44:
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827:(1535–1577) depicts "Philomel" as the representative of poetry (Poesys), her sister Progne as satire (Satyra), and Tereus as "vayne Delight". The characterization of Philomela and the nightingale was that of a woman choosing to exercise her will in recovering her voice and resisting those forces which attempts to silence her. Critics have pointed to Gascoigne's use of the Philomela myth as a personal appeal and that he was fighting in verse a battle with his enemies who violently opposed his poems. In Gascoigne's poem "The complaynt of Philomene" (1576), the myth is employed to depict punishment and control.
435:) that told her story and sent it to Procne. Procne was incensed by her husband's actions and killed their son Itys (or "Itylos") in revenge. She boiled Itys and served him as a meal for Tereus. After Tereus ate Itys, the sisters presented Tereus with the severed head of his son, revealing the conspiracy. Tereus grabbed an axe and chased the sisters intending to kill them. They fled but were almost overtaken by Tereus at Daulia in Phocis. The sisters desperately prayed to the gods to be turned into birds and escape Tereus' rage and vengeance. The gods transformed Procne into a
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1181:(1899–1986), compares his efforts as a poet to the bird's lament though never having heard it. He describes its song as "encrusted with mythology" and that the evolution of the myth has distorted it—that the opinions of other poets and writers have kept both poet and reader from actually hearing the original sound and knowing the essence of the song.
1002:(1772–1834) to move away from associations that the nightingale's song was one of melancholy and identified it with the joyous experience of nature. He remarked that "in nature there is nothing melancholy", (line 15) expressing hope "we may not thus profane / Nature's sweet voices, always full of love / And joyance!" (lines 40–42).
899:, Shakespeare addresses his lover (the "fair youth") and compares his love poetry to the song of the nightingale, noting that "her mournful hymns did hush the night" (line 10), and that as a poet would "hold his tongue" (line 13) in deference to the more beautiful nightingale's song so that he "not dull you with my song" (line 14).
842:'s harsh rejection of the shepherd's romantic advances in the spirit of "time heals all wounds" by citing in the second stanza (among several examples) that eventually, with the passage of time, Philomel would become "dumb" to her own pain and that her attention would be drawn away from the pain by the events of life to come.
468:
Greek texts like
Achilles Tatius and the Bibliotheca of Pseudo-Apollodorus, Philomela is transformed into a swallow and Procne into a nightingale, but in Latin texts Philomela is the nightingale and Procne is the swallow. The description of Tereus as an "epops" has generally been translated as a hoopoe (scientific name:
1109:(1837–1909) wrote a poem called "Itylus" based on the story in which Philomela and Procne, after being transformed into the nightingale and swallow, ask when they will be able to forget the grief of having slain Itylus—the answer being they will forget when the world ends. He also wrote the lyrical tragedy
922:
The image of the nightingale appears frequently in poetry of the period with it and its song described by poets as an example of "joyance" and gaiety or as an example of melancholy, sad, sorrowful, and mourning. However, many use the nightingale as a symbol of sorrow but without a direct reference to
467:
It is typical for myths from antiquity to have been altered over the passage of time or for competing variations of the myth to emerge. With the story of
Philomela, most of the variations concern which sister became the nightingale or the swallow, and into what type of bird Tereus was transformed. In
1173:
in the tragedy by
Aeschylus—wherein the Greek dramatist directly evoked the Philomela myth. The poem describes Sweeney as a brute and that two women in the poem are conspiring against him for his mistreatment of them. This mirrors not only the elements of Agamemnon's death in Aeschylus' play but the
753:
in A.D. 8. Many of these sources were doubtless available to Ovid during his lifetime but have been lost or come to us at present only in fragments. In his version, Ovid recast and combined many elements from these ancient sources. Because his is the most complete, lasting version of the myth, it is
632:
The material of the
Philomela myth has been used in various creative works—artistic and literary—for the past 2,500 years. Over the centuries, the myth has been associated with the image of the nightingale and its song described as both exceedingly beautiful and sorrowful. The continued use of the
619:
It is possible that social and political themes have woven their way into the story as a contrast between
Athenians who believed themselves to be the hegemonic power in Greece and the more civilized of the Greek peoples, and the Thracians who were considered to be a "barbaric race". It is possible
719:
as an example of a poetic device that aids in the "recognition"—the change from ignorance to knowledge—of what has happened earlier in the plot. Such a device, according to
Aristotle, is ″contrived″ by the poet, and thus is "inartistic". The connection between the nightingale's song and poetry is
1168:
Eliot employs the myth to depict themes of sorrow, pain, and that the only recovery or regeneration possible is through revenge. Several of these mentions reference other poets' renderings of the myth, including those of Ovid and
Gascoigne. Eliot's references to the nightingales singing by the
360:
and escort her sister, Philomela, to Thrace. King
Pandion of Athens, the father of Philomela and Procne, was apprehensive about letting his one remaining daughter leave his home and protection and asks Tereus to protect her as if he were her father. Tereus agrees. However, Tereus
552:, Tereus was so remorseful for his actions against Philomela and Itys (the nature of the actions is not described) that he kills himself. Then two birds appear as the women lament his death. Many later sources omit Tereus' tongue-cutting mutilation of Philomela altogether.
853:
poem "The
Nightingale", the narrator, who is in love with a woman he cannot have, compares his own romantic situation to that of Philomela's plight and claims that he has more reason to be sad. However, recent literary criticism has labelled this claim as
969:
that "a poet is a nightingale who sits in darkness and sings to cheer its own solitude with sweet sounds; his auditors are as men entranced by the melody of an unseen musician, who feel that they are moved and softened, yet know not whence or why."
1681:(Book III, chapter 14, section 8), in the translation by Sir James George Frazer, Pandion fought a war with Labdacus, King of Thebes and married his daughter Procne to Tereus to secure and alliance and obtain his assistance in fighting Thebes.
858:
and an unfortunate marginalization of the traumatic rape of
Philomela. Sidney argues that the rape was an "excess of love" and less severe than being deprived of love as attested by the line, "Since wanting is more woe than too much having."
520:. Coincidentally, although most of the depictions of the nightingale and its song in art and literature are of female nightingales, the female of the species does not sing—it is the male of the species who sings its characteristic song.
946:
recast the myth and adapted the image of the nightingale with its song to be a poet and "master of a superior art that could inspire the human poet". For some romantic poets, the nightingale even began to take on qualities of the muse.
