1117:
1335:
1180:
388:
58:
2669:
1165:, prayer songs in Otomi are heard and elders share tales the youth who understand their native language. Despite this, very little attention has been placed on the Otomi culture, especially through education means where very little is discussed about any indigenous groups. Because of this, many Otomi descendants know very little about their own culture's history.
1899:: "Hay que señalar que los otomíes no fueron los únicos indígenas migrantes en la época colonial. Los tlaxcaltecas, aliados de los españoles, accedieron acompañar a éstos en su campaña hacia el norte. Los descendientes de la migración tlaxcalteca se encuentran en varios poblados de los estados fronterizos de México, como Bustamante (Nuevo León). "
2474:; video producido por la Coordinación General de Educación Intercultural Bilingüe de la Secretaría de Educación Pública (México) sobre los otomíes del Valle del Mezquital. los otomíes son un pueblo indígena mexicano que,debido a la convivencia en las mismas regiones a lo largo de los siglos,comparte rasgos de cultura material con los nahuas.
1551:Últimamente algunos hablantes del Valle de Mezquital han comenzado a considerar el etnónimo "otomí" como despectivo. Esto no ocurre en otras variantes y por lo tanto se debe seguir usando. También es el término de uso más extendido en el mundo de habla hispana en todos los ámbitos. Al respecto, haciendo eco de las palabras de David Charles
1104:, a total of 35 Otomi families were forcibly taken to occupy the periphery of the city and defend it from attacks by the nomadic people of the region in 1711. In several places, the Otomi population was decimated not only by forced or consensual migrations, but also by the constant epidemics suffered by the Mesoamerican tribes after the
998:(council) and the recognition of the possession of communal lands by the Spanish state were elements that allowed the Otomi to preserve their language and, to a certain extent, their indigenous culture. However, especially with regard to land possession, the indigenous communities suffered dispossession throughout the three centuries of
1183:
1182:
1187:
1186:
1181:
1188:
844:
1537:
se entiende a los miembros de las minorías étnicas que habitan en un estado nacional que no se reconoce como pluriétnico. En ese sentido, la población étnica comprende no sólo a los hablantes de una lengua —en este caso, el otomí—, sino también a los que han dejado de hacer uso de la lengua pero se
1148:; meanwhile, it has disregarded the living indigenous people, such as the Otomi who are depicted without the same prestige. Until recently, the Otomi culture and people were not given much attention or focus until recent anthropologist began investigating their ancient way of life. As a result, the
495:
population, which took place in the eighth millennium B.C.E. Occupation of the Otomi in central Mexico then refers to the fact that the linguistic chains between the
Otomanguean languages are more or less intact, so that the linguistically closest members of the family are also close in the spatial
300:
According to the
National Institute of Indigenous Peoples of Mexico, the Otomi ethnic group totaled 667,038 people in the Mexican Republic in 2015, making them the fifth largest indigenous people in the country. Of these, only a little more than half spoke Otomi. In this regard, the Otomi language
1156:
nation that serves to help many of its indigenous populations, like the Otomi. However, this has not been the case with scarce evidence proving that anything is done to truly help them. Although many of the current descendants of the Otomi have begun to immigrate to other region, there is still a
679:
Mesoamerican history, perhaps because the ethnic complexity of central Mexico at that time does not allow us to distinguish the contributions of the ancient Otomi from those produced by their neighbors. Only in recent years has interest begun to appear in the role played by these people in the
1293:
of Mexico (CDI), only 50.6% of the Otomi population speaks the native language of this group. In 1995, this proportion corresponded to a total of 327,319 speakers of Otomi languages in the entire
Mexican Republic. The above calculation corresponds to a CDI estimate that is intended to include
1135:
Around 1940–1950, government agencies had promised to assist the indigenous people by helping them gain access to better education and economic advancements but failed to do so. In turn, the people continued to farm and work as laborers within their minor subsistence economy within a larger
1327:
and to improve their living conditions. However, indigenous education programs in the
Spanish language have been discredited by critics because they imply, on the one hand, the loss of the native language and, on the other hand, have not served to improve the quality of life of indigenous
1185:
1298:
population counts. According to the 1995 First
Population Count, Otomi speakers over the age of five totaled 283,263 individuals, which represents a loss of 22,927 speakers compared to the 1980 Population and Housing Census, when 306,190 speakers of Otomi languages were recorded.
458:
were constructed out of the plant's leaves. During this time, most of the region was vastly underdeveloped and most agriculture was low-yielding. Often densely settled areas would be confused as locations devoid of habitation, as dispersed dwellings are built low and concealed.
751:
in
Mesoamerica. Changes in political networks at the Mesoamerican level, disputes between small rival states and population movements resulting from prolonged droughts in northern Mesoamerica facilitated the arrival of new settlers in central Mexico. Around this time, large
1555:, p. 19): "Si bien la palabra 'otomí' ha sido usada en textos que menosprecian a estos antiguos habitantes del Centro de México, creo conveniente usar la misma palabra en los trabajos que intentan recuperar su historia; en lugar de desecharla propongo reivindicarla".
