Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc

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questions. To begin with, many former believers joined and left several religious organizations prior to renouncing faith altogether. Their life history could not be simply divided into two halves. One man recounted having joined the Baptists, Pentecostals, and the Seventh-Day Adventists before abandoning religion. Another man had been an Old Believer, Baptist, Pentecostal, and Witness. In other words, many believers had spent time as non-believers, but found life without religious faith somehow unsatisfying. As a result, some former believers admitted to having previously left religious organizations, only to return to them later. Many of them noted how after publicly denouncing Protestantism, they continued to receive visits from their former religious leaders asking them to reconsider. Indeed, atheist propaganda sometimes included complaints that once a believer had been convinced to leave his faith, atheist agitators lost interest in him, viewing the case as resolved.

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desired testimonies; also an entire system of legal norms, regulating the organisation and functioning of bodies of the judiciary, was used for victimising. Nuns also stood trials in communist courts, becoming victims of the fight of the atheist state against the Catholic Church. The majority of trials from the first decade of the Polish People's Republic in which nuns were in the dock had a political character. A mass propaganda campaign, saturated with hate, led in the press and on the radio, measured up against defendants, was their distinctive feature.

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writing that "St. Theodora Church in downtown Chişinău was converted into the city's Museum of Scientific Atheism". Marxist-Leninist regimes treated religious believers as subversives or abnormal, sometimes relegating them to psychiatric hospitals and reeducation. Nevertheless, historian Emily Baran writes that "some accounts suggest the conversion to militant atheism did not always end individuals' existential questions".

507:(BEK). The churches were called to be promoters of socialism; however, the churches themselves, while accepting this role, also considered themselves to be the determiners of what this meant, criticizing the state when its policies were immoral and applauded the state when its policies were positive. They provided such a strong force that the regime sometimes had to change its policies as a result of church pressure. 675:, Metropolitan Macarius was placed in charge. He was from western Ukraine (previously eastern Poland) and who had been instrumental in the compulsory conversion of eastern Catholics to orthodoxy there. Polish security forces assisted him in suppressing resistance in his taking control of Eastern Catholic parishes. Many Eastern Catholics who remained in Poland after the postwar border adjustments were resettled in 5089: 3975: 2059:

throughout the subsequent decades of the Soviet regime, after 1944. Starting in the early 1960's, in keeping with directions from Moscow, most of Chişinău's churches were either pulled down or turned into facilities designed to serve secular or even more profane purposes. The St. Theodora Church in downtown Chişinău was converted into the city's Museum of Scientific Atheism,

716:, believed that Poland had a special role to play in human history and he supported Polish nationalism as a precursor to the liberation of Eastern Europe from Soviet role. Such ideas were popular among many Polish Catholics, as well. Wyszynski was brought into sharp conflict with the Communist authorities on account of this (he also experienced some conflict with the 1105:

arrest within them. Young people were encouraged to attack places of worship and to turn in remaining clergy to the authorities, who would then either kill them or send them to penal labor camps. Tombstones with any religious symbols were overturned and people caught wearing religious symbols could be sentenced to 10 years imprisonment. To prevent people from giving

242:, 240 kilometres (150 mi) north of St. Petersburg. According to one estimate made in Russian schoolbooks in the 1990s, 20 million Soviet and East European citizens died in Communist labor camps, while 15 million more were killed in mass executions. This number included Christians, Jews, and various other denominations, as well as nonbelievers. 876:, was coupled by an increase in repression. Charismatic religious leaders were subject to harassment, imprisonment and forced emigration. Churches had difficulties in trying to enlarge their facilities to accommodate the influx of converts, and some which attempted to do so without permission had their buildings torn down. Printing and importing 720:); during his reign, he was jailed for three years for his refusal to cooperate with the government. He was both a critic of the regime and a mediator between the regime and the rest of civil society. Wyszynski provided a significant obstacle to the Communists taking control of the church in Poland; he died in 1981 and was replaced by 2400:'The SED will refrain from talks with the churches, since it must be seen as an "atheistic party against the Church". Thus, negotiations must be led by the State, which is understood to be non-partisan, namely by the state Secretary for Church Affairs. But decisions on Church policies are to be made exclusively "in the party" .' 785:, an accord reached between the Polish government and striking shipyard workers, the church was given permission to perform radio broadcasts. As the 1980s progressed, the church became increasingly critical of the regime and in the last years of the decade it played a critical role in the transition to democracy. 64:, and extended its persecutions to the newly communist Eastern bloc. While the churches were generally not as severely treated as they had been in the Soviet Union, nearly all their schools and many of their churches were closed, and they lost their formally prominent roles in public life. Children were taught 601:. All social and charitable organizations affiliated with the church were made illegal, Catholic schools were closed, crosses were removed from classrooms and hospitals, and a terror campaign was enacted against parishes and monasteries (which included the notable arrest of a group of Jesuits headed by Father 2122:

Atheists found themselves in a bind to explain the widespread persistence of religious belief in 1937.... The latest estimates indicate that thousands of individuals were executed for religious crimes and hundreds of thousands of religious believers were imprisoned in labor camps or psychiatric hospitals.

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COMMUNIST ATHEISM. Official doctrine of the Soviet regime, also called 'scientific atheism.' It was aggressively applied to Moldova, immediately after the 1940 annexation, when churches were profaned, clergy assaulted, and signs and public symbols of religion were prohibited, and it was applied again

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Considerable anti-religious propaganda was produced with such slogans, claiming religion was "not of the enlightened world" and lowered women's status. Church centers were moved to holy sites to marginal, out-of-the-way locations and religious leaders were then relegated to what was essentially house

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A few years later, in 1929, priests were not considered workers; thus, they were given higher taxes. Priests also could not serve in the military because they were ineligible. The priests, because of their ineligibility, were given non-service taxes, which was calculated to be more than 100% of their

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Planned atheisation afflicted all areas of activity of monastic communities To victimise clergymen and consecrated people not only provisions of the criminal procedure were used, often violating not only the right for defence, but also basic human rights, allowing to use tortures in order to extort

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Atheist agitators hoped that such stories would help to convince believers and non-believers alike that the search for purpose in life could be solved with the discovery of atheism and communism. Yet some accounts suggest the conversion to militant atheism did not always end individuals' existential

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becoming again part of Romania, non-Orthodox ethnic minorities became more numerous. Rivalries developed in the different religious groups and the government used this to its own advantage by letting the church strengthen its position in society in exchange for giving greater government control over

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A notable feature of the anti-religious campaign in Poland included "patriot priests" who opposed the church hierarchy and supported Communism. In return, they were rewarded and even sometimes allowed to travel to Rome. These priests could be blackmailed into cooperation. The core of their group was

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From the 1960s onward, Poland developed an increasingly vocal Catholic intelligentsia and an active movement of young Catholics. The "Oasis" movement was created in the 1960s by Father Franciszek Blachniki, and it consisted of church activities including pilgrimages, retreats and various ecumenical

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and a variety of material rewards (e.g. needed medicines for ill relatives) in order to secure the cooperation of clergy. In a reversal, the security service and Polish government had also members in its ranks who were secretly providing beneficial information to the church, but Catholic youth were

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As early as August 1920 Lenin wrote to E. M. Skliansky, President of the Revolutionary War Soviet: 'We are surrounded by the greens (we pack it to them), we will move only about 10–20 versty and we will choke by hand the bourgeoisie, the clergy and the landowners. There will be an award of 100,000

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hierarchy, which had had their position in society strengthened since 1945, spoke out against the Solidarity movement. They refused to send delegates to meetings about human rights issues. Some exceptions occurred, such as Father Piotr Poplawski, an Orthodox priest openly sympathetic to Solidarity

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by the Nazis and the large German minority was forcibly expelled from the country at the end of the war, as well as the loss of the eastern territories that were heavily populated by Eastern Orthodox Ukrainians, led to Poland becoming more homogeneously Catholic than it had been in previous times.

