Conservation and restoration of photographs

876: 923:

elements such as dirt, scratches, or signs of aging. People use raster graphic editors to restore digital images or to add or replace torn or missing portions of a physical photograph. Unwanted color tones are removed, and the contrast or sharpness of an image can be altered to restore the range of contrast or detail believed to be in the original physical image. Digital image processing techniques included in image enhancement and image restoration software are also used to restore digital photographs.

214:) produces a unique image, as there is no negative created. After coating a copper plate with light-sensitive silver iodide, the plate is exposed to an image for over 20 minutes and then treated with fumes from heated mercury. The longer the exposure to light, the more mercury fumes are adsorbed by the silver iodide. After the plate is washed with salt water, the image appears, reversed. This was the earliest photographic process to gain popularity in America. It was used until around 1860. 4047: 267:, was the most common kind of print in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Beautiful sepia gradation images were created by using albumen and silver chloride. The surfaces of prints made with this process were glossy because of the egg whites which were layered heavily to prevent the originally thin prints from curling, cracking, or tearing easily. This type of print was especially common for studio portraits and landscape or stereoviews. 591:, along with pollution, can cause fading and discoloration of silver images and color dyes. Higher temperatures cause faster deterioration: the rate of deterioration is approximately doubled with every temperature increase of 10 °C. Fluctuations in temperature and relative humidity are particularly damaging, as they also speed up chemical deterioration and can cause structural damage such as cracked emulsions and warped support layers. 4058: 884: 962:, treatment is "the deliberate alteration of the chemical and/or physical aspects of cultural property, aimed primarily at prolonging its existence. Treatment may consist of stabilization and/or restoration." Stabilization treatments aim to maintain photographs in their current condition, minimizing further deterioration, while restoration treatments aim to return photographs to their original state. 36: 439:

film stored in darkness is largely responsible for excellent color footage of World War II, for example. It has been calculated that the yellow dye in Kodachrome, the least stable, would suffer a 20% loss of dye in 185 years. This is because developed Kodachrome does not retain unused color couplers. However, Kodachrome's color stability under bright light, especially during

941:

digitization process itself contributes to the deterioration of the object. It is considered important to ensure minimal damage to the original photograph due to environmental changes or careless handling. Preservation efforts have traditionally focused on physical photographs, but the preservation of digital surrogates of photography has become equally important.

506:) film. Chromogenic processes yield organic dyes that are less stable than silver, and can also leave unreacted dye couplers behind during developing. Both factors may lead to color changes over time. The three dyes, cyan, magenta, and yellow, which make up the print may fade at different rates, causing a color shift in the print. Modern chromogenic papers such as 804:

ferrotyping (sticking, with a resultant glossy area). Plastic is not suitable for prints with surface damage, glass or metal-based photographs, nor for film-based negatives and transparencies from the 1950s, unless the latter are in cold storage. It should not to be used to store older safety film negatives as this may hasten their deterioration.

738:

bags) in cold storage, and temperatures should be maintained at 1.7–4.4 °C (35.1–39.9 °F). According to the guideline of National Archives facilities, clear plastic bags such as Zip-locks or flush-cut bags with twist-ties (polyethylene or polypropylene plastic bags) and cotton gloves are needed.

922:

Digital photo restoration is the practice of restoring the appearance of a digital copy of a physical photograph that has been damaged due to natural, man-made or environmental causes, as well as age or negligence. Digital photo restoration utilizes image editing techniques to remove unwanted visible

757:

UV-absorbing sleeves can be used to filter out damaging rays from fluorescent tubes and UV- absorbing sheets can be placed over windows or in frames. Low UV-emitting bulbs are available. Light levels should be kept at 50–100 Lux (5–10 footcandles) for most photographs when in use for research as well

724:

Relative humidity should be maintained at 30–50% without cycling more than +/- 5% a day. The lower part of that range is best for "long term stability of several photographic processes". Not only do relative humidity levels above 60% cause deterioration, but also low and fluctuating humidity may also

680:

Chemical processing, including use of exhausted fixer, insufficient length of fixing, and residual fixer left behind by inadequate washing can cause fading and discoloration. Heat, humidity, and light can accelerate such damage. Adherence to ISO standards at the time of processing can help avoid this

438:

An extreme case with slides was stability under the intense light of projection. When stored in darkness, Kodachrome's long-term stability under suitable conditions is superior to other types of color film. Images on Kodachrome slides over fifty years old retain accurate color and density. Kodachrome

702:

Color photographs are an inherently unstable medium, and are more susceptible to light and fading than black and white photographic processes. They are composed of various dyes, all of which eventually fade, albeit at different rates (causing discoloration along with fading). Many color photographic

690:

Glass plate negatives and ambrotypes are prone to breakage. Deterioration of film negatives, regardless of type, is humidity and temperature dependent. Nitrate film will first fade, then become brittle and sticky. It will then soften, adhere to paper enclosures, and produce an odor. Finally, it will

820:

that are widely produced and consumed today, historical photographs such as old slides, films, and printed photos are not easy to preserve. An important component of long-term photograph preservation is making reproductions (by photocopying, photographing, or scanning and digitizing) of photographs

799:

Paper enclosures protect objects from light, but may result in increased handling for viewing. Paper enclosures must be acid-free, lignin-free, and are available in both buffered (alkaline, pH 8.5) and unbuffered (neutral, pH 7) stock. Storage materials must pass the ANSI Photographic Activity Test

766:

Controlling air quality is difficult. Ideally, air entering a storage or exhibition area should be filtered and purified. Gaseous pollution should be removed with chemical filters or wet scrubbers. Exterior windows should be kept when possible. Interior sources of harmful gases should be minimized.

737:

Cold storage is recommended for especially vulnerable materials. Original prints, negatives, and transparencies (not glass plates, daguerreotypes, ambrotypes, tintypes, or other images on glass or metal) should be placed in packaging (archival folders in board boxes in double freezer weight Ziplock

237:

invented the negative-positive system of photography commonly used today. He first developed the Talbotype, which used silver chloride to sensitize paper. After improving the process by using silver iodide, he renamed it Calotype. The process could produce many positive images, but they were not as

807:

Horizontal storage is preferable for many photographic prints and oversize photographs. It provides overall support to the images and prevents mechanical damage such as bending. Vertical storage is often more efficient and may make access to a collection easier. Materials of similar size should be

803:

Plastic enclosures include uncoated polyester film, uncoated cellulose triacetate, polyethylene, and polypropylene. Plastic enclosures are transparent. Photographs can be viewed without removal from the enclosure, thus it can reduce handling. However, plastic enclosures can trap moisture and cause

779:

Handling and use policies should be established and staff should be trained in policies and policy enforcement and telling users the policies when they arrive. Policies for processing, handling for loaned or exhibited items, and disaster prevention and recovery should also be created and followed.

965:

Conservation treatments range from very simple tear repairs or flattening to more complex treatments such as stain removal. Treatments vary widely depending on the type of photograph and its intended use. Therefore, conservators must by knowledgeable regarding both of these issues. Guides for the

931:

One of the first functions that neural networks began to successfully handle was the restoration of old photographs. Photo restoration algorithms using artificial intelligence work by analyzing existing flaws in old photos and then applying intelligent image processing techniques to correct and

795:

Proper storage materials are essential for the long-term stability of photographs and negatives. Enclosures keep away dirt and pollutants. All enclosures used to house photographs and those should meet the specifications provided in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Most

570:

There are two main types of deterioration found in photographic materials. Chemical deterioration occurs when the chemicals in the photograph or negative undergo reactions (either through contact with outside catalysts, or because the chemicals are inherently unstable) that damage the material.

151:

Physical photographs usually consist of three components: the final image material (e.g. silver, platinum, dyes, or pigments), the transparent binder layer (e.g. albumen, collodion, or gelatin) in which the final image material is suspended, and the primary support (e.g. paper, glass, metal, or

122:

conservation require an in-depth understanding of how photographs are made, and the causes and prevention of deterioration. Conservator-restorers use this knowledge to treat photographic materials, stabilizing them from further deterioration, and sometimes restoring them for aesthetic purposes.

121:

institutions, as well as steps taken to preserve collections of personal and family photographs. It is an umbrella term that includes both preventative preservation activities such as environmental control and conservation techniques that involve treating individual items. Both preservation and

940:

Fragile or valuable originals are protected when they are replaced by digital surrogates, and severely damaged photographs that are physically impossible to repair are repaired by creating a digital copy. The creation of digital surrogates allows for the preservation of originals. However, the

671:

Human handling, including by researchers and staff, can also cause both chemical and physical deterioration. Oils, dirt, lotions, and perspiration transmitted through fingerprints can destroy emulsion and cause bleaching, staining, and silver mirroring. Physical damage caused by human handling

824:

Digitizing photographs also allows access by a much wider public, especially where the images have intrinsic historic value. Digital scans, however, are not replacements for the original, as digital file formats may become obsolete. Originals should always be preserved, even if they have been

741:

Removing items from cold storage requires letting them acclimate to room conditions. Photographs must be allowed to warm up slowly in a cool, dry place, such as an office or processing area. Original items should be retrieved from the storage only in an emergency and no more than once a year.

