1449:
1526:
1558:
1577:
1345:
1542:
1514:
1377:
1361:
1473:
1502:
1461:
411:
1402:
4092:
1485:
89:
563:
20:
4102:
559:
likely reported information given to him, without having a full understanding of the methods used. His original sources may have predated him by several centuries. Not only is it necessary to identify the original source to attribute a firm date for the information, but also the account remains uncorroborated due to a lack of any surviving physical evidence of marbling in
Chinese manuscripts.
705:
659:(encromancy). Another theory is that the process may have derived from a form of popular entertainment at the time, in which a freshly painted Sumi painting was immersed into water, and the ink slowly dispersed from the paper and rose to the surface, forming curious designs, but no physical evidence supporting these allegations has ever been identified.
991:
Approximately a century later, a technically advanced approach using finely prepared mineral and organic pigments and combs to manipulate the floating colors resulted in comparatively elaborate, intricate, and mesmerizing overall designs. Both literary and physical evidence suggests that before 1600,
558:
from about 985–993 CE. He compiled the work from a wide variety of earlier sources and was familiar with the subject, given his profession. Yet it is important to note that it is uncertain how personally acquainted he was with the various methods for making decorative papers that he compiled. He most
361:
do not require mordanting). The colors are thereby transferred and adhered to the surface of the paper or material. The paper or material is then carefully lifted off the size and hung up to dry. Some marblers gently drag the paper over a rod to draw off the excess size. If necessary, excess bleeding
112:
is used to drive the drop of color into a ring. The process is repeated until the surface of the water is covered with concentric rings. The floating colors are then carefully manipulated either by blowing on them directly or through a straw, fanning the colors, or carefully using a human hair to
365:
Contemporary marblers employ a variety of modern materials, some in place of or in combination with the more traditional ones. A wide variety of colors are used today in place of the historic pigment colors. Plastic broom straw can be used instead of broom corn, as well as bamboo sticks, plastic
1189:
album. Eventually, the technique for making the papers reached Europe, where they became a popular covering material not only for book covers and end-papers, but also for lining chests, drawers, and bookshelves. By the late 17th century, Europeans also started to marbled the edges of books.
542:
particles was applied to the design by beating a hairbrush over top. The finished designs, which were thought to resemble human figures, clouds, or flying birds, were then transferred to the surface of a sheet of paper. An example of paper decorated with floating ink has never been found in
1525:
362:
colors and sizing can be rinsed off, and then the paper or fabric is allowed to dry. After the print is made, any color residues remaining on the size are carefully skimmed off of the surface, in order to clear it before starting a new pattern.
1413:
Marblers still make marbled paper and fabric, even applying the technique to three-dimensional surfaces. Aside from continued traditional applications, artists now explore using the method as a kind of painting technique, and as an element in
961:
A pair of leaves purported to be the earliest examples of this paper, preserved in the Kronos collection, bears rudimentary droplet-motifs. One of the sheets bears an accession notation on the reverse stating "These abris are rare"
1448:
525:
This paper was made by dragging a piece of paper through a fermented flour paste mixed with various colors, creating a free and irregular design. A second type was made with a paste prepared from honey locust pods, mixed with
1541:
338:
to float and uniformly expand. Once the colors are laid down, various tools and implements such as rakes, combs, and styluses are often used in a series of movements to create more intricate designs.
322:
may be added to a color, to achieve special effects. The colors are then spattered or dropped onto the size, one color after another until there is a dense pattern of several colors. Straw from the
1193:
The methods of marbling attracted the curiosity of intellectuals, philosophers, and scientists. Gerhard ter
Brugghen published the earliest European technical account, written in Dutch, in his
1071:(died 1773) with developing motif and perhaps early floral designs and refer to them as "Hatip" designs, although similar evidence also survives from Iran and India, which await further study.
696:. He settled there, and his family carried on with the tradition to this day. The Hiroba family claims to have made this form of marbled paper since 1151 CE for 55 generations (Narita, 14).
1557:
1047:) completed by Mehmed bin Gazanfer in 1539–40. Recipes ascribed to one early master by the name of Shebek, appear posthumously in the earliest, anonymously compiled Ottoman
1219:
1376:
2066:
2035:
1854:
Marbled Paper: Its
History, Techniques, and Patterns : with Special Reference to the Relationship of Marbling to Bookbinding in Europe and the Western World
1320:(1853), the art production increased in the 19th century. In it, he describes how he adapted a method of marbling onto book cloth, which he exhibited at the
1513:
1360:
2399:
Marbled Paper: Its
History, Techniques, and Patterns: With Special Reference to the Relationship of Marbling to Bookbinding in Europe and the Western World
2371:
1313:
1344:
1113:
practiced the art for centuries; however, little evidence supports this claim. Sadık's son Edhem
Effendi (died 1904) manufactured papers as a kind of
2184:
Benson, Jake (2015). "The Art of Abri: Marbled Album Leaves, Drawings, and
Paintings of the Deccan". In Haidar, Navina Najat; Sardar, Marika (eds.).
1955:
Benson, Jake (2015). "The Art of Abri: Marbled Album Leaves, Drawings, and
Paintings of the Deccan". In Haidar, Navina Najat; Sardar, Marika (eds.).
64:
or fabric. Through several centuries, people have applied marbled materials to a variety of surfaces. It is often employed as a writing surface for
1649:
1576:
1123:, to supply Istanbul's burgeoning printing industry with the paper, purportedly tied into bundles and sold by weight. Many of his papers feature
2163:
1161:
resist masking applied before marbling the sheet. Okyay's premier student, Mustafa Düzgünman (1920–1990), taught many contemporary marblers in
1501:
1472:
1460:
4002:
1165:
today. He codified the traditional repertoire of patterns, to which he only added a floral daisy design, after the manner of his teacher.
924:. Within these regions, various methods emerged in which colors were made to float on the surface of a bath of viscous liquid mucilage or
534:, possibly in the form of an oil or extract, was used to disperse the colors, or “scatter” them, according to the interpretation given by
480:
2462:
1256:
had successfully forged similar notes (Benson, "Curious Colors", 289–294). Nevertheless, the Bank continued to issued partially marbled
1235:
published a thorough overview of the art with illustrations of marblers at work together with images of the tools of the trade in their
235:
Historic forms of marbling used both organic and inorganic pigments mixed with water for colors, and sizes were traditionally made from
649:, but the verse has not been identified and even if found, it may be spurious. Various claims have been made regarding the origins of
279:), has been employed for sizing. Today, many marblers use powdered carrageenan extracted from various seaweeds. Another plant-derived
2506:
1430:
in 1989. Active international groups can be found on social media networks such as
Facebook and the International Marbling Network.