1200:
367:, but no common endonym exists for all dialects of the language. Like most of the native names used to refer to the indigenous peoples of Mexico, the term Otomi is not native to the people to which it refers. Otomi is a term of Nahuatl origin that derives from
1314:
processes to which all the indigenous peoples of Mexico have been subjected. The
Castilianization of indigenous people in Mexico has long been understood as a subtractive process, that is, one that implies the renunciation of the use of the
1538:
reconocen como miembros del grupo y son reconocidos como tales, sea convencional u oficialmente. De acuerdo con los criterios elegidos por las agencias gubernamentales mexicanas para calcular el número de indígenas, forman parte de la
482:
The ethnic territory of the Otomi has historically been central Mexico. Since pre-Hispanic times, the Otomi people have inhabited that region and are considered native peoples of the
Mexican highlands. The Otomi may have been found in
301:
presents a high degree of internal diversification, so that speakers of one variety often have difficulty understanding those who speak another language. Hence, the names by which the Otomi call themselves are numerous: ñätho (
719:. This is established on the basis that there is a large number of cognates that exist in the Otomi languages in the repertoire of words alluding to agriculture. After the development of emerging agriculture, the
1184:
986:. Subsequently, when Spanish legislation was modified, the so-called Indian republics appeared, systems of political organization that allowed a certain autonomy of the Otomi communities with respect to the
723:
legion gave rise to two distinct languages that constitute the antecedents of the present-day eastern and western groups of the Otomi family. Following the linguistic evidence, it seems likely that the
803:
as their empire grew; subsequently, Otomi people resettled in lands to the east and south of their former territory. While some Otomi resettled elsewhere, other Otomi still resided near current-day
1270:
language family, one of the oldest and most diverse in the
Mesoamerican area. One of the more than one hundred Otomanguean languages that survive today, the Otomi languages relate closely to the
1334:
1080:
and the
Spanish, who would finally end up overcoming all the indigenous groups that supported them in the conquest of this territory that had been the habitat of numerous peoples classified as
795:. Xaltocan soon acquired power—enough power to demand tribute from nearby communities up until its subjugation. Thereafter, the Otomi kingdom was conquered during the 14th century by the
450:”, a fermented unfiltered juice that played an important part in the Otomi's economy and nutrition. However, this practice has begun to decline due to its new large-scale production. The
321:) are some of the names the Otomi use to refer to themselves in their own languages, although it is common that, when speaking in Spanish, they use the native Otomi, originating from the
1302:
The population of speakers of Otomi languages has declined in recent years. To some extent, this reduction of Otomi speakers is due to migration from their communities of origin and the
962:. Originally, the Spanish banned the drink but soon attempted to manage a business through its production which led to the Otomi people solely using the drink for their own consumption.
375:
means "one who walks with arrows", although authors such as Wigberto Jimenez Moreno have translated it as "bird arrowman". The Otomi language belonging to the Oto-Pamean branch of the
2495:
Video producido en la comunidad otomí de Ixtenco, Tlaxcala. Traducido cuidadosamente por el historiador otomí Mateo Cajero, y ejecutado por sus nietas el domingo 3 de mayo de 2010.
1281:
The native language of the Otomi is called the Otomi language. In reality, it is a complex of languages, whose number varies according to the sources consulted. According to the
954:
a traditional homeland to the Otomi, the terrain was not well suited for farming as the land was dry and many Otomi people hired each other as laborers and relied heavily on the
2290:
Garza Cuarón, Beatriz; Lastra, Yolanda (2000). "Lenguas en peligro de extinción en México". In Robins, Robert Henry; Uhlenbeck, Eugenius Marius; Garza Cuarón, Beatriz (eds.).
591:
and the north of the state of Mexico. Isolated from these large groups that concentrate around 80% of the total number of members of this indigenous people are the Otomi of
2471:
1290:
2160:
2552:
2193:(in Spanish). Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas de México (CDI)-Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), México.
699:
By the fifth millennium B.C.E., the Otomi people formed a large group. The diversification of the languages and their geographic expansion from the valley of
1274:, also spoken in the northwest and west of the state of Mexico. Some glottochronological analyses applied to Otomi languages indicate that Otomi split from
438:
of Mexico, recorded that despite the arid climate and land unfit for agriculture without irrigation, the Otomi people chiefly depended on the production of
2233:
349:
has become entrenched in linguistic and anthropological literature. Among linguists, the suggestion has been made to change the academic designation from
735:
Some historians believe that the Otomi were the first inhabitants of the Valley of Mexico, nevertheless, they were later expelled from the valley by the
1136:
capitalistic economy where the indigenous people was able to be exploited by those who are in control of the economy. Since gaining independence, the
1507:
2414:, Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas de México (CDI)-Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), México.
2407:, Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas de México (CDI)-Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), México.
2299:
974:
in Mesoamerica meant the subjugation of the indigenous peoples to the dominion of the newcomers. By the 1530s, all the Otomi communities of the
1341:
732:
around the fourth millennium B.C.E. and that, contrary to what some authors maintain, they did not migrate from the north but from the south.
434:, and eating most fruits available around them. In 1943 to 1944, a report about a nutritional study about the Otomi villages located in the
2372:[What do we do with Castile? Teaching Spanish as a second language in the intercultural bilingual indigenous education curriculum]
2093:
1323:
in the Spanish language. The Castilianization of indigenous people was presented as an alternative to integrate indigenous people into the
2994:
2370:"Qué hacemos con la castilla? La enseñanza del español como segunda lengua en el currículo intercultural bilingüe de educación indígena"
2545:
615:). Due to the territory in which they are located, the Otomi live in an intense relationship with large metropolitan areas such as the
2498:
2438:
1286:
2368:
Hamel, Rainier Enrique; Brumm, María; Carrillo Avelar, Antonio; Loncon, Elisa; Nieto, Rafael; Silva Castellón, Elías (January 2004).
