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the case of
Vietnam, the agent shaping this fair-trade discourse is still the Vietnamese government, engaging in coffee statecraft. This is done as a two-pronged approach: Defending coffee as a means for providing rural employment and source of state revenue at home and foreign exchange at the international level, as well as promoting coffee as an export commodity to encourage private or semi-private landholders’ buy-in into the wider strategy to integrate Vietnam into the global market. While these efforts helped expand the coffee industry, its negative social and ecological impacts cannot be ignored. Even then, one should not underestimate the value of productivity and economic efficiency in reducing poverty, even if they go contrary to the ecologically sustainable methods.
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these farmers. It was only in the 1980s and 1990s that we see a shift to self and economic driven motivations when success stories of coffee farmers in the highlands became a dominant narrative. While family/village networks were a tool aiding this movement, relatives often offered help for migrants to settle in exchange for work. Even the benefits that was mentioned about familial help back home needs to be situated in what can be considered ‘negotiated reciprocity’ involving both ‘mutual aid and mutual exploitation’. An alternative resource to familial networks that migrants also took advantage of were the colonial employment opportunities offered by the French during the colonial period and later by the
Vietnamese state under their mobility programme.
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reluctant or slow at adopting these measures seeing as there were no penalties. Improvements have to be made to address the social and ethical motivations to convince a more ground-up solution to the issue. There is evidence that the CCB and the government have taken into consideration policy recommendations made by researchers over the past decade such as prioritizing crop diversification and ecological farming practices. However, this seemingly blanketing of current macro-level responses ignores the fact that access to the CCB's programmes are still unequal, often favouring the Kinh majority over the ethnic minorities in the
Highlands.
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were more likely to borrow money or engage in off-farm work than the Ede. While the Ede, who have larger farms, were actually buffered from their reliance on coffee as they could change crops or shift cultivation. However, this did not mean that the Ede would fare better and they were in fact their conditions were made worse by their lack of access to short-term loans or by leaving their family farms for too long to seek employment elsewhere. Researchers have recommended that existing macro policies should help diversify income without basing this on the diversification of crops, as the case with the Ede.
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426:, it was found that half a million smallholder farmers are now in a collective brinkmanship with the physical environment on which their livelihoods depend on; ageing tree stock, rising labour costs, climate change and competition for natural resources providing unfavourable odds for them. It might prove counterproductive for official reports to under-represent such realities where unsuitable land cultivated for coffee were often not included in the statistics.
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children and plots of land back home which ensures that the district authorities do not reallocate the land. Parents and spouses of migrants can sometimes also take loans using these lands to support farming investments up in the highlands. As such, these linkages between the uplands and lowlands are essential to understanding the
Central Highlands especially in the context of future risk management.
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Vietnamese coffee quality" but rather, "when will
Vietnamese coffee quality be recognized?" Through their desire to develop loyal patronage, local coffee producers and café entrepreneurs have sought to change discourses on the quality of Vietnamese coffee; establishing new origin stories by allowing people to (informally) trace the product back to its source location through the use of packaging.
418:. The lure of coffee farming as a success story has led to an unsustainable tapping of surface and underground resources as the goal was to achieve higher economic growth, putting environmental costs and risks as a secondary consideration. The intensive use of fertiliser and a widespread mono-cropping has also led to a fall in soil fertility and rise in pest infestations. In a study funded by the
555:-style coffee because they were unable to obtain Vietnamese-grown coffee. The French roast style popular in Louisiana was similar to Vietnamese coffee in its relatively coarse grind, which made it an excellent substitute for traditional brewing in the single-serving filter/brewer. In Vietnam, however, locally produced coffees are characterized by medium roast and do not contain chicory.
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Lak conducted by the World Bank and EcoAgriculturepartners in 2015, such a shift is historically charted through the changing development of coffee governance from a weak structure made up of competing interests and policies, to one headed by the CCB that responds to the social, economic and environmental risks to local coffee farmers by providing resources, education and training.
632:. Generally the coffee is served table-side while it is still brewing. The use of sweetened condensed milk rather than fresh milk was first due to its availability and easier storage in a tropical climate. The condensed milk serves to sweeten the coffee and offset the bold flavor of the coffee. Long practice has led to this being the taste preference in the Vietnamese community.
540:(COOL) legislation that came out of the 2002 Farm Security and Rural Investment Act (See Section 10816 of 7 U.S.C. 1638-1638d), some commodities are exempted from country of origin labelling requirements when the product changes form/character during processing, as is the case with coffee. As such, there is no requirement to identify Vietnamese coffee as "Made in Vietnam".
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attractive to foreign investments due to their rich natural resources and suitable lands for farming coffee. The exponential growth of the coffee industry has also had severe environmental consequences due to its rapid deforestation and land encroachments, enhancing climate change and directly impacting the entire region.
513:, one of Vietnam's leading domestic coffee brand, markets its instant coffee as being made from "the choicest coffee beans from Vietnam’s legendary basaltic region" So legendary that domestic tourists have been flocking to Dak Lak on official coffee tours to visit the Trung Nguyên coffee village and world coffee museum.