720:

Temperature should be maintained at or below 70 °F (21 °C) (the lower the better); an "often-recommended" compromise between preservation needs and human comfort is 65–70 °F (18–21 °C) (storage-only areas should be kept cooler). Temperature is the controlling factor in the

620:

causes embrittlement, fading, and yellowing. The damage is cumulative and usually irreversible. UV light (including from sunlight and fluorescent light) and visible light in the blue part of the spectrum are especially harmful to photographs, but all forms of light, including incandescent and

341:

discovered that gelatin could be a carrier for silver salts. By 1879, the gelatin dry plate had replaced the collodion wet plate. It was a revolutionary innovation in photography since it needed less light exposure, was usable when dry, meaning photographers no longer needed to pack and carry

125:

While conservation can improve the appearance of a photograph, image quality is not the primary purpose of conservation. Conservators will try to improve the visual appearance of a photograph as much as possible, while also ensuring its long-term survival and adhering the profession's ethical

574:

Both types of deterioration are caused by three main factors: environmental storage conditions, inappropriate storage enclosures and repair attempts, and human use and handling. Chemical damage can also be caused by improper chemical processing. Different types of photographic materials are

949:

Courts agree that, by its basic nature, digitization includes reproduction, an act reserved exclusively for copyright owners. Ownership of a work of art does not inherently entail a right of reproduction. Even without copyright permission, museums may copy and digitally restore images for

391:

in 1889 and refined in 1903. It is made of silver gelatin on a cellulose nitrate base. The negatives are flammable and therefore can be dangerous. Nitrate sheet film was used widely though the 1930s, while nitrate roll film was used through the 1950s. The nitrate base was replaced with

126:

standards. Photograph conservators also play a role in the field of connoisseurship. Their understanding of the physical object and its structure makes them uniquely suited to a technical examination of the photograph, which can reveal clues about how, when, and where it was made.

663:, and glues and adhesives commonly used for storage and repairs in the past can also cause chemical deterioration. Storing items too loosely, too tightly, or in enclosures that do not provide adequate physical protection can all cause physical damage such as curling and breakage. 976:, recommend that people contact a trained conservator if they have rapidly deteriorating negatives or photographs with active mold growth, staining from pressure sensitive tape, severe tears, adhesion to enclosures, and other types of damage requiring conservation treatment. 139:, which is concerned with creating and editing a digital copy of the original image rather than treating the original photographic material. Photograph preservation does not normally include moving image materials, which by their nature require a very different approach. 753:

Photographs should not be hung near light. Hanging photographs on a wall can cause damage from the exposure to direct sunlight, or to fluorescent lights. Displays of photographs should be changed periodically because most photographs will deteriorate in light over time.

691:

disintegrate into a brown, acrid powder. Because of its flammability, it must be handled with particular care. Cellulose aetate, diacetate, and triacetate film produce acetic acid, which smells like vinegar. The deterioration process is therefore known as "

698:

In addition to fading, silver-based images are prone to silver mirroring, which presents as a bluish metallic sheen on the surface of the photograph or negative and is caused by oxidation, which causes the silver to migrate to the surface of the emulsion.

783:

Work spaces should be clean and uncluttered. Clean gloves or clean, dry hands should be used whenever photographs are handled. Foods, drink, dirt, cleaning chemicals, and photocopy machines should be kept away from photo storage, exhibit, or work spaces.

414:, introduced in the late 1940s, became equally popular. There are now a variety of color processes that use different materials; most consist of dyes (cyan, magenta, and yellow, each of which have different absorption peaks) suspended in a gelatin layer. 366:

This has been the major photograph printing process since the late 1880s up to the present. Prints consist of paper coated with an emulsion of silver halide in gelatin. The surface is generally smooth; under magnification, the print appears to sparkle.

728:

Climate control equipment can be used to control temperatures and humidity. Air conditioners, dehumidifiers, and humidifiers can be helpful, but it is important to make sure they help instead of hurt (for example, air conditioning raises humidity).

703:

processes are also susceptible to fading even in the dark (known as "dark-fading"). There is little that can be done to restore faded images, and even under ideal conditions, most color photographs will not survive undamaged for more than 50 years.

770:

Air can be filtered to keep out gaseous pollutants and particulates such as nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and ozone. Air filters must be changed regularly to be effective. Air circulation should also be checked periodically.

612:

can include oxidant and aciding/sulfiding gases that cause chemical deterioration, as well as dust and particulates that can cause abrasion. Sources of indoor pollution that affect photographs include paint fumes, plywood, cardboard, and cleaning

598:

Too-high relative humidity can cause fading, discoloration and silver mirroring, and can cause binders to soften and become sticky, making photographs susceptible to physical damage. It can also cause photographs to adhere to frames and other

443:, is inferior to substantive slide films. Kodachrome's fade time under projection is about one hour, compared to Fujichrome's two and a half hours. Thus, old Kodachrome slides should be exposed to light only when copying to another medium. 466:

remaining in the gelatin will darken when exposed to light. In some prints, the black silver oxide is reduced to metallic silver with time, and the image takes on a metallic sheen as the dark areas reflect light instead of absorbing it.

289:, an adaptation of the wet collodion process, was developed by Archer and Peter W. Fry. It involved placing a dark background behind the glass so that the negative image would look positive, and was popular in America until around 1870. 284:

developed the wet collodion processes, which used a thick glass plate unevenly hand-coated with a collodion-based, light-sensitive emulsion. Collodion, which means ‘glue’ in Greek, is nitrocellulose dissolved in ether and ethanol. The

430:

to remain visibly unchanged over periods of time. Different photographic processes yield varying degrees of stability. In addition, different materials may have dark-storage stability which differs from their stability in light.

716:

Maintenance of a proper environment such as control of temperature and relative humidity (RH; a measure of how saturated the air is with moisture) is extremely important to the preservation of photographic materials.

1052:. Additionally, members of other professions (such as archivists and librarians) who deal with preservation of photographs do so in accordance with their professional organization's codes of ethics. For example, the 355:

patented platinum printing in Britain. The process rapidly spread and became a dominant method in Europe and America by 1894 since it had a visibly different color tone compared to albumen and gelatin silver prints.

758:

as exhibit. Exposure of color slides to the light in the projector should be kept to a minimum, and photographs should be stored in dark storage. The best way to preserve a photograph is to display a facsimile.

479:. A correctly processed and stored silver print or negative probably has the greatest stability of any photographic medium, as attested by the wealth of surviving historical black-and-white photographs. 895:

of 1879. These photographs have been digitized and disseminated more widely. Only the positive prints survive, owing to the widespread practice of recycling the original glass negatives to reclaim the

4732: 1276: 152:

plastic). These components affect the susceptibility of photos to damage and the preservation and conservation methods required. Photograph preservation and conservation are also concerned with the

58: 5190: 899:

content. Even when carefully preserved and kept in the dark, damage can occur through intermittent exposure to light, as shown by damage to the image of the intact bridge (at left).

1071: 800:(PAT) which is noted in suppliers’ catalogs. Paper enclosures also protects the photographs from the accumulation of moisture and detrimental gases and are relatively inexpensive. 638:

is also fostered by high temperatures and humidity. They eat paper fiber, albumen, and gelatin binders, leaving chew marks and droppings. Species likely to cause problems include

314:

In this photographic process the emulsion was painted directly onto a japanned (varnish finish) iron plate. it was much cheaper and sturdier than the Ambrotype and Daguerreotype.

5181: 4727: 845:

Since digitization is not an end itself but a tool, selection of photographs to digitize should be based on an understanding of the nature and potential use of the collection;

253:

studied it in order to reproduce his complicated math formulas and memos. Other processes that fall into this category include Kallitype, Vandyketype, and Platinum printing.

4645: 4169: 4095: 1059:

states that "Archivists protect all documentary materials for which they are responsible and guard them against defacement, physical damage, deterioration, and theft."

857:

A good digitization project requires teamwork, combining expertise on imaging, collection management, IT, conservation, descriptive methods and preservation strategies;

5262: 860:

The input of specialists in every project is essential to integrate preservation measures in the work-flow, handle fragile materials and avoid damage to the originals;

4701: 4174: 745:

Without cold storage, temperature-sensitive materials will deteriorate in a matter of a few decades; with cold storage they can remain unchanged for many centuries.

4560: 1082:

Photograph conservators can be found in museums, archives, and libraries, as well as in private practice. Conservators often have earned their master's degrees in

1698:

John H. Slate, “Not Fade Away: Understanding the Definition, Preservation and Conservation Issues of Visual Ephemera,” Collection Management 25, no. 4 (2001): 56.

967: 627:

growth is fostered by high temperatures and humidity as well as dust particles. They cause damage to the surface of photographs and help break down binder layers.

4787: 4797: 4686: 906:, which provides access to digital images and detailed descriptions of daguerreotypes, ambrotypes, tintypes, and related photographs in the collections of the 377:

Dr. W. W. J. Nicol invented and refined the Kallitype. Vandyketype, or Single Kalliitype, is the simplest type of Kalltype and creates beautiful brown images.

4722: 2056: 839:

Photographs are an essential part of our cultural heritage, which contain our past, documentary and artistic value and the history of photographic processes;

396:

in 1923. By 1937, Cellulose diacetate was used as the base, and beginning in 1947 Cellulose triacetate was used. Polyester film was introduced around 1960.

5267: 4937: 4747: 4661: 1194:

The United States, in particular, has many training or degree programs for photograph conservators offered by graduate schools and organizations such as:

4902: 4882: 4832: 4015: 1296: 1101: 659:

Cabinets made of inferior materials can give off harmful gases, while other reactive materials such as acidic paper sleeves, rubber bands, paper clips,

1023: 1398: 1182:

The International master Program in Conservation of Antique Photographs and Paper Heritage held at the EICAP Faculty of Applied arts-Helwan University

866:

Museums, archives and libraries actively involve to develop international standards for the preservation of digital collections in the long-term view.

