:
1120:oracle bones
1113:
1101:
1100:
1052:
1026:
1022:bull scapula
998:
982:Zhou dynasty
967:
961:scapulimancy
959:
948:oracle bones
935:
934:
835:
828:
821:
814:
774:
764:
751:and readings
731:
705:second round
678:
666:
658:
647:
639:
628:
601:
594:
511:Semi-cursive
462:
452:
407:
353:Southern Min
285:Romanization
264:Romanization
158:Hanyu Pinyin
9549:Oraculology
9503:RoboBraille
9327:Róża Czacka
9267:Perforation
9064:Independent
8962:(Bhutanese)
8697:Greenlandic
8368:Azerbaijani
8170:Jindai moji
8059:Syllabaries
8030:SignWriting
7930:Celtiberian
7832:Hieroglyphs
7635:Seal script
7620:Traditional
7492:Blissymbols
7397:Warang Citi
7372:Tolong Siki
7325:Marcomannic
7305:Dalecarlian
7295:Anglo-Saxon
7275:Pau Cin Hau
7166:Medefaidrin
7119:Merovingian
7079:Blackletter
6987:Asomtavruli
6780:Warang Citi
6589:Ulu scripts
6534:New Tai Lue
6477:Mon–Burmese
6331:Bhattiprolu
6159:Nandinagari
5986:ʾEsṭrangēlā
5745:constructed
5573:Syllabaries
5543:Logographic
5538:Ideogrammic
5355:Xiao'erjing
5217:Punctuation
5210:Traditional
5163:Oracle bone
5147:Logographic
5043:Proto-Hakka
5018:Eastern Han
5013:Old Chinese
4875:Classifiers
4842:Northern Wu
4770:Singaporean
3976: [
3964: [
3952: [
3940: [
3928: [
3159:Seal script
3051:Luo, Zhenyu
2804:從六書的觀點看甲骨文字
2097:Radiocarbon
2059:: 321–333.
1688:Code points
1653:Dong Zuobin
1637:Wang Guowei
1603:Wang Yirong
1586:Scholarship
1427:component.
1393:– either a
1371:Qin dynasty
1369:during the
1367:seal script
1323:zodiographs
1310:Old Chinese
1208:within the
1206:seal script
1129:paleography
1102:Oraculology
1097:Oraculology
1006:etymologies
589:Orthography
463:Oracle bone
369:kah-kut bûn
292:Gap-gut vun
217:Chia-ku wen
100:Seal script
83:Old Chinese
69: 1250
61:Time period
53:Logographic
48:Script type
9529:Divination
9523:Categories
9055:(obsolete)
9036:(obsolete)
8828:(Pakistan)
8739:Belarusian
8621:Vietnamese
8564:Portuguese
8550:Philippine
8507:Lithuanian
8160:Hentaigana
8155:Man'yōgana
7615:Simplified
7502:Ersu Shaba
7416:Non-linear
7221:Old Uyghur
7211:Old Permic
7206:Old Italic
7139:Visigothic
7074:Beneventan
7009:Glagolitic
6972:Gadabuursi
6636:Kolezhuthu
6631:Vatteluttu
6569:Tanchangya
6492:Saurashtra
6069:Devanagari
5927:Phoenician
5880:Manichaean
5604:Devanagari
5306:Wade–Giles
5205:Simplified
5100:Vernacular
5093:in Vietnam
4946:Simplified
4933:Biaoxingma
4880:Honorifics
4815:Historical
4760:Philippine
4750:Sichuanese
4677:Badong Yao
4381:Shao–Jiang
4252:Philippine
4060:Xiangxiang
4055:Shuangfeng
3800:Taizhou Wu
3583:Sichuanese
2962:中國文字只起源與繁衍
2605:2016-01-23
2580:2016-01-23
2484:entry for
2450:Boltz 1994
2438:Boltz 1994
2422:Boltz 1994
2204:Boltz 1994
2019:References
1927:Boltz 1994
1631:Luo Zhenyu
1625:Sun Yirang
1530:'turtle',
1196:Late Shang
1090:Yīnxū bǔcí
956:Late Shang
944:characters
823:man'yōgana
749:Homographs
602:xin zixing
595:jiu zixing
567:Components
521:Flat brush
232:jiǎ-gǔ wún
210:Wade–Giles
202:jeaguu wen
71: – c.