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external markets which results in a displacement for poor ethnic minorities who rely on shifting cultivation near the forest margins. It would thus be more accurate to situate the fluctuating coffee economy, social inequality and environmental degradation not as separate entities but in a relationship with each other.
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lower yields as a result of less technical know-how and productivity. It further postulates that the Kinh, due to their smaller families, are low on manpower and hire labour (usually other Kinh) who might already be familiar with coffee cultivation. The researchers caution however that this labour hiring "is as much a
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long-term investment, smallholder farmers may experience reductions in income during the early maturing period of the trees (three years to generate yield and another three years to yield fully) and as such, financing solutions were also concurrently developed by the government to mitigate the effects.
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This is often done through audits to provide accountability and transparency for consumers and investors, a relatively new, post- Doi Moi initiative that
Vietnamese farmers have to also grapple with to maximise their potential earnings. The question that many Vietnamese ask is not "how can we improve
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While it is acknowledged that fair trade is a concern and expectation of people in the post-colonial world; an attempt to be socially conscious of the commodities produced by ‘developing’ countries like
Vietnam, for these coffee farmers, certification may actually enable them to shape the discourses
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Thus, migrant networks provide an intra-regional perspective to uncover the ways that coffee farmers draw on resources including labour power, financial capital and social support. This happens both at the destination and also back home. For example, Kinh emigrants rely on family to look after their
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While both these studies identify that human dislocation are associated with inadequate macro-level policies, it does shift the responsibility of solutioning only to the government. Ironically, while these studies focus on the micro-level impact of the coffee boom and bust, it offers little insights
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Data from a 2003 survey of 209 smallholder coffee farmers suggested that higher household dependencies and the use of family labour on the coffee plantations could account for the Ede's lower household income as these forms of unpaid work (usually by uneducated women and children) could translate to
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The main critique of fair-trade rhetoric is that it reproduces images of poverty and primitivity which then feeds onto the illusion that consumers play the most important role in helping these poor farmers out of poverty and towards modernity. That is not to say that international consumers have no
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This working group eventually led to the establishment of the Coffee
Coordination Board (CCB) in 2013. Research and literature produced from here on shifted in the scale and ideological perspective, perhaps mirroring the greater interest and participation of the government. In the case study of Dak
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In a similar study, smallholder from four communes of Ea Tul, Ea Kpal, Ea Pok and Quang Phu were surveyed from 1999 and 2003. This study went further by examining the differing household responses between the Kinh and Ede to falling coffee prices, and how this affected their income. Kinh households
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Cooperation between growers, producers and government resulted in branding finished coffees and exporting products for retail. However, by the late 1970s, economic and social reforms led to labour shortages in the
Central Highlands thus creating opportunities for migration into these less populated
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Fair trade coffee has been critiqued as being an imagined construct with international consumers participating in this ideology believing that "the social and ecological conditions of production and trade are said to be the outcome of decisions made by consumers through their ‘consumer power’". In
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One such initiative was the support for coffee replanting, based on a perceived crisis of the ageing tree stock. This was based on the estimation by the World Bank in 2011 that in the absence of replanting, Vietnam's coffee production would fall by 30 to 40% by the mid-2020s. However, as this is a
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However, such a rosy picture of emigration should prompt critical inquiry. Historically, the post-colonial
Vietnamese government had succeeded in mobilizing millions of lowland farmers into the highlands where the French had previously failed. This was however not without the initial resistance of
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peoples, the original inhabitants of the Central highlands. According to researcher Seb Rumsby, the abolition of indigenous autonomous zones by the Vietnamese Congress in 1975–1976 reflects Kinh chauvinism and craving for economic developments, with regions such as the Central Highland deemed more
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accounting to 97 per cent of Vietnam's total output. However, coffee farmers in Vietnam have always experienced cycles of boom and bust since the 1980s, making the industry a highly volatile one. Despite the fluctuating global coffee prices, importing countries continue paying a steady price while
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When the global price of coffee dropped in 2001, many farming households had to reduce their daily meal, changed their diets or relied on food donations from the authorities. While the boom allowed children of medium to low income households to attend school and for families to purchase household
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A working group on coffee was one of the first initiatives of the Partnership for Sustainable Agriculture in Vietnam. A number of prominent coffee companies collaborated with government, civil society organizations and farmers as part of a pre-competitive effort to replace aging coffee trees and
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However, despite this greater effort, the policies and initiatives were at times prescriptive with weak enforcement and poor information dissemination. For example, while the government have offered cash incentives to farmers who adopt newer farming practices to lower water pollution, most were
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However, while environmental degradation happens, it is not homogeneous and varies by region, often a result of the socioeconomic inequality touched on earlier. Research has shown that this happens when capital-rich Kinh households acquire and convert agricultural lands to perennial crops for
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Poor management might recall the 2013–2014 coffee boom when a bumper harvest of 29.5 million bags (from 17 million the previous year) added to the global oversupply of beans and plummeted coffee prices. This led to nearly half of the 127 local coffee export firms to cease trading due to their
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This pattern saw the production of coffee in Vietnam at 29.3 million bags in 2017, nearly 600,000 bags lower than the USDA estimate for that year, due to losses caused by late rain. The USDA Foreign Agriculture Service has correctly predicted the increase in production in 2018, as shown in a
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into the motivations or support systems between these farmers in offering alternative employments or even directing each other to sources of loans. While Kinh farmers seem to enjoy better prospects than their ethnic minority counterpart, inequalities also exist within this group.