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was released from prison after 26 years, and he celebrated Mass in a ransacked cemetery; he was immediately arrested for worship in public, but when the building that he was being held in was surrounded by people, he was released again. That same month, he performed another public Mass for 50,000

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was the route to true human freedom as opposed to Marxism and called people to non-conformance. Over thirteen million people went into the streets to greet him in his visit, in direct defiance to the Polish government. Dissidents in Poland and elsewhere in Eastern Europe took great notice of this

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Before 1937, the Soviet regime had closed thousands of churches and removed tens of thousands of religious leaders from positions of influence. By the midthirties, Soviet elites set out to conduct a mass liquidation of all religious organizations and leaders... officers in the League of Militant

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The government put significant pressure on the churches to submit to its authority, nonetheless. It did not, however, attempt to implement the same level of state control over churches as occurred in other Warsaw pact countries. The regime had difficulties in attempting to control the Protestant

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for training candidates for the priesthood, as well as for giving Catholic education for boys. The seminary was situated in Eastern Poland, it employed former residents of the territory annexed by the USSR in 1939, and it had caused great concern to the government, provoking its brutal closure.

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Like in neighboring Poland, the churches in East Germany championed the mass political dissent against the regime in the 1980s. Most of the mass protests began with church prayer meetings that provided a focus for the opposition. It fostered the youth counter culture and emphasized the church's

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expounds upon this situation, writing that scientific atheism was "aggressively applied to Moldova, immediately after the 1940 annexation, when churches were profaned, clergy assaulted, and signs and public symbols of religion were prohibited"; he provides an example of this phenomenon, further

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and his successors in the Soviet government included the abolition of religion and to this effect the Soviet government launched a long-running unofficial campaign to eliminate religion from society. Since some of these Slavic states tied their ethnic heritage to their ethnic churches, both the

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had a long history of submission to the temporal authorities. This submission under Nazi rule led to many of its members being compromised or silent on various moral issues. Once the communists took power in the East, the Protestants broke with historical precedent and became opponents of the

471:, such as the capacity to take a position on public issues and establish religious schools. However, as the Cold War heated up in the mid-1950s, atheism became a topic of major interest for the state, in both domestic and foreign contexts. Religion became contested ground, with the governing 340:

In its efforts to destroy organized religion, the Czechoslovak government emulated many practices of the anti-religious campaign in the Soviet Union, such as creating bodies to control religious activities and punishing priests who failed to comply with the many laws on religion; the

855:. The role of religious bodies was strictly limited to their houses of worship, and any visible demonstrations were strictly forbidden. In 1948, in order to minimize the role of the clergy in society, the government adopted a decree nationalizing church property, including schools. 332:", was treated with favor by the communist government, in exchange for total submission to the state and a limitation of activities. However, Christians who refused to tow the party line, mainly Roman Catholics and Protestants, were often harassed and had few legal rights. 945:

In Hungary, a 443-page collection, published by Gyula Havasy in 1990, reveals 10 church show trials and the detention of 2,800 monks and nuns. Many thousands of Christians were imprisoned and many others were martyred. Perhaps the best known was bishop

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Very soon after the October Revolution, the campaign to end religion – and more specifically, Christianity, Judaism and Islam – began. In 1920, the White Sea camp was opened on the grounds of a former Russian Orthodox Monastery. Described by some as a

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was imposed throughout Poland. This caused great trouble for the church, and many were rounded up by the military. Cardinal Glemp initially seemed to justify its imposition as a lesser evil, but many in the church defended those who were arrested.

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Religion, Constitutional Courts, and Democracy in Former Communist Countries. James T. Richardson. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 603. Law, Society, and Democracy: Comparative Perspectives (Jan., 2006), pp.

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Zdzislawa Walaszek. An Open Issue of Legitimacy: The State and the Church in Poland. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 483, Religion and the State: The Struggle for Legitimacy and Power (Jan., 1986), pp.

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M. Ediger, Ruth (2005). "History of an Institution as a Factor for Predicting Church Institutional Behavior: The Cases of the Catholic Church in Poland, the Orthodox Church in Romania, and the Protestant Churches in East Germany".

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The state established atheism as the only scientific truth. Soviet authorities forbade the criticism of atheism and agnosticism or of the state's anti-religious policies, until 1936; such criticism could lead to forced retirement.

1071:, were targeted for similar reasons. Cathedrals and other religious buildings were often closed or converted. By 1967, 2,167 religious buildings had been closed or converted to other uses, such as the Roman Catholic cathedral in 662:

of operation underneath the rule of regimes that were hostile to it. Underground universities taught uncensored history and ethics lessons, and many people openly attended church in protest against the Communist government.

759:, the suffering Christ, etc.) that gave spiritual depth to the struggle against communism. It also provided spiritual and material comfort to striking workers, and acted as a mediator between Solidarity and the government. 555:

After Soviet troops occupied Poland at the end of World War II, the Soviet government then enacted a gradual approach aimed at gaining control of the Catholic Church in Poland. In 1950, the Polish government created the

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positive role in society. The churches fostered discussion on issues such as rock music, sexuality, life in the third world, alcoholism, life in the GDR, and the militarization of society, etc. This drew large crowds.

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in the USSR to Orthodoxy, the Polish government called on the Orthodox church in Poland to assume 'pastoral care' of the eastern Catholics in Poland. After the removal of Metropolitan Dionizy from leadership of the

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Romania, that was used to their advantage. The government ensured that the Patriarch was always someone who was loyal to them and priests who were opposed to the communists were removed. Under the doctrine of

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Churches, synagogues, mosques and monasteries were shut down in the immediate wake of the Revolution. Many were converted to secular uses or Museums of Atheism (antichurches), whitewashed and their fittings

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Early on, persecution mainly affected the Roman Catholic Church, which made up 10% of the population. This was mainly due to how organized and well-linked it was to organizations outside Albania, unlike the

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income. Priests also were ineligible to join collective farms. Because of this, they were given no health care, pensions, or social security. By 1939, only 500 out of 50,000 churches remained open.

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It might be added that the most modern example of forced 'conversions' came not from any theocratic state, but from a professedly atheist government — that of the Soviet Union under the Communists.