9471:Vibratese
9450:Moon type
9443:Decapoint
9124:Eight-dot
9077:Cantonese
9026:Reordered
8989:Inuktitut
8878:Malayalam
8788:Ukrainian
8767:Mongolian
8746:Bulgarian
8709:Norwegian
8674:Icelandic
8465:Hungarian
8423:Esperanto
8375:Cantonese
7959:Redundant
7771:Anatolian
7722:Cuneiform
7650:bird-worm
7586:Logograms
7557:Testerian
7471:Ideograms
7448:Moon type
7335:Staveless
7226:Mongolian
7171:Molodtsov
7129:Sütterlin
6997:Mkhedruli
6863:Bassa Vah
6813:Alphabets
6785:Mwangwego
6750:Mwangwego
6725:Kharosthi
6678:Blackfoot
6641:Malayanma
6512:Sundanese
6507:Sukhothai
6455:Malayalam
6406:Khom Thai
6366:Goykanadi
6290:Tocharian
6243:ʼPhags-pa
6114:Khudabadi
6059:Bhaiksuki
5954:Samaritan
5885:Nabataean
5740:inventors
5640:In Africa
5624:Mongolian
5568:Shorthand
5528:Alphabets
5458:Graphemes
5244:Taiwanese
5234:Cantonese
5078:Classical
5038:Proto-Min
4973:Microsoft
4832:Cantonese
4808:Phonology
4789:Cantonese
4780:Singdarin
4765:Malaysian
4755:Taiwanese
4659:Rongjiang
4649:Yongjiang
4645:Southern
4630:Northern
4604:Luo–Guang
4513:Hong Kong
4508:Guangzhou
4464:Taiwanese
4457:Changting
4391:Zhanjiang
4305:Zhongshan
4272:Malaysian
4267:Singapore
4232:Zhangzhou
4184:Zhongshan
4077:Yong–Quan
3973:Jing-Zhan
3903:Xuancheng
3880:Jiangshan
3759:Changzhou
3680:Junjiahua
3533:Guanzhong
3416:Changchun
3273:Typefaces
3207:Nine-fold
3195:Bird-worm
2868:(2000) .
2764:(1985) .
2677:(2003) .
2183:0011-3204
2049:Li Xueqin
2036:Shen 2002
2024:Citations
1963:丁未卜，王叀父戊？
1943:Woon 1987
1898:Zhao 1988
1659:Guo Moruo
1641:Sima Qian
1548:'illness'
1500:'swine',
1494:'tiger',
1488:'horse',
491:Bird-worm
164:jiǎgǔ wén
79:Languages
9107:Japanese
8968:Georgian
8960:Dzongkha
8946:Armenian
8864:Gujarati
8729:Cyrillic
8660:Estonian
8635:Yugoslav
8571:Romanian
8543:Nigerian
8458:Hawaiian
8444:Ghanaian
8361:Albanian
8222:Sumerian
8187:Linear B
8150:Katakana
8145:Hiragana
8095:Cherokee
8025:ASLwrite
7986:Bopomofo
7841:Numerals
7827:Hieratic
7786:Isthmian
7755:Sumerian
7735:Assyrian
7730:Akkadian
7387:Vithkuqi
7362:Tifinagh
7330:Medieval
7285:Pisidian
7280:Phrygian
7251:Vagindra
7196:Ol Chiki
7104:Interlac
7059:Kayah Li
7049:Jenticha
7004:Veso Bey
6992:Nuskhuri
6982:Georgian
6952:Formosan
6947:Etruscan
6942:Enochian
6898:Cyrillic
6883:Coelbren
6841:Armenian
6740:Meroitic
6730:Mandombe
6720:Jenticha
6584:Tigalari
6549:Tai Viet