5213: 5198: 4762: 4349: 4164: 3957: 2416: 1644: 521:

prints are the most archival color prints, at least among the wet chemical processes, and arguably among all processes. The most well-known kind of

224:

This was the dominant form of paper print until Albumen prints were introduced in 1850. Salt prints were made using both paper and glass negatives.

196:. After exposure to sunlight for a long time, the parts that were exposed to light became hard and the parts that were not could be washed off with 5236: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4932: 4792: 4681: 4676: 932:

enhance them. These algorithms can automatically detect and fix common problems such as scratches, noise, discoloration, and background blurring.

721:

stability of contemporary color photographs. For color photographs, storage at low temperatures (40 °F (4 °C) or below) is recommended.

5231: 5203: 4887: 4872: 4857: 4852: 4817: 4737: 4088: 2429: 1558: 1528: 5167: 4907: 4691: 4324: 1063: 903: 4917: 4912: 4897: 4892: 4842: 4802: 4782: 4772: 2006: 4837: 2401: 299:

Orange colored dichromate has photosensitivity when it is mixed with colloids such as gum arabic, albumen, or gelatin. Using that feature,

5218: 4947: 4942: 4822: 4812: 4767: 3952: 1427:

Paul Messier, "Preserving Your Collection of Film-Based Negatives" (Rocky Mountain Conservation Center, 1993), accessed August 12, 2011,

1344:

Unless otherwise noted, material in this section comes from the following sources: Joanna Norman, "Photographic Collections Management",

1271: 1136: 5208: 4081: 3732: 1070:(ANSI) both publish technical standards that govern the materials and procedures used in photograph preservation and conservation. The 1825:

National Park Service, "Caring for Photographs: General Guidelines", Conserve-O-Gram 14, no. 4 (June 1997), accessed August 12, 2011,

984:

There are a number of international organizations concerned with conservation of photographs along with other subjects, including the

4922: 4867: 4847: 4279: 1865: 1511: 1203: 1171: 692: 4927: 4777: 4752: 4717: 4179: 832: 4862: 4807: 4666: 2602: 2411: 17: 2380: 1213: 1208: 1000: 303:

invented the gum printing process. It gained in popularity after 1898, and again in 1960s and 1970s because of its unique look.

4827: 4742: 1019: 863:

Preservation specialists need to manage of digital assets in line with the overall preservation policy of the organization; and

695:". The negatives become very brittle and, in diacetate and triacetate film, the base shrinks, causing grooves ("channeling"). 5172: 2708: 2460: 1748:

National Library of Australia, Care and handling guidelines for digitization of Library materials, accessed August 17, 2011,

1067: 1131: 4757: 4010: 1861:

Icon, The Institute of Conservation, ‘’Care and conservation of photographic materials’’ (2006), accessed August 12, 2011,

1038:

Photograph conservators and preservation managers are guided in their work by codes of ethics and technical standards. The

2228: 1685:(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Library Department of Preservation and Conservation, 2001): 3, accessed August 12, 2001, 959: 851:

The creation of a digital image is a sophisticated activity which requires photographic expertise with ethical judgment;

821:

for use in exhibitions and by researchers, which reduces the damage caused by non-controlled environments and handling.

796:

photographs can be safely kept in paper enclosures; some can also be safely stored in some types of plastic enclosures.

571:

Physical or structural deterioration occurs when chemical reactions are not involved, and include abrasion and tearing.

4364: 3947: 3494: 2285: 1686: 1469:

International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) Core Programme Preservation and Conservation,

264: 1259: 3703: 1039: 985: 84: 54: 1047: 5094: 4384: 3670: 2257: 1291: 1083: 1030:(IPI) at Rochester Institute of Technology is one of the leaders in preservation research of images in particular. 5272: 4329: 4229: 3989: 3967: 3456: 1245:

There are also photographic conservation teaching courses available online from various providers, for instance:

848:

It's essential to define the aims, priorities, technical requirements, procedures and future use for investments;

2367: 101:

is the study of the physical care and treatment of photographic materials. It covers both efforts undertaken by

4269: 3635: 3123: 2910: 2104: 1053: 891:

An example of digitization as part of a photograph preservation strategy is the photographic collection of the

169: 130: 4610: 4540: 4497: 4249: 4209: 3544: 3476: 3229: 2756: 1332: 1146: 1106: 458:

process are stable so long as the photographic substrate is stable. Some papers may yellow with age, or the

4972: 4545: 4319: 4234: 4219: 3977: 3972: 1395: 842:

Digitizing photographs that deteriorate quickly is urgent matter to facilitate access for a large audience;

1648: 4625: 3982: 3254: 2761: 2422:

Caring for Your Photographs, The American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (AIC)

1846: 1826: 1375: 2203: 1933: 5089: 4359: 3708: 3396: 3299: 2597: 1121: 1027: 2426: 1254: 602:

Too-low relative humidity can cause physical damage including desiccation, embrittlement, and curling.

5129: 4244: 4239: 3675: 3625: 3585: 3438: 3324: 3274: 2971: 2915: 2771: 2528: 2453: 1565: 1541: 958:

Photograph conservation involves the physical treatment of individual photographs. As defined by the

352: 1166: 4394: 3881: 3471: 3204: 2996: 1537: 1491: 911: 66: 62: 46: 1414:

Diane DeCesare Ross, "An Overview of the Care of Silver-Based Photographic Prints and Negatives,"

545:

prints are now considered to have excellent stability, while others are not. Ink jet prints using

5134: 5119: 4565: 4457: 4259: 4199: 4124: 3841: 3645: 3549: 3413: 3264: 3101: 3006: 2649: 2538: 2317:

Hayes, Sandra. "Preserving History: Digital Imaging Methods of Selected Mississippi Archivists."

660: 2421: 1474: 1010:

In the United States, the national membership organization of conservation professionals is the

5226: 4630: 4487: 4452: 4204: 4134: 4062: 3901: 3876: 3680: 3665: 3600: 3580: 3486: 3408: 3239: 3163: 3158: 3133: 3061: 3051: 3001: 2991: 2925: 2888: 2816: 2791: 875: 510:

Endura have achieved excellent stability, however, and are rated for 100 years in home display.

393: 281: 153: 102: 4073: 1428: 587:

interact with one another and cause chemical and physical deterioration. High temperature and

5149: 5114: 4620: 4482: 4369: 4254: 4108: 3962: 3752: 3660: 3655: 3640: 3630: 3605: 3590: 3451: 3384: 3354: 3314: 3224: 3214: 3056: 2935: 2898: 2821: 185: 157: 3509: 1642:, Preservation Leaflets (Northeast Document Conservation Center), accessed August 12, 2011, 1394:, Preservation Leaflets (Northeast Document Conservation Center), accessed August 12, 2011, 561:

studies rather than historical experience, because the technology is still relatively young.

4590: 4535: 4447: 4274: 4051: 3650: 3620: 3615: 3610: 3595: 3249: 3173: 3143: 3096: 3041: 3031: 2956: 2781: 2728: 2446: 2080: 1074:

has published a list of ANSI standards pertaining to the care and handling of photographs.

826: 361: 338: 1862: 1508: 1097:

Among numerous programs concerned with conservation of photographs around the world are:

8: 5241: 5104: 5004: 4585: 4502: 4477: 4467: 4374: 4299: 4189: 4159: 4129: 3747: 3720: 3690: 3344: 3259: 3168: 3046: 3026: 3016: 3011: 2981: 2873: 2786: 2614: 2609: 966:

preservation of personal and family photograph collections, such as Cornell University's

892: 854:

Digital images need regular maintenance in order to keep pace with changing technologies;

817: 325: 2417:

Preservation of Photographs: Select Bibliography, Northeast Document Conservation Center

1228: 5099: 4442: 4339: 4334: 4194: 3896: 3554: 3504: 3329: 3189: 3148: 3128: 3066: 3021: 2986: 2961: 2523: 2488: 2357: 1286: 1233: 767:

Metal cabinets are preferable to wooden cabinets, which can produce harmful peroxides.

423: 1908: 835:

lists ten principles for digitization of historical photograph. Summarized, they are:

5084: 4600: 4284: 4224: 4214: 4104: 3861: 3797: 3784: 3715: 3379: 3304: 3294: 3284: 3269: 3138: 3106: 2966: 2801: 2572: 2377: 2363:

The Advanced Residency Program in Photograph Conservation at the George Eastman House

2032:"Instant Photo Fix: How AI Simplifies and Accelerates the Photo Restoration Process?" 1982: 997: 588: 558: 427: 406:

Kodak introduced color film and transparencies in 1935. The first process was called

401: 300: 272: 184:

The first person who succeeded in producing a paper negative of the camera image was

140: 118: 1957: 1687:

http://www.library.cornell.edu/preservation/brochure/Family%20Photos%20Text%2001.pdf

384: 5079: 4989: 4671: 4309: 3921: 3866: 3824: 3809: 3792: 3762: 3757: 3401: 3359: 3309: 3076: 3036: 2976: 2831: 1798: 1749: 1370:

Debbie Hess Norris, "The Proper Storage and Display of a Photographic Collection",

1281: 907: 342:

dangerous liquids, and could be standardized because it could be factory produced.