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relating to coffee bean quality, ideas of fair trade and the future of Vietnamese coffee as an autonomous brand. Furthermore, certifications also produce a recognition of the quality of Vietnamese coffee; the Robusta variety often stigmatized as being inferior to Arabica beans.
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opened its first store in Vietnam in 2013, setting a trend for global retailers to follow suit. In 2017, Boncafé, the European producer of gourmet café, opened its first showroom in Ho Chi Minh city alongside a hi-tech factory producing and exporting coffee in Binh Duong city.
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The ethnic inequality narrative has been prevalent in literature written from 2003 to 2013 producing ethnohistorical and developmental analyses situating the coffee industry's risks at a very real, lived experience level. In a study of the household income of
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could play a part in helping producers directly, as is Rainforest Alliance's concept of "from farm to cup". Fair Trade is the most commonly recognized certification across many major consumers such as the United States, Europe, Japan and South Korea.
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In Vietnam, certification schemes represent the height of market capitalist investments strengthening the state's desire of projecting Vietnam's identity in the global market while maintain its stream of coffee export revenues.
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The height of coffee production occurred in the early 20th century as small-scale production increasingly shifted towards commercial plantations. In the 1920s, the French decided to open coffee production zones in parts of the
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coffee farmers, it was discovered what initially seemed counterintuitive: despite having larger farms and planting a larger share of coffee than their Kinh counterparts, the Ede farmers still had a lower household income.
301:, Vietnam expects this growth in 2018 to beat the Government's target of 6.7%, matching 2017's economic growth of 6.8%. However, the extent to which the Government promotes growth at the expense of social inequalities and
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D’haezea, J. Deckersa; et al. (2005). "Environmental and socio-economic impacts of institutional reforms on the agricultural sector of Vietnam Land suitability assessment for Robusta coffee in the Dak Gan region".
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Bloomberg report and forecasted a further increase in 2019 due to better land management, higher replanting rates, more efficient storage and significant private sector involvement. According to Deputy Prime Minister
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The growing regions of the Buôn Mê Thuột have been classified into micro-climates by European scientists contracted by private industry. In these different regions, several species of coffee are grown, including
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In 2010, The New Vision for Agriculture (NVA) framework was created under the direction of the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development. This 10-year strategy aimed to advance sustainable, large-scale
619:, and some with indigenous lineage, such as the Arabica SE. Vietnamese coffee producers blend multiple varieties of beans for different flavor characteristics and balance, or to reduce production cost.
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In addition to the displacement of some ethnic minority communities, the continued expansion and conversion of unsuitable land for coffee production has led to considerable deforestation and
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Meyfroidt, Patrick, Vu, Tan Phuong and Hoang, Viet Anh. (2013). Trajectories of deforestation, coffee expansion and displacement of shifting cultivation in the Central Highlands of Vietnam.
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regions, compared to the overpopulation and poverty experienced in the lowland areas. It is likely that between four and five million people migrated to the Central Highlands after 1975.
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region, the plateau on which the industry was centered. Although seldom involved in conflict, the area was a crossroads between North and South and was largely depopulated. After the
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goods like television sets, the declining coffee prices reversed this; children were forced to quit schools and self-employed, subsistence farmers had to find wage labour work.
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Havemann, Tanja, Nair, Samiksha, Cassou, Emilie and Jaffee, Steven (2015). Coffee in Dak Lak, Vietnam. In Scherr, Sara J., Mankad, Kedar, Jaffee, Steven and Negra, Christine,
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rather than a disproportionate "dumping" of the responsibility on the Vietnamese farmers (and global South in general) to participate in sustainable agriculture.
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with the growth of Vietnamese coffee, this product now competes in an international environment with different laws, cultures, tastes and business practices.
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coffee farmers also bear the brunt of falling prices. However, the effect is not uniform across the producers, exacerbating existing social inequalities.
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Agergaard, Jytte, Fold, Niels and Gough, Katherine V. 2009. Global-local interactions: socioeconomic and spatial dynamics in Vietnam’s coffee frontier.
218:. An estimated total of 1,500 tons of coffee was produced for export each year by 1930; that amount increased to 2,000 tons per year by 1940. The first
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Bean, S. R.; Ioerger, B. P.; Wilson, J. D.; Tilley, M.; Rhodes, D.; Herald, T. J. (2018-04-16), "Structure and chemistry of sorghum grain",
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Doutriaux, Sylvie; et al. (2008). "Competing for Coffee Space: Development‐Induced Displacement in the Central Highlands of Vietnam".