2071:
Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, etc., eds. Denis
Diderot and Jean le Rond D'Alembert
2040:
Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, etc., eds. Denis
Diderot and Jean le Rond D'Alembert
1747:
996:-era émigré to India named Muḥammad Ṭāhir developed many of these innovations. Later that century, Indian marblers combined the
1726:
1484:
2429:
2224:
2074:
2043:
1862:
1824:
1674:
100:. A shallow tray is filled with water, and various kinds of ink or paint colors are carefully applied to the surface with an
3223:
1588:
156:
Another method of marbling more familiar to Europeans and Americans is made on the surface of a viscous mucilage, known as
456:
An intriguing reference which some think may be a form of marbling is found in a compilation completed in 986 CE entitled
2247:
Benson, Jake (2020). "Chapter 12: The Qit'at-i Khushkhatt Album: Authenticity and Provenance". In Overton, Keelan (ed.).
2121:
1912:
Benson, Jake (2020). "Chapter 12: The Qit'at-i Khushkhatt Album: Authenticity and Provenance". In Overton, Keelan (ed.).
2008:
1633:
607:
2208:
1808:
1029:
The earliest examples of Ottoman marbled paper may be the margins attached to a cut paper découpage manuscript of the
448:. This multi-volume manuscript, which contains the oldest examples of marbled paper known today, was presented to the
139:
paper is then carefully laid onto the water surface to capture the floating design. The paper, which is often made of
3987:
3982:
2410:
2387:
2361:
2333:
2314:
2295:
2266:
2195:
1982:
1966:
1931:
1889:
1437:
has emerged at public events and festivals, applied with non-toxic, water-based neon or ultraviolet reactive paints.
3997:
3992:
3088:
2402:
1141:
3301:
108:
chemicals are used to help float the colors. A drop of "negative" color made of plain water with the addition of
3465:
1109:, then taught it to his sons Edhem and Salıh. Based upon this later practice, many Turkish marblers assert that
2185:
1956:
1879:
1269:
606:, which means 'floating ink' in Japanese, appears to be the earliest form of marbling during the 12th-century
3916:
2499:
288:
2209:"Curious Colors of Currency: Security Marbling on Financial Instruments During the Long Eighteenth Century"
1809:"Curious Colors of Currency: Security Marbling on Financial Instruments During the Long Eighteenth Century"
1418:. In recent decades, international symposia and museum exhibitions featured the art. A marbling journal
1063:, 'An Arrangement of a Treatise on Ebrî'), dated on the basis of internal evidence to after 1615. Many in
3567:
1253:
503:
437:
3863:
3784:
2530:
1285:
1232:
682:. He then wandered the country looking for the best water with which to make his papers. He arrived in
29:
2148:
1321:
1289:
1260:
until the 1810s (Benson, "Curious Colors", 301–302). In 1731, English marbler Samuel Pope obtained a
712:(14:7), and is typical of compositions written upon marbled paper produced after the 16th century in
843:); however, he did not reference any source to support this assertion. In contrast, most historical
3395:
3154:
2492:
2379:
547:. Whether or not the above methods employed floating colors remains to be determined (Tsien 94–5).
211:
3530:
3977:
3911:
3868:
2765:
1605:
518:) meaning 'drifting-sand' or 'flowing-sand notepaper' that was made in what is now the region of
2354:
Painters, Paintings, and Books: An Essay on Indo-Persian Technical Literature, 12–19th Centuries
4105:
3891:
1591:
University of Pennsylvania. Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts.
1564:
1174:
656:
421:
199:
3810:
3535:
3420:
2807:
824:
3921:
1264:
for security marbling, claiming that he invented the process, then sued his competitors for
4136:
3679:
3243:
2812:
2455:
2376:
Paper and Printing. Science and Civilization v. 5. Chemistry and chemical technology: pt. 1
1423:
1293:
1277:
1094:
538:. The colors were said to gather together when a hair-brush was beaten over the design, as
1129:
designs made with turpentine, analogous to what English-speaking marblers refer to as the
8:
4014:
3840:
3294:
2660:
2578:
1568:
1265:
1101:. The founder of this line, Sadık Effendi (died 1846) allegedly first learned the art in
1068:
642:
2471:
1080:
dates to the mid-19th century, with a series of masters associated with a branch of the
4131:
3674:
3520:
2272:
1937:
1698:
1643:
1214:
1185:, which literally means "album of friends" in Latin, and is a forerunner of the modern
1137:
1019:
944:
812:
485:
241:
1454:
Marbled endpaper from a book bound in the Netherlands or Germany between 1720 and 1770
4042:
3587:
3430:
3321:
3166:
3114:
3020:
2836:
2445:
2425:
2406:
2383:
2357:
2329:
2310:
2291:
2276:
2262:
2220:
2191:
2106:
1962:
1941:
1927:
1885:
1858:
1820:
1757:
1680:
1670:
1629:
1332:
conducted extensive experiments and devised further innovations, chiefly by adapting
1273:
1015:
917:
828:
573:
449:
395:
346:
2446:
High-resolution images of paper marbling from the University of Washington libraries
129:
master Tokutaro Yagi developed an alternative method that employed a split piece of
4067:
3926:
3764:
3572:
3542:
3335:
3248:
3186:
3109:
3053:
2254:
2101:
1919:
1334:
1204:
1114:
1011:
848:
844:
816:
784:
687:
551:
477:
275:
225:
221:
175:
41:
2250:
Iran and the Deccan: Persianate Art, Culture, and Talent in Circulation, 1400–1700
1915:
Iran and the Deccan: Persianate Art, Culture, and Talent in Circulation, 1400–1700
820:
646:
576:. From the National Treasure Fan-shaped album of the Hokekyō Sutra (Lotus Sutra),
349:(alum) and gently laid onto the floating colors (although methods such as Turkish
4077:
3961:
3946:
3901:
3820:
3774:
3744:
3684:
3669:
3510:
3450:
3400:
3348:
3343:
3258:
3058:
3010:
2787:
2515:
2484:
2466:
1852:
1492:
1281:
1245:
973:
748:
679:
530:, and thinned with water. Presumably, both black and colored inks were employed.