872:(c. 1588–1593) where characters directly reference Tereus and Philomela in commenting on rape and mutilation of Lavinia by Aaron, Chiron, and Demetrius. Prominent allusions to Philomela also occur in the depiction of Lucrece in
2780:
2290:
Raleigh, Sir Walter "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd" (1600), lines 5–8: "Time drives the flocks from field to fold / When rivers rage and rocks grow cold, / And Philomel becometh dumb; / The rest complains of cares to
1742:
Note though that earlier Greek accounts say the opposite (Procne as the nightingale, the "tongueless" Philomela as the silent swallow) and are more consistent with the facts of the myth. Frazer in his translation of the
324:(Publius Ovidius Naso) (43 BC – 17/18 AD), where the story reaches its full development during antiquity. It is likely that Ovid relied upon Greek and Latin sources that were available in his era such as the
567:, a city inhabited by Thracians. Thucydides cites as proof of this that poets who mention the nightingale refer to it as a "Daulian bird". It is thought that Thucydides commented on the myth in his famous work on the
541:) hold that Tereus was instead changed into a hoopoe. Various later translations of Ovid state that Tereus was transformed into other birds than the hawk and hoopoe, including references by Dryden and Gower to the
1819:
DeLuca, Kenneth (Hampden-Sydney College). "Deconstructing Tereus: An Introduction to Aristophanes' Birds" (paper prepared for the American Political Science Association Convention Chicago 2007). Found online
1092:(1822–1888), the poet asks upon hearing the crying of a fleeing nightingale if it can find peace and healing in the English countryside far away from Greece, although lamenting its pain and passion "eternal".
475:
Early Greek sources have it that Philomela was turned into a swallow, which has no song; Procne was turned into a nightingale, singing a beautiful but sad song in remorse. Later sources, among them
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her. After the assault, Tereus threatened her and advised her to keep silent. Philomela was defiant and angered Tereus. In his rage, he cut out her tongue and abandoned her in the cabin. In
1478:
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with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4.
1103:
describes Itys as the symbol of Greek art and pleasure is contrasted with Christ. The landscape of Greece is also compared to the landscape of England, specifically Kent and Oxford.
2772:
1824:
819:
Throughout the late Renaissance and Elizabethan eras, the image of Philomela and the nightingale incorporated elements of mourning and beauty after being subjected to an act of
472:). Since many of the earlier sources are no longer extant, or remain only in fragments, Ovid's version of the myth has been the most lasting and influential upon later works.
616:. She implies that the infanticide of Itys did not appear in the Tereus myth until Sophocles' play and that it was introduced because of what was borrowed from Euripides.
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with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918.
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1730:
1574:
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in 2 volumes (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd., 1921). See note 2 to section 3.14.8, citing Pearson, A. C. (editor)
1408:
2914:
edited by August Meineike (1790–1870), published 1849. A few entries from this important ancient handbook of place names have been translated by Brady Kiesling.
1342:
276:), a bird renowned for its song. Because of the violence associated with the myth, the song of the nightingale is often depicted or interpreted as a sorrowful
4754:
1184:
Several artists have applied Ovid's account to new translations or reworkings, or adapted the story for the stage. Leonard Quirino notes that the plot of
955:" (1819) idealizes the nightingale as a poet who has achieved the poetry that Keats himself longs to write. Keats directly employs the Philomel myth in "
2362:
2110:
1131:(1861–1896), used the image of Philomel as inspiration for young Filipinos to use their voices to speak of Spanish injustice and colonial oppression.
2160:
749:
While Ovid's retelling of the myth is the more famous version of the story, he had several ancient sources on which to rely before he finished the
2854:
with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919.
2954:
17:
659:, ancient dramatists and poets evoked the story of Philomela and the nightingale in their works. Most notably, it was the core of the tragedy
1475:
1033:(1770–1850), who called the nightingale a "fiery heart", depicted it "as an instance of natural poetic creation", and the "voice of nature".
1140:
The Philomela myth is perpetuated largely through its appearance as a powerful device in poetry. In the 20th century, American-British poet
2347:
See Newman, Jane O. "'And Let Mild Women to Him Lose Their Mildness': Philomela, Female Violence, and Shakespeare's The Rape of Lucrece"
264:
While the myth has several variations, the general depiction is that Philomela, after being raped and mutilated by her sister's husband,
2274:
1821:
356:, she asked her husband to "Let me at Athens my dear sister see / Or let her come to Thrace, and visit me." Tereus agreed to travel to
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912:
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938:(oil on canvas, painted 1636–1638), one of the late works of Flemish Baroque painter Peter Paul Rubens (1577–1640) (Prado, Madrid)
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886:
1940:
According to Delany, Chaucer barely mentions it and the Chretien de Troyes omits the "grotesquerie" entirely. Delany, Sheila.
2933:
903:(1569–1645), a poet who is considered by some scholars to be the woman referred to in the poetry of William Shakespeare as "
831:
2632:
Eliot, T(homas) S(tearns). "The Waste Land" (New York: Horace Liveright, 1922), lines 98–103. See also lines 203–206, 428.
1654:
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Philomela and Procne showing the severed head of Itys to his father Tereus, engraved by Baur for a 1703 edition of Ovid's
1300:
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487:' version of the story has the sisters reversed, so that Philomela married Tereus and that Tereus lusted after Procne.
2806:
2884:
1318:
1466:
Defining φιλόμηλος as "fond of apples or fruit", see Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; and Jones, Henry Stuart.
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314:
The most complete and extant rendering of the story of Philomela, Procne, and Tereus can be found in Book VI of the
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1962:
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959:" (1820) where the rape of Madeline by Porphyro mirrors the rape of Philomela by Tereus. Keats' contemporary, poet
325:
2262:
Negotiating Shakespeare's Language in Romeo and Juliet: Reading Strategies from Criticism, Editing and the Theatre
1891:
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2479:
2234:
Maslen, R. W., "Myths Exploited: the Metamorphoses of Ovid in Early Elizabethan England" in Taylor, A. B. (ed.),
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in 2 volumes (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press; London: William Heinemann, Ltd., 1921). (found
1577:– retrieved 23 November 2012), where Frazer points to several other ancient source materials regarding the myth.
612:—notably a wife killing her child in an act of revenge against her husband—and incorporated them in his tragedy
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4764:
3925:
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3241:
3036:
1971:
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Fields, Beverly. "Keats and the Tongueless Nightingale: Some Unheard Melodies in 'The Eve of Saint Agnes'".
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write that although she was tongueless, Philomela was turned into a nightingale, and Procne into a swallow.
4181:
3051:
2746:"How Bengal woke up to 'band' culture in the 1970s, paving the way for a bona fide rock movement in Bangla"
2595:"Bird Imagery in Keats's 'Ode to a Nightingale' and Yeats's 'The Wild Swans at Coole': A Comparative Study"
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for Philomela when he first saw her, and that lust grew during the course of the return voyage to Thrace.
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comments that the Roman mythographers "somewhat absurdly inverted the transformation of the two sisters".
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1120:(1753–1806) in lamenting the sufferings of African slaves invokes the myth and challenges that her song "
1041:
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has a visionary premonition of her own death in which she mentioned the nightingale and Itys, lamenting:
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The reference to Philomela also exists in the name of a Bengali music troupe in Calcutta, India, called
4679:
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3451:
3421:
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1733:. Retrieved 23 November 2012). Notes on this passage include references several variations on the myth.