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2009. Competing for Coffee Space: Development-Induced Displacement in the Central Highlands of Vietnam.Rural Sociology. 73(4):528 – 554.
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inability to repay loans. The amount of non-performing loans or debts in the coffee sector likely to go unpaid stands at 8 trillion
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Ha, Dang Thanh; Shively, Gerald (2008). "Coffee Boom, Coffee Bust and Smallholder Response in Vietnam's Central Highlands".
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part to play in contributing to ethical and ecological practices. It would take a collective action at the global level to
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447:. The NVA framework was incorporated into the national agriculture strategy in November 2011 by the Vietnam government.
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Steps Toward Green: Policy Responses to the Environmental Footprint of Commodity Agriculture in East and Southeast Asia
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Perhaps an alternative to the top-down approach sanctioned by the CCB would be to look at how international fair trade
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Rumsby, Seb (2015). "Methods of Manipulation: Propaganda, Representation and Ethnicity in Vietnamese Water Puppetry".
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reforms in 1986, privately owned enterprise was once again permitted, resulting in a surge of growth in the industry.
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system, becoming a major economic force in the country. After an interruption during and immediately following the
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1097:"Rural In-migration and Global Trade: Managing the risks of coffee farming in the Central Highlands of Vietnam"
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Fridell, Gavin (2014) Fair trade slippages and Vietnam gaps: the ideological fantasies of fair-trade coffee.
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economic reforms, making coffee second only to rice in value of agricultural products exported from Vietnam.
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317:(US$ 379 million), which is around 60 percent of all loans for the coffee industry in Vietnam.
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586:-style coffee has characteristics that distinguish it from other coffees and brewing methods:
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Grant, S. G. (2014). On Culprits and Crisis: Branding Vietnam in the Global Coffee Industry.
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Trinh, Phap Q.; de la Peña, Eduardo; Nguyen, Chau N.; Nguyen, Hoa X.; Moens, Maurice (2009).
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The expansion of coffee production in the Central Highlands occurred mostly in the region of
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Typically the coffee is prepared in single servings in single-cup filter/brewers known as
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1237:"(PDF). Harvard Kennedy School CSR Initiative. January 2016. Retrieved 2016-07-07
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551:. Vietnamese immigrants who came to the state in the late 20th century adopted
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It is believed that the coffee plant was first introduced to Vietnam in 1857 by
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578:. In Vietnam, a cup of coffee is often accompanied by a cup of hot or cold tea.
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In the US, Vietnamese-style coffee is sometimes confused with that brewed in
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coffee farmers from exporting countries experience the daily price range.
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Vietnam is the second largest producer in the world after Brazil, with
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Vietnamese coffee brewing in all metal single-cup filters, known as a
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1192:(99-122). Washington, DC: EcoAgriculture Partners and the World Bank.
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1457:"Chasing Starbucks Dreams: Trung Nguyen and its Global Expansion"
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Red hills: migrants and the state in the highlands of Vietnam.
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Coffee trees on the Cressonnière plantation, near Kécheu. 1898
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in 1857, the Vietnamese coffee industry developed through the
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Fortunel Frederic, Le café au Vietnam, harmattan, paris, 2000
746:"Plant-parasitic nematodes associated with coffee in Vietnam"
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927:"Vietnam's Coffee Exports May Climb 9% on Rising Production"
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The robust Vietnamese coffee industry which is sustained by
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1250:"Economics of Adaptation to Climate Change : Vietnam"
952:"Crippling Debts, Bankruptcies Brew Vietnam Coffee Crisis"
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in 1969, with a production capacity of 80 tons per year.
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Coffee production has been a major source of income for
29:"Vietnamese coffee" redirects here. For the drinks, see
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Copenhagen, Denmark: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies.
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729:. Flexnews. Reuters. September 9, 2009. Archived from
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since the early 20th century. First introduced by the
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897:, Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, pp. 3–29,
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Establishment of the Coffee Coordination Board (CCB)
70:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1220:Partnership for Sustainable Agriculture in Vietnam
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249:victory, the industry, like most agriculture, was
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727:"Vietnam's 2008/2009 Coffee Exports up 15.8 pct"
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895:Burleigh Dodds Series in Agricultural Science
1464:Chazen Web Journal of International Business
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344:has been built at the expense of indigenous
202:. Early coffee production was mainly of the
954:. Voice of America/Reuters. August 14, 2013
352:With businesses shutting down due to debt,
2956:
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2645:
2631:
1525:
1511:
451:provide extension and financing services.
1326:https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4sj9r50x
1112:
1056:
1021:
1007:
925:Nguyen, Dieu Tu Uyen (13 February 2018).