424:(859?–925?). 20 cm height, 32 cm wide. Silver, Gold, Color, and ink on
292:
284:
121:
2738:
1324:
in 1851. (Wolfe, 79) Josef Halfer, a bookbinder of German origin, who lived in
1237:
187:
4126:
4095:
4052:
3739:
3704:
3480:
3455:
3390:
3287:
3218:
3139:
1261:
1182:
955:
939:
909:
683:
555:
236:
183:
179:
146:
3552:
2478:
2125:
2098:
The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project
1684:
1664:
581:
410:
133:
to gently stir the colors, resulting in concentric spiral designs. A sheet of
4120:
3941:
3931:
3848:
3734:
3724:
3694:
3659:
3622:
3557:
3525:
3490:
3238:
3149:
3030:
3015:
2899:
2548:
1434:
1406:
1396:
1228:
981:
913:
675:
636:
415:
391:
296:
92:
Water-based paints in a tank of carrageenan size being prepared for marbling.
2248:
2012:
1913:
1779:
4057:
3956:
3873:
3830:
3729:
3639:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3547:
3515:
3495:
3470:
3206:
3144:
3124:
3040:
2924:
2894:
2856:
2851:
2802:
2755:
2743:
2703:
2563:
2540:
2258:
2230:
1923:
1830:
1098:
969:
968:) and adds that it was "among the gifts from Iran" to the royal library of
747:
by the late 15th century. It may have first appeared during the end of the
744:
740:
733:
713:
577:
334:
spreads slightly less than the last, and the colors may require additional
202:
is most likely due to both the fact that many first encountered the art in
2164:"Body Marbling Is the New Festival Trend You're Going to Be Obsessed with"
1986:
52:. The patterns are the result of color floated on either plain water or a
4072:
4037:
4032:
3951:
3714:
3699:
3644:
3634:
3617:
3597:
3582:
3475:
3425:
3325:
3233:
3196:
3191:
3083:
3000:
2957:
2939:
2929:
2871:
2841:
2826:
2797:
2713:
2708:
2638:
2608:
2553:
1600:
1178:
905:
756:
387:
379:
270:
69:
65:
3562:
1401:
153:
and strong enough to withstand being immersed in water without tearing.
4009:
3936:
3858:
3815:
3789:
3779:
3709:
3689:
3664:
3629:
3592:
3505:
3485:
3268:
2977:
2952:
2919:
2831:
2723:
2718:
2665:
2655:
2643:
2628:
2613:
2568:
2519:
1427:
1338:
for sizing, which superseded Woolnough's methods in Europe and the US.
1158:
1081:
1048:
1023:
985:
977:
772:
535:
527:
375:
335:
323:
319:
311:
109:
105:
73:
2598:
897:), meaning 'cloud and wind' for a modern method made with oil colors.
88:
4047:
3805:
3769:
3749:
3719:
3654:
3649:
3500:
3263:
3253:
3228:
3134:
3078:
3073:
3063:
3005:
2992:
2972:
2962:
2914:
2889:
2884:
2861:
2817:
2780:
2733:
2618:
2603:
1325:
1227:
in 1646, widely disseminated knowledge of the art throughout Europe.
1200:
1186:
931:
764:
760:
709:
495:
452:
on his sixtieth birthday in 1112 CE (Narita, 14 and Chambers, 13–16).
441:
399:
327:
300:
250:
101:
53:
641:
poems of Shigeharu, (825–880 CE), a son of the famed Heian-era poet
4062:
3906:
3896:
3853:
3577:
3181:
3176:
3159:
3119:
3093:
2909:
2904:
2879:
2846:
2775:
2670:
2623:
2583:
2073:. University of Chicago: ARTFL Encyclopédie Project. Archived from
2042:. University of Chicago: ARTFL Encyclopédie Project. Archived from
1249:
1145:
1106:
662:
According to legend, Jizemon Hiroba is credited as the inventor of
562:
539:
491:
367:
307:
280:
266:
258:
246:
203:
77:
24:
1148:. He famously innovated elaborate floral designs, in addition to
900:
The art first emerged and evolved during the long 16th century in
783:
methods mentioned above has never been concretely proven. Several
370:, and eye droppers to drop the colors on the surface of the size.
60:, and then carefully transferred to an absorbent surface, such as
3825:
3370:
3364:
3213:
3068:
3048:
2967:
2947:
2770:
2760:
2728:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2558:
2034:
Denis Diderot. Jean le Rond d'Alembert; Robert Morrissey (eds.).
1519:
Marbled endpaper from a book bound in France around 1880 (detail)
1415:
1329:
1309:
1102:
1058:
1052:
1042:
1036:
1030:
1003:
993:
872:
768:
519:
490:(958–996 CE). This compilation contains information on inkstick,
383:
371:
342:
331:
315:
262:
19:
1531:
A combed marbled pattern from the front flyleaf of a binding of
1382:
An edge marbler and paper finisher with related equipment, from
629:, Kyoto. Author Einen Miura states that the oldest reference to
3201:
3025:
2650:
2633:
2474:, 1970 film by Bedfordshire Record Office of Cockerell marbling
2326:
The Art of Marbled Paper: Marbled Patterns and How to Make Them
1297:
1276:
obtained English marbled security papers employed for printing
1257:
1162:
1064:
1007:
926:
862:
759:
today. Other sources suggest it emerged during the subsequent
736:
725:
531:
467:
229:
207:
165:
150:
130:
57:
45:
1551:
by Maria Hack, printed in London for Harvey and Dartman, 1828.
1422:
sponsored the first International Marblers' Gathering held in
326:
was used to make a kind of whisk for sprinkling the paint, or
3759:
3754:
3460:
3310:
2750:
2695:
2593:
1547:
Combed marbled paper, from the front flyleaf of a binding of
1110:
950:
935:
921:
780:
776:
775:. Whether or not this method was somehow related to earlier
752:
721:
585:
544:
499:
445:
191:
135:
117:
97:
61:
49:
44:
surface design, which can produce patterns similar to smooth
3171:
3129:
2982:
2588:
2573:
1224:
1084:
901:
882:
852:
717:
704:
2149:"The New "Body Marbling" Trend Is Must-See Stuff, People"
1662:
655:. Some think that may have derived from an early form of
330:
to create a kind of drop-brush. Each successive layer of
3279:
2187:
Sultans of Deccan India, 1500–1700: Opulence and Fantasy
1958:
Sultans of Deccan India, 1500–1700: Opulence and Fantasy
1881:
Sultans of Deccan India, 1500–1700: Opulence and Fantasy
1507:
Marbled endpaper from a book bound in France around 1880
1466:
Marbled endpaper from a book bound in France around 1735
690:
where he found the water especially conducive to making
2450:
1669:. Wellington, New Zealand: Te Papa Press. p. 272.