2208:
1412:
1736:
1289:, there are nine varieties of Otomi. David Charles Wright Carr proposes that there are four Otomi languages. According to the
2989:
2538:
2337:
2307:
2147:
2016:
1983:
1964:
1914:
1894:
1862:
1842:
1821:
1794:
1762:
1483:
780:(Mähñem'ì in Otomi) into one of the main cities of Mesoamerica. This city constructed a large part of the population of the
2509:
2121:
2113:
999:
398:
The Otomi traditionally worshipped the moon as their highest deity. Even in modern times, many Otomi populations practice
2169:
571:
and concentrate most of the country's population. The areas with the highest concentrations of Otomi population are the
2433:
2041:
1021:
616:
2134:
265:
1310:-speaking population for the most part. The contraction of the Otomi linguistic community is also the result of the
2984:
1811:
1784:
2468:
About the "Caminata Nocturna" (a simulated illegal border crossing), in the Hñähñú village of El Alberto, Hidalgo.
1052:. In fact, the colonization process of this territory was essentially the work of the Otomi, with the lordship of
848:
406:. Like most sedentary Mesoamerican peoples, the Otomi traditionally subsisted on maize, beans and squash, but the
2446:
2241:
2231:
2206:
2168:(in Spanish) (2nd ed.). San Juan Ixtenco, Tlaxcala, México: Government of Tlaxcala, México. Archived from
1542:
mexicana los miembros de las familias donde el jefe de familia o su cónyuge son hablantes de lengua indígena
1452:
1350:
310:
2561:
1149:
910:) resisted assimilation and maintained nomadic raiding parties that attacked any Spanish settlement within
643:
era have paid very little attention to the history of the Otomi. Many centuries ago, great cities such as
1786:
Can Threatened Languages be Saved?: Reversing Language Shift, Revisited : a 21st Century Perspective
1125:
681:
513:
277:
254:
2487:
1394:
1128:, the Otomi sided with the rebellion as they wanted their land back that was taken from them under the
1640:"A Study of the Nutritional Status and Food Habits of Otomi Indians in the Mezquital Valley of Mexico"
496:
sense. The first separation of the Otomi group occurred when the eastern languages separated from the
280:
for several thousand years. Currently, the Otomi inhabit a fragmented territory ranging from northern
1216:
1108:. Numerous communities were wiped out between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries due to disease.
1089:
675:, with a majority Otomi population. However, the Otomi are almost never mentioned as protagonists of
600:
1376:
979:
2999:
1400:
1287:
Catalog of Indigenous Languages of the National Institute of Indigenous Languages (Inali) of Mexico
1064:
of the nomadic peoples, who ended up being assimilated or exterminated by force. The importance of
820:
777:
652:
470:. Their metal crafts included ornaments and weaponry, although metal weaponry was not as useful as
2410:
Moreno Alcántara, Beatriz ; María Gabriela Garrett Ríos y Ulises Julio Fierro Alonso (2006):
628:
65:
17:
2782:
1345:
748:
192:
2277:(enlace roto disponible en Internet Archive; véase el historial, la primera versión y la última)
2202:. Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics. Vol. 4. New York: Oxford University Press.
2102:
1101:
1060:, the Otomí served as a bridge for the sedentism, or the settling of the nomadic population and
784:, although many of them continued to live to the south and east, in the state of Mexico and the
2832:
1267:
1232:
907:
891:
800:
785:
757:
756:-speaking groups arrived and began to displace the Otomi to the east. They then arrived in the
720:
576:
376:
273:
35:
2516:. Otomí de la Sierra, Coordinación General de Educación Intercultural Bilingüe. Archived from
768:
valley. In the following centuries, large states developed in the Otomi territory, led by the
2958:
1446:
1382:
1320:
1240:
1140:
government has adopted an adoring attitude towards the pre-Hispanic history and works of the
1097:
1017:
467:
1524:. Archivado desde el original el 24 de octubre de 2019. Consultado el 24 de octubre de 2019.
1278:
around the 8th century CE. Since then, Otomi has fragmented into the languages known today.
1088:
was still a major component, and some of their descendants remain in municipalities such as
870:, who were destroyed completely", they eventually joined forces with him when he fought the
2052:
1248:
1228:
1212:
1116:
1041:
860:
725:
707:) must have occurred after the domestication of the Mesoamerican agricultural, composed of
685:
676:
521:
509:
2258:
1093:
474:
weaponry (obsidian being sharper than a modern-day razor, abundant, and light in weight).
8:
2918:
2898:
1306:
of their ethnic territory, which imposes on them the need to coexist with an exclusively
1252:
2232:
Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social (CIESAS) (n.d.).
2207:
Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social (CIESAS) (n.d.).
1008:
were occupying the ancient Otomi settlements, as is the case of the present-day city of
631:, places where many of them have had to emigrate in search of better job opportunities.
338:
2450:
2216:
1664:
1639:
1501:
1244:
1072:
turned it into a scenario where different ethnic groups later converged, including the
863:
689:
505:
196:
2324:
Robins, Robert Henry; Uhlenbeck, Eugenius Marius; Garza Cuarón, Beatriz, eds. (1991).
2182:
Etnicidad y ciudadanía en América Latina: La acción colectiva de los pueblos indígenas
121:
2385:
2343:
2333:
2313:
2303:
1817:
1790:
1669:
1489:
1479:
1406:
1282:
1256:
1224:
1053:
995:
914:
maintaining a state of war that lasted until the first silver mines were opened. The
640:
535:
The Otomi currently occupy a fragmented territory that extends through the states of
501:
342:
2953:
1100:. Otomí population movements continued throughout the colonial era. For example, in
883:
584:
466:
and traded valuable metal items with other indigenous confederations, including the
379:
is spoken in many different varieties, some of which are not mutually intelligible.
297:
2903:
2893:
2827:
2741:
2575:
1659:
1651:
1430:
1307:
1271:
1260:
1220:
1153:
1061:
975:
951:
808:
781:
753:
729:
572:
568:
435:
364:
306:
249:
241:
211:
2151:
994:
populations. The creation of these republics, the strengthening of the indigenous
516:
along with the rest of the peoples that form part of the same Otomanguean branch:
2948:
2863:
2817:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2655:
2635:
2422:(in Spanish). Universidad del Valle de México-Fondo de Cultura Económica, México.