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Several female writers have used the Philomela myth in exploring the subject of rape, women and power (
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55:
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Attic wine cup, circa 490 BC, depicting Philomela and Procne preparing to kill Itys. (Louvre, Paris)
30:
This article is about a figure in Greek mythology. For other uses of "Philomela" or "Philomel", see
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At the poem's conclusion, Coleridge writes of a father taking his crying son outside in the night:
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331:(2nd century BC), or sources that are no longer extant or exist today only in fragments—especially
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508:, a Latinized form of Procne. Other related genera named after the myth include the Crag Martins
2773:"I try my best to use live music, within the limitations of budget and time: Prabuddha Banerjee"
907:", makes several references to Philomela in her patronage poem "The Description of Cookeham" in
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2400:"The Significance of the Reference to Philomel in "A Midsummer Night's Dream" by Shakespeare"
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convent in "Sweeney and the Nightingales" (1919–1920) is a direct reference to the murder of
1096:
1082:
495:
2155:
Gila Aloni, "Palimpsestic Philomela: Reinscription in Chaucer's 'Legend of Good Women'", in
1065:(kingslayer) and Philomela (the ravished mute of king, who prompted his slaying) before the
919:
refers to Philomela's "sundry layes"(line 31) and later to her "mournful ditty" (line 189).
762:
598:
The story of Philomela, Procne, and Tereus is largely influenced by Sophocles' lost tragedy
311:("fruit" or "sheep"), which means "lover of fruit", "lover of apples", or "lover of sheep".
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1227:) wrote plays based on the story. The story was adapted into an opera by Scottish composer
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Stating that it was adapted from Sophocles, Thales, Eva Hesse, R. Buckminster Fuller, see
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Dryden, John; Addison, Joseph; Eusden, Laurence; Garth, Sir Samuel (translators). Ovid.
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brought new life to the myth in her poem "Philomela's tongue says" (2019), published in
527:
wrote that Tereus was turned into a large-beaked bird whom some scholars translate as a
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Jose Rizal: Life, Works, and Writings of a Genius, Writer, Scientist, and National Hero
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For the comparison between Homer's version and Eusthathius' version of the myth, see:
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2264:. (Farnham, England and Burlington, Vermont: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2009), p. 106.
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1442:"And a nightingale sang... experienced males 'show off' to protect their territories"
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1178:
811:, and ars mutandi musical eras of the late fourteenth and early fifteenth centuries.
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568:
280:. In nature, the female nightingale is mute, and only the male of the species sings.
1207:(1997) which was a loose translation and retelling of twenty-four tales from Ovid's
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Philomela's defiant speech is rendered (in an 18th-century English translation) as:
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2014:
Marsh, Jenny. "Vases and Tragic Drama" in Rutter, N.K. and Sparkes, B.A. (editors)
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Aeschylus, with an English translation by Herbert Weir Smyth, PhD in two volumes.
1828:
1482:
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1203:
866:(1564–1616) makes frequent use of the Philomela myth—most notably in his tragedy
198:
2610:
Yearsley, Ann. "A Poem on the Inhumanity of the Slave-Trade" (1788) lines 45–46.
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where an indirect reference to the myth may be called a "dark nocturnal secret".
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image in artistic, literary, and musical works has reinforced this association.
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1124:" in her abolitionist poem "A Poem on the Inhumanity of the Slave-Trade" (1788)
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because Sophocles' play confused the mythical Tereus with contemporary ruler
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206:
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Hair, Graham, and Stephen Arnold. "Some Works of Milton Babbitt, Reviewed",
1128:
4674:
4638:
4512:
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Coleridge, Samuel Taylor. "Philomela" (1798), lines 102–109 in Volume I of
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Shakespeare, William. "Cymbeline", Act II, Scene ii, and Act III, Scene iv.
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Ovid's Metamorphoses in Fifteen Books, translated by the most eminent hands
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602:. Scholar Jenny Marsh claims Sophocles borrowed certain plot elements from
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2366:. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 94–95, 105 and 191.
2170:, Raeleen Chai-Elsholz, Tatjana Silec. New York: Palgrave, 2011. 157–73.
1725:, 3.14.8; in Frazer, Sir James George (translator/editor). Apollodorus,
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963:(1792–1822) invoked a similar image of the nightingale, writing in his
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Arriving in Thrace, he forced her to a cabin or lodge in the woods and
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Poetry analysis: The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd, by William Raleigh
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Honko, Lauri. "The Problem of Defining Myth" in Dundes, Alan (editor)
1470:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1st ed. 1843, 9th Ed. 1925, 1996). (
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Wordsworth, William. "O Nightingale, thou surely art" (1807), line 2.
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Ovid And the Cultural Politics of Translation in Early Modern England
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Halmamann, Carolin. "Sophoclean Fragments" in Ormand, Kirk (editor).
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Clothed thee with soft brown plumes, and life apart from wail(ing)—
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2558:. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997), pp. 136–139; Mays, J. C. C. (editor).
1485:; citing "Doroth.Hist. ap. Ath. 7.276f". (Retrieved 7 October 2012)
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Hollander, John. "A Poem for Music: Remarks on the Composition of
2303:"'Darkling I Listen': The Nightingale's Song In and Out of Poetry"
1144:(1888–1965) directly referenced the myth in his most famous poem,
587:
423:
Philomela was unable to speak because of her injuries, and so she
4695:
4628:
4348:
4333:
4328:
4252:
4186:
4071:
3995:
3980:
3950:
3940:
3930:
3899:
3894:
3884:
3735:
3692:
3677:
3657:
3627:
3522:
3487:
3482:
3346:
3286:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3146:
3126:
3031:
2915:
2849:
2438:"A Moving Rhetoricke": Gender and Silence in Early Modern England
1944:. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994), 216–217, and
1915:
Book V, Lines 6041–6046, refer to a "lappewincke" or "lappewinge"
739:
655:
593:
572:
542:
476:
436:
424:
372:"The Rape of Philomela by Tereus", book 6, plate 59. Engraved by
2562:(Volume I, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), p. 518.
2560:
The Collected Works of Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Poetical Works I
2143:
XIV:4:568 (Houston, Texas: Rice University, 1974) (found online
773:. However, de Troyes was not alone in adapting Ovid's material.
669:(lost, extant only in fragments) and later in a set of plays by
502:
name of the martins (the larger-bodied among swallow genera) is
4633:
4607:
4602:
4592:
4517:
4383:
4353:
4303:
4171:
4166:
4146:
4126:
4005:
3985:
3833:
3813:
3730:
3612:
3582:
3517:
3456:
3436:
3311:
3211:
3151:
3111:
2928:
2249:
Passion Made Public: Elizabethan Lyric, Gender, and Performance
2223:
Behind the Arras: Tapestry Ekphrasis in Spenser and Shakespeare
1553:
Book VI, lines 424–674. (Line numbers vary among translations.)
1177:
In the poem "To the Nightingale", Argentine poet and fabulist,
855:
735:
564:
560:
504:
444:
357:
349:
345:
277:
265:
241:
237:
233:
202:
59:
47:
2210:
Sung Birds: Music, Nature, and Poetry in the Later Middle Ages
1805:
Aristophanes: Three Comedies: The Birds, The Clouds, The Wasps
112:
4669:
4338:
4262:
4196:
4161:
4156:
4086:
3828:
3818:
3808:
3552:
3492:
3396:
3341:
3006:
2845:
839:
800:
650:
499:
344:
According to Ovid, in the fifth year of Procne's marriage to
306:
300:
294:
249:
226:
187:
173:
2236:
Shakespeare's Ovid: The Metamorphoses in the Plays and Poems
2157:
Palimpsests and the Literary Imagination of Medieval England
2018:(Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh, 2000) 121–123, 133–134.