234: 5144: 4022: 2153: 1486:

Henry Wilhelm, "Monitoring the Fading and Staining of Color Photographic Prints,"

1015: 462:

matrix may yellow and crack with age. If not developed properly, small amounts of

5139: 5049: 5024: 5014: 5009: 4605: 4520: 4492: 4264: 3926: 3829: 3446: 3199: 3081: 2776: 2723: 2718: 2686: 2671: 2629: 2433: 2406: 2384: 2289: 1869: 1515: 1402: 1151: 1122:

The National School of Conservation, Restoration and Museology in Mexico (ENCRyM)

1004: 787:

For precious materials, users should be provided with duplicates, not originals.

522: 518: 451: 440: 319: 2258:

http://www.conservation-us.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page.viewpage&pageid=620

1983:"Enhancement of old images and documents by digital image processing techniques" 5124: 5109: 5044: 4994: 4615: 4530: 4304: 4149: 3698: 3524: 3466: 3234: 2920: 2826: 2811: 2806: 2701: 2513: 2503: 2493: 1087: 476: 347: 211: 193: 553:

mixtures are now common in photography, and often claim stability on par with

5256: 5054: 4984: 4550: 4404: 4314: 3851: 3819: 3804: 3769: 3529: 3374: 3339: 2930: 2903: 2883: 2851: 2796: 2031: 1127:

Royal Institute for the Study and Conservation of Belgium's Artistic Heritage

990:

International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (IIC)

463: 455: 388: 258: 250: 205: 192:(an asphaltic varnish that hardens with exposure to light) and put them in a 3289: 2282: 5064: 5019: 4595: 4555: 4027: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3856: 3742: 3737: 3391: 3116: 3086: 2868: 2863: 2846: 2691: 2518: 2508: 2498: 2427:

A Consumer Guide to Digital and Print Stability, Image Permanence Institute

2396: 2372: 2358:

The Photographic Materials Group of the American Institute for Conservation

1895: 1191:

works internationally to advance conservation practice in the visual arts.

495: 491: 294: 197: 2252:

American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (AIC),

1333:

http://www.conservation-us.org/_data/n_0001/resources/live/photographs.pdf

1327:

American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works (AIC),

1277:

Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera

4999: 4635: 4580: 4525: 4472: 4432: 4289: 4139: 4032: 3891: 3886: 3814: 3727: 3564: 3539: 3369: 3364: 3349: 3209: 3091: 3071: 2940: 2841: 2733: 2696: 2666: 2619: 2587: 2582: 2548: 2469: 1091: 685: 575:

particularly susceptible to different types and causes of deterioration.

554: 499: 487: 249:

This process forms blue-colored images through a reaction to iron salts.

179: 1396:

http://www.nedcc.org/resources/leaflets/5Photographs/02TypesOfPhotos.php

1218: 1012:

American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic works (AIC)

5059: 5039: 4570: 4437: 4427: 4379: 4184: 3534: 3514: 3428: 3418: 3279: 3244: 3219: 3153: 2893: 2878: 2858: 2740: 2676: 2592: 2543: 2412:

The Care and Preservation of Photographic Prints, The Henry Ford Museum

994:

International Council of Museums - Committee for Conservation (ICOM-CC)

643: 530: 526: 503: 411: 407: 219: 2007:"AI can now restore your corrupted photos to their original condition" 1847:

https://www.archives.gov/preservation/storage/cold-storage-photos.html

1827:

http://www.nps.gov/history/museum/publications/conserveogram/14-04.pdf

1376:

http://cool.conservation-us.org/coolaic/sg/bpg/annual/v02/bp02-08.html

1026:(CCAHA) also play an important role in the field of conservation. The 5069: 4422: 3931: 3871: 3499: 3461: 3423: 3319: 2681: 2644: 2639: 2624: 2577: 2565: 1188: 825:

digitized. Born-digital photographs also require preservation, using

639: 372: 333: 286: 276: 243: 110: 106: 2129: 238:

sharp because they were printed on fibrous paper rather than glass.

5074: 5034: 5029: 4575: 4399: 3519: 3334: 2836: 2766: 2634: 2560: 2555: 2314:

Kodak Publication No. F-40. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co., 1985.

2178: 1249: 229: 65:

external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into

2335:

Kodak Publication No. G2S. Rochester, NY: Eastman Kodak Co., 1986.

1011: 883: 27:

Study of the physical care and treatment of photographic materials

4462: 4144: 3559: 2713: 2659: 1181: 1072:

International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions

989: 550: 542: 459: 328:

made the first color photo by mixing red, green, and blue light.

308: 189: 114: 2307:

Amsterdam: European Commission on Preservation and Access, 2003.

1492:

http://cool.conservation-us.org/jaic/articles/jaic21-01-003.html

4354: 4344: 4103: 3111: 2533: 2483: 2407:

Care, Handling, and Storage of Photographs, Library of Congress

896: 472: 468: 160:

are made. Most negatives are either glass plate or film-based.

2438: 1890:

SEPIA (Safeguarding European Photographic Images for Access),

1739:

Messier, "Preserving Your Collection of Film-Based Negatives".

1645:"Northeast Document Conservation Center — Care of Photographs" 1473:, (1992, revised and updated 2002), accessed August 12, 2011, 1471:

Care, Handling and Storage of Photographs: Information Leaflet

4389: 4294: 3774: 3194: 2654: 2229:"Case Review: Rock'n'Roll, Museums, and Copyright Law (2020)" 1475:

https://www.loc.gov/preservation/resources/care/photolea.html

507: 2333:

Care and Identification of 19th Century Photographic Prints.

1773:

Wilhelm, "Fading and Staining of Color Photographic Prints."

1141: 833:

Safeguarding European Photographic Images for Access (SEPIA)

808:

stored together. Boxes and files should not be overcrowded.

711: 4170:

Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property

4154: 1672:

Ross, "Silver-Based Photographic Prints and Negatives," 40.

1429:

http://cool.conservation-us.org/byauth/messier/negrmcc.html

1223: 1156: 1116: 2362: 1559:"The Permanence and Care of Color Photographs (Chapter 6)" 1507:(Dearborn, MI: The Henry Ford), accessed August 12, 2011, 1199:

Conservation Center for Art and Historic Artifacts (CCAHA)

993: 672:

includes abrasion, scratches, tears, breakage, and cracks.

4175:

Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property

2338:

Ritzenthaler, Mary Lynn and Diane Voght-O'Connor, et al.

2081:"Basic Principles of Archiving Photographs and Documents" 1161: 1126: 546: 4561:

Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment

1892:

Preservation issues in digitizing historical photographs

1198: 5209:

Conservation-restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes

1863:

http://www.conservationregister.com/carephotographs.asp

1530:

The Permanence and Care of Color Photographs (Chapter5)

1509:

http://www.thehenryford.org/research/caring/prints.aspx

1239:

Smithsonian Center for Materials Research and Education

1176: 2368:

Notes on Photographs, a Wiki from George Eastman House

2130:"Conservation of Historical Nitrate Based Photographs" 1111: 686:

Examples of threats to specific photographic materials

2324:

Norris, Debra Hess, and Jennifer Jae Gutierrez, eds.

1238: 656:

Inappropriate storage containers and repair attempts

565: 1297:

Conservation and restoration of photographic plates

1152:

Staatlichen Akademie der Bildenden Künste Stuttgart

902:An example of a larger digitization project is the 1488:Journal of the American Institute for Conservation 1352:(Minneapolis/St. Paul: West Pub. Co., 1993); 임양환, 1142:Hochschule für Technik und Wirtschaft Berlin (HTW) 1024:Conservation Center for Art and Historic Artifacts 117:who manage photograph collections at a variety of 5263:Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage 5214:Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty 4350:Mold control and prevention (library and archive) 4165:Conservation and restoration of cultural property 1958:"Raster Graphics Editor Software: 6 Best in 2023" 1346:Journal of Educational Media and Library Sciences 1229:Campbell Center for Historic Preservation Studies 1172:Studio Art Centers International, Florence (SACI) 49:may not follow Knowledge's policies or guidelines 5254: 5237:Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies 5227:Conservation response to flood of Arno, Florence 5191:Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's 2328:Los Angeles: Getty Conservation Institute, 2010. 2268:Hamill, Preserving Your Family Photographs, 7-8. 1843:Cold Storage Handling Guidelines for Photographs 1799:https://www.loc.gov/preservation/care/photo.html 1750:http://www.nla.gov.au/digital/care_handling.html 1505:The Care and Preservation of Photographic Prints 811: 5232:Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative 5204:Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin 2342:Chicago: Society of American Archivistis, 2006. 2179:"A legal primer on managing museum collections" 1634: 1632: 1630: 1628: 1626: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1177:Royal College of Art/Victoria and Albert Museum 5168:Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum 4325:Integrated pest management (cultural property) 1764:Norman, "Photographic Collections Management". 1604: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1588: 1586: 1386: 1384: 1204:Northeast Document Conservation Center (NEDCC) 1064:International Organization for Standardization 422:Photograph stability refers to the ability of 129:Photograph preservation is distinguished from 4089: 2454: 2057:"Preservation and Selection for Digitization" 1760: 1758: 1735: 1733: 1719: 1717: 1707:James L. Bagget, "Handle With Care: Photos", 1668: 1666: 1086:, though many have also been trained through 979: 2378:ICOM-CC Photographic Materials Working Group 1490:21, no. 1 (1981), accessed August 12, 2011, 1250:Conserve Photography online teaching courses 5268:Preservation (library and archival science) 4006:Conservation and restoration of photographs 1583: 1381: 1272:Preservation (library and archival science) 1219:Institute of Fine Arts, New York University 557:prints. However, these claims are based on 99:conservation and restoration of photographs 4733:Books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera 4096: 4082: 3733:Comparison of digital and film photography 2461: 2447: 2340:Photographs: Archival Care and Management. 2326:Issues in the Conservation of Photographs. 1755: 1730: 1714: 1663: 1564:. Wilhelm Imaging Research. Archived from 1255:Citaliarestauro.com online teaching course 953: 926: 790: 706: 4280:Disaster preparedness (cultural property) 3958:Photographs considered the most important 2283:http://www2.archivists.org/code-of-ethics 1837: 1835: 1077: 1007:is a specialty group within the ICOM-CC. 712:Temperature and relative humidity control 490:dye color processes include Type "R" and 146: 85:Learn how and when to remove this message 4180:Conservation science (cultural property) 2176: 1896:http://www.ica.org/?lid=5668&bid=744 1795:Caring for Your Photographic Collections 1366: 1364: 1362: 1348:39, no. 4 (2002): 365-69; Bruce Warren, 950:preservation or informational purposes. 882: 874: 578: 2402:Preservation and Archives Professionals 2254:Definitions of Conservation Terminology 1857: 1855: 1551: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1459: 1457: 417: 311:(also called Ferrotype and Melainotype) 210:The daguerreotype process (named after 14: 5255: 2158:greatlibraryexpectations.wordpress.com 2127: 1881:Bagget, “Handle With Care: Photos,” 5. 1832: 1821: 1819: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1807: 1789: 1787: 1785: 1783: 1781: 1779: 1455: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1437: 1033: 1020:Northeast Document Conservation Center 917: 143:concerns itself with these materials. 4077: 2442: 1359: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1313: 1311: 1157:Swiss Conservation-Restoration Campus 1112:The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts 1068:American National Standards Institute 1852: 1374:2 (1983), accessed August 12, 2011, 1107:University of Melbourne in Australia 761: 29: 3953:Museums devoted to one photographer 1804: 1776: 1638:Gary Albright and Monique Fischer, 1434: 1390:Gary Albright and Monique Fischer, 1234:Northern States Conservation Center 960:American Institute for Conservation 944: 935: 774: 24: 4365:Preservation (library and archive) 3495:Timeline of photography technology 2303:Clark, Susie, and Franziska Frey. 2297: 2281:(2005), accessed August 12, 2011, 1934:"How does photo restoration work?" 1909:"DIGITAL AND PHOTOGRAPHY SERVICES" 1894:(200 ), accessed August 12, 2011, 1845:(1991), accessed August 12, 2011, 1725:Preserving Your Family Photographs 1683:Preserving Your Family Photographs 1308: 1189:Getty Conservation Institute (GCI) 1016:Photographic Materials Group (PMG) 998:Photographic Records Working Group 969:Preserving Your Family Photographs 879:Original Tay Bridge from the north 494:(also known as "type C prints"), 25: 5284: 2397:Basics of Photograph Preservation 2346: 2321:65, no. 4 (Winter 2001): 101–102. 1090:. They often have backgrounds in 1040:International Council on Archives 986:International Council on Archives 566:Types and causes of deterioration 454:negatives and prints made by the 5219:Conservation-restoration of the 5095:Indigenous intellectual property 4056: 4046: 4045: 2351: 1292:Conservation (cultural heritage) 887:Fallen Tay Bridge from the north 748: 650: 34: 4330:Inventory (library and archive) 4230:Cultural property documentation 4057: 2468: 2271: 2262: 2246: 2221: 2196: 2170: 2146: 2121: 2097: 2073: 2049: 2024: 1999: 1975: 1950: 1926: 1901: 1884: 1875: 1767: 1742: 1701: 1692: 1675: 1521: 1132:Institut national du patrimoine 1117:Canadian Conservation Institute 732: 348:Platinum printing (Platinotype) 188:. He coated pewter plates with 4728:Bone, horn, and antler objects 4270:Digital photograph restoration 2373:The Image Permanence Institute 1497: 1480: 1421: 1408: 1338: 1054:Society of American Archivists 246:(Ferro-plusiate, Blue process) 170:List of photographic processes 13: 1: 4913:South Asian household shrines 4611:Reconstruction (architecture) 4541:Cultural property radiography 4498:Registrar (cultural property) 4250:Cultural resources management 4210:Collections management system 3545:Painted photography backdrops 3477:Golden triangle (composition) 2757:35 mm equivalent focal length 2279:Code of Ethics for Archivists 1540:. p. 164. Archived from 1094:, chemistry, or photography. 812:Reproduction and digitization 265:Louis Désiré Blanquart-Evrard 5182:Conservation-restoration of 5173:Conservation-restoration of 4546:Detachment of wall paintings 4320:Intangible cultural heritage 4235:Cultural property exhibition 4220:Cultural heritage management 2312:Conservation of Photographs. 2256:, accessed August 12, 2011, 2154:"Great Library Expectations" 1797:, accessed August 12, 2011, 1418:65, no. 2 (Summer 2001): 42. 1354:(검프린트에서 디지털 네거티브까지)특수사진 인화기법 1331:, accessed August 12, 2011, 1260:NEDCC online teaching course 677:Improper chemical processing 263:This process, introduced by 212:Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre 7: 4626:Transfer of panel paintings 3255:Intentional camera movement 1265: 870: 163: 10: 5289: 5090:Heritage language learning 4360:Optical media preservation 3948:Most expensive photographs 3300:Multi-exposure HDR capture 2204:"Art Copyright, Explained" 2085:archivehistory.jeksite.org 1162:Hochschule der Künste Bern 1028:Image Permanence Institute 980:Professional organizations 167: 5158: 5130:Oral history preservation 4971: 4700: 4644: 4511: 4413: 4245:Cultural property storage 4240:Cultural property imaging 4115: 4041: 3998: 3940: 3840: 3783: 3689: 3573: 3485: 3437: 3182: 2949: 2749: 2476: 2390: 1372:The Book and Paper Annual 1329:Caring for Your Treasures 974:Caring for Your Treasures 904:Cased Photographs Project 5177:by Elías García Martínez 4395:Sustainable preservation 3882:Digital image processing 2177:Williams, S. L. (1999). 2105:"Digitizing Collections" 1538:Wilhelm Imaging Research 1302: 912:California State Library 818:born-digital photographs 585:Temperature and humidity 320:RGB additive color model 235:William Henry Fox Talbot 5135:Preservation of meaning 5120:Language revitalization 4788:Illuminated manuscripts 4566:Historic paint analysis 4458:Conservation technician 4260:Deaccessioning (museum) 4200:Collections maintenance 4125:Agents of deterioration 3990:Photography periodicals 3550:Photography and the law 1102:University of Amsterdam 1049:Guidelines for Practice 954:Conservation treatments 927:Artificial intelligence 791:Storage systems control 707:Preservation strategies 661:pressure sensitive tape 621:tungsten, are damaging. 186:Joseph Nicephore Niepce 103:photograph conservators 18:Photograph conservation 5273:Science of photography 5145:Tradition preservation 4798:Iron and steel objects 4687:Outdoor bronze objects 4631:UVC-based preservation 4488:Photograph conservator 4453:Conservation scientist 4205:Collections management 4135:Archaeological science 3902:Gelatin silver process 2926:Science of photography 2911:Photographic processes 2889:Perspective distortion 2319:Mississippi Archivists 1913:endangeredheritage.com 1224:University of Delaware 1078:Education and training 888: 880: 681:type of deterioration. 