779:
major and herpetiform major aphthous ulceration. Minor aphthous ulceration is the most common type, presenting with 1–6 small (2-4mm diameter), round/oval ulcers with a yellow-grey color and an erythematous (red) "halo". These ulcers heal with no permanent scarring in about 7–10 days. Ulcers recur at intervals of about 1–4 months. Major aphthous ulceration is less common than the minor type, but produces more severe lesions and symptoms. Major aphthous ulceration presents with larger (>1 cm diameter) ulcers that take much longer to heal (10–40 days) and may leave scarring. The minor and major subtypes of aphthous stomatitis usually produce lesions on the non-keratinized oral mucosa (i.e. the inside of the cheeks, lips, underneath the tongue and the
502:
very unlikely to be oral cancer. The size of the ulcers may be helpful in distinguishing the types of RAS, as can the location (minor RAS mainly occurs on non-keratinizing mucosa, major RAS occurs anywhere in the mouth or oropharynx). Induration, contact bleeding and rolled margins are features of a malignant ulcer. There may be nearby causative factor, e.g. a broken tooth with a sharp edge that is traumatizing the tissues. Otherwise, the person may be asked about problems elsewhere, e.g. ulceration of the genital mucous membranes, eye lesions or digestive problems, swollen glands in neck (
655:
internally, and this has led to a rise in the frequency of intra-oral thermal burns. Thermal food burns are usually on the palate or posterior buccal mucosa, and appear as zones of erythema and ulceration with necrotic epithelium peripherally. Electrical burns more commonly affect the oral commissure (corner of the mouth). The lesions are usually initially painless, charred and yellow with little bleeding. Swelling then develops and by the fourth day following the burn the area becomes necrotic and the epithelium sloughs off.
555:
222:
393:
only nonspecific lesions in the mouth. The vesicles and bullae of blistering mucocutaneous disorders progress quickly to ulceration in the mouth, because of moisture and trauma from food and teeth. The high bacterial load in the mouth means that ulcers may become secondarily infected. Cytotoxic drugs administered during chemotherapy target cells with fast turnovers such as malignant cells. However, the epithelia of the mouth also has a high turnover rate and makes oral ulceration (
2746:
60:
1150:
230:
417:(white, thickened mucosa) margin. Malignant lesions may ulcerate either because the tumor infiltrates the mucosa from adjacent tissues, or because the lesion originates within the mucosa itself, and the disorganized growth leads to a break in the normal architecture of the lining tissues. Repeat episodes of mouth ulcers can be indicative of an
1235:(hardened) and attached to adjacent structures, with "rolled" margins or a punched out appearance and bleeds easily on gentle manipulation. If someone has an unexplained mouth ulcer persisting for more than 3 weeks this may indicate a need for a referral from the GDP or GP to hospital to exclude oral cancer.
787:. Herpetiform ulcers begin as small blisters (vesicles) which break down into 2-3mm sized ulcers. Herpetiform ulcers appear in "crops" sometimes hundreds in number, which can coalesce to form larger areas of ulceration. This subtype may cause extreme pain, heals with scarring and may recur frequently.
481:
Diagnosis of mouth ulcers usually consists of a medical history followed by an oral examination as well as examination of any other involved area. The following details may be pertinent: The duration that the lesion has been present, the location, the number of ulcers, the size, the color and whether
667:
Caustic chemicals may cause ulceration of the oral mucosa if they are of strong-enough concentration and in contact for a sufficient length of time. The holding of medication in the mouth instead of swallowing it occurs mostly in children, those under psychiatric care, or simply because of a lack of
522:
may be required, to rule out cancer, but also if a systemic disease is suspected. Ulcers caused by local trauma are painful to touch and sore. They usually have an irregular border with erythematous margins and the base is yellow. As healing progresses, a keratotic (thickened, white mucosa) halo may
1226:
Common sites of oral cancer are the lower lip, the floor of the mouth, and the sides, underside of the tongue and mandibular alveolar ridge, but it is possible to have a tumor anywhere in the mouth. Appearances vary greatly, but a typical malignant ulcer would be a persistent, expanding lesion that
778:
Aphthous stomatitis (also termed recurrent aphthous stomatitis, RAS, and commonly called "canker sores") is a very common cause of oral ulceration. 10–25% of the general population have this non-contagious condition. Three types of aphthous stomatitis exists based on their appearance, namely minor,
501:
An ulcer that keeps forming on the same site and then healing may be caused by a nearby sharp surface, and ulcers that heal and then recur at different sites are likely to be recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS). Malignant ulcers are likely to be single in number, and conversely, multiple ulcers are
392:
Similarly, cutaneous (skin) conditions can also involve the mouth and sometimes only the mouth, sparing the skin. The different environmental conditions (saliva, thinner mucosa, trauma from teeth and food) mean that some cutaneous disorders which produce characteristic lesions on the skin produce
654:
Thermal burns usually result from placing hot food or beverages in the mouth. This may occur in those who eat or drink before a local anesthetic has worn off. The normal painful sensation is absent and a burn may occur. Microwave ovens sometimes produce food that is cold externally and very hot
658:
Electrical burns in the mouth are usually caused by chewing on live electrical wiring (an act that is relatively common among young children). Saliva acts as a conducting medium and an electrical arc flows between the electrical source and the tissues, causing extreme heat and possible tissue
380:
Pathologically, the mouth represents a transition between the gastrointestinal tract and the skin, meaning that many gastrointestinal and cutaneous conditions can involve the mouth. Some conditions usually associated with the whole gastrointestinal tract may present only in the mouth, e.g.,
213:("canker sores"), a condition characterized by the recurrent formation of oral ulcers for largely unknown reasons. Mouth ulcers often cause pain and discomfort and may alter the person's choice of food while healing occurs (e.g. avoiding acidic, sugary, salty or spicy foods and beverages).
744:, and causes chronic pain and surface ulceration, sometimes resulting in non-healing bone being exposed through a soft tissue defect. Prevention of osteradionecrosis is part of the reason why all teeth of questionable prognosis are removed before the start of a course of radiotherapy.
699:
is used during dental treatment as a cavity sterilizing agent and cauterizing material, and it is also present in some over-the-counter agents intended to treat aphthous ulcerations. Mucosal necrosis has been reported to occur with concentrations of 0.5%. Other materials used in
578:
826:). Aphthous stomatitis has no clinically detectable signs or symptoms outside the mouth, but the recurrent ulceration can cause much discomfort to those affected. Treatment is aimed at reducing the pain and swelling and speeding healing, and may involve systemic or topical
160:
developing in those who use prolonged steroids; people with mouth ulcers may prefer to avoid hot or spicy foods, which can increase the pain; self-inflicted ulceration can be difficult to manage, and psychiatric input may be required in some people; for recurrent ulcers,
408:
and takes on a yellow-grey color. Because an ulcer is a breach of the normal lining, when seen in cross section, the lesion is a crater. A "halo" may be present, which is a reddening of the surrounding mucosa and is caused by inflammation. There may also be
509:
The diagnosis comes mostly from the history and examination, but the following special investigations may be involved: blood tests (vitamin deficiency, anemia, leukemia, Epstein-Barr virus, HIV infection, diabetes) microbiological swabs (infection), or
152:; A topical analgesic (e.g. benzydamine mouthwash) to reduce pain Topical (gels, creams or inhalers) or systemic steroids may be used to reduce inflammation; Topical (gels, creams or inhalers) or systemic steroids may be used to reduce inflammation; an
107:); injuries (e.g. biting of the lip, tongue, and cheek, hard foods can scrape the oral tissues, hot foods can cause burns); Nutritional disorders (e.g., vitamin deficiencies); Possibly heavy metals, of which cadmium occurs in phosphate rock;
1547:
Oral ulceration is a common reason for people to seek medical or dental advice. A breach of the oral mucosa probably affects most people at various times during life. For a discussion of the epidemiology of aphthous stomatitis, see
1463:
describes a common vascular anomaly where a main arterial branch extends into superficial submucosal tissues without a reduction of diameter. This commonly occurs in elderly people on the lip and may be associated with ulceration.