130:Learn how and when to remove this message
2557:Gustav III of Sweden's coffee experiment
1432:
836:
719:
569:
520:
336:Persecution of the Montagnard in Vietnam
276:
177:
141:
2327:Coffee ceremony of Ethiopia and Eritrea
1454:
1094:
840:Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment
14:
4134:
2918:List of countries by coffee production
1611:List of countries by coffee production
1406:
971:
924:
769:
707:List of countries by coffee production
643:, or when had with condensed milk for
635:The coffee may be brewed into ice for
241:disrupted production of coffee in the
2937:
2626:
1506:
1478:"Why is Vietnamese Coffee So Strong?"
1435:"Vietnam: Silent Global Coffee Power"
1350:
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613:), with Arabica varieties including
558:Since economic liberalization under
434:Steps towards sustainable production
326:Ethnic Kinh v. Indigenous minorities
320:
68:adding citations to reliable sources
39:
2923:List of countries by coffee exports
1448:
388:
166:, production rose once again after
24:
2506:United States Barista Championship
1339:
1301:
1195:
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1129:
1085:
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996:
827:
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273:Fluctuations in the coffee economy
146:Coffee landscape, Gia Lai province
25:
4168:
1498:
1411:. INeedCoffee.com. Archived from
1101:Mountain Research and Development
883:
795:
4117:
4116:
4106:
4095:
2965:
2827:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2777:
2605:
2604:
2591:
1218:Grow Asia Singapore (Oct 2016)."
1071:10.1111/j.1467-9361.2007.00391.x
676:
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44:
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1400:
1379:
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1145:
1059:Review of Development Economics
1038:
965:
944:
808:Doutriaux, S., Geisler, C. and
472:Fair Trade coffee certification
55:needs additional citations for
918:
737:
547:with French roast coffee with
480:such as Nestle's 4C, UTZ, and
377:of high household income as a
79:"Coffee production in Vietnam"
13:
1:
1957:Single-serve coffee container
1455:Larimer, Tiim (Spring 2003).
1433:Scofield, Alex (April 2002).
986:10.1080/03068374.2015.1037169
750:Russian Journal of Nematology
4147:Coffee production by country
4123:Category: Vietnamese cuisine
1222:"(PDF). Retrieved 2016-07-07
268:Impacts of coffee production
7:
1387:"G7 Gourmet Instant Coffee"
1095:Winkels, Alexandra (2008).
655:
538:Country of Origin Labelling
10:
4173:
2511:World Barista Championship
1937:Neapolitan flip coffee pot
1532:
1235:Tackling Global Challenges
1206:Global Environment Change.
1032:10.1526/003601108786471422
852:10.1016/j.agee.2004.05.009
329:
305:should also be looked at.
173:
28:
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3258:(Nộm hoa chuối · Nộm sứa)
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1162:The Geographical Journal.
692:East German coffee crisis
525:A cup of coffee in Hanoi.
441:agricultural productivity
406:Environmental degradation
303:environmental degradation
1563:International Coffee Day
1409:"True Vietnamese Coffee"
903:10.19103/as.2017.0015.21
712:
565:
3219:Salads/rolls/rice paper
2357:Historical coffeehouses
424:EcoAgriculture Partners
4152:Agriculture in Vietnam
3942:Tung lamaow/tung lò mò
3328:Vietnamese iced coffee
2897:United States (Hawaii)
2567:Coffee vending machine
1791:Furan-2-ylmethanethiol
1336:Fridell (2014), p 1183
1265:Cite journal requires
1138:Hardy, Andrew (2003).
775:Vietnam: a new history
771:Goscha, Christopher E.
697:Vietnamese iced coffee
646:
638:
625:
579:
526:
499:address climate change
285:
183:
147:
31:Vietnamese iced coffee
3323:Vietnamese egg coffee
2372:Viennese coffee house
1903:Karlsbad coffee maker
1389:. Trung Nguyen Online
1356:Third World Quarterly
1044:Doutriaux 2008, p 545
868:. FAO. Archived from
573:
524:
330:Further information:
280:
226:, was established in
181:
145:
3349:Crispy fried shallot
2532:Coffee and doughnuts
2135:Indian filter coffee
1568:Single-origin coffee
1407:Brault, Len (1999).
1358:. 35 (7), 1179–1194.
1285:"2012 Annual Report"
1248:Bank, World (2010).
990:Taylor & Francis
781:. pp. 157–158.
702:Indian filter coffee
416:loss of biodiversity
224:Coronel Coffee Plant
64:improve this article
18:Phin (coffee filter)
3813:Ethnic minorities'
2572:Used coffee grounds
1289:Rainforest Alliance
1151:Hardy (2003), p 271
482:Rainforest Alliance
188:French missionaries
4142:Economy of Vietnam
4102:Vietnam portal
4062:Cooking appliances
3009:Cơm cháy Ninh Bình
2972:Vietnamese cuisine
2686:Dominican Republic
2577:Sustainable coffee
2274:Organization lists
2235:Rüdesheimer Kaffee
2015:Café com cheirinho
1604:Sustainable coffee
1599:Shade-grown coffee
1367:Grant (2014) p 187
1081:– via JSTOR.