385:Cellulose nitrate film 282:Frederick Scott Archer 147:Photographic processes 5150:Traditional knowledge 5115:Language preservation 4723:Ancient Greek pottery 4621:Textile stabilization 4483:Paintings conservator 4370:Preservation metadata 4255:Database preservation 4109:historic preservation 3355:Schlieren photography 2899:Photographic printing 2822:Exposure compensation 2128:Elshabrawy, Ahmed M. 1793:Library of Congress, 1709:The Alabama Librarian 1416:Mississippi Libraries 1214:Buffalo State College 886: 878: 579:Environmental factors 498:color negatives. and 273:Wet collodion process 4938:Time-based media art 4748:Copper-based objects 4662:Archaeological sites 4591:Mass deacidification 4536:Cradling (paintings) 4448:Conservator-restorer 4275:Digital preservation 3144:Straight photography 2782:Chromatic aberration 2305:Care of Photographs. 2011:www.311institute.com 1987:www.researchgate.net 1711:54, no. 1 (2004): 5. 1571:on December 30, 2006 1392:Types of Photographs 1209:George Eastman House 827:digital preservation 475:in the air and form 471:can also react with 418:Photograph stability 381:1889: Film negatives 362:Gelatin silver print 156:from which most old 55:improve this article 5242:World Heritage Site 5105:Indigenous language 5005:Endangered language 4903:Shipwreck artifacts 4883:Photographic plates 4833:Musical instruments 4586:Lining of paintings 4503:Textile conservator 4478:Objects conservator 4468:Exhibition designer 4375:Preservation survey 4300:Found in collection 4190:Collection (museum) 4160:Calendar (archives) 4130:Archival processing 4016:photographic plates 3691:Digital photography 2874:Hyperfocal distance 2787:Circle of confusion 1640:Care of Photographs 1356:(서울: 타임스페이스, 2005). 1147:Fachhochschule Köln 1034:Codes and standards 918:Digital restoration 893:Tay Bridge disaster 326:James Clerk Maxwell 158:photographic prints 136:optical restoration 67:footnote references 5100:Indigenous culture 4443:Collection manager 4340:Media preservation 4335:Inventory (museum) 4195:Collection catalog 3510:Autochrome Lumière 3505:Analog photography 3330:Pigeon photography 3124:Social documentary 2603:discontinued films 2432:2010-12-28 at the 2383:2007-09-27 at the 2288:2011-08-07 at the 1938:pixelsphotoart.com 1868:2010-12-04 at the 1514:2014-07-26 at the 1401:2012-11-23 at the 1287:Media preservation 1137:Université Paris 1 1003:2007-09-27 at the 889: 881: 324:Applied physician 5250: 5249: 5199:Pompeian frescoes 5085:Heritage language 4975:cultural heritage 4763:Flags and banners 4708:cultural property 4672:Heritage railways 4652:cultural property 4601:Paleo-inspiration 4285:Film preservation 4225:Cultural property 4215:Cultural heritage 4105:Cultural heritage 4071: 4070: 3862:Collodion process 3798:Chromogenic print 3785:Color photography 3295:Multiple exposure 3270:Lo-fi photography 2802:Color temperature 2310:Eaton, George T. 2109:siarchives.si.edu 1964:. 25 January 2021 1962:windowsreport.com 1841:Sarah S. Wagner, 762:Pollution control 589:relative humidity 559:accelerated aging 402:Color photographs 394:cellulose acetate 387:was developed by 339:Richard L. Maddox 334:Gelatin dry plate 301:Alphonse Poitevin 141:Film preservation 119:cultural heritage 95: 94: 87: 16:(Redirected from 5280: 5186:by Thomas Eakins 5184:The Gross Clinic 5080:Folklore studies 4990:Applied folklore 4963:Wooden furniture 4958:Wooden artifacts 4953:Woodblock prints 4933:Tibetan thangkas 4793:Insect specimens 4682:Outdoor artworks 4677:Historic gardens 4310:Heritage science 4098: 4091: 4084: 4075: 4074: 4060: 4059: 4049: 4048: 3922:Print permanence 3867:Cross processing 3825:CMYK color model 3810:Color management 3763:Foveon X3 sensor 3758:Three-CCD camera 3402:Miniature faking 3360:Sabattier effect 2977:Astrophotography 2832:Zebra patterning 2463: 2456: 2449: 2440: 2439: 2292: 2275: 2269: 2266: 2260: 2250: 2244: 2243: 2241: 2240: 2225: 2219: 2218: 2216: 2215: 2200: 2194: 2193: 2191: 2190: 2183:www.academia.edu 2174: 2168: 2167: 2165: 2164: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2141: 2140: 2134:www.academia.edu 2125: 2119: 2118: 2116: 2115: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2092: 2091: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2068: 2067: 2053: 2047: 2046: 2044: 2043: 2028: 2022: 2021: 2019: 2018: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1994: 1993: 1979: 1973: 1972: 1970: 1969: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1945: 1944: 1930: 1924: 1923: 1921: 1920: 1905: 1899: 1888: 1882: 1879: 1873: 1859: 1850: 1839: 1830: 1823: 1802: 1791: 1774: 1771: 1765: 1762: 1753: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1728: 1721: 1712: 1705: 1699: 1696: 1690: 1681:Michele Hamill, 1679: 1673: 1670: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1656: 1647:. Archived from 1636: 1581: 1580: 1578: 1576: 1570: 1563: 1555: 1549: 1548: 1546: 1535: 1525: 1519: 1501: 1495: 1484: 1478: 1467: 1432: 1425: 1419: 1412: 1406: 1388: 1379: 1368: 1357: 1342: 1336: 1325: 1282:Collections care 1167:Fratelli Alinari 1084:art conservation 1022:(NEDCC) and the 945:Permissible uses 936:Handling methods 908:Bancroft Library 775:Handling control 693:vinegar syndrome 668:Handling and use 630:The presence of 502:color reversal ( 90: 83: 79: 76: 70: 38: 37: 30: 21: 5288: 5287: 5283: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5253: 5252: 5251: 5246: 5193:The Last Supper 5160: 5154: 5140:Primitive music 5050:Folk instrument 5025:Family folklore 5015:Ethnomusicology 5010:Ethnochoreology 4977: 4974: 4967: 4888:Plastic objects 4873:Performance art 4858:Panel paintings 4853:Painting frames 4818:Leather objects 4738:Ceramic objects 4710: 4707: 4705: 4704:and restoration 4703: 4696: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4648:and restoration 4647: 4640: 4606:Paper splitting 4521:Aging (artwork) 4513: 4507: 4493:Preservationist 4415: 4409: 4265:Digital library 4117: 4111: 4102: 4072: 4067: 4037: 3994: 3936: 3927:Push processing 3843: 3836: 3830:RGB color model 3779: 3685: 3569: 3481: 3447:Diagonal method 3433: 3178: 3082:Photojournalism 2945: 2777:Black-and-white 2745: 2724:Slide projector 2719:Movie projector 2598:available films 2472: 2467: 2434:Wayback Machine 2393: 2385:Wayback Machine 2354: 2349: 2331:Reilly, James. 2300: 2298:Further reading 2295: 2290:Wayback Machine 2276: 2272: 2267: 2263: 2251: 2247: 2238: 2236: 2235:. 19 March 2021 2227: 2226: 2222: 2213: 2211: 2210:. 4 August 2016 2202: 2201: 2197: 2188: 2186: 2175: 2171: 2162: 2160: 2152: 2151: 2147: 2138: 2136: 2126: 2122: 2113: 2111: 2103: 2102: 2098: 2089: 2087: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2065: 2063: 2055: 2054: 2050: 2041: 2039: 2036:editorialge.com 2030: 2029: 2025: 2016: 2014: 2013:. 26 April 2018 2005: 2004: 2000: 1991: 1989: 1981: 1980: 1976: 1967: 1965: 1956: 1955: 1951: 1942: 1940: 1932: 1931: 1927: 1918: 1916: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1889: 1885: 1880: 1876: 1870:Wayback Machine 1860: 1853: 1840: 1833: 1824: 1805: 1792: 1777: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1756: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1731: 1722: 1715: 1706: 1702: 1697: 1693: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1664: 1654: 1652: 1643: 1637: 1584: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1561: 1557: 1556: 1552: 1544: 1533: 1527: 1526: 1522: 1516:Wayback Machine 1502: 1498: 1485: 1481: 1468: 1435: 1426: 1422: 1413: 1409: 1403:Wayback Machine 1389: 1382: 1369: 1360: 1343: 1339: 1326: 1309: 1305: 1268: 1080: 1036: 1005:Wayback Machine 982: 956: 947: 938: 929: 920: 873: 814: 793: 777: 764: 751: 735: 714: 709: 688: 653: 581: 568: 529:, now known as 523:dye destruction 519:Dye destruction 515:Dye destruction 452:Black-and-white 420: 405: 383: 376: 365: 351: 337: 323: 313: 298: 280: 262: 248: 233: 223: 209: 183: 172: 166: 149: 91: 80: 74: 71: 52: 43:This article's 39: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5286: 5276: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5188: 5179: 5170: 5164: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5153: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5125:Living history 5122: 5117: 5112: 5110:Language death 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5045:Folk etymology 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4995:Dance notation 4992: 4987: 4981: 4979: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4908:Silver objects 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4714: 4712: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4694: 4692:Outdoor murals 4689: 4684: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4658: 4656: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4616:Rissverklebung 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4531:Arrested decay 4528: 4523: 4517: 4515: 4514:and techniques 4509: 4508: 4506: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4430: 4425: 4419: 4417: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4317: 4312: 4307: 4305:Heritage asset 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4150:Bioarchaeology 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4121: 4119: 4113: 4112: 4101: 4100: 4093: 4086: 4078: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4065: 4054: 4042: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4019: 4018: 4013: 4002: 4000: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3992: 3987: 3986: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3960: 3955: 3950: 3944: 