235:
1905:. The Mission aimed to keep the language and culture alive, with the missionaries learning the language themselves and teaching it in the school as well as delivering sermons in it. This meant that the language became a written language for the first time, and the people became literate in their own language before English.
2017:
is common in
Pitjantjatjara, especially among younger people. For example, among schoolchildren, the predominant language used in the classroom and on the playground is English, though Pitjantjatjara is occasionally used in both settings (more so the latter than the former). Furthermore, swearing and
2075:
The main differences between
Standard Pitjantjatjara and Teenage Pitjantjatjara are in vocabulary and pronunciation. A much greater proportion of Teenage Pitjantjatjara vocabulary is derived from English, with some English loan words being used instead of some traditional terms. A common example of
1939:, first published in 2002. In 2011 a new project to translate the rest of the OT was initiated, as of 2019 working on various OT books. 21st-century Bible Society missionary and local teacher since 1973, Paul Eckert, has worked with elders on the project for many years. The
366:
368:
2021:
Outside school and business, Pitjantjatjara speakers use both
Pitjantjatjara and English interchangeably, and the two languages are sometimes mixed together. This includes both in their local communities and whilst they are on holidays.
2079:
Furthermore, Teenage
Pitjantjatjara loan words are often pronounced more like the original English word, even if this involves using the sound from a letter that does not traditionally exist in Pitjantjatjara, such as
2553:
1979:
Like other
Indigenous languages, some older loan words that are still commonly used in Pitjantjatjara derive from English terms that are now uncommon or obsolete. For example, while the English word
367:
2183:
179:
1013:
endings to words that simply end in a consonant in other dialects (this is reflective of a general aversion in
Pitjantjatjara to words ending with a consonant), and a reluctance to have
837:
Pitjantjatjara orthography includes the following underlined letters, which can be either ordinary letters with underline formatting, or
Unicode characters which include a line below:
1957:
schools taught a bilingual curriculum until the late 1980s, when the programs were defunded, and teaching reverted to
English only. In December 2018 it was announced that the
1127:
In contrast to the ergative-absolutive pattern that applies to nouns, pronouns show a nominative-accusative pattern. Consider the following examples, with pronoun subjects:
2606:
1946:
In 2017 members of the
Pitjantjatjara Bible Translation Project and partners began a multi-voice recording of the Pitjantjatjara New Testament, with 50% completed by 2017.
7081:
2564:
2480:
6802:
5630:
7207:
3672:
1976:
Some older loan words are derived from other
Indigenous languages and from English, while newer loan words are almost entirely borrowed from English.
1247:: making nouns from verbs, and vice versa. However, words formed may have slightly different meanings that cannot be guessed from the pattern alone.
7242:
2949:
7235:
7200:
7107:
7089:
6809:
6574:
3607:
6585:
2428:. Originally published in Volume 17 of the ADB (Melbourne University Press, 2007, pp. 338-340). Canberra: National Centre of Biography,
1935:. Pitjantjatjara Bible Translation Project, incorporated in 1981, completed a new translation of the New Testament and about 15% of the
6672:
5623:
2531:
7214:
654:
3665:
7228:
6795:
6732:
17:
2025:
Below is an example of code-switching in Pitjantjatjara, taken from a conversation among a group of teenagers playing a game of
1220:, each of which takes slightly different endings (the classes are named according to their imperative suffixes): ∅-class verbs,
7129:
7221:
6539:
6027:
5639:
5616:
2437:
751:
742:
7002:
6767:
6746:
3600:
2942:
617:
7150:
6711:
6690:
3658:
1091:
It can be contrasted with the following sentence with an intransitive verb, where the subject takes the absolutive case:
699:
607:
217:
6718:
4501:
2664:
2424:
1009:
Some features distinctive to the Pitjantjatjara dialect, as opposed to other Western Desert Language dialects, include
772:
763:
627:
7154:
6665:
4373:
2819:
2800:
2736:
2718:
2700:
2682:
2368:
1928:
7265:
5347:
2762:
1894:
1997:". Similarly, the words for "car" in most other Aboriginal languages (as well as in some other languages, such as
983:
The only word in Pitjantjatjara that uses at least one letter absent from the Pitjantjatjara alphabet is the word
7063:
6416:
6261:
4761:
3376:
3016:
2935:
1029:
to show the role of nouns within the clause as subject, object, location, etc. Pitjantjatjara is a language with
331:
207:
6697:
3616:
2429:
2607:"Cancel culture, cleanskin, hedonometer … I'm not sure I like any of Macquarie Dictionary's words of the year"
2554:"Working at the interface between Aboriginal languages, Aboriginal Englishes, and Standard Australian English"
7143:
6760:
6217:
6108:
3526:
3408:
3320:
2997:
303:
297:
7054:
6919:
5953:
3878:
3217:
1931:
in 1949. Work continued over the next 20 years, with publication of a shorter New Testament in 1969 by the
1927:, was completed in 1945 by Reverend Bob Love and Ronald Trudinger at the Mission, and was published by the
664:
193:
2279:
2271:
2267:
6788:
6753:
6739:
6725:
6704:
6210:
5359:
4073:
3362:
3209:
2838:
2385:
1958:
1902:
493:
2072:
Teenage Pitjantjatjara is a distinct variety of Pitjantjatjara spoken by younger Pitjantjatjara people.