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Persecutions of individuals for religion in the first few years were rare, because the state initially was concerned strictly with suppressing armed political resistance. From 1947 to 1953, the

582:, the state actively advocated for the disenfranchisement of religion and planned atheization. To this effect, the regime conducted anti-religious propaganda and persecution of clergymen and 747:

was formed. While initially based on economic concerns, but it soon became deeply affiliated with the church. The Pope promoted Poland's cause as well as the cause of Christians behind the

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provided strong resistance to the Communist regime and Poland itself had a long history of dissent to foreign rule. The Polish nation rallied to the church, just as occurred in neighboring

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In 1995, the Russian state commissioner confirmed that 200,000 Russian Orthodox priests, monks, and nuns were killed. In 1997, the remains of a Catholic bishop and 30 priests were found at

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in 1978, his election was greeted in Poland with great enthusiasm. He visited Poland from June 2–10 in 1979. During his visit, he bluntly challenged communist ideology by declaring that

540:, which made it more difficult for the regime to impose its anti religious policies in the same fashion as it had in the USSR, wherein the populace did not hold mass solidarity with the 493:(EKD), and rejected silence on moral issues. The East German Protestant churches were the largest organizations in the country that were independent of the communist party or the state. 231:

By the end of the Khrushchev era, 50,000 clergy were executed, and many of the church hierarchy were replaced by individuals who had connections with the KGB. With the drafting of the

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In Romania, more than 5,000 Orthodox priests were imprisoned, and 400 priests from Romania's Eastern-rite were killed after their community was outlawed. The Orthodox archdiocese of

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gained increasing control, the only religious bodies that provided significant dissent to the regime were evangelical Protestants, who formed only a small portion of the population.

3412: 847:, and even what the content of sermons would be. Although these successive constitutions provided a simulacrum of religious freedom, the regime in fact had a policy of promoting 3979: 557: 1112:

Hoxha died in 1985, and throughout the late 1980s, atheistic policies were slowly reversed. In 1988 Albanian emigre religious leaders were allowed to visit Albania; in 1989

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often formed by men who had experienced the camps and been tortured. The bishops often let them remain at their posts, although they were commonly ostracized by the laity.

643:. This was a liberty that was not allowed to other places in the Soviet bloc, including the USSR most notably, which had banned church publications in 1929. The founders of 858:

Once complete control of the church was achieved, the government felt free to persecute its membership, which the hierarchy of the church turned a blind eye towards. When

235:, however, "freedom of conscience, that is, the right to profess or not to profess any religion, and to conduct religious worship or atheistic propaganda" was guaranteed. 2186: 694:

to power in 1956, the state lightened its restrictions on the Eastern Catholic churches which began to grow back, partly with assistance from the rest of the Catholics.

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In 1969, under the pressure of the East German government, the regional Protestant churches in East Germany seceded from the EKD, forming a new organization called the

224:

revived the Russian Orthodox Church to raise morale for the war effort. Consequently, by 1957, there were almost 22,000 Orthodox churches in the USSR. However, in 1959,

142:", with its own rituals, promises and proselytizers. Many priests were killed and imprisoned, and thousands of churches were closed. In 1925, the government founded the 138:, ridiculed, harassed, incarcerated and executed religious leaders, flooded the schools and media with anti-religious teachings, and introduced a belief system called " 1545:

Note that over 20 million were martyred in Soviet prison camps and that well over half of the 70 million Christian martyrs were killed in the twentieth century alone.

544:. The Catholic Church unequivocally condemned Communist ideology. The Communists in Poland largely failed in their attempt to suppress and control the Polish church. 4746: 4141: 3472: 75:

According to some sources, the total number of Christian killed under the Soviet regime owing to their faith has been estimated to range around 12 to 20 million.

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to Marx, Engels, and Lenin...the idea of religion as a social product evolved to the point of policies aimed at the forced conversion of believers to atheism."

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people. In December 1990, the law against public religious practice was rescinded; elections were held the following year, and religious buildings re-opened.

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The state recognizes no religion whatever and supports atheist propaganda for the purpose of inculcating the scientific materialist world outlook in people.

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Slovak émigrés abroad contributed resources to the church under communist rule in Slovakia and smuggled religious literature into Slovakia through Poland.

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Created in 1925, the League of the Militant Godless was the nominally independent organization established by the Communist Party to promote atheism.

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Widespread dissent from religious groups in Romania did not appear until revolution was sweeping across Eastern Europe in 1989. The Patriarch of the

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de Silva, Brendan (2000). "The Protestant Church and the East German State: an organisational perspective". In Cooke, Paul; Grix, Jonathan (eds.).

1138: 683:; the state even gave money to this church, although it often defaulted on promised payments, leading to a perpetual financial crisis for the POC. 5064: 5059: 4821: 4674: 4118: 2998: 1021: 4052: 3885: 3358: 3352: 3152: 1037: 775:

who died in 1985; his death was officially listed as a suicide, although such a claim was disputed by the doctors responsible for his autopsy.

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Beginning in the early 1970s, the church moved from a defensive stance to a more aggressive stance in speaking in defense of human rights.

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initiated a new anti-religious campaign, which led to the closure of almost 12,000 churches. By 1985, only 7,000 churches remained active.

123: 1762:

V. Haskins, Ekaterina (2009). "Russia's Postcommunist Past: The Cathedral of Christ the Savior and the Reimagining of National Identity".

410: 4916: 3873: 3388: 1148: 891:. It was not until the day before Ceausescu's execution on December 24, 1989, that the Patriarch condemned him as "a new child-murdering 4211: 4133: 5138: 5092: 4899: 3685: 3057: 1630:

Inside Central Asia: A Political and Cultural History of Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkey, and Iran

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The security apparatus in Poland, as in other communist nations, recruited members of the clergy. The security service used blackmail,

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created an independent archbishop for Slovakia in 1977; however, the government blocked an appointment of a new archbishop until 1988.

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supported Ceausescu up until the end of the regime, and even congratulated him after the state murdered one hundred demonstrators in

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At the close of World War II, certain religious leaders were imprisoned or executed on grounds that they were either spies for the

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churches in Germany as a result of their fragmented nature, even down to the local level and the regionalism present in Germany.

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Christian churches, Jewish synagogues and Islamic mosques were forcibly "converted into museums of atheism". Historical essayist

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in 1946; Baba Ali Tomori was executed by a court in 1947; and Baba Shefket Koshtani of Tepelan was shot by a court in 1947.

4836: 4811: 4791: 4761: 4716: 4385: 1188: 467:, churches were given many rights and provisions in comparison to other Eastern Bloc countries under Articles 41–48 of the 435: 2552: 2550: 72:, Christian churches, along with Jewish synagogues and Islamic mosques were forcibly "converted into museums of atheism." 4861: 4831: 3811: 3673: 2991: 679:

in the newly acquired territories from Germany. The state in Poland gave the POC a greater number of privileges than the

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declared the state atheist in 1967, stating that "Albania is the world's first atheistic state, whose only religion is

985: 395: 277: 4776: 4771: 4395: 3595: 3576: 2727: 2386: 2082: 1908: 1881: 1853: 1815: 1664: 1637: 1509: 1416: 1374: 1335: 1306: 1270: 1143: 1007: 755:. The church in Poland played a key role in the revolution against the regime in the 1980s and provided symbols (the 299: 5004: 3649: 2257: 1298: 1116:, herself an ethnic Albanian born in the Ottoman Empire, came to visit Albania after previously denied permission. 472: 4731: 4181: 3927: 3897: 3027: 2824: 1925: 813: 778:

Communist authorities blamed nationalist Catholics for fanning strife between Catholic and Orthodox populations.

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Mirek, Agata (2014). "Law as an Instrument of the Communist Authorities in the Fight against Orders in Poland".

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and Antoni Antczak both died in prison. Cardinal Wyszynski attempted to intervene on behalf of Father Zygmunt.

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Catholic publications continued to exist, although under pressure from the state. These publications included

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had a long history of submitting to foreign rulers, and when the communists took power after the Soviet army

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The churches promoted change in the GDR, not by overthrowing the authorities, but through peaceful change.