400:
Erosions, which involve the epithelial layer, are red in appearance since the underlying lamina propria shows through. When the full thickness of the epithelium is penetrated (ulceration), the lesion becomes covered with a
482:
it is hard to touch, bleeds or has a rolled edge. As a general rule, a mouth ulcer that does not heal within 2 or 3 weeks should be examined by a health care professional who is able to rule out oral cancer (e.g. a
202:. Mouth ulcers are very common, occurring in association with many diseases and by many different mechanisms, but usually there is no serious underlying cause. Rarely, a mouth ulcer that does not heal may be a sign of
1070:
2664:
2649:
2634:
783:), but less commonly major aphthous ulcers may occur in other parts of the mouth on keratinized mucosal surfaces. The least common type is herpetiform ulceration, so named because the condition resembles
569:
are caused by local trauma. The mucous membrane lining of the mouth is thinner than the skin, and easily damaged by mechanical, thermal (heat/cold), chemical, or electrical means, or by irradiation.
600:
Eating hard foods (e.g., potato chips) can damage the lining of the mouth. Some people cause damage inside their mouths themselves, either through an absentminded habit or as a type of deliberate
1314:, or angles of their mouth). Balsam of Peru is used in foods and drinks for flavoring, in perfumes and toiletries for fragrance, and in medicine and pharmaceutical items for healing properties.
736:
and impairs the blood supply. The affected hard tissues become hypovascular (reduced number of blood vessels), hypocellular (reduced number of cells), and hypoxic (low levels of oxygen).
206:. These ulcers may form individually or multiple ulcers may appear at once (i.e., a "crop" of ulcers). Once formed, an ulcer may be maintained by inflammation and/or secondary infection.
103:(a common ingredient in many toothpastes) have been linked to mouth ulcers, and have been recognized by public health agencies such as the NHS as a risk factor.; infections (e.g.
753:
1476:
if the underlying cause is unknown or not correctable. It is also important to note that most ulcers will heal completely without any intervention. Treatment can range from:
1439:
608:
ulceration). Examples include biting the cheek, tongue, or lips, or rubbing a fingernail, pen, or toothpick inside the mouth. Tearing (and subsequent ulceration) of the
3872:
1074:
334:
is a term sometimes used to describe a breach of the epithelium which is deeper than an erosion but shallower than an ulcer. This type of lesion is tangential to the
1291:
Rarely, allergic reactions of the mouth and lips may manifest as erosions; however, such reactions usually do not produce frank ulceration. An example of one common
350:
Mouth ulcers may be caused by physical means (for example accidental biting of the cheek), certain medical conditions (such as some vitamin deficiencies), or as an
993:(HIV) creates immunodeficiencies which allow opportunistic infections or neoplasms to proliferate. Bacterial processes leading to ulceration can be caused by
4785:
3946:
3931:
3635:
3623:
209:
The two most common causes of oral ulceration are local trauma (e.g. rubbing from a sharp edge on a broken filling or braces, biting one's lip, etc.) and
695:, sometimes used for pain relief from aphthous ulceration, acts as a chemical cauterant and destroys nerve endings, but the mucosal damage is increased.
676:(toothache) is common, and leads to epithelial necrosis. Chewable aspirin tablets should be swallowed, with the residue quickly cleared from the mouth.
4128:
1918:
1793:
1691:
469:
which impairs wound healing, which can contribute to ulcer formation. For a detailed discussion of the pathophysiology of aphthous stomatitis, see
3175:
2989:
4133:
4195:
790:
The exact cause of aphthous stomatitis is unknown, but there may be a genetic predisposition in some people. Other possible causes include
546:
Aphthous stomatitis and local trauma are very common causes of oral ulceration; the many other possible causes are all rare in comparison.
369:(dry mouth – as saliva usually lubricates the mucous membrane and controls bacterial levels) and epithelial atrophy (thinning, e.g., after
2247:
Kharazmi M, Sjöqvist K, Warfvinge G (April 2012). "Oral ulcers, a little known adverse effect of alendronate: review of the literature".
728:(dry mouth), making the oral mucosa more vulnerable to frictional damage as the lubricating function of saliva is lost, and mucosal
724:
may develop, which can be associated with mucosal erosions and ulceration. If the salivary glands are irradiated, there may also be
2787:
4760:
3958:
3909:
2541:
2507:
2019:"Clinical Immunology Review Series: an approach to the patient with recurrent orogenital ulceration, including Behçet's syndrome"
901:
589:
Common causes of oral ulceration include rubbing on sharp edges of teeth, fillings, crowns, false teeth (dentures), or braces (
2576:"Effectiveness of Vitamin B12 in Treating Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial"
297:. An ulcer is a deeper breach of epithelium compared to an erosion or excoriation, and involves damage to both epithelium and
2375:
2096:
1952:
1902:
1824:
1777:
1731:
1675:
1446:
2756:
3771:
2470:
1118:
2204:
Rezk SA, Zhao X, Weiss LM (September 2018). "Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated lymphoid proliferations, a 2018 update".
1195:
and others may also be possible. Either the tumor arises in the mouth, or it may grow to involve the mouth, e.g. from the
453:/ulceration of the oral mucosa. Numerous aphthous ulcers could be indicative of an inflammatory autoimmune disease called
4443:
4286:
3560:
3044:
2517:
2425:
966:
784:
148:
Smoothing or removing a local cause of trauma; addressing dry mouth; substituting a problem medication or switching to
4687:
3320:
2551:
2480:
1459:, an abnormally large tongue, can be associated with ulceration if the tongue protrudes constantly from the mouth.
732:(thinning), which makes a breach of the epithelium more likely. Radiation to the bones of the jaws causes damage to
100:
4662:
4599:
4594:
4476:
3904:
3884:
2796:
1415:
270:, "ulcer, sore") is a break in the skin or mucous membrane with loss of surface tissue and the disintegration and
4790:
4508:
4145:
3599:
1487:
740:
is the term for when such an area of irradiated bone does not heal from this damage. This usually occurs in the
4493:
4328:
437:
are all causes of immunodeficiency/immunosuppression with which oral ulcers may become a common manifestation.
4333:
1383:
566:
4196:
3857:
3466:
3170:
3155:
3093:
3039:
2962:
2780:
1391:
990:
986:
885:
873:
318:
is an erosion which specifically occurs on a mucous membrane. Only the superficial epithelial cells of the
1531:
Self-inflicted ulceration can be difficult to manage, and psychiatric input may be required in some people
1016:
Opportunistic activity by combinations of otherwise normal bacterial flora, such as aerobic streptococci,
4385:
4348:
4078:
3359:
3271:
1450:
306:
4395:
4343:
4150:
4083:
3852:
3352:
3347:
3298:
1339:
1258:
995:
691:, used to treat gum disease, is also capable of causing epithelial necrosis at concentrations of 1–3%.
593:), or accidental biting caused by a lack of awareness of painful stimuli in the mouth (e.g., following
518:(minor procedure to cut out a small sample of the ulcer to look at under a microscope) with or without
442:
17:
1549:
377:
is a general term meaning inflammation within the mouth, and often may be associated with ulceration.
4400:
4118:
4022:
3493:
2957:
1460:
1359:
609:
4707:
4486:
4471:
4167:
4123:
4068:
3941:
3899:
3667:
3513:
2679:
1371:
1347:
1286:
1266:
1046:
889:
531:
Due to various factors (saliva, relative thinness of oromucosa, trauma from teeth, chewing, etc.),
434:
382:
138:
4540:
225:
Diagramatic representation of mucosal erosion (left), excoriation (center), and ulceration (right)
4604:
4405:
4370:
4063:
3867:
3647:
3488:
3434:
3364:
3286:
3266:
3253:
3230:
2773:
1250:
1244:
1208:
134:
498:). If there have been previous ulcers that have healed, then this again makes cancer unlikely.
470:
4750:
4717:
4390:
4380:
4375:
4317:
4244:
4200:
4096:
4091:
3877:
3707:
3702:
3677:
3523:
3454:
3281:
3190:
3108:
2835:
2367:
2112:
Li, J; Zhang, YY; Wang, NN; Bhandari, R; Liu, QQ (April 2016). "Riga-Fede disease in a child".