7162:
6823:
6774:
6203:
6174:
6159:
5253:
5052:
4908:
4896:
4711:
4409:
4076:
4045:
3681:
3239:
2983:
689:
477:
461:
97:
2894:
2675:
Categories, Constituents, and Constituent Order in Pitjantjatjara, An Aboriginal Language of Australia
6275:
6094:
4524:
4352:
3963:
3369:
509:
2018:
abuse is almost entirely done in English, while storytelling is virtually always in Pitjantjatjara.
7136:
7072:
6781:
6553:
6224:
6182:
6115:
5319:
4281:
4154:
4030:
3868:
3727:
3712:
3561:
3547:
3445:
3431:
2990:
2627:
1962:
1244:
499:
7270:
6941:
6933:
6232:
6087:
6080:
5820:
5110:
5082:
4230:
3906:
3863:
3796:
3334:
3173:
3094:
1932:
1233:
800:
791:
525:
483:
467:
324:
312:
107:
2895:"The language(s) of love: JRB love and contesting tongues at Ernabella Mission Station, 1940-46"
1943:
was published in 2015, and the Pitjantjatjara version of the New Testament is available online.
323:
with other varieties of the Western Desert language, and is particularly closely related to the
6988:
6849:
6560:
6458:
6123:
6058:
6037:
5283:
5273:
4604:
4589:
4543:
4471:
4429:
3638:
3631:
3059:
2958:
568:
515:
335:
320:
7179:
6956:
6912:
6816:
6423:
6360:
6189:
5493:
5186:
5173:
4985:
4802:
4561:
3978:
3858:
3806:
3031:
3004:
2125:
1973:
Pitjantjatjara includes several loan words from other languages, predominantly from English.
648:
558:
548:
316:
5381:
6995:
5514:
5422:
5368:
5222:
5158:
5021:
4870:
4842:
4837:
4652:
4581:
4566:
4496:
4491:
4481:
4476:
4466:
4434:
4347:
4253:
4238:
4187:
4182:
4172:
3999:
3968:
3816:
3811:
3383:
3313:
3232:
2121:
578:
531:
2507:
1036:
Consider the following example, where the subject of a transitive verb is marked with the
8:
6926:
6856:
5974:
5488:
5478:
5468:
5412:
5298:
5163:
5016:
4993:
4970:
4827:
4519:
4421:
4334:
4294:
4261:
4197:
4177:
4088:
3916:
3842:
3722:
3717:
3554:
3501:
3268:
3253:
3073:
2179:
973:
438:
185:
5608:
6870:
6567:
5925:
5757:
5710:
5661:
5584:
5556:
5546:
5473:
5386:
5202:
4998:
4939:
4931:
4916:
4893:
4860:
4784:
4774:
4751:
4680:
4675:
4594:
4556:
4486:
4406:
4342:
4319:
4314:
4304:
4271:
4266:
4162:
4106:
4050:
4009:
3937:
3891:
3886:
3821:
3747:
3202:
3195:
3087:
2976:
2882:
2159:
977:
588:
433:
428:
382:
56:
5265:
3124:
2419:
171:
6898:
6891:
6493:
6395:
5689:
5571:
5538:
5519:
5509:
5458:
5448:
5217:
5105:
5100:
5092:
5049:
5008:
4921:
4865:
4852:
4832:
4812:
4769:
4731:
4708:
4662:
4639:
4619:
4609:
4551:
4450:
4444:
4289:
4144:
4139:
4101:
4025:
4004:
3973:
3911:
3837:
3791:
3732:
3568:
3275:
3246:
3188:
3181:
3158:
3080:
3038:
2886:
2825:
2815:
2758:
2742:
2732:
2714:
2696:
2678:
2660:
2451:
2443:
2433:
2364:
1213:
599:
443:
420:
Pitjantjatjara has the following consonant inventory, orthography shown in brackets:
386:
60:
2002:
213:
6949:
6905:
6863:
6640:
6500:
6346:
5911:
5771:
5675:
5561:
5524:
5463:
5391:
5376:
5293:
5143:
5138:
5128:
5120:
5077:
4975:
4949:
4817:
4797:
4792:
4746:
4736:
4685:
4670:
4647:
4629:
4309:
4220:
4215:
4129:
4111:
4096:
4040:
3958:
3953:
3932:
3801:
3742:
3737:
3575:
3487:
3480:
3473:
3422:
3341:
3279:
3225:
3045:
2966:
2874:
2780:
1217:
1030:
1026:
640:
251:
2214:
is usually pronounced (in normal, fast speech) with one of the repeated syllables
327:. The names for the two groups are based on their respective words for 'come/go.'