2403:
Mendoza Rico, Mirza; Luis Enrique Ferro Vidal y Eduardo Solorio Santiago (2006):
2329:
1440:
1417:
1388:
1324:
1311:
1236:
1162:
1157:
hint of their ancient culture present today. In certain parts of Mexico, such as
955:
911:
812:
791:
Around the year 1100 AD, Otomi-speaking peoples formed their capital city-state,
540:
407:
293:
258:
101:
2580:
2517:
2125:
739:
in 1418. The Otomi were one of various ethnic groups present within the city of
2979:
2645:
2595:
2585:
2530:
2503:
2396:
Jiménez Moreno, Wigberto (1939): "Origen y significación del nombre otomí", en
2369:
1316:
1275:
1208:
1174:
971:
919:
536:
517:
426:
would consider a balanced diet, they maintain reasonably good health by eating
355:
184:
160:
146:
105:
31:
2492:
1638:
Anderson, Richmond K.; Calvo, Jose; Serrano, Gloria; Payne, George C. (1946).
799:
and its alliances. The Otomi people then were subject to pay a tribute to the
743:; one of the largest and most important cities of ancient Mexico. The fall of
2973:
2938:
2928:
2908:
2837:
2787:
2777:
2674:
2389:
2069:
2057:
1493:
1434:
664:
497:
423:
392:
302:
168:
2347:
2317:
922:, but they also held onto their ancient customs. While being colonized, the
2933:
2761:
2716:
2701:
2590:
2138:
1998:"David Charles Wright Carr | Universidad de Guanajuato - Academia.edu"
1673:
1370:
1303:
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903:
871:
716:
672:
660:
69:
2625:
1655:
1077:
943:
931:
596:
592:
588:
552:
544:
512:-speaking peoples. Among the latter are the Otomi, settled in the Mexican
318:
314:
285:
133:
109:
2943:
2888:
2822:
2812:
2792:
2726:
2706:
2605:
1033:
804:
744:
740:
648:
580:
484:
188:
2736:
2630:
1997:
1520:«Otomíes – Estadísticas – Atlas de los Pueblos unidos de México. INPI».
700:
655:
flourished in the territory occupied by the Otomi at the arrival of the
387:
2868:
2721:
2200:
American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America
1294:
Otomi-speaking children under the age of five, who are not included in
1158:
1129:
1081:
1013:
983:
927:
887:
843:
824:
604:
548:
529:
463:
281:
125:
2873:
1830:
2923:
2883:
2711:
1473:
1069:
1029:
1025:
1009:
1005:
656:
644:
525:
500:
languages. The western branch is composed of two major branches: the
488:
403:
399:
2878:
1453:
Museo de la Cultura Hñähñu y Centro Cultural del Valle del Mezquital
57:
2913:
2847:
2731:
2696:
2283:
El primer mestizaje. La clave para entender el pasado mesoamericano
1929:
1589:
Palancar, "Emergence of Active/Stative alignment in Otomi", p. 357.
1295:
1137:
1105:
1073:
987:
947:
939:
867:
856:
792:
765:
668:
612:
564:
556:
471:
427:
419:
411:
289:
129:
117:
1085:
1065:
1057:
1049:
2842:
2751:
2691:
2650:
2640:
2600:
2023:
1356:
1084:. However, until the nineteenth century, the Otomi population in
1040:
peoples. The Otomi were colonizers who settled in cities such as
991:
923:
915:
899:
875:
832:
736:
608:
368:
360:
322:
172:
164:
2094:"Hñahñu, Nuhu, Nhato, Nuhmu: Precisiones sobre el término 'otomí
1737:"The Genetic History Of The Otomi In The Central Mexican Valley"
1472:
Georgina., Masferrer K., Elio. Mondragón, Jaime. Vences (2010).
2746:
2615:
2610:
2367:
2075:
2063:
1145:
1141:
1045:
959:
935:
828:
816:
796:
773:
769:
761:
704:
624:
620:
560:
451:
447:
443:
439:
431:
415:
372:
269:
113:
2482:
2420:
La conquista del Bajío y los orígenes de San Miguel de Allende
1902:
232:
2756:
1291:
National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples
926:
Otomi language was dispersed to various other states such as
708:
492:
1761:
harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMoreno_Alcántaraothers2002 (
1633:
1631:
1604:
918:
Otomi allegiance with the Spanish led to many converting to
391:
Otomi woman selling traditional Otomi embroidered cloths in
2456:
2323:
1193:
712:
639:
Historiographical texts on the Mesoamerican peoples of the
223:
217:
2477:
292:. However, most of them are concentrated in the states of
1940:
1841:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFMoreno_Alcántaraothers2002 (
1704:
1692:
1644:
American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health
1637:
1628:
1592:
455:
1475:
Los pueblos indígenas de Puebla : atlas etnográfico
1443:, 1989 James Bond movie shows the Centro Cultural Otomi.
1199:
2363:] (in Spanish). Fondo de Cultura Económica, México.