2088:
1816:
1561:
970:
937:
819:
807:
149:
3098:
2730:
2643:
2444:
1894:
1587:
597:
used during dental treatment, which the person becomes aware of as the anesthetic wears off).
454:
4559:
4461:
4073:
3951:
3813:
3772:
3572:
3374:
3308:
3235:
1518:
1473:
1274:
1055:
495:
2359:
2080:
1937:
1886:
1808:
1528:
People with mouth ulcers may prefer to avoid hot or spicy foods, which can increase the pain
4657:
4558:
4296:
4281:
3847:
3780:
3386:
3118:
1423:
1419:
1323:
108:
1514:
Topical (gels, creams or inhalers) or systemic steroids may be used to reduce inflammation
8:
4712:
4448:
4428:
4418:
4291:
4224:
4106:
4101:
4027:
3926:
3579:
3503:
3342:
3291:
3240:
3220:
3133:
3123:
3049:
3024:
2882:
2668:
1846:"Oral Crohn's disease: is it a separable disease from orofacial granulomatosis? A review"
1772:(5th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 7–8, 25, 35, 41, 43–44, 51–56.
1399:
1387:
1379:
881:
773:
605:
210:
191:
122:
68:
2750:
1231:) or speckled red and white (erythroleukoplakia). Malignant lesions also typically feel
4755:
4702:
4677:
4609:
4413:
4338:
4229:
4177:
4138:
3835:
3751:
3682:
3391:
3215:
3195:
3148:
3034:
2979:
2942:
2932:
2917:
2847:
2574:
Volkov, I.; Rudoy, I.; Freud, T.; Sardal, G.; Naimer, S.; Peleg, R.; Press, Y. (2009).
2308:
2283:
2229:
2181:
2156:
2137:
2043:
2018:
1994:
1969:
1912:
1787:
1685:
1407:
1375:
1367:
1270:
1262:
1254:
1158:
1078:
1005:
737:
639:
623:
to the soft tissues of the mouth are common. Some dentists apply a protective layer of
620:
519:
386:
2673:
1411:
4453:
4042:
4007:
3981:
3840:
3736:
3594:
3518:
3225:
3165:
3128:
3103:
2952:
2830:
2825:
2690:
2597:
2547:
2513:
2476:
2421:
2371:
2360:
2340:
2313:
2264:
2221:
2186:
2155:
Toon MH, Maybauer DM, Arceneaux LL, Fraser JF, Meyer W, Runge A, Maybauer MO (2011).
2141:
2129:
2092:
2081:
2048:
2034:
1999:
1948:
1944:
1898:
1887:
1867:
1841:
1820:
1809:
1773:
1727:
1671:
982:
839:
688:
643:
446:
323:
286:
116:
80:
2233:
4423:
4058:
4048:
4012:
3921:
3672:
3611:
3545:
3535:
3483:
3381:
3276:
3113:
2765:
2587:
2303:
2295:
2256:
2213:
2176:
2168:
2121:
2038:
2030:
1989:
1981:
1857:
1637:
1522:
1299:. If individuals allergic to this substance have oral exposure they may experience
1130:
594:
554:
418:
319:
240:
157:
85:
2217:
1970:"ABC of oral health. Mouth ulcers and other causes of orofacial soreness and pain"
1666:
Loevy, Manfred
Strassburg, Gerdt Knolle; translated by Hannelore Taschini (1993).
4579:
4365:
4160:
4053:
3889:
3808:
3788:
3712:
3697:
3567:
3471:
3439:
3410:
3332:
3258:
3054:
2937:
2927:
2872:
2857:
2684:
2592:
2575:
1862:
1845:
1196:
1134:
1082:
962:
624:
536:
503:
195:
642:"). Rarely, infants can ulcerate the tongue or lower lip with the teeth, termed
310:
is a superficial breach of the epithelium, with little damage to the underlying
4745:
4697:
4667:
4535:
4466:
4433:
4155:
3894:
3628:
3508:
3303:
3088:
2901:
2695:
2260:
2157:"Children with burn injuries-assessment of trauma, neglect, violence and abuse"
1768:
Tyldesley, Anne Field, Lesley
Longman in collaboration with William R. (2003).
1614:
1403:
1363:
1296:
1216:
1200:
1106:
1098:
1041:
958:
933:
929:
905:
780:
757:
692:
684:
631:
619:
Iatrogenic ulceration can also occur during dental treatment, where incidental
532:
422:
351:
311:
298:
1747:
221:
4779:
4647:
4525:
4353:
4172:
3936:
3916:
3825:
3692:
3652:
3449:
3210:
3185:
3160:
3138:
2922:
2912:
2877:
1985:
1501:
1398:. Other examples of systemic disease capable of causing mouth ulcers include
1395:
1308:
1228:
1051:
949:
925:
761:
590:
559:
487:
104:
89:
72:
2658:
2299:
4498:
4274:
4269:
4254:
4234:
4204:
4037:
3746:
3687:
3618:
3540:
3530:
3498:
3461:
3422:
3414:
3029:
2984:
2969:
2867:
2862:
2601:
2391:
2344:
2317:
2268:
2225:
2190:
2133:
2052:
2003:
1871:
1724:
Oral and maxillofacial medicine : the basis of diagnosis and treatment
1493:
1456:
1204:
1162:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1033:
1000:
957:
Many infections can cause oral ulceration (see table). The most common are
913:
811:
765:
717:
491:
450:
438:
426:
370:
4634:
1609:
1161:, stage 4). Note rolled margins of central ulcer and surrounding areas of
365:
Simple mechanisms which predispose the mouth to trauma and ulceration are
4692:
4682:
4672:
4589:
4584:
4515:
3589:
3550:
3245:
3205:
3073:
2994:
2974:
2725:
2468:
2172:
1535:
1508:
1435:
1431:
1335:
1174:
1166:
1154:
1094:
1081:(i.e. EBV)-infected B cells cause solitary, well-circumscribed ulcers in
974:
701:
635:
613:
540:
330:
203:
199:
162:
130:
31:
2745:
2626:
2357:
2331:
Fazzi M, Vescovi P, Savi A, Manfredi M, Peracchia M (October 1999). "".
1093:
Many drugs can cause mouth ulcers as a side effect. Common examples are
413:(swelling) around the ulcer. Chronic trauma may produce an ulcer with a
4652:
4438:
4264:
4032:
3862:
3803:
3741:
3731:
3724:
3719:
3657:
3640:
3584:
3555:
3476:
3337:
3315:
3200:
3180:
1934:
1497:
1355:
1300:
1232:
1122:
877:
869:
835:
823:
725:
721:
705:
511:
374:
366:
338:
and shows punctiform (small pinhead spots) bleeding, caused by exposed
294:
275:
170:
166:
153:
2125:
4520:
4503:
4239:
4017:
3820:
3444:
3327:
2947:
2842:
2820:
2701:
1504:), which can prevent secondary infection and therefore hasten healing
1351:
1331:
1304:
1184:
831:
799:
791:
733:
601:
462:
414:
394:
339:
335:
322:
or of the mucosa are lost, and the lesion can reach the depth of the
290:
126:
1249:
Some of the viral infections mentioned above are also classified as
59:
4530:
4481:
4249:
4002:
3983:
3963:
3784:
3662:
3606:
2852:
2078:
1726:(2nd ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp. 131–39.
1427:
1343:
1292:
1188:
1149:
1062:
1059:
1010:
978:
944:
909:
896:
741:
673:
271:
1028:
species can prolong the ulcerative process. Fungal causes include
4616:
4574:
4259:
4219:
4113:
3987:
3776:
3143:
2706:
1212:
1192:
1138:
827:
815:
729:
680:
669:
483:
458:
405:
1935:
Sapp, J. Phillip; Lewis Roy
Eversole; George W. Wysocki (2004).
1065:, is sometimes known to cause mouth ulcers through formation of
285:
An ulcer is a tissue defect which has penetrated the epithelial-
229:
4358:
3830:
3418:
3013:
2760:
2653:
2638:
2539:
1327:
1311:
1180:
1126:
795:
696:
582:
515:
466:
402:
1839:
627:
to the lips before carrying out dental work to minimize this.