6884:
6877:
6486:
6318:
5981:
5589:
5579:
5551:
5483:
5453:
5443:
5324:
5303:
5288:
5278:
5207:
5153:
5133:
5072:
5026:
4957:
4822:
4807:
4741:
4723:
4624:
4599:
4511:
4458:
4383:
4368:
4324:
4299:
4243:
4210:
4121:
4035:
3896:
3773:
3757:
3752:
3694:
3540:
3533:
3519:
3466:
3452:
3355:
3299:
3138:
3131:
3108:
3101:
2027:
1998:
1041:
542:
448:
390:
343:
89:
52:
2593:
198:
7169:
6963:
6546:
6521:
6451:
6339:
6304:
6297:
6268:
6167:
5960:
5904:
5668:
5427:
5417:
5407:
5229:
5064:
4378:
4205:
4167:
3994:
3348:
3304:
3165:
3052:
2913:
2014:
1940:
1918:
1890:
339:
128:
102:
70:
2878:
2785:
7259:
6970:
6479:
6472:
6437:
6430:
6409:
6388:
6332:
6311:
6290:
6283:
6002:
5799:
5654:
4614:
4571:
4134:
3783:
3494:
3261:
3066:
2447:
2129:
1936:
1914:
1037:
993:
which is not present in the Pitjantjatjara alphabet. Furthermore, the letter
724:
359:
354:
of the Bible has been translated into the language, a project started at the
351:
2455:
234:
6647:
6514:
6507:
6465:
6367:
6325:
5988:
5855:
2746:
815:
135:
155:
6633:
6444:
6402:
6374:
6353:
6254:
5967:
5792:
3650:
3327:
2927:
2865:
Tabain, Marija; Butcher, Andrew (2015), "Stop Bursts in Pitjantjatjara",
2356:
2140:
1983:
has now almost entirely been replaced by the shortened form of the word,
1256:
736:
719:
679:
1993:(derived from "motorcar") is still used as the Pitjantjatjara word for "
7020:
6137:
6009:
5995:
5932:
5918:
5834:
5764:
5750:
5682:
3459:
783:
729:
347:
6626:
6606:
6051:
5890:
5813:
5722:
5714:
3415:
2207:
2184:
Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
2115:
1954:
1033:, since its nouns and pronouns show different case marking patterns.
164:
148:
6381:
6196:
6065:
5897:
5876:
5869:
5841:
5806:
5785:
2830:
Omniglot: The online encyclopaedia of writing systems and languages
2481:"How a Bible translation is preserving the Pitjantjatjara language"
239:
225:
6599:
6130:
6101:
5862:
5848:
5827:
5778:
5736:
5696:
1898:
455:
355:
308:
221:
2846:
The Journal of the European Association for Studies of Australia
2393:
The Journal of the European Association for Studies of Australia
2182:
Pitjantjatjara at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database,
381:
There are slightly different standardised spellings used in the
358:
in the early 1940s and completed in 2002. Work continues on the
6155:
5939:
5883:
5743:
5729:
5703:
3593:
3401:
3295:
2806:. Fact Sheet: Ulur u-Kata Tjuta National Park. Parks Australia.
2289:
2241:
263:
7027:
6073:
6044:
5946:
3438:
278:
275:
266:
260:
2222:. In slow, careful speech all syllables will be pronounced (
2143:
provides locale data and a spellchecker for Pitjantjatjara.
2919:
972:
The underline represents that the consonant in question is
284:
269:
55:, Pitjantjatjara freehold lands, Yalata; southwest corner,
7082:
Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981
2771:
Tabain, Marija; Butcher, Andrew (2014), "Pitjantjatjara",
372:
Pitjantjatjara wordlist recorded by the UCLA Phonetics Lab
224:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
5638:
1994:
257:
2532:"State Govt commits to bilingual education in APY Lands"
2729:
Australian Dreaming: 40,000 Years of Aboriginal History
2361:
Australian Aboriginal languages: a general introduction
2839:""We Grew up this Place": Ernabella Mission 1937-1974"
2386:""We Grew up this Place": Ernabella Mission 1937-1974"
2107:
2076:
this is the usage of "and" in Teenage Pitjantjatjara.
2266:
at the start of words since words may not begin with
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2755:
The Western Desert Code: an Australian cryptogrammar
2711:
Pitjantjatjara/Yankunytjatjara to English Dictionary
2313:
2113:
2053:
2036:
1988:
1922:
1884:
1872:
1860:
1848:
1836:
1824:
1812:
1800:
1788:
1776:
1764:
1752:
1740:
1728:
1716:
1704:
1692:
1680:
1668:
1656:
1644:
1632:
1620:
1608:
1596:
1584:
1572:
1560:
1548:
1536:
1524:
1512:
1500:
1488:
1476:
1464:
1452:
1440:
1428:
1422:
1410:
1398:
1386:
1374:
1362:
1350:
1338:
1326:
1314:
1302:
1290:
1278:
984:
281:
254:
2229:
1965:, with English as an additional language, by 2029.
1961:would commit to teaching in the Pitjantjatjara and
822:used to be sometimes used to indicate long vowels:
272:
6803:Wapma Thura–Southern Flinders Ranges National Park
2812:Alive and Kicking: Areyonga Teenage Pitjantjatjara
2337:
2325:
2132:, was short-listed for the 2019 Word of the Year.
334:, with children learning it. It is taught in some
2867:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
2773:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
1245:changing words from one part of speech to another
1234:See page on grammatical conjugation for examples.
238:"No camping" sign in English and Pitjantjatjara,
7257:
2814:, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies.
2188:
2061:("I'm always the one that has to pay the rent.")