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rubles for each one hanged.' He was speaking about the future actions in the countries neighboring Russia.

3172: 1966: 740:, in his memoir, later said "We realized for the first time that 'we' were more numerous than 'them'..." 143: 3761: 2072: 1405: 5019: 4979: 4806: 4103: 2294: 1444: 698: 464: 3727: 4959: 4949: 4340: 4191: 4019: 3855: 3831: 3799: 3643: 3448: 3430: 3424: 3382: 3079: 3047: 1101:

This resulted in a massive anti-religious campaign greater in scale and scope than previous efforts.

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Estimates of the total number all Christian martyrs in the former Soviet Union are about 12 million.

353:. The punishments meted out for such violations were not as great as occurred in the USSR, however. 4984: 4909: 4889: 4856: 4300: 4085: 4024: 3661: 3245: 3220: 3162: 3042: 3011: 2716:

THE CHALLENGES OF DIVERSITY: Public policies regarding national and religious minorities in Romania

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PROVOCĂRILE DIVERSITĂȚII: Politici publice privind minoritățile naționale și religioase în România

1958: 590:) and was permitted by the constitution, but the state attempted to achieve an atheistic society. 4921: 4866: 4390: 3938: 3442: 3364: 1975: 541: 489:

government. In 1945, they formed part of a common umbrella with Protestants in West Germany, the

61: 2655: 2226: 572: 4360: 4315: 3891: 3867: 3583: 3167: 3140: 3111: 3106: 3032: 2801: 2640: 2587: 2530: 2492: 2285: 771: 672: 564: 1363: 586:. As in most other Communist countries, religion was not outlawed as such (an exception being 4736: 4542: 4511: 4410: 4380: 4355: 3861: 3520: 3305: 3270: 3240: 3089: 3007: 325: 200:

was one of the churches that were "converted into museums of atheism", under the doctrine of

197: 178: 111:, it took mainly Orthodox and Catholic priests which didn't comply with government statutes. 4108: 5133: 4926: 4786: 4689: 4619: 4345: 3843: 3779: 3589: 3400: 3285: 3190: 3121: 3084: 2976: 2861: 2412:

Fulbrook, Mary (1997). "The Limits Of Totalitarianism: God, State and Society in the GDR".

2136:"'I saw the light': Former Protestant believer testimonials in the Soviet Union, 1957-1987" 2135: 659: 217: 4146: 8: 5102: 5044: 5039: 5034: 4664: 4075: 3755: 3735: 3490: 3376: 3320: 3290: 3255: 3145: 2857: 2848: 2195: 2020: 1764: 873: 633: 350: 329: 313: 2865: 1785: 953: 782: 567:, with a membership of about half a million, in order to use it as a weapon against the 5054: 5029: 4969: 4933: 4568: 4485: 4280: 4216: 4113: 4080: 4070: 4044: 3849: 3773: 3767: 3325: 3295: 3280: 3157: 2877: 2585:

Anderson, John (2003). "Catholicism and Democratic Consolidation in Spain and Poland".

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was tortured and thrown from a prison window to his death in 1946; Baba Kamil Glava of

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on an international level, to the great discomfort of the communist governments in the

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in particular was targeted due to its historical alliance with the nobility during the

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in the Soviet Union, there was a "government-sponsored program of forced conversion to

49: 17: 4263: 1459:

Churches, when not destroyed, might find themselves converted into museums of atheism.

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President of Lithuania: Prisoner of the Gulag; a Biography of Aleksandras Stulginskis

866: 859: 737: 728: 691: 667: 655: 615:, which was created in 1949, was brutally liquidated in 1954. It had been moved from 225: 159: 127: 4593: 1025: 158:

and a high priority policy of all Soviet leaders. Christopher Marsh, a professor at

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Stolarik, M.M. (2005). "Commentary: In Step with the Times; A Slovak Perspective".

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was very difficult, and reportedly Bibles could be pulped for making toilet paper.

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Polish society was prepared for the post-World War II persecutions due to its long

608: 598: 167: 151: 146:, a "nominally independent organization" meant to intensify religious persecution. 53: 2759: 2025: 4974: 4679: 4573: 4475: 4310: 4305: 4295: 4275: 4233: 4228: 3957: 3879: 3785: 3709: 3703: 3436: 3370: 3235: 3230: 3116: 2722:(in Romanian). Cluj-Napoca: Centrul de Resurse pentru Diversitate Etnoculturală. 2604: 2376: 1898: 1654: 1178: 892: 346: 342: 25: 2955: 2631:

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The Plot to Kill God: Findings from the Soviet Experiment in Secularization

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In Bulgaria, Christianity was not persecuted to the same extent as other

2211: 2155: 1991: 1250:(2). Polish Institute of Houston: 1506–1508 – via Rice University. 1109:

to children, a dictionary of approved names for children was published.

914: 5009: 4781: 4501: 3265: 3260: 2433: 2360: 2310: 2234: 1874:

A History of Marxist-Leninist Atheism and Soviet Antireligious Policies

1741: 1625: 1574: 1153: 239: 2881: 2846:

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to unite all of the people of the world under communist rule known as

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Religion, State and Politics in the Soviet Union and Successor States

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People's Republic of Albania / People's Socialist Republic of Albania

620: 537: 135: 2425: 1715: 1265:. Genocide and Resistance Research Center of Lithuania. p. 23. 869:

occurred in Romania in the 1980s, something which, according to the

373: 4506: 4465: 3952: 3478: 3215: 2873: 2182:

A History of Soviet Atheism in Theory and Practice and the Believer

1369:(illustrated ed.). New York: Viking Press. pp. 566, 568. 1183: 844: 817: 717: 45: 4669: 2016:"Revelations from the Russian Archives: ANTI-RELIGIOUS CAMPAIGNS" 1045: 848: 832:

it. This agreement played a major factor in the weakening of the

821: 587: 579: 65: 60:

continued. The Soviet Union ended its war time truce against the

57: 2956:"Don Simoni. La fede, i martiri e la fine del regime in Albania" 706:

endeavors. Intense efforts by the state to undermine it failed.

479:, although some people remained loyal to Christian communities. 68:, and clergy were imprisoned or killed by the thousands. In the 4480: 3974: 3275: 1806:

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and their semi-forced integration into the Orthodox community.

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1076: 1041: 1032:

militia. These leaders typically spent decades in prison and

877: 616: 317: 108: 3006: 2276: 4460: 2381:. German Monitor. Amsterdam: Rodopi B.V. pp. 104–105. 899: 2696:

was to transform Romania into a communist atheist society.

1707: 1504:(illustrated ed.). Springer Publishing. p. 427. 789:

Romanian People's Republic / Socialist Republic of Romania

162:, writes that "Tracing the social nature of religion from 2626: 2624: 1755: 33:

peoples and their churches were targeted by the Soviets.

902:

contains biographies of 1,700 church personnel jailed.