255:
1440:
periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and adenitis
1220:
1165:
change. The patient died two months after subsequent partial
1066:
920:
864:
752:
634:
is also vulnerable to ulceration by repeated friction during
577:
410:
264:
1722:
Scully, Crispian (2008). "Chapter 14: Soreness and ulcers".
282:
is an ulcer which specifically occurs on a mucous membrane.
233:
Simplistic representation of the life cycle of mouth ulcers.
2154:
1670:(2nd ed.). Chicago: Quintessence Pub. Co. p. 32.
803:
704:
are also caustic, which is part of the reason why use of a
543:
tend to be fragile and quickly break down to leave ulcers.
1815:(7. ed.). Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. pp.
1207:
or peri-oral skin. The most common type of oral cancer is
1075:
Epstein-Barr virus-associated lymphoproliferative diseases
2809:
2246:
1806:
430:
246:
2366:(5th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby Elsevier. p.
2330:
1800:
672:
tablet next to a painful tooth in an attempt to relieve
1811:
Cawson's essentials of oral pathology and oral medicine
1763:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1322:
A wide range of other diseases may cause mouth ulcers.
1179:
Rarely, a persistent, non-healing mouth ulcer may be a
373:), making the lining more fragile and easily breached.
2573:
2418:
Oral pathology : clinical pathologic correlations
1137:). Some recreational drugs can cause ulceration, e.g.
30:"Cancer sore" redirects here. Not to be confused with
2358:
James R. Hupp; Myron R. Tucker; Edward Ellis (2008).
2351:
2087:(2. ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp.
1893:(10th ed.). Hamilton, Ont.: BC Decker. pp.
1307:(inflammation, rash, or painful erosion of the lips,
252:
2795:
2616:
2580:
The
Journal of the American Board of Family Medicine
2469:
Gottfried
Schmalz; Dorthe Arenholt Bindslev (2008).
2074:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2062:
1930:
1928:
1754:
1698:
362:
The exact pathogenesis is dependent upon the cause.
249:
2420:(6th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Elsevier/Saunders.
2415:
2111:
243:
4209:Jaw joints, chewing muscles and bite abnormalities
2079:BW Neville; DD Damm; CM Allen; JE Bouquot (2002).
1936:
1878:
1486:Substituting a problem medication or switching to
3072:
2059:
1925:
1668:Diseases of the Oral Mucosa : A Colour Atlas
1253:. Other example vesiculobullous diseases include
4777:
3409:
1889:Burket's oral medicine diagnosis & treatment
4564:Teeth, jaws, tongue and associated soft tissues
2505:
2284:"Persistent nicorandil induced oral ulceration"
2281:
1071:Epstein-Barr virus-positive mucocutaneous ulcer
565:Most mouth ulcers that are not associated with
3176:Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis
1525:developing in those who use prolonged steroids
1183:lesion. Malignancies in the mouth are usually
842:or barrier pastes to protect the raw area(s).
649:
27:Sore on the mucous membrane of the oral cavity
4134:Neuralgia-inducing cavitational osteonecrosis
2781:
2439:
2437:
2240:
2203:
1939:Contemporary Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology
1638:"Ulcer on Merriam-Webster medical dictionary"
1581:
1579:
1577:
1480:Smoothing or removing a local cause of trauma
1287:Stomatitis § Allergic contact stomatitis
1219:consumption (particularly when combined) and
289:border, with its base at a deep level in the
111:is commonly associated with recurrent ulcers.
2197:
1967:
1917:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1885:Glick, Martin S. Greenberg, Michael (2003).
1792:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1690:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
67:A mouth ulcer (in this case associated with
2543:Conn's Current Therapy 2014: Expert Consult
2392:"BNF and BNFc are only available in the UK"
2362:Contemporary oral and maxillofacial surgery
2010:
1961:
1238:
445:, an autoimmune reaction to the epithelial
2788:
2774:
2540:Edward T. Bope; Rick D. Kellerman (2013).
2501:
2499:
2464:
2462:
2434:
2409:
2275:
1574:
457:. This can later involve skin lesions and
58:
2591:
2416:Regezi JA, Sciubba JJ, Jordan RK (2011).
2307:
2282:Healy CM, Smyth Y, Flint SR (July 2004).
2249:Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
2180:
2042:
2016:
1993:
1861:
1767:
1652:
558:A "crop" of trauma-induced ulcers on the
526:
4786:Herpes simplex virus–associated diseases
1844:, Beer-Gabel M, Eliakim R (March 2012).
1833:
1585:
1148:
751:
576:
553:
397:) a common side effect of chemotherapy.
326:. Erosions heal without scar formation.
228:
220:
4761:Oral manifestations of systemic disease
3910:Acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
2496:
2459:
2161:Journal of Injury and Violence Research
1550:the epidemiology of aphthous stomatitis
902:acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
549:
14:
4778:
3947:As a manifestation of systemic disease
1807:RA Cawson; EW Odell; S Porter (2002).
1721:
1211:. The main risk factors are long-term
747:
4734:
4633:
4557:
4315:
4194:
3980:
3770:
3408:
3071:
3011:
2899:
2807:
2769:
2114:Clinical and Experimental Dermatology
1884:
1665:
1472:Treatment is cause-related, but also
1119:non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
851:Infectious causes of oral ulceration
3793:Gums and tooth-supporting structures
2472:Biocompatibility of Dental Materials
2148:
2023:Clinical and Experimental Immunology
441:is also a cause of oral ulceration.
4444:Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum
4316:
4287:Temporomandibular joint dysfunction
1968:Scully C, Shotts R (15 July 2000).
24:
3561:Maxillary lateral incisor agenesis
3045:Inflammatory papillary hyperplasia
2083:Oral & maxillofacial pathology
967:primary herpetic gingivostomatitis
785:primary herpetic gingivostomatitis
679:Other caustic medications include
662:
357:
25:
4802:
2612:
2447:. Dermnetnz.org. 28 December 2013
4663:Cutaneous sinus of dental origin
4600:Obesity hypoventilation syndrome
4595:Central hypoventilation syndrome
4477:Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma
3905:Necrotizing periodontal diseases
3885:Hereditary gingival fibromatosis
2797:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
2744:
2445:"Balsam of Peru contact allergy"
2035:10.1111/j.1365-2249.2008.03857.x
1850:Journal of Crohn's & Colitis
1453:may present as oral ulceration.
1416:granulomatosis with polyangiitis
720:to the mouth, radiation-induced
506:) or a general unwell feeling.
239:
165:has been shown to be effective;
4509:Chronic sclerosing sialadenitis
4146:Osteoporotic bone marrow defect
3600:Keratocystic odontogenic tumour
2567:
2533:
2384:
2324:
2105:
1542:
1317:
1169:(removal of part of the tongue)
1088:
4494:Sclerosing polycystic adenosis
4329:Benign lymphoepithelial lesion
2749:Learning materials related to
1740:
1630:
1602:
1538:has been shown to be effective
711:
425:in the oral mucous membranes.
13:
1:
4688:Melkersson–Rosenthal syndrome
4637:Soft tissues around the mouth
4334:Ectopic salivary gland tissue
2218:10.1016/j.humpath.2018.05.020
1588:"Mouth ulcers on MedlinePlus"
1567:
1384:chronic ulcerative stomatitis
1144:
572:
567:recurrent aphthous stomatitis
216:
3858:Gingival cyst of the newborn
3467:Failure of eruption of teeth
3171:Hand, foot and mouth disease
3156:Focal epithelial hyperplasia
3094:Angina bullosa haemorrhagica
3040:Palatal cysts of the newborn
2963:Transient lingual papillitis
2593:10.3122/jabfm.2009.01.080113
2546:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
2512:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
1863:10.1016/j.crohns.2011.07.001
1521:drug may be used to prevent
1467:
1392:angina bullosa haemorrhagica
1390:(Stevens-Johnson syndrome),
991:Human immunodeficiency virus
987:hand, foot and mouth disease
886:human immunodeficiency virus
874:hand, foot and mouth disease
845:
476:
156:drug may be used to prevent
7:
4386:Salivary gland diverticulum
4349:Necrotizing sialometaplasia
3360:Smokeless tobacco keratosis
3272:Basaloid squamous carcinoma
1974:BMJ (Clinical Research Ed.)