7108:List of native title claims in South Australia
2914:"Western Desert Special Speech Styles Project"
2695:, Institute for Aboriginal Development Press,
6810:Wabma Kadarbu Mound Springs Conservation Park
5624:
3666:
2943:
2864:
2770:
2594:https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/160609389.pdf
2474:
2472:
2295:
2247:
818:, indicated by writing them doubled. A colon
2363:. London: Angus & Robertson Publishers.
376:
2628:"Software-update: LibreOffice 3.6.0 bèta 1"
27:Western Desert dialect of Central Australia
6712:Kati Thanda-Lake Eyre National Park (part)
5631:
5617:
3680:
3673:
3659:
2957:
2950:
2936:
2469:
2349:
1238:
4892:
4405:
2892:
2784:
2659:, Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press,
2478:
2067:
1889:The Ernabella Mission was established by
1207:
1020:
393:, for example with the first two writing
5048:
4707:
4072:
2530:Richards, Stephanie (11 December 2018).
2529:
2502:
2500:
2498:
364:
233:
6796:Vulkathunha-Gammon Ranges National Park
5346:
2708:
2690:
2604:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2479:Guilliatt, Richard (7 September 2013).
2270:. In some versions of the orthography,
2235:
2223:
1180:
1147:
1136:
1100:
1064:
330:Pitjantjatjara is a relatively healthy
218:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
7258:
7090:Laws concerning Indigenous Australians
5251:
2726:
2173:
1949:
1255:Below is a basic vocabulary list from
951:LATIN CAPITAL LETTER T WITH LINE BELOW
921:LATIN CAPITAL LETTER R WITH LINE BELOW
891:LATIN CAPITAL LETTER N WITH LINE BELOW
861:LATIN CAPITAL LETTER L WITH LINE BELOW
342:speakers is 50–70%; and is 10–15% for
302:
296:
6540:Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara
5640:Aboriginal peoples of South Australia
5612:
5345:
5250:
5047:
4891:
4706:
4404:
4071:
3692:
3654:
2931:
2836:
2654:
2495:
2383:
2377:
2355:
2194:
1908:
1897:in 1937 at the location now known as
1053:
6768:Nullarbor Wilderness Protection Area
6747:Malkumba-Coongie Lakes National Park
2752:
2672:
2574:
2343:
2331:
2319:
2135:
1216:. Pitjantjatjara has four different
965:LATIN SMALL LETTER T WITH LINE BELOW
935:LATIN SMALL LETTER R WITH LINE BELOW
905:LATIN SMALL LETTER N WITH LINE BELOW
875:LATIN SMALL LETTER L WITH LINE BELOW
346:learners. There is a Pitjantjatjara
7151:Hindmarsh Island Bridge controversy
6733:Ikara–Flinders Ranges National Park
3693:
2605:Petelin, Roslyn (2 December 2019).
2417:
2411:
2108:Word of the Year 2019 short-listing
2044:("A $ 500 note please, to change.")
2013:Like in many Indigenous languages,
24:
6719:Kanku-Breakaways Conservation Park
2793:
2657:The Linguistics Student's Handbook
2425:Australian Dictionary of Biography
2055:Riintaṉa paimila-ṉi tiṯutjarangku.
1191:
1158:
1111:
1075:
25:
7282:
2757:, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics,
2008:
1929:British and Foreign Bible Society
1885:History since European settlement
1212:Pitjantjatjara verbs inflect for
989:("Jesus"), which uses the letter
799:
790:
771:
762:
750:
741:
711:Pitjantjatjara has three vowels:
698:
688:
663:
653:
647:
626:
616:
606:
587:
577:
567:
557:
547:
530:
524:
514:
508:
498:
492:
482:
476:
466:
460:
7130:Aborigines' Friends' Association
7021:Aṉangu (Western Desert language)
2253:
2160:"SBS Australian Census Explorer"
2005:) are borrowed from "motorcar".
1895:Presbyterian Church of Australia
250:
7064:Aboriginal Lands Trust Act 1966
3377:South Australian Pidgin English
2620:
2598:
2546:
2523:
2420:"Duguid, Charles (1884 - 1986)"
1243:It also has systematic ways of
997:is only present in the digraph
338:schools. The literacy rate for
6698:Elliot Price Conservation Park
3617:Australian Irish Sign Language
2918:Endangered Languages Archive,
2430:Australian National University
2301:
2200:
2152:
2038:$ 500 uwa tjiintjimila ntjaku.
13:
1:
7144:Avenue Range Station massacre
6761:Ngaut Ngaut Conservation Park
3321:Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin
2648:
1968:
1250:
814:Pitjantjatjara vowels have a
7055:Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988
2713:, Alice Springs: IAD Press,
2693:A Grammar of Yankunytjatjara
1084:woman.ERG child.ABS see.PAST
319:of Central Australia. It is
315:traditionally spoken by the
7:
6789:Strzelecki Regional Reserve
6754:Mamungari Conservation Park
6740:Innamincka Regional Reserve
6726:Lake Gairdner National Park
6705:Gawler Ranges National Park
6683:Co-managed protected areas:
6658:Indigenous protected areas:
3363:Port Jackson Pidgin English
2731:, Sydney: Lansdowne Press,
2296:Tabain & Butcher (2014)
2248:Tabain & Butcher (2014)
1959:South Australian Government
1903:South Australian government
1081:Minyma-ngku tjitji nya-ngu.