6544:Tai Tham
6524:Tagbanwa
6376:Javanese
6326:Baybayin
6316:Balinese
6304:Southern
6199:Pracalit
6194:Pachumol
6169:Bhujimol
6129:Mahajani
6089:Gurmukhi
6079:Gujarati
6047:Northern
6027:Abugidas
6008:Ugaritic
5996:Maḏnḥāyā
5870:Tifinagh
5863:Solitreo
5801:Numerals
5714:Grapheme
5702:Overview
5533:Featural
5523:Abugidas
5443:Language
5436:Overview
5328:Bopomofo
5257:Phonetic
5249:Two-cell
5178:Clerical
5088:in Japan
5083:Adoption
5071:Official
5062:Literary
4937:Boshiamy
4914:Xiehouyu
4870:Numerals
4847:Mandarin
4775:Standard
4735:Standard
4609:Qin–Lian
4599:Yong–Xun
4584:Gao–Yang
4530:Jiujiang
4518:Malaysia
4452:Tingzhou
4403:Wenchang
4364:Jianyang
4354:Northern
4313:Sanxiang
4227:Quanzhou
4210:Southern
4179:Manjiang
4043:Changsha
4003:Nanchang
3998:Chang–Du
3895:Xuanzhou
3885:Qingtian
3839:Wencheng
3785:Jiangyin
3780:Jinxiang
3770:Shaoxing
3764:Hangzhou
3744:Shanghai
3685:Qinjiang
3593:Minjiang
3565:Xinjiang
3523:Dongping
3487:Jiaoliao
3426:Shenyang
3399:Mandarin
3307:Fangsong
3053:(1912).
3012:21757249
2938:(2015).
2740:中国古文字学通论
2655:(2014).
2521:Gao 1996
2517:Liu 1989
2426:Qiu 2000
2394:Qiu 2000
2363:Qiu 2000
2348:Qiu 2000
2333:Qiu 2000
2321:Qiu 2000
2191:62795316
1977:⟩
1971:⟨
1914:Qiu 2000
1902:Liu 1997
1882:Shangshu
1878:Qiu 2000
1391:antennae
1356:'autumn'
1115:jiǎgǔxué
1036:jiǎgǔwén
876:Bopomofo
837:katakana
830:hiragana
790:Variants
733:kyūjitai
584:Radicals
534:Fangsong
501:Clerical
322:Jyutping
172:Bopomofo
9012:Tibetan
8953:Burmese
8939:Amharic
8922:(India)
8899:Sinhala
8892:Punjabi
8871:Kannada
8819:Persian
8774:Russian
8714:Swedish
8692:Finnish
8667:Faroese
8642:Zambian
8614:Turkish
8599:Spanish
8522:Maltese
8500:Latvian
8493:Italian
8472:Iñupiaq
8451:Guarani
8411:English
8382:Catalan
8299:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
8294:Braille
8177:Kikakui
8115:Eskayan
8100:Cypriot
7950:Dunging
7822:Demotic
7801:Tenevil
7745:Hittite
7740:Elamite
7693:Jurchen
7672:Sawndip
7667:Chữ Nôm
7567:Zapotec
7562:Yerkish
7537:Nsibidi
7522:Miꞌkmaw
7512:Isotype
7482:Adinkra
7423:Braille
7407:Zaghawa
7377:Vellara
7357:Sunuwar
7347:Sidetic
7342:Shavian
7270:Osmanya
7260:Ol Onal
7114:Kurrent
7099:Insular
7089:Fraktur
7064:Klingon
7054:Kaddare
7028:Archaic
6937:Elbasan
6925:Chinook
6915:Deseret
6903:Bosnian
6858:Avoiuli
6846:Avestan
6836:Ariyaka
6765:Tengwar
6663:Bharati