1555:
1451:necrotizing sialometaplasia
650:Thermal and electrical burn
293:, or even within muscle or
10:
4807:
4396:Salivary gland hyperplasia
4344:HIV salivary gland disease
3853:Gingival cyst of the adult
3299:Oral florid papillomatosis
3012:
2900:
2261:10.1016/j.joms.2011.03.046
1507:A topical analgesic (e.g.
1340:hypereosinophilic syndrome
1284:
1280:
1259:mucous membrane pemphigoid
1242:
1172:
1101:, commonly prescribed for
996:Mycobacterium tuberculosis
771:
768:"halo" surrounding lesion)
668:understanding. Holding an
471:Aphthous stomatitis#Causes
443:Mucous membrane pemphigoid
421:, signaling low levels of
29:
4741:
4735:
4730:
4643:
4635:Orofacial soft tissues –
4629:
4570:
4553:
4401:Salivary gland hypoplasia
4324:
4311:
4215:
4190:
4129:Bisphosphonate-associated
4023:Idiopathic osteosclerosis
3998:
3976:
3799:
3766:
3494:Dentinogenesis imperfecta
3430:
3404:
3084:
3067:
3020:
3007:
2958:Median rhomboid glossitis
2908:
2895:
2816:
2803:
2716:
2620:
1770:Tyldesley's Oral medicine
1615:Dictionary.com Unabridged
1511:mouthwash) to reduce pain
1500:mouthwash or spray (e.g.
1461:Caliber persistent artery
1348:myelodysplastic syndromes
822:(found in many brands of
616:(non-accidental injury).
345:
144:
115:
95:
79:
75:(lining of the lower lip)
66:
57:
53:Oral ulcer, mucosal ulcer
49:
44:
4708:Orofacial granulomatosis
4487:Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
4472:Adenoid cystic carcinoma
4406:Salivary gland neoplasms
4197:Temporomandibular joints
4168:Periapical periodontitis
3900:Linear gingival erythema
3668:Regional odontodysplasia
3514:Enamel hypocalcification
2808:
2506:Thomas P. Habif (2009).
2017:Keogan MT (April 2009).
1986:10.1136/bmj.321.7254.162
1372:orofacial granulomatosis
1267:dermatitis herpetiformis
1251:vesiculobullous diseases
1239:Vesiculobullous diseases
1047:Blastomyces dermatitidis
890:infectious mononucleosis
383:orofacial granulomatosis
186:), or sometime called a
4605:Obstructive sleep apnea
4371:Salivary duct stricture
4151:Paget's disease of bone
3648:Pulp canal obliteration
3489:Dentin hypersensitivity
3435:Amelogenesis imperfecta
3287:Squamous cell carcinoma
3267:Adenosquamous carcinoma
3254:Squamous cell papilloma
3231:Melanocytic oral lesion
2300:10.1136/hrt.2003.031831
1245:Vesiculobullous disease
1209:squamous cell carcinoma
1125:(may be prescribed for
1077:in which infiltrating,
1038:Cryptococcus neoformans
818:or hypersensitivity to
585:on the lower inside lip
465:deficiency may lead to
135:Vesiculobullous disease
4791:Oral mucosal pathology
4751:Hemifacial hypertrophy
4718:Pyostomatitis vegetans
4391:Salivary gland fistula
4381:Salivary gland atresia
4376:Salivary gland aplasia
4230:Mandibular dislocation
4201:muscles of mastication
4079:Calcifying odontogenic
3708:Vertical root fracture
3703:Cracked tooth syndrome
3678:Shovel-shaped incisors
3573:Wisdom tooth impaction
3455:Early childhood caries
3321:Benign mucous membrane
3282:Spindle cell carcinoma
3191:Intraoral dental sinus
3109:Burning mouth syndrome
1640:. Merriam-Webster, Inc
1562:Sodium dodecyl sulfate
1534:For recurrent ulcers,
1170:
1073:is a rare form of the
938:paracoccidioidomycosis
820:sodium lauryl sulphate
769:
591:orthodontic appliances
586:
562:
527:Differential diagnosis
234:
226:
121:Traumatic ulceration;
4560:Stomatognathic system
4462:Acinic cell carcinoma
4084:Glandular odontogenic
3236:Molluscum contagiosum
2333:Minerva Stomatologica
1750:. NHS. 11 March 2024.
1586:Vorvick LJ, Zieve D.
1275:epidermolysis bullosa
1152:
1056:Entamoeba histolytica
906:gangrenous stomatitis
806:), stopping smoking,
755:
581:A small ulcer on the
580:
557:
496:maxillofacial surgeon
354:of some medications.
232:
224:
4703:Oral Crohn's disease
4658:Basal cell carcinoma
4297:Condylar hyperplasia
4282:Maxillary hypoplasia
3848:Gingival enlargement
3781:periodontal ligament
3387:Verruciform xanthoma
3119:Condyloma acuminatum
2509:Clinical Dermatology
2173:10.5249/jivr.v3i2.91
1483:Addressing dry mouth
1424:giant cell arteritis
1420:periarteritis nodosa
1030:Coccidioides immitis
708:is now recommended.
636:oral sexual activity
550:Traumatic ulceration
4713:Perioral dermatitis
4449:Pleomorphic adenoma
4429:Monomorphic adenoma
4419:Canalicular adenoma
4292:Condylar hypoplasia
4225:Condylar resorption
4069:Lateral periodontal
4028:Mandibular fracture
3927:Periodontal abscess
3524:Turner's hypoplasia
3292:Verrucous carcinoma
3241:Morsicatio buccarum
3221:Lupus erythematosus
3134:Erythema multiforme
3050:Stomatitis nicotina
1488:SLS-free toothpaste
1400:lupus erythematosus
1388:erythema multiforme
1350:, other white cell
1024:, spirochetes, and
882:herpetic stomatitis
852:
840:anti-inflammatories
774:Aphthous stomatitis
748:Aphthous stomatitis
610:upper labial frenum
533:vesicles and bullae
211:aphthous stomatitis
194:that occurs on the
150:SLS-free toothpaste
123:Aphthous stomatitis
69:aphthous stomatitis
4756:Facial hemiatrophy
4610:Periodic breathing
4541:Sjögren's syndrome
4414:Basal cell adenoma
4178:Torus mandibularis
4156:Periapical abscess
4139:Osteoradionecrosis
4064:Buccal bifurcation
4043:Intraosseous cysts
3932:Periodontal trauma
3836:Pyogenic granuloma
3683:Supernumerary root
3636:Pulp calcification
3624:Premature eruption
3595:Odontogenic tumors
3392:White sponge nevus
3365:Submucous fibrosis
3309:Smoker's melanosis
3196:Irritation fibroma
3035:High-arched palate
2943:Foliate papillitis
2933:Cunnilingus tongue
2918:Black hairy tongue
2848:Congenital lip pit
2717:External resources
1447:eosinophilic ulcer
1408:reactive arthritis
1376:ulcerative colitis
1271:linear IgA disease
1263:bullous pemphigoid
1255:pemphigus vulgaris
1171:
1079:Epstein-Barr virus
1006:Treponema pallidum
850:
770:
738:Osteoradionecrosis
640:cunnilingus tongue
587:
563:
535:which form on the
520:immunofluorescence
235:
227:
99:Chemicals such as
4773:
4772:
4769:
4768:
4726:
4725:
4625:
4624:
4549:
4548:
4454:Sebaceous adenoma
4307:
4306:
4186:
4185:
4097:Median mandibular
4092:Nasopalatine duct
4008:Alveolar osteitis
3972:
3971:
3959:Perio-endo lesion
3841:Congenital epulis
3762:
3761:
3519:Enamel hypoplasia
3400:
3399:
3375:Riga–Fede disease
3226:Melanocytic nevus
3166:Hairy leukoplakia
3129:Epulis fissuratum
3063:
3062:
3003:
3002:
2953:Geographic tongue
2891:
2890:
2740:
2739:
2377:978-0-323-04903-0
2126:10.1111/ced.12728
2098:978-0-7216-9003-2
1954:978-0-323-01723-7
1904:978-1-55009-186-1
1826:978-0-443-07106-5
1779:978-0-19-263147-3
1733:978-0-443-06818-8
1677:978-0-86715-210-4
1492:Maintaining good
1050:("North American
983:coxsackie A virus
955:
954:
689:Hydrogen peroxide
644:Riga-Fede disease
612:may be a sign of
447:basement membrane
324:basement membrane
287:connective tissue
276:epithelial tissue
176:
175:
117:Diagnostic method
39:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
4798:
4732:
4731:
4631:
4630:
4555:
4554:
4424:Ductal papilloma
4313:
4312:
4192:
4191:
4089:Non-odontogenic:
4074:Globulomaxillary
4013:Buccal exostosis
3978:
3977:
3922:Peri-implantitis
3768:
3767:
3484:Dentin dysplasia
3406:
3405:
3382:Verruca vulgaris
3277:Mucosal melanoma
3124:Darier's disease
3099:Behçet's disease
3069:
3068:
3025:Bednar's aphthae
3009:
3008:
2897:
2896:
2883:Trumpeter's wart
2805:
2804:
2790:
2783:
2776:
2767:
2766:
2748:
2618:
2617:
2606:
2605:
2595:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2503:
2494:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2466:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2441:
2432:
2431:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2402:
2388:
2382:
2381:
2365:
2355:
2349:
2348:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2311:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2086:
2076:
2057:
2056:
2046:
2014:
2008:
2007:
1997:
1980:(7254): 162–65.