1017:at the beginning of words.
10:
7287:
7163:History of South Australia
7028:Nunga (Aboriginal English)
6824:Yumbarra Conservation Park
6775:Nullarbor Regional Reserve
6575:List of Aboriginal schools
2124:in 2019 and defined as an
1987:, the Pitjantjatjara word
1087:'The woman saw the child.'
1004:
7189:
7121:
7099:
7048:
7041:
7012:
6980:
6844:
6837:
6682:
6657:
6594:
6584:
6531:
6276:Poltpalingada Booboorowie
6246:
6147:
6026:
6019:
5646:
5570:
5537:
5502:
5436:
5400:
5367:
5358:
5354:
5341:
5312:
5264:
5260:
5246:
5195:
5119:
5091:
5063:
5059:
5043:
5007:
4984:
4948:
4930:
4907:
4903:
4887:
4851:
4783:
4760:
4722:
4718:
4702:
4661:
4638:
4580:
4542:
4510:
4457:
4443:
4420:
4416:
4400:
4361:
4333:
4280:
4252:
4229:
4196:
4153:
4120:
4087:
4083:
4067:
4018:
3987:
3946:
3925:
3877:
3851:
3830:
3782:
3766:
3705:
3701:
3688:
3626:
3585:
3511:
3394:Major immigrant languages
3393:
3370:Queensland Kanaka English
3294:
3212:? (5-6 families/isolates)
3150:
3026:
3014:
2965:
2893:Trudinger, David (2007).
2879:10.1017/s0025100315000110
2786:10.1017/s0025100314000073
2727:Issacs, Jennifer (1980),
2049:"Change?!" "You're rich!"
1963:Yankunytjatjara languages
662:
417:, which SA does not use.
377:Phonology and orthography
204:
192:
178:
162:
146:
141:
125:
86:
76:
66:
47:
39:
34:
7137:Australian frontier wars
7073:Aboriginal Witnesses Act
6782:Pureba Conservation Park
6554:Gerard Community Council
3608:Indigenous Sign Language
2810:Langlois, Annie (2004).
2146:
2112:The Pitjantjatjara word
1167:I.NOM child.ABS see.PAST
1164:Ngayu-lu tjitji nya-ngu.
1040:and the object with the
82:3,458 (2021 census)
7266:Western Desert language
6934:Western Desert language
3512:Major foreign languages
3176:? (3 families/isolates)
2709:Goddard, Cliff (1996),
2691:Goddard, Cliff (1985),
2114:
2054:
2037:
1989:
1933:Bible Society Australia
1923:
1913:The first draft of the
1873:
1861:
1849:
1837:
1825:
1813:
1801:
1789:
1777:
1765:
1753:
1741:
1729:
1717:
1705:
1693:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1645:
1633:
1621:
1609:
1597:
1585:
1573:
1561:
1549:
1537:
1525:
1513:
1501:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1423:
1411:
1399:
1387:
1375:
1363:
1351:
1339:
1327:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1279:
1239:Derivational morphology
1186:
1175:
1153:
1142:
1131:
1106:
1095:
1070:
1059:
1048:
985:
325:Yankunytjatjara dialect
313:Western Desert language
18:Pitjantjatjara language
6989:Lower Murray languages
6561:Kupa Piṯi Kungka Tjuṯa
6459:Eileen Yaritja Stevens
5212:old Wangkumara/Garlali
5181:new Wangkumara/Garlali
3682:Pama–Nyungan languages
3639:Indigenous Australians
3632:Aboriginal Australians
2959:Languages of Australia
2673:Bowe, Heather (1990),
2655:Bauer, Laurie (2007),
2563:. 2019. Archived from
2310:(Pitjantjatjara Bible)
2100:. However, the letter
2068:Teenage Pitjantjatjara
1924:Tjukurpa Palja Markaku
1208:Verbs and verb phrases
1021:Nouns and noun phrases
373:
298:[ˈpɪɟanɟaɟaɾa]
242:
206:This article contains
7195:By state or territory
7180:Waterloo Bay massacre
6817:Witjira National Park
6691:Dhilba Guuranda-Innes
6361:Tuppy Ngintja Goodwin
5954:Western Desert people
4502:Woiwurrung–Taungurung
3601:Australian Aboriginal
2998:Australian Aboriginal
2837:Pybus, Carol (2015).
2677:, London: Routledge,
2509:Tjukurpa Palya (PITJ)
2384:Pybus, Carol (2015).
2206:Through a process of
371:
321:mutually intelligible
317:Pitjantjatjara people
237:
6996:Thura-Yura languages
6906:Ngamini (Yarluyandi)
5562:Gangalidda (Yukulta)
3384:Torres Strait Creole
2753:Rose, David (2001),
2570:on 16 November 2023.
2122:Macquarie Dictionary
1025:Pitjantjatjara uses
304:[ˈpɪɟanɟaɾa]
5348:Macro-Pama–Nyungan?
2298:, pp. 194–195.
2250:, pp. 190–191.