1886:
compare with the "hawk" in Hyginus (Gaius Julius Hyginus ).
548:
Several writers omit key details of the story. According to
3497:
3276:
3271:
1807:. (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1969), 14, 109.
1565:
Frazer, Sir James George (translator/editor). Apollodorus,
1544:
895:
where she asks Philomel to "sing in our sweet lullaby". In
636:
528:
432:
388:
384:
362:
353:
321:
283:
157:
148:
118:
103:
51:
2575:(with William Wordsworth) (London: J. & A. Arch, 1798)
1597:(Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard College, 1996), 290–299
2427:. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 235–236.
2031:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998) 180–189.
1799:
1797:
1471:
479:
and in modern literature the English romantic poets like
142:
97:
2623:(Manila, Philippines: All Nations Publishing Co., 1994).
1839:
1837:
1791:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1984), 41–52.
1073:. Further, her performance of Philomela is styled after
931:
531:
while a number of retellings and other works (including
2388:(Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 2010), pp. 98–99.
1815:
1813:
1605:
1603:
1498:
The Fourth Book of Virgil's Georgics: With a Vocabulary
1343:
List of rape victims from ancient history and mythology
1794:
1689:
1687:
1665:
1:39–45 (November 2007) – retrieved 23 November 2012).
1081:, alluding to the possibility of her becoming another
814:
286:
and other writers have made the association that the
2238:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 25.
1864:, Volume V. (London: F. J. DuRoveray, 1806), 139–140.
1834:
1014:
While his fair eyes, that swam with undropped tears,'
201:
who is frequently invoked as a direct and figurative
151:
139:
94:
91:
2969:
1810:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1655:"Reconstructing a Fragmentary Tragedy 2: Sophocles'
1649:
1647:
1600:
1127:
In "A la Juventud Filipina", Filipino national hero
620:
that these elements were woven into Sophocles' play
160:
145:
115:
100:
2902:
Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library
2507:Shippey, Thomas. "Listening to the Nightingale" in
1894:from Smyth, Herbert Weir (translator); Aeschylus.
1684:
1663:
Practitioners Voices in Classical Reception Studies
1561:
1559:
1409:"Male Nightingales Explore by Day, Seduce by Night"
627:
443:. Subsequently, the gods transformed Tereus into a
154:
136:
109:
106:
2251:. (University of Illinois Press, 1995), pp. 48–49.
926:
823:. In his long poem "The Steele Glas" (1576), poet
290:of her name was "lover of song", derived from the
2462:Lanyer, Emilia. "The Description of Cookeham" in
2052:
2050:
1700:
1644:
1161:And still she cried, and still the world pursues,
936:Tereus Confronted with the Head of his Son Itylus
783:and briefly alluded to the myth in his epic poem
559:, Tereus was not King of Thrace, but rather from
4736:
2524:Doggett, Frank. "Romanticism's Singing Bird" in
2139:Doggett, Frank. "Romanticism's Singing Bird" in
1902:(Cambridge, MA. Harvard University Press. 1926).
1789:Sacred Narrative: Readings in the Theory of Myth
1585:
1583:
1556:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1281:who uses the myth in several poems published in
1020:Should give me life, his childhood shall grow up
765:, adapted many of the myths recounted in Ovid's
406:Thro' the wide world your actions will proclaim;
268:, obtains her revenge and is transformed into a
2733:Vision and Resonance: Two Senses of Poetic Form
2363:The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare's Poetry
2338:. (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2006), 26–32.
1697:(London: Jacob Tonson, 1717) Volume II, p. 201.
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1088:In the poem "Philomela" (1853) by English poet
412:My mournful voice the pitying rocks shall move,
70:"The Rape of Philomela by Tereus", engraved by
2864:Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
2837:Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
2047:
1987:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1936), 3, 7.
1942:The Naked Text: Chaucer's Legend of Good Women
1022:Familiar with these songs, that with the night
594:Elements borrowed from other myths and stories
217:Philomela was the younger of two daughters of
2955:
2889:Online version at the Perseus Digital Library
1858:Notes to Book XIX (regarding line 605&c.)
1580:
1174:sister's revenge against Tereus in the myth.
1155:The change of Philomel, by the barbarous king
838:(1554–1618) relays consolation regarding the
692:Ah for thy fate, O shrill-voiced nightingale!
2912:Stephani Byzantii Ethnicorum quae supersunt,
2526:SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900
2141:SEL: Studies in English Literature 1500–1900
1513:
1250:(The city that loves song), formed in 1983.
1012:Suspends his sobs, and laughs most silently,
1010:And he beheld the moon, and, hushed at once,
799:. References to Philomela are common in the
402:And suit the baseness of your hellish crime.
400:Still my revenge shall take its proper time,
4755:Metamorphoses into birds in Greek mythology
2351:Vol. 45, No. 3 (Autumn, 1994), pp. 304–326.
2059:"The Nightingale in Greek and Latin Poetry"
1877:. (Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012), 175.
1862:The Odyssey of Homer, translated by A. Pope
1609:
1436:
1434:
1402:
1400:
1201:(1930–1998) used the myth in his 1997 work
1159:Filled all the desert with inviolable voice
1157:So rudely forced; yet there the nightingale
1016:Did glitter in the yellow moon-beam! Well!—
998:, "The Nightingale" (1798) is an effort by
983:stage production of the story, produced by
777:recounted the story in his unfinished work
694:Some solace for thy woes did Heaven afford,
410:Obscur'd, and bury'd from the sight of men,
2962:
2948:
2867:Greek text available from the same website
2840:Greek text available from the same website
2701:The Living Composers Project: James Dillon
2684:
2545:(Boston: Ginn & Company, 1903), p. 11.
2008:
1890:, 45. Hyginus based his interpretation on
1267:in her novella "Nightingale" published in
1113:(1876) which concerns Philomela's brother.
416:Hear me, o Heav'n! and, if a God be there,
2916:Online version at the Topos Text Project.
2735:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1975)
2260:Hunter, Lynette, and Lichtenfels, Peter.
1018:It is a father's tale: But if that Heaven
913:Margaret Clifford, Countess of Cumberland
450:
418:Let him regard me, and accept my pray'r.
414:And my complainings echo thro' the grove.
2801:
2494:. However, he cites later examples like
2056:
1431:
1397:
930:
711:points to the "voice of the shuttle" in
640:
637:From antiquity and the influence of Ovid
454:
408:Or tho' I'm prison'd in this lonely den,
404:My self, abandon'd, and devoid of shame,
367:
65:
42:
2664:
2511:XXII:1 (1970), pp. 46–60 (found online
2475:
2300:
1880:
1319:2011 Governor General's Award for Drama
1122:shall teach sad Philomel a louder note,
14:
4737:
2573:Lyrical Ballads with a few other poems
2451:Shakespeare and the Question of Theory
1406:
1194:"is modeled on the legend of Tereus".