1965:
1959:
1958:
1942:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1916:
1908:
1892:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1865:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1814:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1791:
1783:
1765:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1719:
1696:
1695:
1689:
1681:
1663:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1606:
1600:
1599:
1597:
1595:
1583:
1523:oral candidiasis
1360:Gastrointestinal
1227:is totally red (
1131:propylthiouracil
1083:mucous membranes
971:varicella zoster
853:
849:
834:(pain killers),
595:local anesthetic
537:mucous membranes
455:Behçet's disease
419:immunodeficiency
262:
261:
258:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
158:oral candidiasis
129:; Drug-induced;
109:Emotional stress
86:Gastroenterology
62:
42:
41:
21:
4806:
4805:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4765:
4737:
4722:
4678:Ludwig's angina
4639:
4621:
4580:Mouth breathing
4566:
4545:
4366:Pneumoparotitis
4339:Frey's syndrome
4320:
4318:Salivary glands
4303:
4211:
4182:
4161:Phoenix abscess
3994:
3990:hard tissues –
3968:
3890:Hypercementosis
3809:Cementoblastoma
3795:
3758:
3472:Dens evaginatus
3426:
3396:
3348:Denture-related
3333:Plasmoacanthoma
3259:Keratoacanthoma
3080:
3078:Lining of mouth
3059:
3055:Torus palatinus
3016:
2999:
2980:Lingual thyroid
2938:Fissured tongue
2928:Crenated tongue
2904:
2887:
2873:Nasolabial cyst
2858:Herpes labialis
2812:
2799:
2794:
2751:Oral ulceration
2741:
2736:
2735:
2712:
2711:
2629:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2572:
2568:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2538:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2504:
2497:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2467:
2460:
2450:
2448:
2443:
2442:
2435:
2428:
2414:
2410:
2400:
2398:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2378:
2356:
2352:
2329:
2325:
2280:
2276:
2245:
2241:
2206:Human Pathology
2202:
2198:
2153:
2149:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2077:
2060:
2015:
2011:
1966:
1962:
1955:
1933:
1926:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1883:
1879:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1805:
1801:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1766:
1755:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1720:
1699:
1683:
1682:
1678:
1664:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1631:
1621:
1619:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1593:
1591:
1590:. A.D.A.M., Inc
1584:
1575:
1570:
1558:
1545:
1470:
1445:The conditions
1412:Behçet syndrome
1382:causes include
1368:Crohn's disease
1362:causes include
1326:causes include
1320:
1289:
1283:
1247:
1241:
1201:salivary glands
1197:maxillary sinus
1177:
1147:
1135:hyperthyroidism
1133:(e.g. used for
1107:cytotoxic drugs
1091:
963:herpes labialis
848:
814:, trauma, food
776:
750:
716:As a result of
714:
665:
663:Chemical injury
652:
625:petroleum jelly
575:
552:
529:
504:lymphadenopathy
479:
387:Crohn's disease
360:
358:Pathophysiology
348:
316:mucosal erosion
242:
238:
219:
196:mucous membrane
40:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4804:
4794:
4793:
4788:
4771:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4746:Eagle syndrome
4742:
4739:
4738:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4668:Cystic hygroma
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4627:
4626:
4623:
4622:
4620:
4619:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4582:
4577:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4551:
4550:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4543:
4538:
4536:Sialolithiasis
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4496:
4491:
4490:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4467:Adenocarcinoma
4464:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4434:Myoepithelioma
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4325:
4322:
4321:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4284:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4107:Traumatic bone
4104:
4102:Median palatal
4099:
4094:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3974:
3973:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3913:
3912:
3902:
3897:
3895:Hypocementosis
3892:
3887:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3806:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3764:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3729:
3728:
3727:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3644:
3643:
3633:
3632:
3631:
3629:Neonatal teeth
3621:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3604:
3603:
3602:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3576:
3575:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3527:
3526:
3516:
3511:
3509:Ectopic enamel
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3402:
3401:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3378:
3377:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3313:
3312:
3311:
3304:Oral melanosis
3301:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3261:
3256:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3104:Bohn's nodules
3101:
3096:
3091:
3089:Amalgam tattoo
3085:
3082:
3081:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3005:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2925:
2920:
2915:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2893:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2801:
2800:
2793:
2792:
2785:
2778:
2770:
2764:
2763:
2754:
2753:at Wikiversity
2738:
2737:
2734:
2733:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2698:
2687:
2676:
2661:
2646:
2630:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:Classification
2614:
2613:External links
2611:
2608:
2607:
2566:
2552:
2532:
2519:978-0323080378
2518:
2495:
2481:
2458:
2433:
2427:978-1455702626
2426:
2408:
2383:
2376:
2350:
2339:(10): 485–92.
2323:
2274:
2239:
2196:
2147:
2104:
2097:
2058:
2009:
1960:
1953:
1924:
1903:
1877:
1832:
1825:
1799:
1778:
1753:
1748:"Mouth ulcers"
1739:
1732:
1697:
1676:
1651:
1629:
1601:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1557:
1554:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1532:
1529:
1526:
1515:
1512:
1505:
1496:and use of an
1490:
1484:
1481:
1469:
1466:
1404:Sweet syndrome
1380:Dermatological
1364:celiac disease
1334:deficiencies,
1319:
1316:
1297:Balsam of Peru
1285:Main article:
1282:
1279:
1243:Main article:
1240:
1237:
1173:Main article:
1146:
1143:
1099:bisphosphonate
1090:
1087:
1042:cryptococcosis
959:herpes simplex
953:
952:
947:
941:
940:
934:histoplasmosis
930:cryptococcosis
923:
917:
916:
899:
893:
892:
867:
861:
860:
857:
847:
844:
781:floor of mouth
772:Main article:
758:aphthous ulcer
749:
746:
713:
710:
693:Silver nitrate
685:chlorpromazine
664:
661:
651:
648:
632:lingual frenum
574:
571:
551:
548:
528:
525:
514:(diabetes). A
488:oral physician
478:
475:
423:immunoglobulin
359:
356:
352:adverse effect
347:
344:
312:lamina propria
299:lamina propria
218:
215:
174:
173:
146:
142:
141:
119:
113:
112:
105:herpes viruses
97:
93:
92:
83:
77:
76:
64:
63:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4803:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4743:
4740:
4733:
4729:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4648:Actinomycosis
4646:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4628:
4618:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4556:
4552:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4526:Sialodochitis
4524:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4319:
4314:
4310:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4237:
4236:
4233:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4205:malocclusions
4202:
4198:
4193:
4189:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4173:Stafne defect
4171:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4124:Osteonecrosis
4122:
4120:
4119:Osteomyelitis
4117:
4115:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3997:
3993:
3992:Bones of jaws
3989:
3985:
3979:
3975:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3937:Periodontitis
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3917:Pericoronitis
3915:
3911:
3908:
3907:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3873:Granulomatous
3871:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3826:Eruption cyst
3824:
3822:
3819:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3653:Pulp necrosis
3651:
3649:
3646:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3637:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3613:
3612:Dens in dente
3610:
3609:
3608:
3605:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3558:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3525:
3522:
3521:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3504:Discoloration
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3474:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3452:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3432:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3376:
3373:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3249:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3211:Lichen planus
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3186:Herpes zoster
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3161:Fordyce spots
3159:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3147:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3139:Erythroplakia
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3066:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3006:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2923:Caviar tongue
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2913:Ankyloglossia
2911:
2910:
2907:
2903:
2898:
2894:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2878:Sun poisoning
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2786:
2784:
2779:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2752:
2747:
2743:
2742:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2631:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2555:
2553:9780323225724
2549:
2545:
2544:
2536:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2502:
2500:
2484:
2482:9783540777823
2478:
2474:
2473:
2465:
2463:
2446:
2440:
2438:
2429:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2397:
2393:
2387:
2379:
2373:
2369:
2364:
2363:
2354:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2255:(4): 830–36.