3680:

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2621: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 1659:. New Delhi: Intercultural Publications. p. 306. 1656:

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1632:(illustrated ed.). New York: Overlook Duckworth. 1295:

Christ Is Calling You: A Course in Catacomb Pastorship

1119:

In November 1990, in Shkodër, a Catholic priest named

4291:

Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia

3608:

Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia

3461:

Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction

2354:

Constitution of the German Democratic Republic (1949)

1530:"Christian Martyrdom: A Global Democratic Assessment" 1196:

Clerical collaboration with communist secret services

2037: 2035: 843:

chose who served in the church, who was admitted to

181:

standing trial for "counter-revolutionary agitation"

2242: 702:forced to enroll in Communist Youth organizations. 349:, leading to the state labeling Catholic clergy as 4366:1998 attacks on Christians in southeastern Gujarat 4331:Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era 4286:Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses in Nazi Germany 4164:Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam 2228:Constitution of the Soviet Union (1977, Unamended) 2148:School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences 1803: 1567: 1404: 1362: 1323: 1232: 2032: 1950: 1439:Franklin, Simon; Widdis, Emma (2 February 2006). 1432: 5115: 4401:2008 attacks on Christians in southern Karnataka 2537: 1139:Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII 820:, and set its sights on the ultimate goal of an 324:, due to "its historic role in helping preserve 245: 4119:Destruction of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre 2930:"A Light Out of the Prisons of Atheist Albania" 2109:. University of California Press. p. 122. 1810:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 2. 905: 498:Confederation of Protestant Churches in the GDR 411:"Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc" 3359:Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent 3353:Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire 2064: 1846:Saint Vladimir's Orthodox Theological Seminary 1473:The Destruction of Memory: Architecture at War 1438: 1089:." The same year, Article 37 was added to the 5124:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc 4001: 3980:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc 3540:Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc 3347:Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire 2992: 2264:. Vol. 86, no. 2106. pp. 64–67 1561: 1559: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1321: 597:became the primary target for persecution in 575:and forcibly retiring him after his release. 547:The experiences in World War II, wherein the 363: 90:Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union 4371:1998 attacks on Christians in Dangs district 3662:Violence against Hindus in independent India 2414:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 2077:. Malden: Blackwell Publishing. p. 46. 1923: 1871: 1842:The Orthodox Church in the History of Russia 1839: 1721:Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 1595: 1593: 795:Anti-religious campaign of Communist Romania 400:introducing citations to additional sources 122:" conducted by Communists. As a part of its 40:following World War II, parts of the former 3874:Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh 3389:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2255: 1646: 743:Within a year, the independent trade union 521: 5129:Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians 4008: 3994: 2999: 2985: 2749: 2516: 2514: 2512: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2098: 2070: 1761: 1693:. Taylor & Francis. 2002. p. 46. 1550: 1527: 1063:. Other religious minorities, such as the 666:Following with the forcible conversion of 78: 56:and the project of coercive conversion to 4406:2021 anti-Christian violence in Karnataka 3509:Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars 2924: 2630: 2481: 1903:. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. 1590: 1499: 1174:USSR anti-religious campaign (1970s–1990) 1149:Persecution of Muslims in the former USSR 1008:Learn how and when to remove this message 300:Learn how and when to remove this message 2953: 2679: 2584: 2569: 2411: 2374: 2323: 2041: 1896: 1840:Pospielovsky, Dimitry (1 January 1998). 1565: 1464: 1330:. New York: Paulist Press. p. 211. 1260: 1169:USSR anti-religious campaign (1958–1964) 1164:USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941) 1159:USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928) 980:Relevant discussion may be found on the 727:After Cardinal Wojtyla of Kraków became 390:Relevant discussion may be found on the 272:Relevant discussion may be found on the 188: 172: 93: 3473:French Revolutionary dechristianisation 2845: 2787: 2785: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2707: 2520: 2499: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2471: 2469: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2046:. Lanham: Scarecrow Press. p. 98. 1691:Eastern Europe, Russia and Central Asia 1652: 1399: 563:The state tried to take control of the 5116: 3419:Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2104: 1956: 1713: 1600:Marsh, Christopher (20 January 2011). 1566:Luxmoore, Jonathen (23 January 1999). 1502:Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality 1357: 1289: 992:to additional sources at this section. 284:to additional sources at this section. 154:became central to the ideology of the 3989: 3668:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 2980: 2906:from the original on 29 December 2005 2653: 2556: 2282: 2133: 2010: 2008: 1867: 1865: 1801: 1797: 1795: 1599: 1470: 549:large Jewish minority was annihilated 5088: 4386:2007 Christmas violence in Kandhamal 2839: 2814: 2791: 2774: 1897:Anderson, John (22 September 1994). 1624: 1441:National Identity in Russian Culture 1395: 1393: 1235:"The Church and the Communist Power" 1228: 1226: 1224: 1222: 1220: 1218: 1216: 1214: 1212: 1210: 1189:Violence against Christians in India 957: 909: 367: 249: 5144:Religious persecution by communists 3812:Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War 3762:Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh 3674:Jewish exodus from the Muslim world 3467:Christianization of the Sámi people 2896:"The Albanian Constitution of 1976" 2440: 2378:East Germany: Continuity and Change 1604:. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. 1233:Rostropowicz Clark, Joanna (2010). 647:were incarcerated, of which Father 156:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 13: 4990:Forty Martyrs of England and Wales 4187:1843 and 1846 massacres in Hakkari 2954:Massafra, Angelo (19 March 2016). 2817:"ALBANIA'S CLERICS LEAD A REBIRTH" 2684:. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 92. 2561:. Teka Komisji Prawniczej: 64–72. 2165:– via OpenEdition Journals. 2005: 1862: 1792: 1471:Bevan, Robert (15 February 2016). 973:relies largely or entirely upon a 827:After World War II, with Northern 265:relies largely or entirely upon a 20:, there was a movement within the 14: 5160: 5139:History of Christianity in Europe 4396:2008 Kandhamal nun gang rape case 3967: 3656:Violence against Muslims in India 3650:Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan 3596:Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses 2654:Caryl, Christian (21 June 2009). 1844:(illustrated ed.). Yonkers: 1537:McGrath Institute for Church Life 1390: 1365:Rising '44: the Battle for Warsaw 1297:(illustrated ed.). Platina: 1207: 1144:Soviet anti-religious legislation 335: 5097: 5087: 5078: 5077: 5005:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War 3973: 3951: 2042:Brezianu, Andrei (26 May 2010). 