205:in literary and artistic works in the
2943:
2440:. (New York: Palgrave, 2002), p. 169.
2425:Shakespeare, National Poet-Playwright
2397:
2057:Chandler, Albert R. (November 1934).
1966:. 2.29. In the version translated by
1756:
1593:(translated by Lloyd-Jones, Hugh) in
1501:. Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 78
1494:
673:, the nephew of the great playwright
2783:from the original on 20 January 2021
1970:(London: Bohn, 1843). (found online
911:(1611). Lanier's poem, dedicated to
746:to the "lament of the nightingale".
2556:The Life of Samuel Taylor Coleridge
815:In Elizabethan and Jacobean England
24:
2770:
2689:. University Press of Mississippi.
2029:Revenge in Attic and later tragedy
1135:
994:First published in the collection
578:In a variation of the myth set in
244:. Philomela's other siblings were
25:
4781:
2921:
2718:new series, no. 90 (1969): 33–34.
2453:(New York: Methuen, 1985), p. 97.
2398:Smith, Nicole (4 December 2011).
2212:(Ithaca, New York: Cornell, 2006)
832:The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd
3777:
3771:
3765:
2971:Metamorphoses in Greek mythology
2927:
2667:"The Cards Indicate a Voyage on
2528:XIV:4 (1974), 570 (found online
2117:). (Retrieved 23 November 2012).
2016:Word and Image in Ancient Greece
1963:History of the Peloponnesian War
1036:Other notable mentions include:
878:, in the depiction of Imogen in
754:the basis for many later works.
628:Appearances in the Western canon
132:
87:
4760:Mythological people from Attica
2795:
2764:
2738:
2721:
2706:
2703:. (Retrieved 22 December 2012).
2693:
2675:Contemporary Literary Criticism
2658:
2635:
2626:
2613:
2604:
2593:Rana, Sujata; Dhankhar, Pooja.
2587:
2578:
2565:
2548:
2535:
2518:
2501:
2480:William Drummond of Hawthornden
2469:
2456:
2443:
2430:
2417:
2391:
2386:Women in the Age of Shakespeare
2378:
2369:
2354:
2341:
2328:
2294:
2284:
2267:
2254:
2241:
2228:
2215:
2199:
2186:
2173:
2149:
2133:
2120:
2096:
2083:
2034:
2021:
1990:
1977:
1951:
1934:
1918:
1905:
1867:
1850:
1781:
1750:
1736:
1668:
1323:More recently, poet and author
927:In Classical and Romantic works
624:and other works of the period.
27:Minor figure in Greek mythology
2532:– retrieved 24 November 2012).
2515:– retrieved 24 November 2012).
1974:– retrieved 23 November 2012).
1803:Arrowsmith, William (editor).
1488:
1460:
1376:
1360:
1299:(1989) (later adapted into an
490:It is salient to note that in
18:Philomela (princess of Athens)
13:
1:
4745:Princesses in Greek mythology
2822:
2687:Tennessee Williams: A Tribute
2655:(retrieved 24 November 2012).
2601:, vol. 11 (12 December 2011).
1407:Kaplan, Matt (4 March 2009).
1333:magazine's May 2019 edition.
1313:adapted the myth in her play
376:for a 1703 edition of Ovid's
74:for a 1562 edition of Ovid's
2281:). Retrieved 9 January 2013.
1985:An Introduction to Sophocles
1495:White, John T., ed. (1884).
1150:(1922), where he describes,
757:In the 12th century, French
259:
193:
182:
7:
2900:. Leipzig, Teubner. 1903.
2301:Addison, Catherine (2009).
2196:Book VIII, lines 5545–6075.
1831:. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
1610:Fitzpatrick, David (2001).
1336:
1296:The Love of the Nightingale
1042:William Makepeace Thackeray
586:("swallow") and her sister
10:
4786:
3763:
2683:, originally published in
2042:Women in the Ancient World
1900:Volume 2. Suppliant Women.
1573:, II:221ff. (found online
1571:The Fragments of Sophocles
1277:in her story "Philomela",
1217:The Great Whore of Babylon
1107:Algernon Charles Swinburne
307:
301:
295:
188:
174:
32:Philomela (disambiguation)
29:
4750:Mythological rape victims
4719:
4688:
4647:
4616:
4296:
4245:
4059:
3913:
3852:
3786:
3470:
2984:
2977:
2807:"Philomela's tongue says"
2665:Quirino, Leonard (1984).
2478:cites examples including
2225:(ProQuest, 2008), p. 164.
1219:) and English playwright
1211:. Both Israeli dramatist
1163:"Jug Jug" to dirty ears.
1029:Coleridge and his friend
892:A Midsummer Night's Dream
793:included the tale in his
738:compares the mourning of
212:
56:Temple of Apollo, Thermos
50:and Philomela carving up
2685:Jac Tharpe, ed. (1977).
2669:A Streetcar Named Desire
2651:26 December 2019 at the
2464:Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum
2113:22 November 2008 at the
2093:Book XIX, lines 518–523.
1875:A Companion to Sophocles
1413:National Geographic News
1354:
1191:A Streetcar Named Desire
909:Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum
780:The Legend of Good Women
2643:Notes on T. S. Eliot's
2541:Shelley, Percy Bysshe.
1931:, 1:41 section 8 and 9.
1617:The Classical Quarterly
1468:A Greek-English Lexicon
1284:Becoming the Villainess
1024:He may associate joy.—
1000:Samuel Taylor Coleridge
236:, was the wife of King
197:) is a minor figure in
2908:Stephanus of Byzantium
2509:Comparative Literature
2360:Cheney, Patrick (ed.)
2044:(ABC-CLIO, 2001), 276.
1983:Webster, Thomas B. L.
1383:Stephanus of Byzantium
1317:(2011), which won the
1301:opera of the same name
1291:Timberlake Wertenbaker
1166:
1027:
939:
699:
646:
582:, Philomela is called
464:
451:Variations on the myth
421:
380:
79:
63:
2877:Description of Greece
2349:Shakespeare Quarterly
2273:Lourenco, Alexander.
2183:Book II, lines 64–70.
2064:The Classical Journal
1929:Description of Greece
1679:of Pseudo-Apollodorus
1612:"Sophocles' "Tereus""
1481:6 August 2020 at the
1235:by American composer
1152:
1083:Marquise de Maintenon
1007:
934:
730:and in the poetry of
689:
644:
523:In an early account,
496:binomial nomenclature
458:
439:and Philomela into a
397:
371:
329:of Pseudo-Apollodorus
274:Luscinia megarhynchos
69:
46:
4765:Textiles in folklore
4192:Menippe and Metioche
2936:at Wikimedia Commons
2934:Philomela and Procne
2895:Graeciae Descriptio.
2449:Parker, Patricia A.
2247:Henderson, Diana E.
2181:Troilus and Criseyde
1860:in Pope, Alexander.
1827:21 July 2015 at the
1720:Pseudo-Apollodorus,
1653:Fitzpatrick, David.