1869:
898:) maintained a state of war upon the Spanish and their
855:
A sizable portion of the Otomi resided in the state of
446:(century plant) is used to produce weaving fibers and “
1971:
1836:
1756:
1680:
1571:
694:
1111:
276:-speaking peoples, whose ancestors have occupied the
272:. They are linguistically related to the rest of the
214:
2664:
2298:]. Colección Obra diversa (in Spanish). Mexico:
1716:
886:
and settled in many towns in the state now known as
220:
2256:
1913:
sfn error: no target: CITEREFMoreno_Alcántara2002 (
1028:. Some Otomi families were forced to accompany the
866:originally attacked and "annihilated the Otomis at
567:. All these states are located in the heart of the
229:
226:
2289:
2029:
1616:
1283:Ethnologue of the Summer Institute of Linguistics
882:) to once again expand. They founded the City of
268:who inhabit a discontinuous territory in central
2971:
2560:
2188:
2148:"Lengua cultura e historia de los Otomíes Paper"
1908:
1893:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAcosta_Soln.d. (
1861:harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAcosta_Soln.d. (
1610:
2447:"No Place Like Home Act One: Flight Simulation"
2259:"Reflexiones sobre la identidad de los otomíes"
2179:
2004:
1952:
1032:in the conquest of the northern territories of
2354:
1598:
1449:, candidata al Premio Nobel de la Paz en 2005.
902:otomi allies with records indicating that the
728:—members of the western branch—arrived in the
2546:
2493:"Himno Nacional Mexicano en Otomí - Ixtenco".
2300:Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia
422:). Although the Otomi people rarely eat what
371:, a word that in the language of the ancient
74:
1741:University of Pennsylvania Scholarly Commons
1506:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
874:, eventually defeating it. This allowed the
317:) and ñ'yühü (Northern highlands of Puebla,
2417:
2398:Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos
2378:Revista Mexicana de Investigación Educativa
2091:
1946:
1875:
1710:
1698:
1577:
1552:
747:is a milestone that signals the end of the
2553:
2539:
2478:"Aprende otomí con gramática de un otomí".
2439:Cultura Otomí en Ixtenco, Tlaxcala, México
1934:Native Peoples of the Gulf Coast of Mexico
1888:
1856:
680:development of the cultures living in the
2159:Cajero, Mateo Velázquez (January 2009) .
1663:
1558:
1471:
2512:[How to obtain better harvests]
2280:
2197:
1982:sfn error: no target: CITEREFInali2008 (
1722:
1686:
1198:
1178:
1115:
842:
386:
2145:
2132:
2119:
2092:Wright Carr, David Charles (May 2005).
1816:. Oxford University Press. p. 42.
1809:
1782:
1734:
1437:named after, if not composed of, Otomis
1152:has gone as far declaring themselves a
14:
2972:
2444:
2158:
2015:sfn error: no target: CITEREFCDI2000 (
1963:sfn error: no target: CITEREFSIL2005 (
1622:
1016:), founded in the Otomi settlement of
950:, where most remained farmers. In the
454:plant was so heavily depended on that
410:(century plant) was also an important
402:and hold pre-Hispanic beliefs such as
2534:
2285:. Conaculta-INAH-Taurus-UNAM, México.
1977:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1752:
1750:
1413:Kevin Álvarez (footballer, born 1999)
1231:). The family in turn belongs to the
807:, but most settled in areas near the
772:peoples. Around the 9th century, the
337:is used to describe the larger Otomi
248:
2189:Barrientos López, Guadalupe (2004).
2122:"Manuscritos Otomies del Virreinato"
1420:, composer Sobre las Olas, violinist
487:at least since the beginning of the
95:Regions with significant populations
2418:Wright Carr, David Charles (1999).
2257:Collin Harguindeguy, Laura (n.d.).
2010:
1958:
1927:
1120:Tlachiqueros otomíes de Tequixquiac
695:Otomi peoples in pre-Hispanic times
477:
24:
2995:Indigenous peoples of Aridoamerica
2405:Otomíes del Semidesierto queretano
2361:Brief dictionary of Mexican jargon
2162:Historia de los Otomíes en Ixtenco
2042:1980 Population and Housing Census
1837:Moreno Alcántara & others 2002
1769:
1757:Moreno Alcántara & others 2002
1747:
1112:Nineteenth and twentieth centuries
965:
859:. Although there are reports that
56:
49:Hñähñu, Hñähño, Ñuhu, Ñhato, Ñuhmu
25:
3011:
2427:
2357:Diccionario breve de mexicanismos
1783:Fishman, Joshua A. (2001-01-01).
1478:. Gobierno del Estado de Puebla.
1364:
607:) and those that still remain in
266:Indigenous people of the Americas
27:Indigenous ethnic group of Mexico
2667:
2445:Spring, James (March 14, 2014).
2434:Pictures of Otomi weaving styles
2180:Bello Maldonado, Álvaro (2004).
1333:
1266:Otomi languages are part of the
617:Metropolitan Zone of Mexico City
414:used for production of alcohol (
210:
2510:"Cómo obtener mejores cosechas"
2412:Otomíes del Valle del Mezquital
2046:
2035:
1990:
1921:
1881:
1849:
1803:
1728:
663:that dominated, the so-called "
2355:Gómez de Silva, Guido (2001).
2184:. United Nations Publications.
2030:Garza Cuarón & Lastra 2000
1928:Dow, James W. (January 2005).
1583:
1545:
1527:
1514:
1465:
1203:Otomi-speaking areas in Mexico
1192:An Otomi speaker, recorded in
934:, that included the states of
13:
1:
2085:
849:Church of San Miguel Arcángel
2990:Indigenous peoples in Mexico
2562:Indigenous peoples of Mexico
2483:Red de Información Indígena.
2281:Duverger, Christian (2007).
2191:Otomíes del estado de México
2150:(in Spanish). Archived from
2146:Wright Carr, David Charles.
2137:(in Spanish). Archived from
2133:Wright Carr, David Charles.
2124:(in Spanish). Archived from
2120:Wright Carr, David Charles.
1215:family (which also includes
1126:Mexico's War of Independence
377:Oto-Manguean language family
328:
7:
2053:1995 First Population Count
1810:Naimark, Norman M. (2017).