1626:
Contemporary paper marbling : design and technique
1478:
Paper marbling from a book bound in England around 1830
1203:
in 1616, while the first German account was written by
1181:
collected examples of these papers and bound them into
269:. Since the late 19th century, a boiled extract of the
164:
in English. While this method is often referred to as "
1878:
Haidar, Navina Najat; Sardar, Marika (13 April 2015).
1727:"Qur'anic verse (14:7) on blue and white marble paper"
506:. The text mentions a kind of decorative paper called
800:
794:
1213:
in 1671 (Benson, "Curious Colors", 284; Wolfe, 16).
1157:
a method of writing traditional calligraphy using a
827:, that the term was "more properly derived from the
668:. It is said that he felt divinely inspired to make
76:. Part of its appeal is that each print is a unique
2304:
194:origin also made these papers. The use of the term
2514:
2370:
1663:Te Papa (Museum); Lehnebach, Carlos, eds. (2023).
1533:The Playmate: A Pleasant Companion for Spare Hours
708:This calligraphic panel features a verse from the
674:paper after he offered spiritual devotions at the
2396:
4118:
2481:, a short film from the American Islamic College
2456:Article about marbled paper by Joel Silver from
2342:
2190:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 157–159.
1961:. Metropolitan Museum of Art. pp. 157–159.
732:The method of floating colors on the surface of
1784:[How to make cloud paper or eyebrows].
699:
691:
669:
663:
650:
630:
592:
567:
431:
425:
356:
182:were not the only practitioners of the art, as
140:
124:
2253:. Indiana University Press. pp. 337–366.
1918:. Indiana University Press. pp. 337–366.
1706:Japanese Architecture and Art Net Users System
1589:The Richard J. Wolfe marbled paper collection.
838:
832:
622:
612:
599:
287:. In recent years, a synthetic size made from
68:, and especially book covers and endpapers in
3295:
2500:
2285:
1851:Wolfe, Richard J.; Wolfe, Richard J. (1990).
1149:
1124:
1118:
1088:
1075:
1067:attribute another famous 18th-century master
997:
963:
892:
886:
876:
866:
856:
806:
788:
739:is thought to have emerged in the regions of
513:
461:
350:
215:
169:
96:There are several methods for making marbled
2351:
2323:
2161:
1877:
1648:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1535:by Joseph Cundall, Printed by Barclay, 1847.
1268:; however, those he accused exposed him for
1041:) by the poet Arifi (popularly known as the
206:, as well as essentialist references to all
1252:for several weeks until it discovered that
1208:
1194:
815:translated this term as 'clouded paper' in
306:In the size-based method, colors made from
3357:
3302:
3288:
2507:
2493:
2419:
1850:
1582:Frontispiece detail of The Life of the Bee
2288:Suminagashi: The Japanese Art of Marbling
2105:
2033:
1140:(1885–1976), first taught the art at the
881:first documented in the 19th century. In
751:, whose final capital was in the city of
1400:
703:
572:paper used as an element in traditional
561:
409:
214:, much as Europeans were referred to as
87:
18:
2146:
1623:
405:
295:, is often used as a size for floating
4119:
2356:. Manohar: Centre for Human Sciences.
2246:
2206:
2183:
1954:
1911:
1806:
1666:Flora: celebrating our botanical world
1624:McGrath, Lucy, (Paper artist) (2019).
1390:
3283:
2488:
1303:
1300:(Benson, "Curious Colors", 302–307).
1272:(Benson, "Curious Colors", 294–301).
1136:The premier student of Edhem Efendi,
930:, made from various plants including
458:Four Treasures of the Scholar's Study
4101:
2147:Valenti, Lauren (9 September 2016).
1857:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
1168:
1087:order based at what is known as the
1059:
1037:
839:
502:, which are collectively called the
2064:
964:
893:
807:
789:
13:
2451:The International Marbling Network
1280:$ 20 banknote in 1775, as well as
1248:employed partially marbled papers
1093:(Lodge of the Uzbeks), located in
885:, many now employ a variant term,
580:12th c. CE, currently kept in the
23:Endpaper from a book published in
14:
4148:
2439:
2162:Scott, Ellen (9 September 2016).
2122:"Die Vergangenheit von Budakeszi"
1754:Great Islamic Encyclopedia Center
1749:ابری.» دائرة المعارف بزرگ اسلامی»
1628:. London: Batsford. p. 142.
1490:Paper marbling in a 1718 copy of
1074:The current Turkish tradition of
291:, a common ingredient in instant
4100:
4091:
4090:
3089:Bronze and brass ornamental work
2403:University of Pennsylvania Press
1575:
1556:
1540:
1524:
1512:
1500:
1483:
1471:
1459:
1447:
1375:
1359:
1343:
1207:, published posthumously in his
476:) or edited by the 10th century
273:-rich alga known as Irish moss (
168:marbling" in English and called
16:Method of aqueous surface design
2213:American Journal of Numismatics
2155:
2140:
2114:
2089:
2058:
2027:
2001:
1975:
1948:
1905:
1813:American Journal of Numismatics
865:, the art is commonly known as
554:and served as the chief of the
2460:magazine, Nov./Dec. 2005 issue
2424:. Shi dai wen yi chu ban she.
1884:. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
1871:
1844:
1800:
1781:روش ساخت کاغذ ابری یا ابرو باد
1772:
1740:
1719:
1691:
1656:
1617:
1296:, as well as his own personal
965:یاد داشت این ابریهای نادره است
787:historical accounts refer to (
508:
472:
1:
3917:Environmental impact of paper
2177:
1350:Marbling tray and tools from
1217:published a Latin account in
1026:dynasty in the 17th century.
390:are used in conjunction with
341:Cobb paper or cloth is often
289:hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
2305:Grunebaum, Gabriele (2003).
1756:(in Persian). Archived from
1053:
1043:
1031:
855:texts refer to the paper as
700:History in the Islamic world
374:is still commonly used as a
83:
7:
1594:
1440:
1018:and especially the city of
801:
795:
692:
670:
664:
651:
631:
619:, located in Nishihonganji
593:
568:
504:four treasures of the study
438:"Thirty-Six Immortal Poets"
432:
426:
357:
141:
125:
10:
4153:
3864:Surface chemistry of paper
3367:(Zuo Bo/Tso Po/Tso Tzǔ-yi)
2397:Wolfe, Richard J. (1990).
2328:. Kodansha International.
1788:(in Persian). July 3, 2007
1567:'s The Life of the Bee by
1433:Another adaptation called
1394:
1286:American Revolutionary War
1210:Delicæ Physico-Mathematicæ
1022:in particular, during the
1010:masking methods to create
984:901/11 August 1496 of the
763:dynasty, in the cities of
550:Su Yijian was an Imperial
430:paper. From a copy of the
4086:
4025:
3970:
3882:
3839:
3798:
3443:
3413:
3383:
3334:
3317:
3309:
3102:
3039:
2991:
2938:
2870:
2694:
2539:
2526:
2343:Narita, Kiyofusa (1954).