1350:, main-belt asteroid
1309:Canadian playwright
1279:Jeannine Hall Gailey
1231:in 2004, and a 1964
987:during the reign of
961:Percy Bysshe Shelley
957:The Eve of St. Agnes
953:Ode to a Nightingale
923:the Philomela myth.
862:Playwright and poet
786:Troilus and Criseyde
305:("song") instead of
4344:Baucis and Philemon
3717:Tyrrhenian pirates
2543:A Defense of Poetry
2436:Luckyj, Christina.
2334:Oakley-Brown, Liz.
2206:Elizabeth Eva Leach
2179:Chaucer, Geoffrey.
2040:Salisury, Joyce E.
1997:Antoninus Liberalis
1847:19 (1983), 246–250.
1763:faculty.de.gcsu.edu
1595:Sophocles Fragments
1263:including novelist
966:A Defence of Poetry
875:The Rape of Lucrece
864:William Shakespeare
374:Johann Wilhelm Baur
4212:Pyramus and Thisbe
4097:Arethusa (Boeotia)
2731:", pp. 289–306 in
2554:Ashton, Rosemary.
2079:– via JSTOR.
1640:– via JSTOR.
1630:10.1093/cq/51.1.90
1419:on 30 October 2013
1186:Tennessee Williams
1097:The Burden of Itys
1095:In his 1881 poem "
1031:William Wordsworth
940:
917:Lady Anne Clifford
763:Chrétien de Troyes
647:
465:
381:
341:(5th century BC).
320:of the Roman poet
80:
78:(Book VI, 519–562)
64:
4732:
4731:
4107:Arethusa (Ithaca)
3914:Inanimate objects
3761:
3760:
3187:Cycnus of Liguria
3182:Cycnus of Colonae
3172:Cycnus of Aetolia
3037:Agrius and Oreius
2932:Media related to
2803:Studdard, Melissa
2771:Sarkar, Roushni.
2641:Donnell, Sean M.
2619:Zaide, Gregorio.
2599:Language in India
2423:Cheney, Patrick.
2384:Kemp, Theresa D.
2194:Confessio Amantis
1913:Confessio Amantis
1845:Wordsworth Circle
1757:Magoulick, Mary.
1674:According to the
1448:. 9 November 2011
1233:vocal composition
1179:Jorge Luis Borges
951:(1795–1821), in "
915:and her daughter
796:Confessio Amantis
683:, the prophetess
677:. In Aeschylus's
590:("nightingale").
569:Peloponnesian War
535:' ancient comedy
463:(Book VI:621–647)
16:(Redirected from
4777:
4770:Titus Andronicus
3781:
3775:
3769:
3057:Alcyone and Ceyx
2982:
2981:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2941:
2940:
2931:
2817:
2816:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2742:
2736:
2725:
2719:
2710:
2704:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2682:
2662:
2656:
2639:
2633:
2630:
2624:
2617:
2611:
2608:
2602:
2591:
2585:
2582:
2576:
2569:
2563:
2552:
2546:
2539:
2533:
2522:
2516:
2505:
2499:
2473:
2467:
2460:
2454:
2447:
2441:
2434:
2428:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2395:
2389:
2382:
2376:
2373:
2367:
2358:
2352:
2345:
2339:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2321:
2307:
2298:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2271:
2265:
2258:
2252:
2245:
2239:
2232:
2226:
2221:Olson, Rebecca.
2219:
2213:
2203:
2197:
2190:
2184:
2177:
2171:
2169:
2153:
2147:
2137:
2131:
2124:
2118:
2100:
2094:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2054:
2045:
2038:
2032:
2025:
2019:
2012:
2006:
1994:
1988:
1981:
1975:
1955:
1949:
1938:
1932:
1922:
1916:
1909:
1903:
1884:
1878:
1871:
1865:
1854:
1848:
1841:
1832:
1817:
1808:
1801:
1792:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1769:on 7 August 2007
1765:. Archived from
1754:
1748:
1740:
1734:
1717:
1698:
1691:
1682:
1672:
1666:
1651:
1642:
1641:
1607:
1598:
1587:
1578:
1563:
1554:
1542:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1492:
1486:
1464:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1438:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1415:. Archived from
1404:
1395:
1380:
1374:
1364:
1325:Melissa Studdard
1322:
1315:If We Were Birds
1288:
1077:from the era of
869:Titus Andronicus
825:George Gascoigne
775:Geoffrey Chaucer
514:, and Saw-wings
310:
309:
304:
303:
298:
297:
196:
191:
190:
185:
179:
178:
167:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
150:
147:
144:
141:
138:
125:
124:
121:
120:
117:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
99:
96:
93:
21:
4785:
4784:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4735:
4734:
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1221:Joanna Laurens
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2551:
2544:
2538:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2497:
2493:
2492:Mary Robinson
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
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2465:
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2337:
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2315:
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2297:
2287:
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2276:
2270:
2263:
2257:
2250:
2244:
2237:
2231:
2224:
2218:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2195:
2192:Gower, John.
2189:
2182:
2176:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2142:
2136:
2129:
2123:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2092:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2065:
2060:
2053:
2051:
2043:
2037:
2030:
2024:
2017:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1993:
1986:
1980:
1973:
1969:
1968:Thomas Hobbes
1965:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1930:
1926:
1921:
1914:
1911:Gower, John.
1908:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1892:Aesch.Supp.60
1889:
1883:
1876:
1870:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1846:
1840:
1838:
1830:
1826:
1823:
1816:
1814:
1806:
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1784:
1768:
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1753:
1746:
1739:
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1728:
1724:
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1716:
1714:
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1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1696:
1690:
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1678:
1671:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1650:
1648:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1624:(1): 90–101.
1623:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1604:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1562:
1560:
1552:
1551:
1550:Metamorphoses
1546:
1541:
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1537:
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1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
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1469:
1463:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1435:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1403:
1401:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1372:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1349:
1348:196 Philomela
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1306:
1305:Richard Mills
1302:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1239:with text by
1238:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1209:Metamorphoses
1206:
1205:
1200:
1197:British poet
1195:
1193:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1164:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1116:English poet
1115:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1067:Prince Regent
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1044:'s 1847–1848
1043:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1025:
1006:
1003:
1001:
997:
992:
990:
986:
985:Louis Lacoste
982:
978:
977:
971:
968:
967:
962:
958:
954:
950:
945:
942:Poets in the
937:
933:
924:
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
901:Emilia Lanier
898:
894:
893:
888:
884:
882:
877:
876:
871:
870:
865:
860:
857:
852:
848:
847:Philip Sidney
843:
841:
837:
833:
828:
826:
822:
812:
810:
809:ars subtilior
806:
802:
798:
797:
792:
788:
787:
782:
781:
776:
772:
768:
767:Metamorphoses
764:
761:(troubadour)
760:
755:
752:
751:Metamorphoses
747:
745:
741:
737:
734:. Roman poet
733:
729:
728:
723:
718:
714:
710:
706:
705:
697:
688:
686:
682:
681:
676:
672:
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664:
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625:
623:
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611:
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574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
555:According to
553:
551:
546:
544:
540:
539:
534:
530:
526:
521:
519:
518:
517:Psalidoprocne
513:
512:
507:
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497:
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488:
486:
482:
478:
473:
471:
462:
461:Metamorphoses
457:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
419:
396:
394:
393:Metamorphoses
390:
386:
379:
378:Metamorphoses
375:
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366:
364:
359:
355:
351:
347:
342:
340:
339:
334:
330:
328:
323:
319:
318:
317:Metamorphoses
312:
293:
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281:
279:
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271:
267:
257:
255:
252:and possibly
251:
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239:
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224:
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210:
208:
207:Western canon
204:
200:
195:
184:
177:
171:
165:
129:
123:
84:
77:
76:Metamorphoses
73:
68:
61:
58:, terracotta
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
4675:Milk of Hera
4639:Periclymenus
4246:Opposite sex
3416:
2911:
2897:
2894:
2876:
2850:
2832:
2810:
2805:(May 2019).