1950:Government policies
1901:, supported by the
405:combinations and a
332:Aboriginal language
7208:Northern Territory
6964:Yarli (Malyangapa)
6568:Maralinga Tjarutja
6424:Lowitja O'Donoghue
5758:Maralinga Tjarutja
4813:Ngarluma-Kariyarra
2984:Western Australian
2902:Aboriginal History
2276:⟨rr⟩
1909:Bible translations
1228:-class verbs, and
1170:'I saw the child.'
999:⟨tj⟩
832:⟨u:⟩
828:⟨i:⟩
824:⟨a:⟩
805:⟨aa⟩
777:⟨uu⟩
756:⟨ii⟩
632:⟨ly⟩
593:⟨ng⟩
583:⟨ny⟩
520:⟨tj⟩
383:Northern Territory
374:
243:
57:Northern Territory
7253:
7252:
7243:Western Australia
7117:
7116:
7037:
7036:
6833:
6832:
6494:Natasha Wanganeen
6396:Natascha McNamara
6242:
6241:
5713:, (including the
5606:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5598:
5597:
5533:
5532:
5401:Mangarrayi-Marran
5360:Macro-Gunwinyguan
5337:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5242:
5241:
5238:
5237:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5034:
4883:
4882:
4879:
4878:
4762:Kanyara–Mantharta
4698:
4697:
4694:
4693:
4538:
4537:
4396:
4395:
4392:
4391:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4058:
4046:Mbariman-Gudhinma
3648:
3647:
3290:
3289:
3210:Macro-Gunwinyguan
3151:Language families
2801:"Anangu Language"
2439:978-0-522-84459-7
2284:⟨r⟩
2264:⟨r⟩
2260:⟨ṟ⟩
2136:Technical support
1880:
1879:
1123:'The child went.'
1120:child.ABS go.PAST
995:⟨j⟩
991:⟨s⟩
970:
969:
820:⟨:⟩
812:
811:
796:⟨a⟩
768:⟨u⟩
747:⟨i⟩
709:
708:
704:⟨w⟩
694:⟨y⟩
669:⟨ṟ⟩
659:⟨r⟩
622:⟨ḻ⟩
612:⟨l⟩
573:⟨ṉ⟩
563:⟨n⟩
553:⟨m⟩
536:⟨k⟩
504:⟨ṯ⟩
488:⟨t⟩
472:⟨p⟩
415:⟨i⟩
411:⟨a⟩
407:⟨y⟩
403:⟨u⟩
399:⟨a⟩
395:⟨w⟩
387:Western Australia
369:
356:Ernabella Mission
232:
231:
214:rendering support
210:phonetic symbols.
61:Western Australia
16:(Redirected from
7278:
7245:
7238:
7231:
7224:
7217:
7210:
7203:
7196:
7182:
7175:
7165:
7158:
7155:Royal Commission
7146:
7139:
7132:
7110:
7092:
7085:
7076:
7067:
7058:
7046:
7045:
7030:
7023:
7005:
6998:
6991:
6981:Language groups:
6973:
6966:
6959:
6952:
6945:
6929:
6922:
6915:
6908:
6901:
6894:
6887:
6880:
6873:
6866:
6859:
6852:
6842:
6841:
6826:
6819:
6812:
6805:
6798:
6791:
6784:
6777:
6770:
6763:
6756:
6749:
6742:
6735:
6728:
6721:
6714:
6707:
6700:
6693:
6675:
6673:Mount Willoughby
6668:
6650:
6643:
6636:
6629:
6622:
6602:
6592:
6591:
6577:
6570:
6563:
6556:
6549:
6542:
6524:
6517:
6510:
6503:
6501:Ginger Wikilyiri
6496:
6489:
6482:
6475:
6468:
6461:
6454:
6447:
6440:
6433:
6426:
6419:
6412:
6405:
6398:
6391:
6384:
6377:
6370:
6363:
6356:
6349:
6347:Stevie Goldsmith
6342:
6335:
6328:
6321:
6314:
6307:
6300:
6293:
6286:
6279:
6271:
6264:
6257:
6235:
6228:
6220:
6213:
6206:
6199:
6192:
6185:
6178:
6170:
6163:
6140:
6133:
6126:
6119:
6111:
6104:
6097:
6090:
6083:
6076:
6069:
6061:
6054:
6047:
6040:
6024:
6023:
6012:
6005:
5998:
5991:
5984:
5977:
5970:
5963:
5956:
5949:
5942:
5935:
5928:
5921:
5914:
5907:
5900:
5893:
5886:
5879:
5872:
5865:
5858:
5851:
5844:
5837:
5830:
5823:
5816:
5809:
5802:
5795:
5788:
5781:
5774:
5767:
5760:
5753:
5746:
5739:
5732:
5725:
5718:
5706:
5699:
5692:
5685:
5678:
5671:
5664:
5657:
5633:
5626:
5619:
5610:
5609:
5365:
5364:
5356:
5355:
5343:
5342:
5262:
5261:
5248:
5247:
5061:
5060:
5045:
5044:
4905:
4904:
4889:
4888:
4720:
4719:
4704:
4703:
4529:Kuurn Kopan Noot
4525:Dhauwurd Wurrung
4455:
4454:
4418:
4417:
4402:
4401:
4353:Pallanganmiddang
4085:
4084:
4069:
4068:
3964:Aghu Tharrnggala
3703:
3702:
3690:
3689:
3675:
3668:
3661:
3652:
3651:
3641:
3634:
3619:
3610:
3603:
3596:
3578:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3504:
3497:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3469:
3462:
3455:
3448:
3441:
3434:
3425:
3418:
3411:
3404:
3386:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3337:
3330:
3323:
3316:
3283:
3271:
3264:
3257:
3249:
3242:
3235:
3228:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3198:
3191:
3184:
3177:
3169:
3161:
3141:
3134:
3127:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3076:
3069:
3062:
3055:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3024:
3023:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2991:South Australian
2986:
2979:
2952:
2945:
2938:
2929:
2928:
2924:
2909:
2899:
2889:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2843:
2833:
2826:"Pitjantjatjara"
2807:
2805:
2789:
2788:
2767:
2749:
2723:
2705:
2687:
2669:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2602:
2596:
2591:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2558:
2550:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2504:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2483:. The Australian
2476:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2390:
2381:
2375:
2374:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2322:, pp. 9–12.