580:
527:
517:Global marketplace
286:
184:
148:
4157:Coffee in Vietnam
4129:
4128:
3815:food & drinks
3647:Bánh tằm khoai mì
3438:Bánh bao bánh vạc
3337:Condiments/sauces
3200:Rau muống xào tỏi
2931:
2930:
2795:Other cultivators
2654:Coffee production
2620:
2619:
2598:Coffee portal
2516:World Brewers Cup
2140:Ipoh white coffee
1621:Coffee wastewater
1589:Coffee production
1573:Third-wave coffee
1437:. INeedCoffee.com
1376:Grant (2014) p147
1324:. Retrieved from
788:978-0-465-09436-3
600:Robusta/Canephora
381:of that income".
364:and the minority
342:global capitalism
321:Social inequality
232:Đồng Nai Province
212:Central Highlands
140:
139:
132:
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16:(Redirected from
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3993:Bird's nest soup
3753:Watermelon seeds
3667:Bánh tráng nướng
3017:Cơm gà Quảng Nam
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2741:Papua New Guinea
2664:producers (2014)
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2623:
2611:Category: Coffee
2608:
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2547:Coffee leaf rust
2420:Dandelion coffee
2286:Coffee companies
2125:Gassosa al caffè
1893:Espresso machine
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389:Migrant networks
332:FULRO insurgency
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216:Đắk Lắk Province
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3748:Sunflower seeds
3691:Desserts/snacks
3686:
3657:Bánh tôm Hồ Tây
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3399:Rice paddy herb
3332:
3318:Sugarcane juice
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3241:Bò nướng lá lốt
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3144:Phở khô Gia Lai
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1499:External links
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1267:|journal=
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1023:10.1.1.536.523
1016:(4): 528–554.
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980:(2): 304–308.
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846:(1–2): 59–76.
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733:on 2009-10-01.
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567:
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518:
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478:certifications
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456:
453:
435:
432:
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404:
390:
387:
327:
324:
322:
319:
299:Vuong Dinh Hue
290:Robusta coffee
274:
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220:instant coffee
175:
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138:
137:
52:
50:
43:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4169:
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3852:Bánh thốt nốt
3850:
3847:
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3827:
3823:
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3794:Trứng vịt lộn
3792:
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3772:
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3767:
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3749:
3746:
3744:
3743:Pumpkin seeds
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3728:Chè trôi nước
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3713:Chè đậu trắng
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3637:Bánh quai vạc
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3582:Bánh khoai mì
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3513:Bánh đậu xanh
3511:
3509:
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3503:Bánh đa nướng
3501:
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2785:Coffee portal
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2588:
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2584:
2578:
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2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2562:Canned coffee
2560:
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2548:
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2538:
2535:
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2428:
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2410:Cereal coffee
2408:
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2401:
2398:
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2390:Barley coffee
2388:
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2348:
2347:Coffee palace
2345:
2343:
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2317:Caffè sospeso
2315:
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2255:White Russian
2253:
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2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
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2128:
2126:
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2113:
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2108:
2106:
2105:Frappé coffee
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2028:
2026:
2023:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2005:Cà phê sữa đá
2003:
2001:
2000:Black Russian
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1985:Beaten coffee
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1967:Coffee drinks
1964:
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1832:
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1829:Brewed coffee
1827:
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1820:
1819:Arabic coffee
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1666:Blue Mountain
1664:
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1631:Home roasting
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1429:
1415:on 2007-03-18
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1208:23, 1187-1198
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974:Asian Affairs
968:
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947:
932:
928:
921:
914:
912:9781786761248
908:
904:
900:
896:
889:
887:
872:on 2016-07-28
871:
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693:
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685:
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671:
670:Coffee portal
665:
660:
650:
648:
647:cà phê sữa đá
642:
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584:Buôn Ma Thuột
577:
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251:collectivized
248:
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243:Buôn Ma Thuột
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198:provinces of
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123:
120:February 2015
112:
109:
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102:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81: –
80:
76:
75:Find sources:
69:
65:
59:
58:
53:This article
51:
47:
42:
41:
36:
32:
27:
19:
4104:
3976:Hmong people
3862:Bún nước lèo
3718:Chè đậu xanh
3632:Bánh phu thê
3571:Bánh ít trần
3458:Bánh bột lọc
3210:Thịt kho tàu
3005:Cơm bình dân
2765:
2603:
2589:
2499:Competitions
2485:Tasse à café
2322:Coffee break
2291:Coffeehouses
2281:Bakery cafés
2250:White coffee
2240:Tenom coffee
2145:Irish coffee
2025:Café de olla
2010:Café au lait
1952:Vacuum maker
1920:Coffee syrup
1910:French press
1776:Caffeic acid
1745:
1738:
1724:
1719:Charrieriana
1717:
1653:
1485:. Retrieved
1481:
1472:
1463:
1450:
1439:. Retrieved
1428:
1417:. Retrieved
1413:the original
1402:
1391:. Retrieved
1381:
1372:
1363:
1355:
1332:
1322:UC Riverside
1321:
1292:. Retrieved
1288:
1279:
1258:cite journal
1243:
1232:
1228:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1189:
1161:
1156:
1147:
1139:
1107:(1): 32–40.