1876:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 1734:10.1111/j.1468-5906.2004.00216.x 1299:Saint Herman of Alaska Monastery 962: 913: 611:and orphanages were closed. The 383:relies largely or entirely on a 372: 254: 126:, the Communist Party destroyed 4182:Constantinople massacre of 1821 3928:2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel 3898:Persecution of Uyghurs in China 2947: 2918: 2888: 2808: 2752:"Martyr of Service and Charity" 2743: 2701: 2673: 2647: 2611: 2405: 2368: 2344: 2317: 2218: 2173: 2127: 1917: 1890: 1833: 1683: 1618: 1521: 1475:. Reaktion Books. p. 152. 1407:A Short History of Christianity 1022:Italian protectorate government 681:Roman Catholic Church in Poland 569:Roman Catholic Church in Poland 463:Early on in the history of the 100:Cathedral of Christ the Saviour 83: 4376:1998 Ramgiri-Udaygiri violence 4124:Kisrawan campaigns (1292–1305) 3916:2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings 3886:Genocide of Christians by ISIL 3620:Communist Romanian persecution 2105:Froese, Paul (6 August 2008). 1924:Konstantinow, Dimitry (1967). 1872:Pospielovsky, Dimitry (1987). 1493: 1351: 1326:Paul VI, the First Modern Pope 1315: 1283: 1254: 816:took a hostile stance against 528:Polish anti-religious campaign 194:St. Teodora de la Sihla Church 177:Russian Orthodox metropolitan 28:. Communism as interpreted by 1: 5060:Eastern Catholics in the USSR 4244:Great Famine of Mount Lebanon 4212:Tự Đức's Catholic persecution 3934:2024 Istanbul church shooting 3910:Christchurch mosque shootings 3698:Religious violence in Nigeria 3692:Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria 2815:Kamm, Henry (27 March 1992). 2256:D. Schifter, Richard (1986). 2184:by Dimitry V. Pospielovsky". 2074:Christianity: An Introduction 1322:Hebblethwaite, Peter (1993). 1201: 491:Evangelical Church in Germany 246:People's Republic of Bulgaria 3824:War crimes in the Kosovo War 3614:Communist Polish persecution 3485:1860 Mount Lebanon civil war 3413:Crusades against schismatics 2823:. p. A3. Archived from 2605:10.1080/01402380412331300237 2262:Department of State Bulletin 2258:"Religion in Eastern Europe" 2071:E. McGrath, Alister (2006). 1569:"The Iron Curtain's secrets" 1134:Religion in the Soviet Union 906:People's Republic of Hungary 814:People's Republic of Romania 712:Cardinal Primate of Poland, 558:Bureau for Religious Affairs 7: 1967:Journal of Church and State 1261:Eidintas, Alfonsas (2001). 1127: 1048:was executed by a court in 218:German invasion of the USSR 144:League of Militant Atheists 10: 5165: 5020:Saints of the Cristero War 4980:Saint Martyrs of Jasenovac 4411:2010 Manila hostage crisis 2656:"1979: The Great Backlash" 2295:Cambridge University Press 1445:Cambridge University Press 1411:. New York: Viking Press. 792: 699:psychological manipulation 525: 465:German Democratic Republic 364:German Democratic Republic 87: 5149:20th-century Christianity 5073: 4960:Massacre of the Innocents 4942: 4880: 4702: 4607: 4561: 4530: 4494: 4453: 4437: 4428: 4341:Maluku sectarian conflict 4172: 4132: 4094: 4061: 4043: 4034: 4020:Persecution of Christians 3948: 3856:South Thailand insurgency 3832:Walisongo school massacre 3800:Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus 3449:Expulsion of the Moriscos 3425:European wars of religion 3339: 3183: 3018: 2934:The European Conservative 2680:Leustean, Lucian (2009). 2338:10.1017/S0067237800004902 2326:Austrian History Yearbook 2303:10.1017/S0034670500007130 2187:Studies in Soviet Thought 1751:– via Academia.edu. 1653:Adappur, Abraham (2000). 1528:M. Johnson, Todd (2012). 1500:M. Nelson, James (2009). 834:Eastern Catholic Churches 595:Catholic Church in Poland 534:Catholic Church in Poland 322:Bulgarian Orthodox Church 4910:Violence against Mormons 4086:Diocletianic Persecution 4025:Anti-Christian sentiment 3246:Extrajudicial punishment 2708:Chiriac, Marian (2005). 1786:10.2979/his.2009.21.1.25 1778:10.2979/his.2009.21.1.25 1541:University of Notre Dame 1061:Albanian Orthodox Church 885:Romanian Orthodox Church 810:Marxist–Leninist atheism 801:Romanian Orthodox Church 522:Polish People's Republic 202:Marxist–Leninist atheism 44:liberated by the Soviet 4391:2008 Kandhamal violence 3939:Crocus City Hall attack 3686:Persecution of Tibetans 3443:French Wars of Religion 3365:Yellow Turban Rebellion 2794:East European Quarterly 2756:Magyar Katolikus Egyház 2633:East European Quarterly 2523:East European Quarterly 2485:East European Quarterly 1976:Oxford University Press 690:After the accession of 571:, arresting its leader 542:Russian Orthodox church 347:Austro-Hungarian Empire 124:anti-religious campaign 79:Treatment of Christians 62:Russian Orthodox Church 5015:North American Martyrs 4361:Maspero demonstrations 4316:Mountain War (Lebanon) 4104:Homs revolts (854–855) 3892:Iraqi Turkmen genocide 3868:Maspero demonstrations 3716:Huế Phật Đản shootings 2802:University of Colorado 2641:University of Colorado 2588:West European Politics 2531:University of Colorado 2493:University of Colorado 2365:Retrieved 3 June 2024. 2286:The Review of Politics 2239:Retrieved 3 June 2024. 2140:Cahiers du Monde Russe 1802:Peris, Daniel (1998). 1099: 772:Polish Orthodox Church 673:Polish Orthodox Church 578:Under the doctrine of 573:Metropolitan Dionysius 565:Polish Orthodox Church 205: 182: 114:Under the doctrine of 103: 4630:Tomás Garrido Canabal 4625:Plutarco Elías Calles 4543:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 4381:1999 Ranalai violence 4356:Boko Haram insurgency 4197:1860 Lebanon conflict 3862:Boko Haram insurgency 3521:Pontic Greek genocide 3431:Ottoman–Habsburg wars 3241:Extrajudicial killing 3008:Religious persecution 2134:Baran, Emily (2011). 2044:The A to Z of Moldova 1957:Froese, Paul (2005). 1932:The Persecuted Church 1714:Froese, Paul (2004). 1095: 1091:Albanian Constitution 853:religious persecution 351:enemies of the people 326:Bulgarian nationalism 320:. In particular, the 233:new 1977 Constitution 192: 179:Benjamin of Petrograd 176: 97: 4690:Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi 4620:Mwanga II of Buganda 4346:Nag Hammadi massacre 4147:Revolt in the Vendée 3982:at Wikimedia Commons 3844:September 11 attacks 3780:1984 anti-Sikh riots 3644:Rawalpindi massacres 3590:White Terror (Spain) 3401:Massacre at Ayyadieh 3286:Population cleansing 2928:(27 December 2021). 2858:Taylor & Francis 2028:on 28 February 2009. 1984:10.1093/jcs/47.3.473 1765:History & Memory 1028:, an anti-communist 986:improve this article 722:Cardinal Josef Glemp 660:Bolshevik revolution 619:and had been run by 396:improve this article 278:improve this article 5065:21 Martyrs of Libya 5045:522 Spanish Martyrs 5040:498 Spanish Martyrs 5035:233 Spanish Martyrs 4076:Persecution in Lyon 3756:Bangladesh genocide 3736:Cultural Revolution 3728:Xá Lợi Pagoda raids 3491:Circassian genocide 3377:Rhineland massacres 3291:Population transfer 3256:Forced displacement 3063:Jehovah's Witnesses 2866:1994GeoRv..84...59R 2849:Geographical Review 2750:O'Driscoll, David. 