2219:: 277–325, Plates 37–27.
2107:2027/spo.did2222.0001.236
1819:: 277–325, Plates 37–27.
1370:of Diderot and d'Alembert
1322:Crystal Palace Exhibition
623:
613:
600:
514:
462:
255:Trigonella foenum-graecum
116:In the 19th century, the
3396:Friedrich Gottlob Keller
2380:Harvard University Press
1780:
1748:
1700:
1611:
1493:Opere di Galileo Galilei
1292:notes issued during the
1220:Ars Magna Lucis et Umbræ
1051:on the art known as the
771:, in what is now modern
228:, which literally means
3912:Elemental chlorine free
3869:Units of paper quantity
3224:Painting in Hälsingland
2290:. Thames & Hudson.
1606:Water transfer printing
1366:Marblers at work, from
1233:Jean le Rond d'Alembert
1196:Verlichtery kunst-boeck
1054:Tertîb-i Risâle-'i Ebrî
833:
104:. Various additives or
30:Encyclopædia Britannica
3892:Bleaching of wood pulp
2307:How to Marbleize Paper
2286:Chambers, Ann (1991).
2259:10.2307/j.ctvz0hb4h.16
1924:10.2307/j.ctvz0hb4h.16
1565:Dodd, Mead and Company
1410:
1209:
1195:
1150:
1125:
1119:
1089:
1076:
998:
887:
877:
867:
857:
729:
588:
453:
351:
216:
170:
93:
34:
3811:Corrugated fiberboard
3568:Electrical insulation
3421:Thomas Francis Carter
2352:Porter, Yves (1994).
2345:Japanese Paper-making
2324:Miura, Einen (1991).
2207:Benson, Jake (2019).
1807:Benson, Jake (2019).
1404:
1395:Further information:
1173:In the 17th century,
799:, often shortened to
707:
565:
413:
91:
22:
3244:Pressed flower craft
2067:"Marbreur de papier"
2036:"Marbreur de papier"
1294:Copper Panic of 1789
1278:Continental Congress
1014:, attributed to the
406:History in East Asia
318:. Sometimes, oil or
2661:Spinning (textiles)
2579:Friendship bracelet
2420:Su, Yijian (2008).
2015:on 29 November 2007
1989:on 29 November 2007
1569:Maurice Maeterlinck
1391:In the 21st century
1318:The Art of Marbling
1069:Hatip Mehmed Efendi
1012:miniature paintings
972:, the ruler of the
908:then spread to the
245:spp.), gum karaya,
2472:Art of the Marbler
2465:2019-12-31 at the
2372:Tsien, Tsuen-hsuin
2347:. Hokuseido Press.
1549:Oriental Fragments
1411:
1304:Nineteenth century
1215:Athanasius Kircher
1105:and brought it to
813:Annemarie Schimmel
730:
645:(Muira 14) in the
635:papers are in the
589:
454:
433:Sanjurokunin Kashu
113:stir the colors.
94:
56:solution known as
48:or other kinds of
35:
4114:
4113:
3439:
3438:
3431:Tsien Tsuen-hsuin
3409:
3408:
3379:
3378:
3322:Paper engineering
3277:
3276:
3167:Hardstone carving
3115:Balloon modelling
2629:Ribbon embroidery
2431:978-7-5387-2380-9
2226:978-0-89722-364-5
2096:"Marbled paper".
1864:978-0-8122-8188-0
1826:978-0-89722-364-5
1676:978-1-9911509-1-2
1314:Charles Woolnough
1274:Benjamin Franklin
1177:travelers to the
1169:History in Europe
1142:Fine Arts Academy
1060:ترتیبِ رسالۀ ابری
1016:Deccan sultanates
958:), among others.
918:Deccan Sultanates
861:alone. Today in
608:Sanjuurokuninshuu
574:ink wash painting
450:Emperor Shirakawa
422:Ōshikōchi Mitsune
347:aluminium sulfate
310:are mixed with a
4144:
4104:
4103:
4094:
4093:
4078:Beverage cartons
4068:Watercolor paper
3927:Hollander beater
3411:
3410:
3381:
3380:
3355:
3354:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3281:
3280:
3249:Qing handicrafts
3054:Chemical milling
2509:
2502:
2495:
2486:
2485:
2435:
2416:
2393:
2367:
2348:
2339:
2320:
2301:
2280:
2241:
2239:
2238:
2229:. Archived from
2201:
2172:
2171:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2128:on 16 March 2012
2124:. Archived from
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2065:Diderot, Denis.
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2051:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2011:. Archived from
2005:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1994:
1985:. Archived from
1979:
1973:
1972:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1875:
1869:
1868:
1848:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1838:
1829:. Archived from
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1744:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1647:
1639:
1621:
1579:
1563:1912 edition of
1560:
1544:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1487:
1475:
1463:
1451:
1379:
1363:
1347:
1335:Chondrus crispus
1282:promissory notes
1254:William Chaloner
1212:
1205:Daniel Schwenter
1198:
1153:
1128:
1122:
1115:cottage industry
1092:
1090:Özbekler Tekkesi
1079:
1062:
1061:
1056:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1034:
1001:
967:
966:
896:
895:
890:
880:
870:
860:
842:
841:
836:
810:
809:
804:
798:
792:
791:
695:
688:Fukui Prefecture
673:
667:
654:
634:
628:
626:
625:
618:
616:
615:
605:
603:
602:
596:
571:
552:scholar-official
517:
516:
510:
489:
478:scholar-official
474:
465:
464:
442:Hongan-ji Temple
435:
429:
386:, but synthetic
360:
354:
345:beforehand with
276:Chondrus crispus
219:
190:, and people of
173:
144:
128:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4141:
4117:
4116:
4115:
4110:
4082:
4021:
3966:
3962:Sulfite process
3947:Paper recycling
3902:Conical refiner
3884:
3878:
3835:
3821:Paper chemicals
3794:
3435:
3405:
3401:Charles Fenerty
3375:
3353:
3349:Missal of Silos
3344:Battle of Talas
3330:
3313:
3308:
3278:
3273:
3259:Straw marquetry
3098:
3035:
3011:Enamelled glass
2987:
2934:
2866:
2690:
2535:
2522:
2516:Decorative arts
2513:
2467:Wayback Machine
2442:
2432:
2413:
2390:
2364:
2336:
2317:
2298:
2269:
2236:
2234:
2227:
2198:
2180:
2175:
2160:
2156:
2151:. Marie Claire.