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2239:
2233:
2227:
2204:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2156:
2128:practitioner of
2119:
2057:
2040:
1992:
1926:
1876:
1864:
1852:
1840:
1828:
1816:
1804:
1792:
1780:
1768:
1756:
1744:
1732:
1720:
1708:
1696:
1684:
1672:
1660:
1648:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1600:
1588:
1576:
1564:
1552:
1540:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1480:
1468:
1456:
1444:
1432:
1426:
1414:
1402:
1390:
1378:
1366:
1354:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1282:
1264:
1263:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:classes of verbs
1193:
1182:
1160:
1149:
1138:
1113:
1102:
1077:
1066:
1055:
1031:split ergativity
1000:
996:
992:
988:
966:
963:
960:
958:
952:
949:
946:
944:
936:
933:
930:
928:
922:
919:
916:
914:
906:
903:
900:
898:
892:
889:
886:
884:
876:
873:
870:
868:
862:
859:
856:
854:
840:
839:
833:
829:
825:
821:
806:
803:
797:
794:
778:
775:
769:
766:
757:
754:
748:
745:
714:
713:
705:
702:
695:
692:
670:
667:
660:
657:
651:
633:
630:
623:
620:
613:
610:
594:
591:
584:
581:
574:
571:
564:
561:
554:
551:
537:
534:
528:
521:
518:
512:
505:
502:
496:
489:
486:
480:
473:
470:
464:
423:
422:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
370:
306:
300:
295:
291:
290:
287:
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
271:
268:
265:
262:
259:
256:
188:
174:
158:
151:
131:
92:
32:
31:
21:
7286:
7285:
7281:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7276:
7275:
7256:
7255:
7254:
7249:
7248:
7241:
7234:
7227:
7222:South Australia
7220:
7213:
7206:
7201:New South Wales
7199:
7194:
7185:
7178:
7168:
7161:
7149:
7142:
7135:
7128:
7113:
7106:
7095:
7088:
7079:
7070:
7061:
7052:
7033:
7026:
7019:
7008:
7001:
6994:
6987:
6976:
6969:
6962:
6955:
6948:
6942:Yankunytjatjara
6932:
6925:
6918:
6911:
6904:
6897:
6890:
6883:
6876:
6869:
6862:
6855:
6848:
6829:
6822:
6815:
6808:
6801:
6794:
6787:
6780:
6773:
6766:
6759:
6752:
6745:
6738:
6731:
6724:
6717:
6710:
6703:
6696:
6689:
6678:
6671:
6664:
6653:
6646:
6639:
6632:
6625:
6605:
6598:
6580:
6573:
6566:
6559:
6552:
6545:
6538:
6527:
6520:
6513:
6506:
6499:
6492:
6487:Gavin Wanganeen
6485:
6478:
6471:
6464:
6457:
6450:
6443:
6436:
6429:
6422:
6415:
6408:
6401:
6394:
6387:
6380:
6373:
6366:
6359:
6352:
6345:
6338:
6331:
6324:
6319:Kevin Buzzacott
6317:
6310:
6303:
6296:
6289:
6282:
6274:
6267:
6260:
6253:
6238:
6231:
6223:
6216:
6209:
6202:
6195:
6188:
6181:
6173:
6166:
6154:
6143:
6136:
6129:
6122:
6114:
6107:
6100:
6093:
6086:
6079:
6072:
6064:
6057:
6050:
6043:
6036:
6015:
6008:
6001:
5994:
5987:
5982:Yankunytjatjara
5980:
5973:
5966:
5959:
5952:
5945:
5938:
5931:
5924:
5917:
5910:
5903:
5896:
5889:
5882:
5875:
5868:
5861:
5854:
5847:
5840:
5833:
5826:
5819:
5812:
5805:
5798:
5791:
5784:
5777:
5770:
5763:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5735:
5728:
5721:
5709:
5702:
5695:
5688:
5681:
5674:
5667:
5660:
5653:
5642:
5637:
5607:
5594:
5566:
5529:
5498:
5432:
5396:
5350:
5329:
5308:
5256:
5234:
5191:
5168:Wangka-Yutjurru
5115:
5087:
5055:
5031:
5003:
4980:
4944:
4926:
4899:
4875:
4847:
4779:
4756:
4714:
4690:
4657:
4634:
4576:
4534:
4506:
4472:Dja Dja Wurrung
4453:
4439:
4412:
4388:
4357:
4329:
4276:
4248:
4225:
4192:
4149:
4116:
4079:
4055:
4031:Flinders Island
4014:
3983:
3942:
3921:
3873:
3869:Guugu Yimidhirr
3847:
3826:
3778:
3762:
3728:Arritinngithigh
3713:Adithinngithigh
3697:
3695:Paman languages
3684:
3679:
3649:
3644:
3637:
3630:
3622:
3615:
3606:
3599:
3592:
3581:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3525:
3518:
3507:
3500:
3493:
3486:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3458:
3451:
3444:
3437:
3430:
3421:
3414:
3407:
3400:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3347:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3319:
3312:
3305:mixed languages
3303:
3286:
3274:
3267:
3260:
3252:
3245:
3238:
3231:
3224:
3216:
3208:
3201:
3194:
3187:
3180:
3172:
3164:
3157:
3146:
3137:
3130:
3123:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3072:
3065:
3058:
3051:
3044:
3037:
3030:
3018:
3010:
3003:
2996:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2961:
2956:
2912:
2897:
2855:
2853:
2841:
2824:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2794:Further reading
2765:
2739:
2721:
2703:
2685:
2667:
2651:
2646:
2636:
2634:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2603:
2599:
2592:
2575:
2567:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2547:
2537:
2535:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2506:
2505:
2496:
2486:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2460:
2458:
2440:
2418:Edwards, W. H.