2196:Springer Publishing 2021:Library of Congress 1024:or affiliated with 874:Department of State 645:Tygodnik Warszawski 634:Tygodnik Powszechny 629:Tygodnik Warszawski 613:Rozanystok seminary 603:Tomasz Rostworowski 314:Abrahamic religions 5055:Martyrs of Daimiel 5030:Vietnamese Martyrs 4970:Carthusian Martyrs 4569:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 4438:Early Christianity 4281:Red Terror (Spain) 4217:Hamidian massacres 4114:Bashmurian revolts 4109:Martyrs of Córdoba 4081:Decian persecution 4071:Great Fire of Rome 4045:Early Christianity 3850:2002 Gujarat riots 3774:Cambodian genocide 3768:Lebanese Civil War 3546:Soviet persecution 3383:Jerusalem massacre 3296:Sectarian violence 3281:Political violence 2926:Fernandez, Alberto 2821:The New York Times 925:. You can help by 762:In December 1981, 206: 183: 140:scientific atheism 104: 102:on 5 December 1931 98:Demolition of the 50:Yugoslav Partisans 18:October Revolution 5111: 5110: 4917:Oriental Orthodox 4698: 4697: 4471:Septimius Severus 4424: 4423: 4254:Assyrian genocide 4249:Armenian genocide 4157:Kakure Kirishitan 4142:French Revolution 3978:Media related to 3964: 3963: 3904:Rohingya genocide 3632:Direct Action Day 3584:Šahovići massacre 3534:Armenian genocide 3528:Assyrian genocide 3415:(13th–15th cent.) 3409:(12th–16th cent.) 3407:Northern Crusades 3251:Forced conversion 3201:Cultural genocide 3196:Communal violence 3073:post–Cold War era 3058:Eastern Orthodoxy 2116:978-0-520-94273-8 2053:978-0-8108-7211-0 1611:978-1-4411-0284-3 1482:978-1-78023-608-7 1454:978-0-521-02429-7 1401:Blainey, Geoffrey 1075:, which became a 1018: 1017: 1010: 943: 942: 867:Christian revival 860:Nicolae Ceausescu 738:Radoslaw Sikorski 729:Pope John Paul II 692:Wladyslaw Gomulka 668:Eastern Catholics 649:Zygmunt Kaczynski 469:1949 Constitution 461: 460: 446: 310: 309: 302: 226:Nikita Khrushchev 160:Baylor University 52:became one-party 5156: 5101: 5091: 5090: 5081: 5080: 5050:Martyrs of Turon 5000:Martyrs of Japan 4953: 4900:Eastern Orthodox 4883:persecuted group 4435: 4434: 4416:Genocide by ISIL 4351:Kosheh massacres 4321:Beer Hall Putsch 4207:Kucheng massacre 4202:Tianjin Massacre 4152:Martyrs of Japan 4041: 4040: 4010: 4003: 3996: 3987: 3986: 3977: 3956: 3955: 3922:2020 Delhi riots 3838:Kosheh massacres 3818:Bosnian genocide 3638:1946 Bihar riots 3301:Social cleansing 3226:Ethnic cleansing 3001: 2994: 2987: 2978: 2977: 2972: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2951: 2945: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2892: 2886: 2885: 2843: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2812: 2806: 2805: 2789: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2758:. 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Archived from 2012: 2003: 2002: 2000: 1998: 1963: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1937: 1921: 1915: 1914: 1894: 1888: 1887: 1869: 1860: 1859: 1837: 1831: 1830: 1825: 1824: 1809: 1799: 1790: 1789: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1711: 1705: 1704: 1687: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1673: 1650: 1644: 1643: 1622: 1616: 1615: 1597: 1588: 1587: 1585: 1583: 1571: 1563: 1548: 1547: 1534: 1525: 1519: 1518: 1497: 1491: 1490: 1468: 1462: 1461: 1436: 1430: 1429: 1427: 1425: 1410: 1397: 1388: 1387: 1385: 1383: 1368: 1355: 1349: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1329: 1319: 1313: 1312: 1287: 1281: 1280: 1258: 1252: 1251: 1243:Sarmatian Review 1239: 1230: 1121:Don Simon Jubani 1093:, which stated: 1030:collaborationist 1013: 1006: 1002: 999: 993: 966: 965: 958: 938: 935: 917: 910: 783:Gdańsk Agreement 714:Stefan Wyszynski 609:Salesian schools 599:Communist Poland 506: 456: 453: 447: 445: 404: 376: 368: 305: 298: 294: 291: 285: 258: 257: 250: 198:Central Chișinău 152:Militant atheism 54:communist states 5164: 5163: 5159: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5154: 5153: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5107: 5069: 4975:Chinese Martyrs 4947: 4946: 4938: 4882: 4876: 4704: 4694: 4680:Abubakar Shekau 4603: 4574:Tokugawa Ieyasu 4557: 4526: 4490: 4476:Maximinus Thrax 4449: 4430: 4420: 4311:Damour massacre 4306:Chouf massacres 4296:Istanbul pogrom 4276:Shusha massacre 4264:İzmit massacres 4234:Boxer Rebellion 4229:Candia massacre 4168: 4128: 4090: 4057: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4014: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3950: 3944: 3880:Yazidi genocide 3786:Revival Process 3722:Thích Quảng Đức 3710:Buddhist crisis 3704:Istanbul pogrom 3572:1970–1987 3567:1958–1964 3562:1928–1941 3557:1921–1928 3552:1917–1921 3437:Goa Inquisition 3371:Battle of Tours 3361:(c.550–c. 1200) 3355:(c. 324–c. 491) 3335: 3236:Ethnic violence 3231:Ethnic conflict 3179: 3178: 3177: 3132:minority Muslim 3014: 3005: 2975: 2965: 2963: 2952: 2948: 2938: 2936: 2923: 2919: 2909: 2907: 2894: 2893: 2889: 2844: 2840: 2830: 2828: 2827:on 12 July 2020 2813: 2809: 2790: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2762:on 5 March 2016 2748: 2744: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2719: 2706: 2702: 2692: 2678: 2674: 2664: 2662: 2652: 2648: 2629: 2622: 2616: 2612: 2583: 2570: 2555: 2548: 2542: 2538: 2519: 2500: 2480: 2441: 2426:10.2307/3679269 2410: 2406: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2373: 2369: 2350: 2349: 2345: 2322: 2318: 2281: 2277: 2267: 2265: 2254: 2243: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2179: 2178: 2174: 2160: 2158: 2132: 2128: 2117: 2103: 2099: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2069: 2065: 2054: 2040: 2033: 2014: 2013: 2006: 1996: 1994: 1961: 1955: 1951: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1927:Гонимая Церковь 1922: 1918: 1911: 1895: 1891: 1884: 1870: 1863: 1856: 1848:. p. 291. 1838: 1834: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1800: 1793: 1760: 1756: 1746: 1744: 1712: 1708: 1701: 1689: 1688: 1684: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1651: 1647: 1640: 1623: 1619: 1612: 1598: 1591: 1581: 1579: 1564: 1551: 1532: 1526: 1522: 1512: 1498: 1494: 1483: 1469: 1465: 1455: 1447:. p. 104. 1437: 1433: 1423: 1421: 1419: 1398: 1391: 1381: 1379: 1377: 1356: 1352: 1342: 1340: 1338: 1320: 1316: 1309: 1288: 1284: 1273: 1259: 1255: 1237: 1231: 1208: 1204: 1179:Hindu terrorism 1130: 1107:religious names 1014: 1003: 997: 994: 988:by introducing 979: 967: 963: 956: 939: 933: 930: 923:needs expansion 908: 851:, coupled with 839:Members of the 797: 791: 530: 524: 500: 457: 451: 448: 405: 403: 389: 377: 366: 343:Catholic Church 338: 306: 295: 289: 286: 280:by introducing 271: 259: 255: 248: 210:Andrei Brezianu 92: 86: 81: 26:world communism 12: 11: 5: 5162: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5109: 5108: 5106: 5105: 5095: 5085: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5025:Uganda Martyrs 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4995:Korean Martyrs 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4956: 4954: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4931: 4930: 4929: 4924: 4914: 4913: 4912: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4886: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4822:Ottoman Empire 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4708: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4650:Vladimir Lenin 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4611: 4609: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4601: 4599:Queen Jeongsun 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4565: 4563: 4559: 4558: 4556: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4534: 4532: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4498: 4496: 4495:Late Antiquity 4492: 4491: 4489: 4488: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4447: 4441: 4439: 4432: 4426: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4336:Sumgait pogrom 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4301:Black Thursday 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4267: 4266: 4259:Greek genocide 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4239:Adana massacre 4236: 4231: 4226: 4225: 4224: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4194: 4189: 4184: 4178: 4176: 4170: 4169: 4167: 4166: 4161: 4160: 4159: 4149: 4144: 4138: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4100: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4067: 4065: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4055: 4049: 4047: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4028: 4027: 4022: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4005: 3998: 3990: 3984: 3983: 3969: 3968:External links 3966: 3962: 