2145:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2063:
2059:
2049:
2047:
2046:on 13 July 2012
2032:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1992:
1990:
1981:
1980:
1976:
1969:
1953:
1949:
1934:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1892:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1849:
1845:
1836:
1834:
1827:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1782:
1778:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1761:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1702:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1677:
1661:
1657:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1597:
1583:
1580:
1571:
1561:
1552:
1545:
1536:
1529:
1520:
1517:
1508:
1505:
1496:
1488:
1479:
1476:
1467:
1464:
1455:
1452:
1443:
1399:
1393:
1386:
1380:
1371:
1364:
1355:
1348:
1306:
1284:to support the
1246:Bank of England
1171:
1138:Necmeddin Okyay
1002:technique with
974:Malwa Sultanate
823:claimed in his
749:Timurid dynasty
702:
680:Nara Prefecture
620:
610:
597:
522:(Su 4: 7a–8a).
498:, and paper in
483:
408:
293:wallpaper paste
285:sodium alginate
86:
40:is a method of
17:
12:
11:
5:
4150:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4098:
4087:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4007:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3978:Paper industry
3974:
3972:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3922:Handmade paper
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3888:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3845:
3843:
3841:Specifications
3837:
3836:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3802:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3680:Plastic-coated
3677:
3672:
3667:
3662:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3626:
3625:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3539:
3538:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3447:
3445:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3407:
3406:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3391:Matthias Koops
3387:
3385:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3361:
3359:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3340:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3329:
3328:
3318:
3315:
3314:
3307:
3306:
3299:
3292:
3284:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3209:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3187:Leatherworking
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3140:Egg decorating
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2997:
2995:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2944:
2942:
2936:
2935:
2933:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2876:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2778:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2545:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2512:
2511:
2504:
2497:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2475:
2469:
2453:
2448:
2441:
2440:External links
2438:
2437:
2436:
2430:
2422:Wen Fang Si Pu
2417:
2411:
2394:
2388:
2368:
2362:
2349:
2340:
2334:
2321:
2315:
2302:
2296:
2282:
2281:
2267:
2243:
2242:
2225:
2203:
2202:
2196:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2154:
2139:
2113:
2088:
2077:on 1 July 2012
2057:
2026:
2009:"Ebru Masters"
2000:
1974:
1967:
1947:
1932:
1904:
1890:
1870:
1863:
1843:
1825:
1799:
1771:
1760:on 31 May 2009
1739:
1718:
1699:"suminagashi"
1690:
1675:
1655:
1635:978-1849945530
1634:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1603:
1596:
1593:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1574:
1572:
1562:
1555:
1553:
1546:
1539:
1537:
1530:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1499:
1497:
1489:
1482:
1480:
1477:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1420:Ink & Gall
1392:
1389:
1388:
1387:
1384:l'Encyclopedie
1381:
1374:
1372:
1368:l'Encyclopedie
1365:
1358:
1356:
1352:School of Arts
1349:
1342:
1316:published his
1305:
1302:
1183:album amicorum
1170:
1167:
956:Orchis mascula
954:(the roots of
940:gum tragacanth
910:Ottoman Turkey
701:
698:
657:ink divination
566:An example of
556:Hanlin Academy
473:Wén Fáng Sì Pǔ
407:
404:
237:gum tragacanth
180:Turkic peoples
147:paper mulberry
85:
82:
38:Paper marbling
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4149:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4107:
4099:
4097:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4024:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4008:
4004:
4003:United States
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3942:Paper machine
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3932:Kraft process
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3797:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3658:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3537:
3534:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3350:
3347:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3300:
3298:
3293:
3291:
3286:
3285:
3282:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3239:Private press
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3150:Faux painting
3148:
3146:
3145:Engraved gems
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3107:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3031:Stained glass
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3016:Glass etching
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2869:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2636:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2549:Banner-making
2547:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2498:
2496:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2443:
2433:
2427:
2423:
2418:
2414:
2412:0-8122-8188-8
2408:
2404:
2400:
2395:
2391:
2389:0-521-08690-6
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2363:81-85425-95-7
2359:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2335:4-7700-1548-8
2331:
2327:
2322:
2318:
2316:0-486-24651-5
2312:
2308:
2303:
2299:
2297:0-486-24651-5
2293:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2268:9780253048943
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2233:on 2022-02-20
2232:
2228:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2204:
2199:
2197:9780253048943
2193:
2189:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2169:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2143:
2127:
2123:
2117:
2108:
2103:
2099:
2092:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1988:
1984:
1983:"Art of Ebrû"
1978:
1970:
1968:9780253048943
1964:
1960:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1933:9780253048943
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1908:
1893:
1891:9780300211108
1887:
1883:
1882:
1874:
1866:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1847:
1833:on 2022-02-20
1832:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1787:
1783:
1775:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1743:
1728:
1722:
1707:
1703:
1694:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1659:
1651:
1645:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1616:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1592:
1590:
1578:
1573:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1522:
1515:
1510:
1503:
1498:
1495:
1494:
1486:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1462:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1444:
1438:
1436:
1435:body marbling
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1397:Body marbling
1385:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1357:
1353:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1247:
1244:In 1695, the
1242:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1230:
1229:Denis Diderot
1226:
1222:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1191:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1166:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1132:
1127:
1121:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1083:
1078:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1000:
995:
989:
987:
983:
982:Dhu al-Hijjah
979:
975:
971:
959:
957:
953:
952:
947:
946:
941:
937:
933:
929:
928:
923:
919:
915:
912:, as well as
911:
907:
903:
898:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
850:
846:
835:
830:
826:
825:Kamus-ı Türki
822:
821:Sami Frashëri
818:
814:
803:
797:
796:kāghaẕ-e abrī
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
755:, located in
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
735:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
706:
697:
694:
689:
685:
681:
677:
676:Kasuga Shrine
672:
666:
660:
658:
653:
648:
647:Kokin Wakashū
644:
640:
639:
633:
609:
595:
591:In contrast,
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
564:
560:
557:
553:
548:
546:
541:
537:
533:
529:
523:
521:
511:
505:
501:
497:
493:
487:
482:
479:
475:
469:
459:
451:
447:
443:
439:
434:
428:
423:
419:
418:
414:Two pages of
412:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
363:
359:
355:and Japanese
353:
348:
344:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
283:is made from
282:
278:
277:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
243:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
218:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
167:
163:
159:
154:
152:
148:
143:
138:
137:
132:
127:
123:
119:
114:
111:
107:
103:
99:
90:
81:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
39:
33:, 7th edition
32:
31:
26:
21:
4043:Papier-mâché
4038:Paper towels
3957:Soda pulping
3874:Wet strength
3675:Photographic
3548:Cotton (rag)
3521:Construction
3207:Glass mosaic
3125:Bone carving
2925:Wood carving
2920:Wood burning
2895:Chip carving
2852:Scrapbooking
2837:Papier-mâché
2803:Papercutting
2792:
2756:Iris folding
2744:Photomontage
2739:Papier collé
2704:Altered book
2564:Cross-stitch
2457:
2421:
2398:
2375:
2353:
2344:
2325:
2306:
2287:
2249:
2235:. Retrieved
2231:the original
2216:
2212:
2186:
2167:
2157:
2142:
2130:. Retrieved
2126:the original
2116:
2097:
2091:
2079:. Retrieved
2075:the original
2070:
2060:
2048:. Retrieved
2044:the original
2039:
2029:
2017:. Retrieved
2013:the original
2003:
1991:. Retrieved
1987:the original
1977:
1957:
1950:
1914:
1907:
1895:. Retrieved
1880:
1873:
1853:
1846:
1835:. Retrieved
1831:the original
1816:
1812:
1802:
1790:. Retrieved
1785:
1774:
1762:. Retrieved
1758:the original
1753:
1742:
1730:. Retrieved
1721:
1709:. Retrieved
1705:
1693:
1665:
1658:
1625:
1619:
1586:
1548:
1532:
1491:
1432:
1419:
1412:
1407:body marbled
1383:
1367:
1351:
1333:
1317:
1307:
1270:patent fraud
1266:infringement
1243:
1238:Encyclopédie
1236:
1218:
1192:
1172:
1154:
1135:
1130:
1073:
1044:Gû-yi Çevgân
1028:
990:
970:Ghiyath Shah
960:
949:
943:
925:
899:
875:of the term
745:Central Asia
741:Greater Iran
734:mucilaginous
731:
714:Central Asia
661:
637:
590:
578:Heian period
549:
524:
507:
471:
457:
455:
440:kept in the
416:
364:
340:
305:
274:
254:
240:
234:
195:
161:
157:
155:
134:
115:
95:
37:
36:
28:
4137:Handicrafts
4073:Paper money
4033:Lined paper
3952:Papermaking
3885:and process
3883:Manufacture
3859:Paper sizes
3588:Greaseproof
3573:Genkō yōshi
3426:Dard Hunter
3358:Originators
3326:Papermaking
3234:Pietra dura
3197:Micromosaic
3130:Doll making
3084:Silversmith
3001:Cameo glass
2958:Earthenware
2930:Woodturning
2842:Pop-up book
2827:Papermaking
2714:Calligraphy
2709:Bookbinding
2639:Rug hooking
2609:Needlepoint
2589:Lace-making
2554:Canvas work
2477:Example of
1897:16 December
1601:Marbleizing
1179:Middle East
1151:yazılı ebru
906:Transoxiana
757:Afghanistan
693:suminagashi
671:suminagashi
665:suminagashi
652:suminagashi
632:suminagashi
594:suminagashi
582:Shitennō-ji
569:suminagashi
509:liúshā jiān
484: [
427:suminagashi
388:surfactants
380:watercolors
358:suminagashi
271:carrageenan
149:), must be
126:suminagashi
70:bookbinding
66:calligraphy
4121:Categories
4010:Paper mill
3937:Organosolv
3816:Fiber crop
3806:China clay
3765:Waterproof
3665:Paperboard
3543:Correction
3536:Carbonless
3384:Developers
3269:Wall decal
3192:Miniatures
3110:Assemblage
2978:Terracotta
2953:Bone china
2832:Paper toys
2798:Papercraft
2724:Cast paper
2719:Cardmaking
2666:String art
2656:Shoemaking
2644:Rug making
2614:Needlework
2569:Embroidery
2559:Crocheting
2520:handicraft
2458:Fine Books
2237:2022-02-20
2178:References
2019:30 October
1993:30 October
1837:2022-02-20
1792:30 October
1764:15 January
1732:30 October
1711:30 October
1685:1409457791
1587:See also:
1428:New Mexico
1290:threepence
1159:gum arabic
1095:Sultantepe
1082:Naqshbandi
1049:miscellany
1024:Adil Shahi
986:Common Era
978:Hijri year
945:astragalus
773:Uzbekistan
584:Temple in
536:T.H. Tsien
528:croton oil
376:surfactant
336:surfactant
324:broom corn
320:turpentine
312:surfactant
301:oil paints
242:Astragalus
174:in modern
110:surfactant
106:surfactant
74:stationery
4132:Paper art
4063:Notebooks
4048:Cardboard
3831:Wood pulp
3799:Materials
3775:Wood-free
3750:Wallpaper
3745:Tree-free
3685:Red rosin
3670:Parchment
3655:Onionskin
3650:Newsprint
3511:Cartridge
3506:Cardstock
3501:Cardboard
3451:Acid-free
3264:Taxidermy
3254:Scrimshaw
3229:Pargeting
3155:Grotesque
3135:Dollhouse
3079:Goldsmith
3074:Jewellery
3064:Engraving
3021:Glassware
3006:Chip work
2973:Stoneware
2963:Porcelain
2915:Marquetry
2890:Carpentry
2885:Cabinetry
2862:Wallpaper
2788:Embossing
2781:Moneygami
2734:Decoupage
2619:Patchwork
2604:Millinery
2309:. Dover.
2277:216420140
2132:23 August
2081:24 August
2050:24 August
1942:216420140
1786:Parsiblog
1644:cite book
1326:Budakeszi
1250:banknotes
1201:Amsterdam
1187:autograph
1133:pattern.
932:fenugreek
888:abr-o-bâd
790:كاغذ ابرى
765:Samarqand
761:Shaybanid
496:ink brush
481:Su Yijian
420:poems by
400:oil-based
343:mordanted
328:horsehair
251:fenugreek
200:Europeans
178:, ethnic
102:ink brush
84:Procedure
27:in 1842.
4096:Category
4053:Clothing
3971:Industry
3907:Deinking
3897:Calender
3854:Grammage
3740:Transfer
3705:Security
3578:Glassine
3481:Blotting
3456:Air-laid
3414:Scholars
3219:Ornament
3182:Lapidary
3177:Lath art
3160:Gargoyle
3120:Beadwork
3094:Ironwork
2910:Intarsia
2905:Fretwork
2900:Ébéniste
2880:Bentwood
2857:Stamping
2847:Quilling
2793:Marbling
2776:Kirigami
2766:Kamikiri
2671:Tapestry
2624:Quilting
2584:Knitting
2463:Archived
2374:(1985).