3942: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3919: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3848: 3846: 3838: 3837: 3835: 3834: 3833: 3832: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3807: 3802: 3801: 3800: 3789: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3777: 3772: 3767: 3766: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3718: 3713: 3712: 3711: 3699:Digital camera 3695: 3693: 3687: 3686: 3684: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3577: 3575: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3567: 3562: 3557: 3552: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3525:Camera obscura 3522: 3517: 3512: 3507: 3502: 3497: 3491: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3480: 3479: 3474: 3469: 3467:Rule of thirds 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3443: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3405: 3404: 3394: 3389: 3388: 3387: 3377: 3372: 3367: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3337: 3332: 3327: 3322: 3317: 3312: 3307: 3302: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3282: 3277: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3235:Harris shutter 3232: 3230:Hand-colouring 3227: 3222: 3217: 3212: 3207: 3202: 3197: 3192: 3186: 3184: 3180: 3179: 3177: 3176: 3171: 3166: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3120: 3119: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2953: 2951: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2943: 2938: 2933: 2928: 2923: 2921:Red-eye effect 2918: 2913: 2908: 2907: 2906: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2855: 2854: 2849: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2827:Exposure value 2824: 2819: 2814: 2812:Depth of focus 2809: 2807:Depth of field 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2743: 2738: 2737: 2736: 2726: 2721: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2705: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2664: 2663: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2622: 2612: 2607: 2606: 2605: 2600: 2595: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2570: 2569: 2568: 2563: 2553: 2552: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2480: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2466: 2465: 2458: 2451: 2443: 2437: 2436: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2387: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2347:External links 2345: 2344: 2343: 2336: 2329: 2322: 2315: 2308: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2293: 2270: 2261: 2245: 2220: 2195: 2185:. p. 1375 2169: 2145: 2120: 2096: 2072: 2048: 2038:. 26 July 2023 2023: 1998: 1974: 1949: 1925: 1900: 1883: 1874: 1851: 1831: 1803: 1775: 1766: 1754: 1741: 1729: 1713: 1700: 1691: 1674: 1662: 1582: 1550: 1547:on 2006-12-30. 1520: 1496: 1479: 1433: 1420: 1407: 1380: 1358: 1337: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1300: 1299: 1294: 1289: 1284: 1279: 1274: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1243: 1242: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1185: 1184: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1164: 1159: 1154: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1088:apprenticeship 1079: 1076: 1057:Code of Ethics 1044:Code of Ethics 1035: 1032: 981: 978: 972:and the AIC's 955: 952: 946: 943: 937: 934: 928: 925: 919: 916: 872: 869: 868: 867: 864: 861: 858: 855: 852: 849: 846: 843: 840: 813: 810: 792: 789: 776: 773: 763: 760: 750: 747: 734: 731: 713: 710: 708: 705: 687: 684: 683: 682: 678: 674: 673: 669: 665: 664: 657: 652: 649: 648: 647: 628: 622: 614: 606: 605: 604: 603: 600: 593: 592: 580: 577: 567: 564: 563: 562: 539: 535: 534: 516: 512: 511: 485: 481: 480: 477:silver sulfide 449: 445: 444: 436: 419: 416: 353:William Willis 194:Camera Obscura 168:Main article: 165: 162: 148: 145: 93: 92: 47:external links 42: 40: 33: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5285: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5243: 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5222: 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5194: 5189: 5187: 5185: 5180: 5178: 5176: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5157: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5055:Folk medicine 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4985:Ancient music 4983: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4970: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4918:Stained glass 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4898:Road vehicles 4896: 4894: 4893:Rail vehicles 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4843:New media art 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4803:Ivory objects 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4783:Human remains 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4773:Glass objects 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4699: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4657: 4653: 4650:of immovable 4643: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4551:Desmet method 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4501: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4420: 4418: 4416:and expertise 4412: 4406: 4405:Web archiving 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4316: 4315:Inherent vice 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4122: 4120: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4099: 4094: 4092: 4087: 4085: 4080: 4079: 4076: 4064: 4055: 4053: 4044: 4043: 4040: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4008: 4007: 4004: 4003: 4001: 3997: 3991: 3988: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3965: 3964: 3963:Photographers 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3852:Bleach bypass 3850: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3839: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3820:primary color 3818: 3816: 3813: 3812: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3805:Reversal film 3803: 3799: 3796: 3795: 3794: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3782: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3770:Image sharing 3768: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3745: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3705: 3702: 3701: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3671:United States 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3572: 3566: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3530:Daguerreotype 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3484: 3478: 3475: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3386: 3383: 3382: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3375:Stopping down 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3340:Rephotography 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3293: 3291: 3288: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3276: 3275:Long-exposure 3273: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3241: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3231: 3228: 3226: 3223: 3221: 3218: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3206: 3203: 3201: 3198: 3196: 3193: 3191: 3188: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3175: 3172: 3170: 3167: 3165: 3162: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3125: 3122: 3118: 3115: 3114: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3040: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2972:Architectural 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2932: 2931:Shutter speed 2929: 2927: 2924: 2922: 2919: 2917: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2905: 2902: 2901: 2900: 2897: 2895: 2892: 2890: 2887: 2885: 2884:Metering mode 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2797:Color balance 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2762:Angle of view 2760: 2758: 2755: 2754: 2752: 2748: 2742: 2739: 2735: 2732: 2731: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2722: 2720: 2717: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2709:Manufacturers 2707: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2626: 2623: 2621: 2618: 2617: 2616: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2604: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2575: 2574: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2558: 2557: 2554: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2486: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2464: 2459: 2457: 2452: 2450: 2445: 2444: 2441: 2435: 2431: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2352:Organizations 2341: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2320: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2306: 2302: 2301: 2291: 2287: 2284: 2280: 2274: 2265: 2259: 2255: 2249: 2234: 2233:itsartlaw.org 2230: 2224: 2209: 2208:www.artsy.net 2205: 2199: 2184: 2180: 2173: 2159: 2155: 2149: 2135: 2131: 2124: 2110: 2106: 2100: 2086: 2082: 2076: 2062: 2061:www.nedcc.org 2058: 2052: 2037: 2033: 2027: 2012: 2008: 2002: 1988: 1984: 1978: 1963: 1959: 1953: 1939: 1935: 1929: 1915:. 