1424:
1355:(Otomi Cultural Center) in
1168:
1018:Xidóo ("Place of tepetates)
838:
703:(currently in the state of
382:
278:Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt
255:Indigenous people of Mexico
72:performing the traditional
10:
3016:
1930:"The Sierra Ñähñu (Otomí)"
1172:
1036:, occupied by the warlike
1004:At the same time that the
634:
508:-speaking peoples and the
29:
2856:
2770:
2684:
2662:
2568:
2499:Cultura otomí en Ixtenco.
2488:"Todo sobre los otomies".
2472:"Sagrada Serpiente Negra"
1813:Genocide: A World History
1735:Zillges, Haleigh (2013).
671:inherited the domains of
491:, or the settling of the
363:used by the Otomi of the
345:. From Spanish, the word
183:
178:
158:
153:
144:
139:
99:
94:
89:
84:
55:
2569:More than 100,000 people
2455:. Episode 520. Chicago.
2135:"Otomies en las fuentes"
1789:. Multilingual Matters.
1458:
1401:Fortunato Moreno Reinoso
1325:Mexican national culture
1020:") in 1603 by decree of
2985:Ethnic groups in Mexico
2685:20,000 – 100,000 people
2198:Campbell, Lyle (1997).
1385:, human rights activist
1346:Otomi Ceremonial Center
257:inhabiting the central
2857:Less than 1,000 people
2266:El Colegio de Tlaxcala
2234:"Otomíes de Querétaro"
2209:"Otomíes de Michoacán"
1233:Oto-Manguean languages
1204:
1196:
1121:
1024:y Acevedo, viceroy of
982:had been divided into
852:
851:, Ixmiquilpan, Hidalgo
760:and some areas of the
395:
245:
75:
61:
36:Otomi (disambiguation)
34:. For other uses, see
30:For the language, see
2771:1,000 – 20,000 people
1909:Moreno Alcántara 2002
1656:10.2105/ajph.36.8.883
1611:Barrientos López 2004
1447:Macedonia Blas Flores
1395:José Luis Romo Martín
1383:Macedonia Blas Flores
1321:linguistic competence
1202:
1191:
1119:
1098:San Miguel de Allende
1056:as the spearhead. In
1000:Spanish colonization.
980:Barranca de Meztitlán
872:Aztec Triple-Alliance
846:
661:Aztec Triple Alliance
629:Santiago de Querétaro
468:Aztec Triple Alliance
390:
311:Santiago Mexquititlán
179:Related ethnic groups
76:danza de los arrieros
66:San Jerónimo Acazulco
60:
2326:Endangered Languages
2302:. pp. 139–196.
2296:Endangered Languages
2103:Arqueología Mexicana
1435:Aztec military order
1213:Oto-Pamean languages
1048:and other cities of
1042:San Miguel el Grande
861:Spanish Conquistador
261:(Altiplano) region.
1599:Gómez de Silva 2001
1377:Martina García Cruz
1319:in order to obtain
970:The arrival of the
815:, the highlands of
64:Otomi dancers from
52:
2452:This American Life
2292:Lenguas en peligro
2112:Also available in
1540:población indígena
1522:Gobierno de México
1373:, environmentalist
1344:Main stage of the
1205:
1197:
1150:Mexican government
1122:
1068:in the economy of
853:
396:
62:
44:
2967:
2966:
2339:978-0-85496-313-3
2309:978-970-18-2494-8
2076:Hamel et al. 2004
2064:Hamel et al. 2004
1980:, pp. 41–54.
1823:978-0-19-976526-3
1796:978-1-85359-492-2
1553:Wright Carr (2005
1485:978-607-484-083-4
1407:Adela Calva Reyes
1189:
1094:San José Iturbide
920:Roman Catholicism
786:Eastern Highlands
758:Eastern Highlands
721:proto-Otomanguean
577:Eastern Highlands
343:dialect continuum
288:and southeastern
264:The Otomi are an
202:
201:
149:; second: Spanish
16:(Redirected from
3007:
2783:Chichimeca Jonaz
2677:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2532:
2531:
2524:
2522:
2515:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2423:
2393:
2375:
2364:
2351:
2322:Translated from
2321:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2272:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2240:. Archived from
2228:
2226:
2224:
2215:. Archived from
2203:
2194:
2185:
2176:
2174:
2167:
2155:
2142:
2129:
2111:
2097:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2050:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2008:
2002:
2001:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1956:
1950:
1947:Wright Carr 2005
1944:
1938:
1937:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1885:
1879:
1876:Wright Carr 1999
1873:
1867:
1866:
1853:
1847:
1846:
1839:, pp. 7–10.
1834:
1828:
1827:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1780:
1767:
1766:
1754:
1745:
1744:
1732:
1726:
1720:
1714:
1711:Wright Carr 2005
1708:
1702:
1699:Wright Carr 2005
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1667:
1635:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1602:
1596:
1590:
1587:
1581:
1578:Wright Carr 2005
1575:
1569:
1562:
1556:
1549:
1543:
1535:población étnica
1531:
1525:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1505:
1497:
1469:
1431:Otomi (military)
1354:
1337:
1312:Castilianization
1272:Mazahua language
1261:Zapotec language
1217:Chichimeca Jonaz
1190:
1062:Christianization
1022:Gaspar de Zúñiga
976:Mezquital Valley
952:Mezquital Valley
890:. The Otomi of
827:, and as far as
819:, areas between
809:Mezquital Valley
782:Mezquital Valley
730:Valley of Mexico
682:Neovolcanic Axis
573:Mezquital Valley
569:Mexican Republic
514:Neovolcanic Axis
478:Native territory
436:Mezquital Valley
365:Mezquital Valley
307:Mezquital Valley
252:
250:[otoˈmi]
239:
238:
235:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
193:Chichimeca Jonaz
85:Total population
78:
53:
43:
21:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3009:
3008:
3006:
3005:
3004:
3000:Mexican Plateau
2970:
2969:
2968:
2963:
2852:
2766:
2680:
2673:
2668:
2666:
2660:
2564:
2559:
2528:
2520:
2513:
2508:
2461:
2459:
2430:
2373:
2340:
2330:Berg Publishers
2310:
2270:
2268:
2261:
2247:
2245:
2222:
2220:
2172:
2165:
2095:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2036:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2009:
2005:
1996:
1995:
1991:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1926:
1922:
1912:
1907:
1903:
1892:
1889:Acosta Sol n.d.