1104:
1100:
1062:
1058:
1040:
1013:
1009:
988:– via
977:
973:
967:
956:. Retrieved
946:
934:. Retrieved
930:
920:
894:
874:. Retrieved
870:the original
860:
843:
839:
777:. New York:
774:
753:
749:
739:
731:the original
721:
644:
636:
623:
614:
608:
604:
598:
592:
581:
557:
542:
535:
528:
511:Trung Nguyên
507:
503:
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491:
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437:
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262:
255:
236:
214:, mainly in
208:
185:
149:
126:
117:
107:
100:
93:
86:
74:
62:Please help
57:verification
54:
26:
3966:Thái people
3956:Thái people
3952:Pa pỉnh tộp
3946:Cham people
3936:Cham people
3872:Bún xiêm lo
3836:Katu people
3826:Katu people
3822:Rượu Tà-vạt
3762:Street food
3723:Chè hạt sen
3567:Bánh ít dừa
3498:Bánh da lợn
3088:Bún mắm cua
3061:Bánh đa cua
2887:Puerto Rico
2882:Philippines
2726:Ivory Coast
2696:El Salvador
2552:Coffee wars
2382:Substitutes
2352:Coffeehouse
2165:Kopi tubruk
2130:Iced coffee
2110:Frappuccino
2080:Café Cubano
2070:Coffee milk
2050:Caffè mocha
2040:Caffè crema
1898:French drip
1866:Drip coffee
1849:Coffeemaker
1806:Preparation
1786:Coffee bean
1691:Maracaturra
936:11 November
810:Shively, G.
779:Basic Books
756:(1): 73–82.
582:Vietnamese
553:New Orleans
354:smallholder
239:Vietnam War
164:Vietnam War
4136:Categories
3926:Tày people
3916:Yao people
3906:Khmer Krom
3896:Khmer Krom
3886:Khmer Krom
3876:Khmer Krom
3866:Khmer Krom
3856:Khmer Krom
3846:Khmer Krom
3698:Beef jerky
3662:Bánh tráng
3622:Pâté chaud
3508:Bánh đa kê
3483:Bánh chưng
3478:Bánh chuối
3354:Fig leaves
3313:Rượu thuốc
3278:Chanh muối
3077:Bún chả cá
3065:Bún bò Huế
2990:Bánh chưng
2867:Martinique
2837:Guadeloupe
2832:East Timor
2681:Costa Rica
2537:Coffee bag
2456:Coffee cup
2395:Barley tea
2220:Raf coffee
2200:Marocchino
2190:Long black
2160:Kopi luwak
2100:Flat white
2090:Egg coffee
2055:Cappuccino
2030:Café Touba
1942:Percolator
1844:Chorreador
1764:Components
1696:Maragogipe
1582:Production
1553:Fair trade
1487:2022-07-08
1482:Bens Beans
1441:2006-10-14
1419:2007-10-09
1393:2019-05-07
1294:2018-11-17
958:2013-08-18
876:2014-12-04
536:Under the
420:World Bank
346:Montagnard
284:in Vietnam
256:Following
196:Quảng Bình
160:plantation
90:newspapers
35:egg coffee
4048:Tiết canh
4043:Gỏi nhệch
3932:Bánh gừng
3922:Khâu nhục
3842:Bánh cống
3784:Nem nướng
3733:Kẹo cu đơ
3708:Chè bà ba
3677:Bánh chay
3672:Bánh trôi
3592:Bánh khúc
3587:Bánh khọt
3577:Bánh khảo
3533:Bánh giầy
3473:Bánh chay
3414:Tương đen
3359:Kinh giới
3266:Beverages
3226:Bánh cuốn
3179:Chả trứng
3169:Canh chua
3106:Bún thang
3052:Bánh canh
2902:Venezuela
2892:Sri Lanka
2736:Nicaragua
2721:Indonesia
2706:Guatemala
2656:by region
2473:Demitasse
2400:Barleycup
2367:Latte art
2362:Kopi tiam
2332:CoffeeCon
2300:Lifestyle
2265:Yuenyeung
2230:Ristretto
2060:Carajillo
1980:Americano
1886:ristretto
1854:Cold brew
1814:AeroPress
1671:Bonifieur
1646:varieties
1548:Economics
1123:130939878
1018:CiteSeerX
931:Bloomberg
866:"FAOSTAT"
639:cà phê đá
545:Louisiana
530:Starbucks
206:variety.