3961: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3942: 3936: 3931: 3925: 3919: 3913: 3907: 3906:(2016–ongoing) 3901: 3900:(2014–ongoing) 3895: 3889: 3888:(2014–ongoing) 3883: 3877: 3871: 3865: 3864:(2009–ongoing) 3859: 3858:(2004–ongoing) 3853: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3828: 3827: 3821: 3815: 3803: 3797: 3796: 3795: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3764:(1971–ongoing) 3759: 3753: 3752: 3751: 3745: 3733: 3732: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3707: 3701: 3700:(1953–ongoing) 3695: 3689: 3688:(1950–ongoing) 3683: 3682:(1949–ongoing) 3677: 3671: 3665: 3664:(1947–ongoing) 3659: 3658:(1947–ongoing) 3653: 3652:(1947–ongoing) 3647: 3641: 3635: 3629: 3626:Noakhali riots 3623: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3523: 3515:Greek genocide 3512: 3506: 3503:Adana massacre 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3452: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3428: 3422: 3416: 3410: 3404: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3367:(c.184–c. 205) 3362: 3356: 3350: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3316:State religion 3313: 3308: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3278: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3221:Discrimination 3218: 3213: 3208: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3173:Zoroastrianism 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3149: 3148: 3138: 3137: 3136: 3135: 3134: 3129: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3099: 3098: 3097: 3095:Untouchability 3092: 3082: 3077: 3076: 3075: 3070: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3045: 3040: 3035: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3015: 3012:discrimination 3004: 3003: 2996: 2989: 2981: 2974: 2973: 2946: 2917: 2887: 2874:10.2307/215781 2838: 2807: 2773: 2742: 2728: 2700: 2691:978-3447058742 2690: 2672: 2660:Foreign Policy 2646: 2620: 2610: 2568: 2546: 2536: 2498: 2439: 2404: 2387: 2367: 2343: 2316: 2275: 2241: 2217: 2172: 2126: 2115: 2097: 2083: 2063: 2052: 2031: 2004: 1949: 1916: 1909: 1889: 1882: 1861: 1854: 1832: 1816: 1791: 1754: 1706: 1699: 1682: 1665: 1645: 1638: 1617: 1610: 1589: 1549: 1520: 1510: 1492: 1481: 1463: 1453: 1431: 1417: 1389: 1375: 1359:Davies, Norman 1350: 1336: 1314: 1307: 1291:Calciu, George 1282: 1271: 1253: 1205: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1198: 1193: 1192: 1191: 1186: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1129: 1126: 1065:Bektashi Order 1026:Balli Kombëtar 1016: 1015: 984:. Please help 970: 968: 961: 955: 952: 941: 940: 920: 918: 907: 904: 790: 787: 677:Western Poland 526:Main article: 523: 520: 459: 458: 394:. Please help 380: 378: 371: 365: 362: 337: 336:Czechoslovakia 334: 308: 307: 276:. Please help 262: 260: 253: 247: 244: 164:Schleiermacher 88:Main article: 85: 82: 80: 77: 38:Eastern Europe 30:Vladimir Lenin 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5161: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5121: 5119: 5104: 5100: 5096: 5094: 5086: 5084: 5076: 5075: 5072: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4985:Drina Martyrs 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4965:Saint Stephen 4963: 4961: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4951: 4945: 4941: 4935: 4932: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4915: 4911: 4908: 4907: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4752:German Empire 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4709: 4707: 4701: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4655:Joseph Stalin 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4606: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4560: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4538:Al-Mutawakkil 4536: 4535: 4533: 4529: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4433: 4427: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 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3866: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3830: 3825: 3822: 3819: 3816: 3813: 3810: 3809: 3807: 3806:Yugoslav Wars 3804: 3801: 3798: 3793: 3792:Big Excursion 3790: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3754: 3749: 3746: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3737: 3734: 3729: 3726: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3663: 3660: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3602:The Holocaust 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3497:Dungan Revolt 3495: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3423: 3420: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3311:State atheism 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3297: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3287: 3284: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3206:Deprogramming 3204: 3202: 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3174: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3164: 3161: 3159: 3158:Protestantism 3156: 3154: 3151: 3147: 3144: 3143: 3142: 3139: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3123: 3120: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3109: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3103: 3100: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3087: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3068:LDS or Mormon 3066: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3056: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3049: 3046: 3044: 3041: 3039: 3036: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 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2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2176: 2169: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2130: 2123: 2118: 2112: 2108: 2101: 2086: 2084:9781405108997 2080: 2076: 2075: 2067: 2060: 2055: 2049: 2045: 2038: 2036: 2027: 2023: 2022: 2017: 2011: 2009: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1968: 1960: 1953: 1933: 1929: 1928: 1920: 1912: 1910:9780521467841 1906: 1902: 1901: 1893: 1885: 1883:9780312381325 1879: 1875: 1868: 1866: 1857: 1855:9780881411799 1851: 1847: 1843: 1836: 1829: 1819: 1817:9780801434853 1813: 1808: 1807: 1798: 1796: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1766: 1758: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1710: 1702: 1696: 1692: 1686: 1679: 1668: 1666:9788185574479 1662: 1658: 1657: 1649: 1641: 1639:9780715638774 1635: 1631: 1627: 1621: 1613: 1607: 1603: 1596: 1594: 1577: 1576: 1570: 1562: 1560: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1546: 1543:. p. 4. 1542: 1538: 1531: 1524: 1517: 1513: 1511:9780387875729 1507: 1503: 1496: 1489: 1484: 1478: 1474: 1467: 1460: 1456: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1435: 1420: 1418:9780670075249 1414: 1409: 1408: 1402: 1396: 1394: 1378: 1376:9780670032846 1372: 1367: 1366: 1360: 1354: 1339: 1337:9780809104611 1333: 1328: 1327: 1318: 1310: 1308:9781887904520 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1286: 1279: 1274: 1272:9789986757412 1268: 1264: 1257: 1249: 1245: 1244: 1236: 1229: 1227: 1225: 1223: 1221: 1219: 1217: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1206: 1197: 1194: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1125: 1122: 1117: 1115: 1114:Mother Teresa 1110: 1108: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1059: 1058:autocephalous 1053: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1031: 1027: 1023: 1012: 1009: 1001: 991: 987: 983: 977: 976: 975:single source 971:This section 969: 960: 959: 951: 949: 937: 928: 924: 921:This section 919: 916: 912: 911: 903: 901: 896: 894: 890: 886: 881: 879: 875: 872: 871:United States 868: 863: 861: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 837: 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Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc

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