3 July 2023 1914: 1910: 1904: 1897: 1893: 1887: 1878: 1871: 1867: 1864: 1858: 1856: 1848: 1844: 1838: 1836: 1828: 1822: 1820: 1818: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1800: 1796: 1790: 1788: 1786: 1784: 1782: 1780: 1770: 1761: 1759: 1751: 1745: 1736: 1734: 1726: 1720: 1718: 1710: 1704: 1695: 1688: 1684: 1678: 1669: 1667: 1651:on 2008-04-15 1650: 1646: 1641: 1635: 1633: 1631: 1629: 1627: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1595: 1593: 1591: 1589: 1587: 1567: 1560: 1554: 1543: 1539: 1532: 1531: 1524: 1517: 1513: 1510: 1506: 1500: 1493: 1489: 1483: 1476: 1472: 1466: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1430: 1424: 1417: 1411: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1393: 1387: 1385: 1377: 1373: 1367: 1365: 1363: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1341: 1334: 1330: 1324: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1307: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1261: 1258: 1256: 1253: 1251: 1248: 1247: 1246: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187:In addition, 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1160: 1158: 1155: 1153: 1150: 1148: 1145: 1143: 1140: 1138: 1135: 1133: 1130: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1051: 1050: 1045: 1041: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1018:belongs. The 1017: 1014:to which the 1013: 1008: 1006: 1002: 999: 995: 991: 987: 977: 975: 971: 970: 963: 961: 951: 942: 933: 924: 915: 913: 909: 905: 900: 898: 894: 885: 877: 865: 862: 859: 856: 853: 850: 847: 844: 841: 838: 837: 836: 834: 830: 828: 822: 819: 809: 805: 801: 797: 788: 785: 781: 772: 768: 759: 755: 749:Light control 746: 743: 739: 730: 726: 725:damage them. 722: 718: 704: 700: 696: 694: 679: 676: 675: 670: 667: 666: 662: 658: 655: 654: 651:Other factors 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 626: 623: 619: 615: 611: 608: 607: 601: 597: 596: 595: 594: 590: 586: 583: 582: 576: 572: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 537: 536: 532: 528: 525:print is the 524: 520: 517: 514: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 486: 483: 482: 478: 474: 470: 465: 464:silver halide 461: 457: 456:silver halide 453: 450: 448:Silver halide 447: 446: 442: 437: 434: 433: 432: 429: 425: 415: 413: 409: 404: 403: 397: 395: 390: 389:Eastman Kodak 386: 382: 378: 375: 374: 368: 364: 363: 357: 354: 350: 349: 343: 340: 336: 335: 329: 327: 322: 321: 315: 312: 310: 304: 302: 297: 296: 290: 288: 283: 279: 278: 274: 268: 266: 261: 260: 259:Albumen print 254: 252: 251:John Herschel 247: 245: 239: 236: 232: 231: 225: 222: 221: 215: 213: 208: 207: 206:Daguerreotype 201: 199: 195: 191: 187: 182: 181: 175: 171: 161: 159: 155: 144: 142: 138: 137: 133: 127: 123: 120: 116: 113:, and museum 112: 108: 104: 100: 89: 86: 78: 68: 64: 63:inappropriate 60: 56: 50: 48: 41: 32: 31: 19: 5220: 5192: 5183: 5174: 5065:Folk process 5020:Ethnopoetics 4978:preservation 4877: 4838:Neon objects 4711:by item type 4702:Conservation 4655:by item type 4646:Conservation 4596:Overpainting 4556:Display case 4385:Repatriation 4028:Polaroid art 4005: 3917:K-14 process 3912:Instant film 3907:Gum printing 3857:C-41 process 3842:Photographic 3743:Image sensor 3738:Film scanner 3392:Sun printing 3325:Print toning 3117:space selfie 3087:Pictorialism 3017:Ethnographic 2997:Conservation 2869:Guide number 2864:Focal length 2339: 2332: 2325: 2318: 2311: 2304: 2278: 2273: 2264: 2253: 2248: 2237:. Retrieved 2232: 2223: 2212:. Retrieved 2207: 2198: 2187:. Retrieved 2182: 2172: 2161:. Retrieved 2157: 2148: 2137:. Retrieved 2133: 2123: 2112:. Retrieved 2108: 2099: 2088:. Retrieved 2084: 2075: 2064:. Retrieved 2060: 2051: 2040:. Retrieved 2035: 2026: 2015:. Retrieved 2010: 2001: 1990:. Retrieved 1986: 1977: 1966:. Retrieved 1961: 1952: 1941:. Retrieved 1937: 1928: 1917:. Retrieved 1912: 1903: 1891: 1886: 1877: 1842: 1794: 1769: 1744: 1724: 1708: 1703: 1694: 1682: 1677: 1653:. Retrieved 1649:the original 1639: 1575:December 27, 1573:. Retrieved 1566:the original 1553: 1542:the original 1529: 1523: 1504: 1503:Mary Fahey, 1499: 1487: 1482: 1470: 1423: 1415: 1410: 1391: 1371: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1328: 1244: 1193: 1186: 1096: 1081: 1061: 1056: 1048: 1043: 1042:publishes a 1037: 1009: 983: 973: 968: 964: 957: 948: 939: 930: 921: 901: 890: 831: 829:techniques. 823: 815: 806: 802: 798: 794: 786: 782: 778: 769: 765: 756: 752: 744: 740: 736: 733:Cold storage 727: 723: 719: 715: 701: 697: 689: 635: 631: 624: 617: 616:Exposure to 609: 584: 573: 569: 496:process C-41 492:process RA-4 421: 399: 398: 380: 379: 370: 369: 360:Late 1880s: 359: 358: 345: 344: 331: 330: 317: 316: 306: 305: 295:Gum printing 292: 291: 270: 269: 256: 255: 241: 240: 227: 226: 217: 216: 203: 202: 198:lavender oil 177: 176: 173: 150: 135: 131: 128: 124: 98: 96: 81: 72: 57:by removing 44: 5221:H.L. Hunley 5000:Early music 4948:Vinyl discs 4943:Totem poles 4878:Photographs 4823:Lighthouses 4813:Lacquerware 4768:Fur objects 4706:of movable 4636:VisualAudio 4581:Leafcasting 4526:Anastylosis 4473:Mount maker 4433:Art handler 4290:Finding aid 4140:Archaeology 4033:Stereoscopy 3892:E-6 process 3887:Dye coupler 3815:color space 3728:Digiscoping 3721:camera back 3636:Philippines 3565:Visual arts 3555:Glass plate 3540:Heliography 3439:Composition 3414:Ultraviolet 3370:Stereoscopy 3365:Slow motion 3350:Scanography 3265:Kite aerial 3210:Contre-jour 3102:Post-mortem 3092:Pornography 3072:Neues Sehen 3007:Documentary 2941:Zone System 2916:Reciprocity 2842:Film format 2772:Backscatter 2750:Terminology 2620:beauty dish 2524:rangefinder 2489:light-field 2470:Photography 1350:Photography 1092:art history 988:(ICA), the 816:Unlike the 640:cockroaches 599:enclosures. 555:chromogenic 500:process E-6 488:Chromogenic 484:Chromogenic 180:Heliography 5257:Categories 5060:Folk music 5040:Folk dance 4973:Intangible 4571:Inpainting 4438:Auctioneer 4428:Art dealer 4380:Provenance 4185:Collecting 4118:and issues 4023:Lomography 3844:processing 3793:Print film 3709:comparison 3676:Uzbekistan 3626:Luxembourg 3586:Bangladesh 3535:Dufaycolor 3515:Box camera 3472:Simplicity 3429:Zoom burst 3424:Xerography 3419:Vignetting 3409:Time-lapse 3397:Tilt–shift 3290:Mordançage 3280:Luminogram 3245:Holography 3240:High-speed 3220:Fill flash 3205:Burst mode 3183:Techniques 3164:Vernacular 3159:Underwater 3154:Toy camera 3134:Still life 3062:Monochrome 3052:High-speed 3002:Cloudscape 2992:Conceptual 2894:Photograph 2879:Lens flare 2859:Film speed 2741:Zone plate 2687:wide-angle 2672:long-focus 2239:2023-09-19 2214:2023-09-19 2189:2023-09-19 2163:2023-09-19 2139:2023-09-19 2114:2023-09-19 2090:2023-09-19 2066:2023-09-19 2042:2023-09-19 2017:2023-09-19 1992:2023-09-19 1968:2023-09-19 1943:2023-09-19 1919:2023-09-19 1655:2008-04-23 1066:(ISO) and 992:, and the 644:silverfish 531:Ilfochrome 527:Cibachrome 504:Ektachrome 441:projection 435:Kodachrome 412:Ektachrome 408:Kodachrome 220:Salt print 111:archivists 107:librarians 5175:Ecce Homo 5070:Folk play 4923:Taxidermy 4868:Parchment 4848:Paintings 4423:Archivist 3968:Norwegian 3932:Stop bath 3877:Developer 3872:Cyanotype 3500:Ambrotype 3462:Lead room 3385:Slit-scan 3320:Photogram 3315:Panoramic 3225:Fireworks 3057:Landscape 2702:telephoto 2650:reflector 2645:monolight 2640:lens hood 2625:cucoloris 2566:safelight 2477:Equipment 613:supplies. 610:Pollution 373:Kallitype 287:Ambrotype 277:Ambrotype 244:Cyanotype 154:negatives 75:July 2023 59:excessive 5161:projects 5075:Foodways 5035:Folk art 5030:Folklore 4928:Textiles 4778:Herbaria 4753:Feathers 4718:Aircraft 4576:Kintsugi 4400:Treasure 4052:Category 3748:CMOS APS 3646:Slovenia 3574:Regional 3520:Calotype 3457:Headroom 3335:Redscale 3250:Infrared 3200:Brenizer 3174:Wildlife 3097:Portrait 3042:Forensic 3032:Fine-art 2967:Aircraft 2957:Abstract 2837:F-number 2817:Exposure 2792:Clipping 2767:Aperture 2635:hot shoe 2561:enlarger 2556:Darkroom 2430:Archived 2381:Archived 2286:Archived 1866:Archived 1723:Hamill, 1512:Archived 1399:Archived 1266:See also 1001:Archived 910:and the 871:Examples 230:Calotype 174:Source: 164:Timeline 115:curators 5159:Notable 4863:Papyrus 4808:Judaica 4667:Frescos 4512:Methods 4463:Curator 4145:Archive 4063:Outline 3999:Related 3681:Vietnam 3666:Ukraine 3601:Denmark 3581:Albania 3560:Tintype 3487:History 3452:Framing 3345:Rollout 3310:Panning 3260:Kirlian 3169:Wedding 3047:Glamour 3027:Fashion 3012:Eclipse 2982:Banquet 2904:Albumen 2714:Monopod 2692:fisheye 2660:softbox 2514:pinhole 2504:instant 2494:digital 636:rodents 632:insects 551:pigment 543:ink jet 538:Ink jet 460:gelatin 309:Tintype 190:bitumen 132:digital 53:Please 45:use of 4828:Metals 4743:Clocks 4355:Museum 4345:Midden 4116:Topics 4061: 4050: 3978:street 3973:Polish 3661:Turkey 3656:Taiwan 3641:Serbia 3631:Norway 3606:Greece 3591:Canada 3190:Afocal 3149:Street 3129:Sports 3112:Selfie 3067:Nature 3022:Erotic 2987:Candid 2962:Aerial 2950:Genres 2852:medium 2729:Tripod 2697:swivel 2610:Filter 2588:holder 2583:format 2484:Camera 2391:Guides 996:. The 897:silver 473:sulfur 469:Silver 424:prints 400:1935: 371:1889: 346:1873: 332:1871: 318:1861: 307:1858: 293:1855: 271:1851: 257:1850: 242:1842: 228:1841: 218:1839: 204:1837: 178:1816: 4414:Roles 4390:Ruins 4295:Fonds 3983:women 3941:Lists 3897:Fixer 3775:Pixel 3704:D-SLR 3651:Sudan 3621:Korea 3616:Japan 3611:India 3596:China 3380:Strip 3305:Night 3285:Macro 3195:Bokeh 3139:Stock 3107:Ruins 2847:large 2677:prime 2655:snoot 2615:Flash 2593:stock 2534:still 2519:press 2509:phone 2499:field 2277:SAA, 1569:(PDF) 1562:(PDF) 1545:(PDF) 1534:(PDF) 1303:Notes 618:light 541:Some 508:Kodak 4758:Film 4155:Book 4107:and 4011:film 3716:MILC 3215:ETTR 3077:Nude 3037:Fire 2936:Sync 2734:head 2682:zoom 2667:Lens 2630:gobo 2578:base 2573:Film 2549:view 1727:, 2. 1577:2006 1062:The 1046:and 642:and 634:and 625:Mold 428:film 426:and 275:and 97:The 3753:CCD 2544:toy 2539:TLR 2529:SLR 547:dye 134:or 61:or 5259:: 2231:. 2206:. 2181:. 2156:. 2132:. 2107:. 2083:. 2059:. 2034:. 2009:. 1985:. 1960:. 1936:. 1911:. 1854:^ 1834:^ 1806:^ 1778:^ 1757:^ 1732:^ 1716:^ 1665:^ 1585:^ 1536:. 1436:^ 1383:^ 1361:^ 1310:^ 914:. 410:. 200:. 109:, 105:, 4097:e 4090:t 4083:v 2462:e 2455:t 2448:v 2242:. 2217:. 2192:. 2166:. 2142:. 2117:. 2093:. 2069:. 2045:. 2020:. 1995:. 1971:. 1946:. 1922:. 1898:. 1872:. 1849:. 1829:. 1801:. 1752:. 1689:. 1660:. 1658:. 1579:. 1518:. 1494:. 1477:. 1431:. 1405:. 1378:. 1335:. 1241:. 646:. 549:- 533:. 88:) 82:( 77:) 73:( 69:. 51:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index