2254:
2250:
2243:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2167:(2): 98–110.
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2120:(3): 285–86.
2119:
2115:
2108:
2100:
2094:
2090:
2085:
2084:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2013:
2005:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1964:
1956:
1950:
1946:
1941:
1940:
1931:
1929:
1920:
1914:
1906:
1900:
1896:
1891:
1890:
1881:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1856:(2): 135–42.
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1836:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1812:
1803:
1795:
1789:
1781:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1762:
1760:
1758:
1749:
1743:
1735:
1729:
1725:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1693:
1687:
1679:
1673:
1669:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1639:
1633:
1618:(Online). n.d
1617:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1589:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1563:
1560:
1559:
1553:
1551:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1506:
1503:
1502:chlorhexidine
1499:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1465:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1396:lichen planus
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1324:Hematological
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:oropharyngeal
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1288:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1246:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1229:erythroplasia
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1176:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1151:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1052:Blastomycosis
1049:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1002:
998:
997:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
951:
950:leishmaniasis
948:
946:
943:
942:
939:
935:
931:
927:
926:blastomycosis
924:
922:
919:
918:
915:
911:
907:
903:
900:
898:
895:
894:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
868:
866:
863:
862:
858:
855:
854:
843:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
788:
786:
782:
775:
767:
763:
762:labial mucosa
759:
754:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
709:
707:
703:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
677:
675:
671:
660:
659:destruction.
656:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
628:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
598:
596:
592:
584:
579:
570:
568:
561:
560:labial mucosa
556:
547:
544:
542:
538:
534:
524:
521:
517:
513:
507:
505:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
474:
472:
468:
464:
461:in the eyes.
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:mononucleosis
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
407:
404:
398:
396:
390:
388:
384:
378:
376:
372:
368:
363:
355:
353:
343:
341:
337:
333:
332:
327:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
308:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
283:
281:
280:mucosal ulcer
277:
273:
269:
266:
260:
231:
223:
214:
212:
207:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
172:
171:levonordefrin
168:
164:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
91:
90:Oral medicine
87:
84:
82:
78:
74:
73:labial mucosa
70:
65:
61:
56:
52:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
4636:
4563:
4499:Sialadenitis
4458:
4410:
4275:Scissor bite
4270:Retrognathia
4255:Overeruption
4235:Malocclusion
4208:
4088:
4047:
4038:Micrognathia
3991:
3982:Periapical,
3868:Desquamative
3792:
3773:Periodontium
3747:Acid erosion
3688:Taurodontism
3619:Open contact
3531:Enamel pearl
3499:Dilaceration
3462:Concrescence
3369:
3263:
3250:
3077:
3030:Cleft palate
2990:Microglossia
2985:Macroglossia
2970:Glossoptosis
2868:Microcheilia
2863:Macrocheilia
2724:
2700:
2689:
2678:
2663:
2648:
2633:
2583:
2579:
2569:
2557:. Retrieved
2542:
2535:
2523:. Retrieved
2508:
2486:. Retrieved
2475:. Springer.
2471:
2449:. Retrieved
2417:
2411:
2399:. Retrieved
2395:
2386:
2361:
2353:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2252:
2248:
2242:
2209:
2205:
2199:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2117:
2113:
2107:
2082:
2026:
2022:
2012:
1977:
1973:
1963:
1938:
1888:
1880:
1853:
1849:
1835:
1810:
1802:
1769:
1742:
1723:
1667:
1642:. Retrieved
1632:
1620:. Retrieved
1613:
1604:
1592:. Retrieved
1546:
1543:Epidemiology
1494:oral hygiene
1471:
1457:Macroglossia
1455:
1444:
1356:gammopathies
1321:
1318:Other causes
1290:
1248:
1225:
1205:nasal cavity
1178:
1163:premalignant
1115:chemotherapy
1111:methotrexate
1103:osteoporosis
1092:
1089:Drug-induced
1045:
1037:
1034:valley fever
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1015:
1004:
1001:tuberculosis
994:
956:
914:tuberculosis
812:menstruation
794:deficiency (
789:
777:
766:erythematous
718:radiotherapy
715:
678:
666:
657:
653:
629:
618:
599:
588:
564:
545:
530:
508:
500:
492:oral surgeon
480:
451:desquamation
439:Autoimmunity
427:Chemotherapy
399:
391:
379:
371:radiotherapy
364:
361:
349:
329:
328:
315:
305:
303:
284:
279:
267:
236:
208:
187:
183:
179:
177:
36:
4693:Microstomia
4683:Macrostomia
4673:Gnathophyma
4590:Catathrenia
4585:Sleep apnea
4516:Sialectasis
4059:Dentigerous
4049:Odontogenic
3878:Plasma cell
3814:Gigantiform
3590:Microdontia
3580:Macrodontia
3551:Hyperdontia
3246:Oral cancer
3206:Leukoplakia
3114:Candidiasis
3074:Oral mucosa
2995:Rhabdomyoma
2975:Hypoglossia
2836:Plasma cell
2757:Mouth ulcer
2726:MedlinePlus
2586:(1): 9–16.
2401:11 December
2029:(1): 1–11.
1842:Ben-Horin S
1644:27 December
1594:27 December
1536:vitamin B12
1509:benzydamine
1474:symptomatic
1436:sarcoidosis
1432:glucagonoma
1336:neutropenia
1175:Oral cancer
1167:glossectomy
1155:oral cancer
1095:alendronate
1026:Bacteroides
1022:Actinomyces
975:chicken pox
859:Example(s)
836:antiseptics
712:Irradiation
702:endodontics
614:child abuse
541:oral cavity
331:Excoriation
204:oral cancer
200:oral cavity
188:Cancer sore
180:mouth ulcer
163:vitamin B12
50:Other names
45:Mouth ulcer
32:Canker sore
4780:Categories
4653:Angioedema
4459:Malignant:
4439:Oncocytoma
4265:Prognathia
4054:periapical
4033:Microgenia
3984:mandibular
3942:Aggressive
3863:Gingivitis
3804:Cementicle
3742:Abfraction
3732:Tooth wear
3725:Edentulism
3720:Tooth loss
3673:Resorption
3658:Pulp polyp
3641:Pulp stone
3585:Meth mouth
3556:Hypodontia
3546:Gemination
3477:Talon cusp
3370:Ulceration
3338:Stomatitis
3316:Pemphigoid
3264:Malignant:
3216:Linea alba
3201:Leukoedema
3181:Herpangina
3149:Giant-cell
2691:DiseasesDB
2294:(7): e38.
1568:References
1519:antifungal
1498:antiseptic
1352:dyscrasias
1301:stomatitis
1185:carcinomas
1145:Malignancy
1123:nicorandil
1085:and skin.