2797:
2785:. Retrieved
2776:
2766:
2754:. Retrieved
2749:
2740:
2732:
2728:
2723:
2713:
2708:
2695:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2660:
2644:
2637:
2628:
2620:
2615:
2606:
2598:
2589:
2580:
2572:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2550:
2542:
2537:
2525:
2520:
2508:
2503:
2476:Addison 2009
2471:
2463:
2458:
2450:
2445:
2437:
2432:
2424:
2419:
2407:. Retrieved
2403:
2393:
2385:
2380:
2371:
2361:
2356:
2348:
2343:
2335:
2330:
2318:. Retrieved
2316:(2): 190–220
2313:
2309:
2296:
2286:
2278:
2269:
2261:
2256:
2248:
2243:
2235:
2230:
2222:
2217:
2209:
2201:
2193:
2188:
2180:
2175:
2156:
2151:
2140:
2135:
2122:
2103:
2098:
2090:
2085:
2071:(2): 78–84.
2068:
2062:
2041:
2036:
2028:
2023:
2015:
2010:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1979:
1961:
1953:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1912:
1907:
1899:
1895:
1887:
1882:
1874:
1869:
1861:
1852:
1844:
1804:
1788:
1783:
1771:. Retrieved
1767:the original
1762:
1752:
1744:
1738:
1726:
1721:
1694:
1676:
1670:
1662:
1656:
1621:
1615:
1594:
1590:
1570:
1566:
1548:
1503:. Retrieved
1497:
1490:
1467:
1462:
1450:. Retrieved
1445:
1421:. Retrieved
1417:the original
1412:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1362:
1328:
1314:
1311:Erin Shields
1303:composed by
1294:
1293:in her play
1282:
1275:Emma Tennant
1268:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1229:James Dillon
1224:
1216:
1213:Hanoch Levin
1208:
1202:
1196:
1189:
1183:
1176:
1167:
1154:
1145:
1139:
1121:
1118:Ann Yearsley
1110:
1063:Clytemnestra
1048:
1035:
1028:
1009:
1004:
995:
993:
974:
972:
964:
944:Romantic Era
941:
935:
921:
908:
890:
879:
873:
867:
861:
851:courtly love
844:
829:
818:
794:
784:
778:
766:
756:
750:
748:
725:
722:Aristophanes
716:
702:
700:
691:
678:
660:
654:
648:
631:
621:
618:
613:
607:
599:
597:
577:
554:
547:
536:
533:Aristophanes
522:
515:
511:Ptyonoprogne
509:
503:
489:
474:
469:
466:
460:
422:
399:
392:
382:
377:
343:
336:
326:
315:
313:
282:
273:
263:
216:
127:
82:
81:
75:
72:Virgil Solis
40:
4689:False myths
4573:Psalacantha
4409:Eteocleides
4036:Propoetides
3961:Britomartis
3844:White raven
3432:Polytechnus
2893:Pausanias,
2851:The Odyssey
2833:The Library
2829:Apollodorus
2310:Alternation
2164: [
2126:Aristotle,
2102:Aeschylus,
2091:The Odyssey
1745:Bibliotheca
1722:Bibliotheca
1677:Bibliotheca
1589:Sophocles.
1452:23 November
1423:23 November
1367:Apollodorus
1255:empowerment
1142:T. S. Eliot
1101:Oscar Wilde
1055:Becky Sharp
1050:Vanity Fair
973:In France,
732:Callimachus
575:of Thrace.
470:Upupa epops
441:nightingale
352:and son of
327:Bibliotheca
270:nightingale
4739:Categories
4624:Greek gods
4543:Oechalides
4508:Messapians
4468:Hyacinthus
4451:Hesperides
4379:Cyparissus
4026:Polydectes
3721:Aethalides
3593:Hippomenes
3427:Polyphonte
3362:Oenotropae
3312:Memnonides
3307:Meleagrids
3242:Hippodamia
3097:Ascalaphus
3062:Alcyonides
2823:References
2320:1 December
1958:Thucydides
1199:Ted Hughes
1129:José Rizal
1111:Erechtheus
949:John Keats
897:Sonnet 102
791:John Gower
771:Old French
720:evoked by
715:′ tragedy
580:Asia Minor
557:Thucydides
485:Eustathius
348:, King of
246:Erechtheus
225:, and the
4711:Rhodanthe
4701:Amethyste
4617:Voluntary
4538:Narcissus
4478:Leucothoe
4439:Phaethusa
4278:Siproites
4268:Leucippus
4060:Landforms
4016:Pandareus
3976:Cragaleus
3936:Anaxarete
3890:Myrmidons
3853:Humanoids
3804:Charybdis
3726:Alcimedon
3698:Theophane
3618:Melanippe
3568:Galanthis
3533:Cephissus
3508:Ascalabus
3503:Aristaeus
3471:Non-avian
3447:Schoeneus
3417:Philomela
3392:Peristera
3372:Pandareus
3352:Nyctimene
3302:Megaletor
3247:Hyperippe
3222:Harpalyce
3217:Harmothoë
3192:Daedalion
3092:Artemiche
3067:Alectryon
2873:Pausanias
2787:12 August
2777:Cinestaan
2756:12 August
2750:Firstpost
2409:9 January
2104:Agamemnon
1925:Pausanias
1773:9 January
1505:7 October
1171:Agamemnon
1079:Louis XIV
1057:performs
989:Louis XIV
976:Philomèle
905:Dark Lady
881:Cymbeline
727:The Birds
713:Sophocles
709:Aristotle
685:Cassandra
680:Agamemnon
675:Aeschylus
671:Philocles
667:Sophocles
604:Euripides
550:Pausanias
538:The Birds
525:Sophocles
333:Sophocles
288:etymology
260:Mythology
219:Pandion I
194:Philomḗla
183:Philomēlē
83:Philomela
4680:Pleiades
4568:Platanus
4558:Picolous
4493:Lycurgus
4461:Erytheia
4429:Lampetia
4424:Dioxippe
4414:Heliades
4389:Diopatra
4324:Ambrosia
4319:Amaracus
4309:Agdistis
4288:Tiresias
4273:Salmacis
4232:Selemnus
4222:Rhodopis
4202:Perimele
4152:Comaetho
4137:Castalia