6624:Serawai
6614:Pasemah
6599:Lampung
6554:Lai Tay
6539:Tai Noi
6502:Sinhala
6482:Pallava
6450:Makasar
6438:Lontara
6413:Kulitan
6386:Kannada
6381:Kadamba
6371:Hanunoo
6361:Grantha
6356:Fakkham
6273:Tibetan
6258:Soyombo
6253:Siddhaṃ
6248:Sharada
6224:Litumol
6214:Tirhuta
6204:Ranjana
6189:Kvemmol
6149:Multani
6134:Marchen
6099:Kalinga
6039:Brahmic
5976:Sogdian
5915:Psalter
5895:Pahlavi
5875:Mandaic
5853:Cursive
5838:Elymaic
5809:Aramaic
5599:Chinese
5548:Numeral
5227:Braille
5188:Cursive
5138:Scripts
5005:History
4995:ZhengMa
4941:Cangjie
4907:Chengyu
4862:Grammar
4837:Hokkien
4794:Hokkien
4702:Waxiang
4682:Danzhou
4654:Guandao
4639:Younian
4634:Tongdao
4623:Pinghua
4563:Taishan
4479:Raoping
4447:Huizhou
4437:Meixian
4413:Banqiao
4386:Leizhou
4376:Pu–Xian
4371:Central
4359:Jian'ou
4334:Longyan
4282:Teochew
4219:Hokkien
4194:Nanlang
4150:Fu–Ning
4130:Changle
4112:Houguan
4103:Eastern
4050:Loushao
4038:Changyi
4020:Da–Tong
4015:Ying–Yi
3961:Yanzhou
3829:Wenzhou
3822:Oujiang
3813:Tiantai
3808:Taizhou
3717:Zhi–Yan
3664:Nantong
3659:Nanjing
3634:Gui–Liu
3624:Nanping
3619:Kunming
3545:Luoyang
3500:Qingdao
3472:Tianjin
3449:Beijing
3441:Beijing
2928:3249839
2844:商周古文字读本
2821:新编甲骨文字典
2810:].
2808:Liu Shu
2533:Xu 2002
2367:Xu 2002
1981:dingwei
1939:Li 1968
1906:Wu 1990
1830:Xu 2002
1725:Wu Ding
1698:Samples
1684:Unicode
1512:'rat',
1506:'dog',
1395:cricket
1291:'swine'
1172:'tiger'
1143:Origins
1137:qiology
993:milfoil
978:Wu Ding
852:Khitan
694:Reforms
572:Strokes
516:Regular
506:Cursive
434:Chữ Hán
360:Hokkien
120:Chinese
9432:Other
9305:People
9295:Braigo
9114:Korean
8982:Hebrew
8913:Telugu
8812:Arabic
8802:Arabic
8760:Kyrgyz
8753:Kazakh
8687:Danish
8585:Slovak
8578:Samoan
8557:Polish
8536:Navajo
8437:German
8430:French
8297:
8242:Yugtun
8232:Woleai
8182:Kpelle
8165:Sōgana
8085:Byblos
7863:Muisca
7781:Cretan
7750:Luwian
7708:Tangut
7527:Mixtec
7497:Dongba
7402:Yezidi
7392:Wancho
7367:Todhri
7320:Gothic
7300:Cipher
7241:Manchu
7231:Evenki
7216:Orkhon
7161:Manchu
7156:Lydian
7151:Lycian
7094:Gaelic
7044:Hanifi
7039:Hangul
7014:Gothic
6962:Fraser
6957:Fox II
6893:Coptic
6868:Carian
6851:Pazend
6824:Linear
6770:Thaana
6715:Sarati
6656:Others
6619:Rejang
6604:Lembak
6594:Incung
6574:Telugu
6529:Tai Le
6423:Langdi
6346:Chakma
6236:Karani
6209:Tamyig
6184:Kummol
6179:Himmol
6174:Golmol