878:herpangina
870:chickenpox
832:analgesics
824:toothpaste
734:osteocytes
726:xerostomia
722:stomatitis
706:rubber dam
606:factitious
573:Mechanical
512:urinalysis
375:Stomatitis
367:xerostomia
295:periosteum
237:An ulcer (
217:Definition
167:benzocaine
154:antifungal
131:Malignancy
18:Oral ulcer
4521:Sialocele
4504:Parotitis
4245:Open bite
4240:Crossbite
4018:Cherubism
3988:maxillary
3821:Cementoma
3752:Attrition
3568:Impaction
3536:Fluorosis
3445:Anodontia
3440:Ankylosis
3328:Pemphigus
2948:Glossitis
2843:Cleft lip
2821:Cheilitis
2702:SNOMED CT
2212:: 18–41.
2142:204986006
1913:cite book
1840:Zbar AP,
1788:cite book
1686:cite book
1468:Treatment
1332:hematinic
1305:cheilitis
1233:indurated
1189:lymphomas
1181:cancerous
1153:Advanced
1063:protozoan
1060:parasitic
1018:Neisseria
945:Parasitic
897:Bacterial
846:Infection
816:allergies
800:vitamin B
792:hematinic
621:abrasions
602:self-harm
477:Diagnosis
463:Vitamin C
449:, causes
415:keratotic
403:fibrinous
395:mucositis
340:capillary
336:rete pegs
320:epidermis
291:submucosa
145:Treatment
127:Infection
81:Specialty
71:) on the
4531:Sialosis
4482:Lymphoma
4354:Mucocele
4250:Overbite
4003:Agnathia
3964:Teething
3789:alveolus
3785:cementum
3737:Abrasion
3713:Occlusal
3698:Avulsion
3663:Pulpitis
3607:Odontoma
3353:Herpetic
3343:Aphthous
2853:Eclabium
2707:26284000
2602:19124628
2345:10726452
2318:15201264
2269:21816532
2234:47010934
2226:29885408
2191:21498973
2134:26307375
2053:19210521
2004:10894697
1872:22325167
1556:See also
1428:diabetes
1344:leukemia
1293:allergen
1193:sarcomas
1159:T4 N2 M0
1011:syphilis
979:shingles
910:syphilis
828:steroids
742:mandible
674:pulpitis
272:necrosis
190:, is an
4617:Snoring
4575:Bruxism
4411:Benign:
4260:Overjet
4220:Bruxism
4114:Osteoma
3952:Chronic
3777:gingiva
3251:Benign:
3144:Fibroma
2831:Angular
2826:Actinic
2685:D019226
2644:DA01.15
2559:6 March
2525:6 March
2488:5 March
2451:5 March
2309:1768343
2182:3134932
2044:2673735
1995:1118165
1622:19 July
1610:"ulcer"
1374:), and
1281:Allergy
1217:alcohol
1213:smoking
1139:cocaine
1113:, i.e.
1044:), and
981:), and
961:virus (
760:on the
730:atrophy
681:eugenol
670:aspirin
539:of the
523:occur.
484:dentist
459:uveitis
406:exudate
342:loops.
307:erosion
263:; from
198:of the
139:Allergy
4359:Ranula
3831:Epulis
3693:Trauma
3541:Fusion
3450:Caries
3423:enamel
3419:dentin
3014:Palate
2902:Tongue
2761:Curlie
2731:001448
2600:
2550:
2516:
2479:
2424:
2374:
2343:
2316:
2306:
2267:
2232:
2224:
2189:
2179:
2140:
2132:
2095:
2051:
2041:
2002:
1992:
1951:
1901:
1870:
1823:
1776:
1730:
1674:
1354:, and
1328:anemia
1312:mucosa
1273:, and
1187:, but
1129:) and
1127:angina
1109:(e.g.
1003:) and
921:Fungal
808:stress
796:folate
764:(note
697:Phenol
583:frenum
516:biopsy
467:scurvy
433:, and
385:/oral
346:Causes
184:aphtha
96:Causes
4736:Other
3411:Teeth
2696:22751
2674:528.9
2288:Heart
2230:S2CID
2138:S2CID
2091:–84.
1945:Mosby
1897:–79.
1819:–91.
1223:use.
1221:betel
1067:cysts
865:Viral
856:Agent
494:, or
411:edema
268:ulcus
265:Latin
192:ulcer
4698:Noma
4203:and
3986:and
3791:) –
3415:pulp
2810:Lips
2680:MeSH
2669:9-CM
2598:PMID
2561:2014
2548:ISBN
2527:2014
2514:ISBN
2490:2014
2477:ISBN
2453:2014
2422:ISBN
2403:2018
2396:NICE
2372:ISBN
2341:PMID
2314:PMID
2265:PMID
2222:PMID
2187:PMID
2130:PMID
2093:ISBN
2049:PMID
2000:PMID
1949:ISBN
1919:link
1899:ISBN
1868:PMID
1821:ISBN
1794:link
1774:ISBN
1728:ISBN
1692:link
1672:ISBN
1646:2012
1624:2015
1596:2012
1449:and
1438:and
1394:and
1303:and
1215:and
1058:, a
1054:").
804:iron
683:and
630:The
314:. A
278:. A
2759:at
2665:ICD
2659:K12
2650:ICD
2635:ICD
2588:doi
2368:433
2304:PMC
2296:doi
2257:doi
2214:doi
2177:PMC
2169:doi
2122:doi
2089:253
2039:PMC
2031:doi
2027:156
1990:PMC
1982:doi
1978:321
1858:doi
1817:178
1517:An
1378:.
1295:is
1117:),
1105:),
1097:(a
1036:),
1013:).
989:).
969:),
756:An
431:HIV
304:An
274:of
101:SLS
4782::
4562:–
4207:–
4199:,
3787:,
3783:,
3779:,
3421:,
3417:,
3076:–
2729::
2705::
2694::
2683::
2672::
2657::
2654:10
2642::
2639:11
2596:.
2584:22
2582:.
2578:.
2498:^
2461:^
2436:^
2394:.
2370:.
2337:48
2335:.
2312:.
2302:.
2292:90
2290:.
2286:.
2263:.
2253:70
2251:.
2228:.
2220:.
2210:79
2208:.
2185:.
2175:.
2163:.
2159:.
2136:.
2128:.
2118:41
2116:.
2061:^
2047:.
2037:.
2025:.
2021:.
1998:.
1988:.
1976:.
1972:.
1947:.
1943:.
1927:^
1915:}}
1911:{{
1895:50
1866:.
1852:.
1848:.
1790:}}
1786:{{
1756:^
1700:^
1688:}}
1684:{{
1654:^
1612:.
1576:^
1552:.
1442:.
1434:,
1430:,
1426:,
1422:,
1418:,
1414:,
1410:,
1406:,
1402:,
1386:,
1366:,
1358:.
1346:,
1342:,
1338:,
1330:,
1277:.
1269:,
1265:,
1261:,
1257:,
1203:,
1199:,
1191:,
1141:.
1121:,
1069:.
1020:,
977:,
965:,
936:,
932:,
928:,
912:,
908:,
904:,
888:,
884:,
880:,
876:,
872:,
838:,
830:,
810:,
802:,
798:,
687:.
646:.
638:("
490:,
486:,
473:.
429:,
389:.
301:.
256:ər
178:A
169:;
137:;
133:;
125:;
88:;
4051::
3775:(
3425:)
3413:(
2789:e
2782:t
2775:v
2667:-
2652:-
2637:-
2627:D
2604:.
2590::
2563:.
2529:.
2492:.
2455:.
2430:.
2405:.
2380:.
2347:.
2320:.
2298::
2271:.
2259::
2236:.
2216::
2193:.
2171::
2165:3
2144:.
2124::
2101:.
2055:.
2033::
2006:.
1984::
1957:.
1921:)
1907:.
1874:.
1860::
1854:6
1829:.
1796:)
1782:.
1736:.
1694:)
1680:.
1648:.
1626:.
1598:.
1370:(
1157:(
1040:(
1032:(
1009:(
999:(
985:(
973:(
604:(
259:/
253:s
250:l
247:ʌ
244:ˈ
241:/
182:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