4132:Calliste
4067:Achelous
3971:Cercopes
3926:Aglaurus
3921:Aconteus
3870:Cymodoce
3865:Calliste
3799:Antigone
3794:Achilles
3751:Opheltes
3713:Tithonus
3703:Tiresias
3688:Pompilus
3683:Phoenice
3668:Pentheus
3663:Odysseus
3633:Minyades
3578:Harmonia
3563:Cynosura
3543:Cercopes
3538:Cerambus
3528:Callisto
3513:Atalanta
3462:Timandra
3442:Rhexenor
3422:Pleiades
3412:Philaeus
3402:Pierides
3387:Periphas
3367:Ortygius
3337:Neophron
3332:Munichus
3327:Minyades
3227:Harpasus
3167:Ctesylla
3142:Chelidon
3137:Cerberus
3107:Autonous
3077:Antigone
3047:Alcander
3022:Aegypius
3017:Aegolius
3002:Acanthus
2997:Acanthis
2781:Archived
2729:Philomel
2649:Archived
2111:Archived
1825:Archived
1479:Archived
1446:phys.org
1392:Thespeia
1337:See also
1273:(2006),
1270:The Tent
1261:themes,
1259:feminist
1188:'s play
1075:the play
1059:charades
981:operatic
821:violence
805:ars nova
759:trouvère
744:Eurydice
606:' drama
584:Chelidon
492:taxonomy
429:tapestry
254:Teuthras
230:Zeuxippe
189:Φιλομήλα
176:Φιλομήλη
128:Philomel
36:Philomel
4696:Acantha
4629:Kobalos
4553:Phyllis
4548:Philyra
4533:Myrsine
4483:Libanus
4349:Calamus
4334:Anethus
4329:Ampelus
4253:Caeneus
4237:Sybaris
4217:Rhodope
4187:Marsyas
4177:Lilaeus
4112:Asteria
4092:Alpheus
4072:Acheron
4041:Pyrrhus
4031:Proetus
4021:Phineus
3996:Lethaea
3991:Laelaps
3981:Daphnis
3966:Calydon
3951:Aspalis
3946:Arsinoë
3941:Ariadne
3931:Alcmene
3900:Spartoi
3895:Nephele
3885:Leleges
3880:Galatea
3736:Epopeus
3708:Titanis
3693:Taygete
3678:Phineus
3673:Phalanx
3658:Ocyrhoe
3653:Nerites
3628:Melissa
3558:Curetes
3548:Chelone
3523:Calchus
3488:Arachne
3483:Actaeon
3347:Nyctaea
3317:Meropis
3287:Lelante
3257:Ictinus
3207:Eumelus
3202:Erodius
3197:Erinoma
3147:Cinyras
3127:Caeneus
3102:Asteria
3052:Alcyone
3032:Aesacus
2978:Animals
2681:. Gale.
2466:(1611).
2159:, eds.
2128:Poetics
2089:Homer.
2077:3289944
1888:Fabulae
1727:Library
1638:3556330
1567:Library
1387:Ethnica
1071:England
979:was an
887:Titania
885:and in
845:In Sir
834:", Sir
803:of the
740:Orpheus
704:Poetics
701:In his
656:Odyssey
573:Teres I
543:lapwing
477:Hyginus
437:swallow
4706:Orchis
4665:Hyades
4634:Mestra
4608:Syrinx
4603:Syceus
4593:Smyrna
4588:Smilax
4578:Saliva
4528:Myrina
4523:Myrice
4518:Minthe
4444:Phoebe
4434:Merope
4394:Dryope
4384:Daphne
4374:Crocus
4369:Clytie
4364:Cissus
4354:Carpus
4304:Adonis
4297:Plants
4283:Sithon
4227:Sangas
4207:Pirene
4172:Lichas
4167:Haemus
4147:Cleite
4142:Chione
4127:Byblis
4011:Pallas
4006:Olenus
3986:Iodame
3956:Battus
3905:Weasel
3839:Sirens
3834:Scylla
3814:Medusa
3731:Dictys
3643:Myrmex
3613:Lyncus
3603:Lycaon
3588:Helice
3583:Hecuba
3518:Cadmus
3457:Tereus
3452:Scylla
3437:Procne
3382:Perdix
3322:Merops
3292:Lycius
3237:Hierax
3212:Gerana
3162:Corone
3152:Clinis
3132:Celeus
3112:Botres
3072:Anthus
2898:3 vols
2883:
2858:
2812:Poetry
2291:come."
2130:, 54b.
2075:
1946:passim
1731:online
1657:Tereus
1636:
1591:Tereus
1371:3.15.1
1330:Poetry
1289:, and
1287:(2006)
1257:) and
1046:serial
856:sexist
801:motets
736:Virgil
717:Tereus
662:Tereus
622:Tereus
614:Tereus
600:Tereus
565:Phocis
561:Daulia
505:Progne
498:, the
445:hoopoe
431:(or a
363:lusted
358:Athens
350:Thrace
346:Tereus
338:Tereus
278:lament
266:Tereus
242:Thrace
238:Tereus
234:Procne
213:Family
203:symbol
60:metope
48:Procne
4670:Hylas
4648:Other
4598:Spear
4563:Pitys
4503:Melus
4498:Mecon
4488:Lotis
4473:Leuce
4456:Aegle
4419:Aegle
4404:Elate
4399:Elaea
4359:Carya
4339:Attis
4263:Iphis
4197:Niobe
4182:Manto
4162:Dirce
4157:Cyane
4117:Atlas
4087:Alope
3829:Phaon
3819:Midas
3809:Lamia
3746:Medon
3741:Melas
3553:Circe
3493:Arcas
3407:Phene
3397:Picus
3377:Pelia
3357:Oenoe
3342:Nisus
3297:Lycus
3282:Laius
3252:Hyria
3232:Harpe
3157:Combe
3122:Byssa
3117:Bulis
3082:Argus
3042:Agron
3027:Aëtos
3012:Aëdon
3007:Acmon
2985:Avian
2846:Homer
2715:Tempo
2306:(PDF)
2168:]
2073:JSTOR
1634:JSTOR
1389:s.v.
1355:Notes
840:nymph
769:into
651:Homer
609:Medea
588:Aëdon
500:genus
481:Keats
385:raped
308:μῆλον
302:μέλος
296:φιλο-
292:Greek
250:Butes
227:naiad
170:Greek
126:) or
4660:Echo
4583:Side
4513:Milk
4314:Ajax
4122:Aura
4077:Acis
4051:Wolf
3860:Arne
3648:Naïs
3638:Myia
3573:Gale
3498:Arge
3478:Abas
3277:Iynx
3272:Itys
3262:Idas
2992:Abas
2881:ISBN
2856:ISBN
2789:2022
2758:2022
2530:here
2513:here
2486:and
2411:2013
2322:2020
2145:here
2108:here
1972:here
1822:here
1775:2013
1575:here
1545:Ovid
1507:2012
1476:here
1454:2012
1425:2012
1223:(in
1215:(in
830:In "
742:for
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