1886:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1860:
1857:Acosta Sol n.d.
1854:
1850:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1781:
1770:
1760:
1755:
1748:
1733:
1729:
1721:
1717:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1636:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1609:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1563:
1559:
1550:
1546:
1532:
1528:
1519:
1515:
1499:
1498:
1486:
1470:
1466:
1461:
1441:Licence to Kill
1427:
1418:Juventino Rosas
1389:Macuilxochitzin
1367:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1179:
1177:
1171:
1114:
1102:San Luis Potosí
968:
966:Colonial period
841:
801:Triple-Alliance
697:
637:
480:
462:The Otomi were
385:
331:
259:Mexican Plateau
213:
209:
122:San Luis Potosí
80:
46:
42:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3013:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2959:Western Apache
2956:
2954:Tohono Oʼodham
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2688:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2558:
2557:
2550:
2543:
2535:
2526:
2525:
2523:on 2020-10-26.
2506:
2501:
2496:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2442:
2436:
2429:
2428:External links
2426:
2425:
2424:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2400:, III, México.
2394:
2384:(20): 83–107.
2380:(in Spanish).
2365:
2352:
2338:
2328:. Oxford, UK:
2308:
2287:
2278:
2254:
2229:
2204:
2195:
2186:
2177:
2175:on 2013-04-12.
2156:
2154:on 2011-02-26.
2143:
2141:on 2011-01-30.
2130:
2128:on 2008-09-08.
2117:
2106:(in Spanish).
2087:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2068:
2056:
2045:
2034:
2032:, p. 165.
2022:
2003:
1989:
1970:
1951:
1939:
1920:
1901:
1880:
1868:
1848:
1829:
1822:
1802:
1795:
1768:
1746:
1727:
1715:
1703:
1691:
1679:
1650:(8): 883–903.
1627:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1582:
1570:
1557:
1544:
1526:
1513:
1484:
1463:
1462:
1460:
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1456:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1392:
1386:
1380:
1374:
1366:
1365:Notable people
1363:
1359:, Mexico state
1340:
1339:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1209:Otomi language
1175:Otomi language
1173:Main article:
1170:
1167:
1113:
1110:
1076:migrants, the
1038:Arido-American
967:
964:
958:-based drink,
847:Mural Iglesia
840:
837:
749:Classic Period
696:
693:
659:. Even in the
636:
633:
619:, the city of
585:Peña de Bernal
479:
476:
384:
381:
341:group and the
330:
327:
200:
199:
181:
180:
176:
175:
161:Roman Catholic
159:Predominantly
156:
155:
151:
150:
142:
141:
137:
136:
97:
96:
92:
91:
87:
86:
82:
81:
63:
40:
32:Otomi language
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2687:
2683:
2676:
2675:Mexico portal
2665:
2657:
2654:
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2549:
2544:
2542:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2519:
2511:
2507:
2505:
2504:Cultura Otomi
2502:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2458:
2454:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2435:
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2421:
2416:
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2406:
2402:
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2395:
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2379:
2371:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2267:
2260:
2255:
2244:on 2009-02-24
2243:
2239:
2235:
2230:
2219:on 2009-02-01
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2178:
2171:
2164:
2163:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2090:
2089:
2078:, p. 86.
2077:
2072:
2066:, p. 87.
2065:
2060:
2054:
2049:
2043:
2038:
2031:
2026:
2018:
2012:
2007:
1999:
1993:
1985:
1979:
1974:
1966:
1960:
1955:
1949:, p. 27.
1948:
1943:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1916:
1911:, p. 10.
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1877:
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1724:
1723:Campbell 1997
1719:
1713:, p. 28.
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1700:
1695:
1689:, p. 40.
1688:
1687:Duverger 2007
1683:
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1318:
1317:mother tongue
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1131:
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1109:
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1090:Tierra Blanca
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662:
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601:Tierra Blanca
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417:
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169:Protestantism
166:
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2518:the original
2460:. Retrieved
2451:
2419:
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2381:
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2360:
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2265:
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2242:the original
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2217:the original
2213:CIESAS-Istmo
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2190:
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2161:
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2139:the original
2126:the original
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2101:
2071:
2059:
2048:
2037:
2025:
2006:
1992:
1973:
1954:
1942:
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1891:, p. 63
1883:
1871:
1859:, p. 62
1851:
1832:
1812:
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1740:
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1613:, p. 6.
1606:
1594:
1585:
1573:
1568:, pp. 56–58.
1565:
1560:
1547:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1521:
1516:
1474:
1467:
1391:, Aztec poet
1371:Xiye Bastida
1328:communities.
1304:urbanization
1301:
1280:
1265:
1206:
1134:
1123:
1003:
969:
895:
879:
854:
790:
734:
698:
686:pre-colonial
677:pre-Hispanic
673:Azcapotzalco
641:pre-Hispanic
638:
599:), those of
534:
522:Matlatzincas
481:
461:
397:
354:
350:
346:
334:
332:
313:in southern
263:
205:
203:
167:; minority:
73:
70:Mexico state
48:
47:
41:Ethnic group
2271:11 November
2248:11 November
2223:11 November
1759:, p. 7
1623:Cajero 2009
1566:Los Otomies
1349: [
1268:Otomanguean
1263:families).