1595:See also
1441:Examples
1424:Santa Fe
1312:marbler
1175:European
1146:Istanbul
1131:stormont
1117:for the
1107:Istanbul
976:, dated
916:and the
894:ابرو باد
829:Chagatai
819:. While
781:Japanese
643:Narihira
540:dandruff
492:inkstone
402:paints.
368:pipettes
314:such as
308:pigments
281:mucilage
267:psyllium
259:fleabane
247:guar gum
230:Frankish
204:Istanbul
122:Japanese
78:monotype
25:Scotland
4106:Commons
4058:Tissues
3849:Density
3826:Papyrus
3785:Writing
3735:Tracing
3725:Thermal
3700:Scritta
3695:Rolling
3660:Origami
3623:Butcher
3558:Display
3526:Contact
3491:Bristol
3466:Asphalt
3371:Damjing
3365:Cai Lun
3336:History
3214:Netsuke
3069:Etching
3049:Andiron
2968:Pottery
2948:Azulejo
2940:Ceramic
2808:Chinese
2771:Origami
2761:Jianzhi
2729:Collage
2686:Weaving
2681:Tie-dye
2676:Tatting
2599:Macrame
2574:Felting
2541:Textile
2531:History
1416:collage
1330:Hungary
1310:English
1298:cheques
1258:cheques
1103:Bukhara
1099:Üsküdar
1097:, near
1038:حالنامه
1032:Hâlnâma
1020:Bijapur
1004:stencil
994:Safavid
873:cognate
849:Turkish
845:Persian
817:English
785:Persian
777:Chinese
769:Bukhara
684:Echizen
520:Sichuan
392:acrylic
384:gouache
372:Ox gall
332:pigment
316:ox gall
297:acrylic
263:linseed
226:Persian
222:Turkish
217:Firengi
208:Muslims
196:Turkish
184:Persian
176:Turkish
166:Turkish
151:unsized
120:-based
54:viscous
42:aqueous
3988:Europe
3983:Canada
3730:Tissue
3640:Manila
3613:Korean
3608:Ingres
3603:Inkjet
3516:Coated
3496:Carbon
3471:Banana
3202:Mosaic
3059:Enamel
3026:Mirror
2818:Slavic
2813:Jewish
2651:Sewing
2634:Carpet
2428:
2409:
2386:
2360:
2332:
2313:
2294:
2275:
2265:
2223:
2194:
1965:
1940:
1930:
1888:
1861:
1823:
1683:
1673:
1632:
1354:(1750)
1308:After
1262:patent
1163:Turkey
1126:neftli
1065:Turkey
1008:resist
948:) and
934:seed,
914:Mughal
902:Persia
863:Turkey
851:, and
737:sizing
726:Turkey
724:, and
710:Qur'an
532:Ginger
470::
468:pinyin
398:, and
265:, and
192:Indian
188:Tajiks
162:sizing
131:bamboo
98:papers
46:marble
4127:Paper
3998:Japan
3993:India
3760:Wasli
3755:Washi
3715:Stone
3645:Mummy
3635:Lokta
3618:Kraft
3598:India
3583:Graph
3553:Crêpe
3476:Bible
3461:Amate
3444:Types
3311:Paper
3103:Other
3041:Metal
2993:Glass
2751:Decal
2696:Paper
2594:Lucet
2273:S2CID
2168:Metro
1938:S2CID
1612:Notes
1120:tekke
1111:Sufis
951:salep
936:onion
922:India
831:word
753:Herat
722:India
614:三十六人集
586:Osaka
545:China
500:China
488:]
446:Kyoto
212:Turks
136:washi
118:Kyoto
62:paper
50:stone
4026:Uses
4015:List
3790:Xuan
3780:Wove
3710:Seed
3690:Rice
3630:Laid
3593:Hemp
3531:Copy
3486:Bond
3172:Inro
2983:Tile
2872:Wood
2518:and
2479:ebru
2426:ISBN
2407:ISBN
2384:ISBN
2358:ISBN
2330:ISBN
2311:ISBN
2292:ISBN
2263:ISBN
2221:ISBN
2192:ISBN
2134:2011
2083:2011
2052:2011
2021:2010
1995:2010
1963:ISBN
1928:ISBN
1899:2018
1886:ISBN
1859:ISBN
1821:ISBN
1794:2010
1766:2021
1734:2010
1713:2010
1681:OCLC
1671:ISBN
1650:link
1630:ISBN
1409:hand
1231:and
1225:Rome
1085:Sufi
1077:ebru
1006:and
999:abri
927:size
904:and
883:Iran
878:abrī
871:, a
868:ebru
858:abrī
853:Urdu
840:ابره
834:ebre
808:ابرى
802:abrī
743:and
718:Iran
638:waka
624:西本願寺
463:文房四譜
417:waka
382:and
378:for
352:ebru
299:and
224:and
171:ebru
158:size
142:kozo
72:and
58:size
3770:Wax
3720:Tar
2255:doi
2102:hdl
1920:doi
1701:墨流し
1223:in
1199:in
1144:in
920:in
837:" (
811:).
779:or
767:or
678:in
601:墨流し
515:流沙箋
436:or
396:PVA
257:),
220:in
210:as
198:by
160:or
4123::
3563:Dó
3324:/
2405:.
2401:.
2382:.
2378:.
2271:.
2261:.
2217:31
2215:.
2211:.
2166:.
2100:.
2069:.
2038:.
1936:.
1926:.
1817:31
1815:.
1811:.
1752:.
1704:.
1679:.
1646:}}
1642:{{
1426:,
1405:A
1328:,
1288:,
1241:.
992:a
988:.
980:1
938:,
847:,
793:)
720:,
716:,
686:,
494:,
486:zh
466:;
444:,
394:,
303:.
261:,
249:,
232:.
186:,
80:.
3303:e
3296:t
3289:v
2508:e
2501:t
2494:v
2434:.
2415:.
2392:.
2366:.
2338:.
2319:.
2300:.
2279:.
2257::
2240:.
2200:.
2170:.
2136:.
2110:.
2104::
2085:.
2054:.
2023:.
1997:.
1971:.
1944:.
1922::
1901:.
1867:.
1840:.
1796:.
1768:.
1736:.
1715:.
1687:.
1652:)
1638:.
1155:,
1057:(
1035:(
962:(
942:(
891:(
805:(
728:.
627:)
621:(
617:)
611:(
604:)
598:(
512:(
460:(
253:(
239:(
145:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