192:Ninh Bình
4079:Niêu đất
4028:Fishcake
4023:Dog meat
4013:Chạo tôm
3998:Bò 7 món
3972:Thắng cố
3902:Ọm chiếl
3682:Bánh xèo
3642:Bánh rán
3627:Bánh pía
3617:Bánh nậm
3607:Bánh mật
3602:Bánh lọt
3553:Bánh hỏi
3548:Bánh gối
3543:Bánh giò
3538:Bánh gio
3528:Bánh gai
3518:Bánh đúc
3493:Bánh dày
3488:Bánh cốm
3468:Bánh căn
3463:Bánh cáy
3443:Bánh bèo
3404:Scallion
3389:Nước mắm
3369:Mắm ruốc
3308:Rượu rắn
3303:Rượu nếp
3293:Rượu cần
3288:Egg soda
3283:Cơm rượu
3251:Nem chua
3246:Gỏi cuốn
3231:Bánh ướt
3188:Dưa muối
3130:Mì Quảng
3102:Bún riêu
3057:Bánh ướt
2995:Bánh tét
2877:Paraguay
2817:Cameroon
2756:Thailand
2751:Tanzania
2711:Honduras
2701:Ethiopia
2676:Colombia
2430:Maya nut
2205:Mazagran
2095:Espresso
1975:Affogato
1932:Moka pot
1927:Knockbox
1871:Espresso
1781:Caffeine
1771:Cafestol
1740:Racemosa
1726:Liberica
1079:67844732
773:(2016).
656:See also
412:Dak Lak.
228:Biên Hòa
4069:Lò trấu
4008:Chả giò
4003:Bột sắn
3962:Nặm pịa
3882:Cốm dẹp
3799:Phá lấu
3774:Bánh rế
3769:Bánh mì
3652:Bánh tẻ
3612:Bánh mì
3597:Bánh lá
3563:Bánh ít
3558:Bánh in
3523:Bánh ép
3448:Bánh bò
3394:Rau răm
3379:Mắm tôm
3374:Mắm tép
3364:Mắm nêm
3298:Rượu đế
3273:Bia hơi
3196:Giò thủ
3192:Giò lụa
3152:Staples
3120:Hủ tiếu
3115:Cao lầu
3092:Bún mọc
3084:Bún mắm
3073:Bún chả
3045:Noodles
3031:Cơm tấm
3026:Cơm nắm
3021:Cơm lam
3013:Cơm hến
2852:Jamaica
2807:Bolivia
2766:Vietnam
2691:Ecuador
2662:Top 20
2415:Chicory
2307:Barista
2225:Red eye
2210:Moretta
2075:Cortado
1995:Bicerin
1796:Kahweol
1747:Robusta
1701:Molokai
1676:Bourbon
1661:Benguet
1655:Arabica
1641:Species
1558:History
1466:: 1–17.
616:Catimor
594:Arabica
560:Đổi mới
549:chicory
282:Arabica
258:Đổi mới
222:plant,
204:Arabica
174:History
168:Đổi mới
152:Vietnam
104:scholar
4121:
3986:Others
3892:Cơm nị
3419:Xì dầu
3409:Tía tô
3236:Bò bía
3164:Cá khô
3159:Cá kho
3097:Bún ốc
3069:Bún cá
2983:dishes
2872:Panama
2802:Angola
2761:Uganda
2731:Mexico
2671:Brazil
2609:
2461:sleeve
2435:Postum
2215:Oliang
2120:Garoto
1876:doppio
1834:Chemex
1824:Jebena
1732:Barako
1711:Sagada
1681:Geisha
1541:Topics
1534:Coffee
1121:
1077:
1020:
909:
785:
375:result
200:Tonkin
156:French
106:
99:
92:
85:
77:
3912:Ò sui
3789:Snail
3738:Ô mai
3344:Basil
2979:Rice/
2911:Lists
2857:Kenya
2847:Haiti
2812:China
2716:India
2525:Misc.
2478:spoon
2468:Cezve
2440:Qishr
2195:Lungo
2180:Latte
2150:Karsk
2115:Galão
1881:lungo
1859:nitro
1839:Cezve
1460:(PDF)
1119:S2CID
1075:S2CID
713:Notes
605:Chari
566:Style
379:cause
111:JSTOR
97:books
4053:Quẩy
4033:Gạch
3429:Bánh
3205:Ruốc
3135:Miến
3000:Cháo
2862:Laos
2842:Guam
2822:Cuba
2746:Peru
2490:Zarf
2425:Inka
2405:Caro
2155:Kopi
1990:Bica
1753:Sulu
1706:S795
1686:Kona
1643:and
1271:help
938:2018
907:ISBN
783:ISBN
627:phin
576:phin
422:and
362:Kinh
334:and
315:dong
237:The
194:and
83:news
33:and
4084:Chõ
3703:Chè
3256:Nộm
3184:Dồi
3174:Chả
3140:Phở
3036:Xôi
2981:Xôi
1109:doi
1067:doi
1028:doi
982:doi
899:doi
848:doi
844:105
366:Ede
66:by
4138::
3569:·
3384:Mẻ
3125:Mì
1480:.
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