1241:Chinantecan
1229:Matlatzinca
1034:Mesoamerica
984:encomiendas
805:Mexico City
745:Teotihuacan
741:Teotihuacán
684:, from the
649:Teotihuacan
581:Semi-desert
530:Chichimecas
485:Mesoamerica
464:blacksmiths
430:, drinking
305:), hñähñu (
274:Otomanguean
197:Matlatzinca
90:>300,000
2974:Categories
2869:Chiricahua
2833:Qʼanjobʼal
2813:Mexicanero
2114:PDF format
2086:References
1978:Inali 2008
1257:Tlapanecan
1211:is in the
1159:Guanajuato
1130:encomienda
1082:Chichimeca
1014:Guanajuato
928:Guanajuato
906:(Otomi of
888:Guanajuato
878:Otomi or (
825:Tulancingo
605:Guanajuato
549:Guanajuato
424:Westerners
309:), ñäñho (
298:Querétaro.
282:Guanajuato
126:Guanajuato
2924:Mezcalero
2894:Kaqchikel
2884:Ixcatecos
2828:Pima Bajo
2742:Tojolabal
2626:Purépecha
2576:Chinantec
2390:1405-6666
2110:(73): 19.
1502:cite book
1494:664367109
1403:, artisan
1397:, painter
1379:, artisan
1253:Popolocan
1249:Otopamean
1225:Ocuilteco
1078:Purepecha
1074:Tlaxcalan
1070:New Spain
1054:Xilotepec
1030:Spaniards
1026:New Spain
1010:Salamanca
1006:Spaniards
944:Michoacán
932:Querétaro
908:Mezquital
892:Mezquital
884:Querétaro
726:Oto-Pames
690:conquest.
657:Spaniards
645:Cuicuilco
597:Michoacán
593:Zitácuaro
589:Querétaro
553:Michoacán
545:Querétaro
526:Tlahuicas
502:Tlapaneco
489:sedentism
428:tortillas
404:Nagualism
400:shamanism
333:The word
329:Etymology
319:Pahuatlán
315:Querétaro
286:Michoacán
253:) are an
145:Primary:
140:Languages
134:Michoacán
110:Querétaro
2864:Awakatek
2838:Qʼeqchiʼ
2818:Ocuiltec
2808:Lacandon
2803:Jakaltek
2798:Guarijio
2752:Wixarika
2737:Tepehuán
2732:Popoluca
2712:Cuicatec
2636:Tlapanec
2631:Rarámuri
2462:March 8,
2348:24628327
2318:45367879
2011:CDI 2000
1959:SIL 2005
1887:Eugenia
1855:Eugenia
1674:18016399
1564:Lastra,
1425:See also
1409:, writer
1285:and the
1245:Mixtecan
1237:Amuzgoan
1223:, Pame,
1169:Language
1132:system.
1106:Conquest
1086:El Bajío
1066:El Bajío
1058:El Bajío
1050:El Bajio
996:cabildos
988:Hispanic
978:and the
948:Tlaxcala
940:Veracruz
857:Tlaxcala
839:Conquest
821:Tetzcoco
793:Xaltocan
766:Tlaxcala
701:Tehuacán
669:Tlacopan
613:Tlaxcala
565:Veracruz
557:Tlaxcala
518:Mazahuas
510:Oto-Pame
506:Manguean
472:obsidian
420:henequen
412:cultigen
383:Overview
290:Tlaxcala
154:Religion
130:Tlaxcala
118:Veracruz
100:Mexico:
2899:Kʼicheʼ
2874:Cochimí
2848:Tepehua
2843:Tacuate
2697:Chatino
2656:Zapotec
2651:Tzotzil
2646:Tzeltal
2641:Totonac
2601:Mazatec
2596:Mazahua
2586:Huastec
1665:1625980
1357:Temoaya
1308:Spanish
1296:Mexican
1276:Mazahua
1221:Mazahua
1163:Hidalgo
1138:Mexican
1124:During
992:mestizo
972:Spanish
942:, with
924:Ixtenco
916:Ixtenco
912:Hidalgo
900:Ixtenco
876:Ixtenco
833:Jalisco
813:Hidalgo
776:turned
774:Toltecs
754:Nahuatl
737:Tepanec
688:to the
635:History
609:Ixtenco
541:Hidalgo
498:western
493:nomadic
369:otómitl
361:endonym
323:Nahuatl
294:Hidalgo
242:Spanish
185:Mazahua
173:Judaism
165:animism
102:Hidalgo
2939:Paipai
2914:Kumiai
2909:Kiliwa
2904:Kikapú
2879:Cucapá
2788:Chocho
2778:Akatek
2747:Triqui
2692:Amuzgo
2611:Mixtec
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2316:
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1793:
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1259:, and
1235:(with
1227:, and
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1142:Aztecs
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960:pulque
956:maguey
936:Puebla
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896:Hñähñu
868:Tecoac
829:Colima
817:Puebla
797:Mexica
762:Puebla
705:Puebla
625:Toluca
621:Puebla
579:, the
575:, the
561:Puebla
537:Mexico
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440:maguey
432:pulque
416:pulque
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373:Mexica
359:, the
356:Hñähñú
339:ethnic
335:Otomi,
270:Mexico
114:Puebla
106:Edomex
2980:Otomi
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2919:Lipán
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2757:Yaqui
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1459:Notes
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770:Nahua
717:chili
713:beans
709:maize
351:Otomi
347:Otomi
246:Otomí
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147:Otomi
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18:Otomí
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2944:Seri
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