6154:Nagari
6139:Meitei
6124:Lepcha
6109:Khojki
6094:Kaithi
5981:Syriac
5969:Musnad
5848:Ashuri
5843:Hebrew
5826:Elifba
5821:Arabic
5814:Hatran
5789:Abjads
5609:Hangul
5589:Arabic
5518:Abjads
5296:Postal
5291:MPS II
5168:Bronze
5048:Ba–Shu
4968:Google
4963:Pinyin
4899:Idioms
4712:Yeheni
4594:Wu–Hua
4589:Goulou
4568:Xinhui
4545:Dapeng
4540:Weitou
4525:Xiguan
4500:Yuehai
4469:Sixian
4408:Haikou
4398:Hainan
4329:Zhenan
4295:Haklau
4290:Swatow
4262:Penang
4247:Taiwan
4242:Chawan
4189:Longdu
4158:Ningde
4135:Gutian
4125:Fuqing
4120:Fuzhou
4082:Qiyang
4065:Wugang
4010:Yi–Liu
3937:Xiu-Yi
3925:Ji-She
3875:Quzhou
3867:Chu–Qu
3857:Jinhua
3849:Wuzhou
3834:Rui'an
3775:Ningbo
3749:Suzhou
3639:Wuming
3610:Zigong
3598:Leshan
3560:Lanyin
3555:Dungan
3550:Xuzhou
3528:Gangou
3505:Weihai
3495:Dalian
3454:Taiwan
3421:Harbin
3319:Gothic
3078:
3063:].
3031:
3010:
2991:
2972:
2946:
2926:
2895:
2876:
2854:
2831:
2791:
2772:
2750:
2727:
2708:
2685:
2663:
2627:
2553:
2304:
2271:
2189:
2181:
2146:
2136:
1912:, and
1885:'s
1399:locust
1348:, and
1271:stylus
1042:龜甲獸骨文字
974:Anyang
946:into
766:Kanbun
717:debate
633:(1716)
468:Bronze
185:
181:
9554:Yinxu
9148:(GS8)
9139:Kanji
8997:Khmer
8975:Greek
8906:Tamil
8839:i.e.
8800:i.e.
8781:Tatar
8727:i.e.
8628:Welsh
8529:Māori
8486:Irish
8404:Dutch
8397:Czech
8207:Nüshu
8075:Bamum
8070:Afaka
7877:Other
7868:Roman
7853:Abjad
7776:Bagam
7677:Bowen
7662:Kanji
7657:Hanja
7645:small
7640:large
7547:Olmec
7517:Kaidā
7507:Emoji
7487:Aztec
7290:Runic
7265:Osage
7246:Oirat
7191:Ogham
7124:Sigla
7069:Latin
7024:Greek
6908:Early
6878:Cirth
6831:Adlam
6700:Geʽez
6695:Fox I
6559:Tamil
6418:Lanna
6401:Khmer
6391:Karen
6341:Buhid
6321:Batak
6278:Uchen
6268:Takri
6219:Limbu
6119:Laṇḍā
6104:Khema
6084:Gupta
6074:Dogri
5991:Serṭā
5964:Zabur
5949:Punic
5922:Pegon
5858:Rashi
5772:Types
5723:Lists
5687:Types
5619:Latin
5510:Types
5472:Lists
5360:Nüshu
5064:forms
4978:Sogou
4925:Input
4799:Hakka
4737:forms
4577:Other
4535:Shiqi
4474:Hailu
4442:Wuhua
4429:Hakka
4347:Other
4322:Other
4257:Pedan
4172:Other
4163:Fu'an
4140:Matsu
4072:Ji–Xu
4030:Xiang
3980:]
3968:]
3956:]
3949:Qi-De
3944:]
3932:]
3790:Shadi
3736:Taihu
3690:Gyami
3673:Other
3629:Wuhan
3538:Xi'an
3477:Jinan
3183:Small
3171:Large
3059:[
3023:[
2964:[
2924:JSTOR
2846:[
2823:[
2742:[
2700:[
2574:(PDF)
2486:秋 (秌)
2292:[
2290:甲骨学通论
2259:[
2257:甲骨学导论
2187:S2CID
2144:JSTOR
2009:wuyin
1985:sheng
1816:Notes
1692:Plane
1609:Liu E
1461:sheng
1397:or a
1302:'dog'
1184:'eye'
1158:Style
1133:qiwen
1057:Yinxu
970:Yinxu
871:Nüshu
861:small
856:large
681:kanji
631:forms
577:order
486:Small
481:Large
429:Hanja
424:Kanji
278:Hakka
8920:Urdu
8885:Odia
8826:Urdu
8202:Loma
8197:Lisu
8140:Kana
8130:Iban
8120:Geba
8080:Bété
8035:si5s
7945:Khom
7918:Full
7791:Maya
7186:N'Ko
6745:Miao
6690:Dham
6609:Ogan
6579:Thai
6497:Shan
6433:Leke
6396:Kawi
6351:Cham
6336:Buda
6311:Ahom
6231:Odia
6144:Modi
5900:Book
5614:Kana
5321:Yale
5311:EFEO
5173:Seal
4958:Dayi
4555:Siyi
4237:Amoy
3754:Wuxi
3651:Huai
3464:Jilu
3076:ISBN
3056:殷虛書契
3029:ISBN
3008:OCLC
2989:ISBN
2970:ISBN
2944:ISBN
2893:ISBN
2874:ISBN
2852:ISBN
2829:ISBN
2789:ISBN
2770:ISBN
2748:ISBN
2725:ISBN
2706:ISBN
2683:ISBN
2661:ISBN
2625:ISBN
2551:ISBN
2302:ISBN
2269:ISBN
2179:ISSN
2134:ISBN
1618:鐵雲藏龜
1413:(or
1084:殷墟卜辭
1012:Name
816:Kana
679:Jōyō
539:Ming
476:Seal
179:ㄐㄧㄚˇ
8479:IPA
8227:Vai
8135:Idu
7703:Sui
7176:Mru
7146:Luo
7109:IPA
6790:Rma
6487:Pyu
6428:Lao
6283:Umê
5689:of
5053:Gan
4953:CKC
4820:Old
4697:She
4687:Mai
4491:Yue
4094:Min
3990:Gan
3917:Hui
3766:(?)
3704:Jin
3431:Taz
3311:仿宋體
3211:九疊篆
3199:鳥蟲篆
3139:甲骨文
2916:doi
2463:"秋"
2171:doi
2106:doi
2061:doi
1876:As
1861:Qin
1643:'s
1230:Han
1110:甲骨學
1106:甲骨学
1030:甲骨文
984:in
776:Idu
544:Hei
363:POJ
336:IPA
240:IPA
187:ㄨㄣˊ
183:ㄍㄨˇ
126:甲骨文
9525::
8237:Yi
3978:zh
3966:zh
3954:zh
3942:zh
3930:zh
3727:Wu
3323:黑體
3299:宋體
3293:明體
3261:草書
3249:行書
3237:楷書
3225:隸書
3187:小篆
3175:大篆
3163:篆書
3151:金文
2922:.
2912:43
2910:.
2651:;
2597:.
2502:.
2465:.
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2355:^
2340:^
2267:.
2247:^
2239:30
2211:^
2185:.
2177:.
2167:49
2165:.
2142:.
2102:63
2100:.
2094:.
2055:.
1991:.
1974:礻升
1908:,
1904:,
1900:,
1856:bĭ
1577:c.
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1410:𪛁
1373:.
1329:.
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1108:;
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1575:(
1545:疾
1539:為
1533:爿
1527:龜
1521:豸
1515:象
1509:鼠
1503:犬
1497:豕
1491:虎
1485:馬
1473:阜
1465:升
1457:升
1453:示
1449:升
1445:礻
1425:禾
1421:龜
1387:火
1383:禾
1379:秋
1354:秋
1319:犬
1315:豕
1300:犬
1289:豕
1243:冊
1234:聿
1182:目
1170:虎
1104:(
1087:(
1073:契
1062:卜
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