2416:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2388:
2382:
2378:
2371:
2357:Blake, Barry J.
2354:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2306:
2302:
2294:
2290:
2283:
2275:
2263:
2259:
2258:
2254:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2218:deleted, thus:
2205:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2138:
2120:, added to the
2110:
2104:is never used.
2070:
2011:
1971:
1952:
1911:
1887:
1270:Pitjantjatjara
1253:
1241:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1210:
1205:
1195:
1184:
1172:
1162:
1151:
1140:
1125:
1115:
1104:
1089:
1079:
1068:
1057:
1042:absolutive case
1023:
1007:
998:
994:
990:
964:
961:
956:
955:
950:
947:
942:
941:
934:
931:
926:
925:
920:
917:
912:
911:
904:
901:
896:
895:
890:
887:
882:
881:
874:
871:
866:
865:
860:
857:
852:
851:
831:
827:
823:
819:
816:length contrast
804:
795:
776:
767:
755:
746:
703:
693:
668:
658:
631:
621:
611:
592:
582:
572:
562:
552:
535:
519:
503:
487:
471:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
391:South Australia
379:
365:
344:second-language
294:Pitjantjatjara:
293:
253:
249:
212:Without proper
184:
170:
154:
147:
132:
127:
121:
93:
90:Language family
88:
79:
78:Native speakers
53:South Australia
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7284:
7274:
7273:
7271:Pitjantjatjara
7268:
7251:
7250:
7247:
7246:
7239:
7232:
7225:
7218:
7211:
7204:
7197:
7191:
7190:
7187:
7186:
7184:
7183:
7176:
7166:
7159:
7147:
7140:
7133:
7125:
7123:
7119:
7118:
7115:
7114:
7112:
7111:
7103:
7101:
7097:
7096:
7094:
7093:
7086:
7077:
7068:
7059:
7049:
7043:
7039:
7038:
7035:
7034:
7032:
7031:
7024:
7016:
7014:
7010:
7009:
7007:
7006:
7003:Sign languages
6999:
6992:
6984:
6982:
6978:
6977:
6975:
6974:
6967:
6960:
6953:
6946:
6938:Pitjantjatjara
6930:
6923:
6916:
6909:
6902:
6895:
6888:
6881:
6874:
6867:
6860:
6853:
6845:
6839:
6835:
6834:
6831:
6830:
6828:
6827:
6820:
6813:
6806:
6799:
6792:
6785:
6778:
6771:
6764:
6757:
6750:
6743:
6736:
6729:
6722:
6715:
6708:
6701:
6694:
6686:
6684:
6680:
6679:
6677:
6676:
6669:
6661:
6659:
6655:
6654:
6652:
6651:
6644:
6637:
6630:
6623:
6603:
6595:
6589:
6582:
6581:
6579:
6578:
6571:
6564:
6557:
6550:
6547:Aṉangu schools
6543:
6535:
6533:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6525:
6522:Tjayanka Woods
6518:
6511:
6504:
6497:
6490:
6483:
6476:
6469:
6462:
6455:
6452:Tauto Sansbury
6448:
6441:
6434:
6427:
6420:
6413:
6406:
6399:
6392:
6385:
6378:
6371:
6364:
6357:
6350:
6343:
6340:Gladys Elphick
6336:
6329:
6322:
6315:
6308:
6305:Shaun Burgoyne
6301:
6298:Peter Burgoyne
6294:
6287:
6280:
6272:
6269:Maringka Baker
6265:
6258:
6250:
6248:
6247:Notable people
6244:
6243:
6240:
6239:
6237:
6236:
6229:
6227:(Point McLeay)
6221:
6214:
6207:
6200:
6193:
6186:
6179:
6171:
6164:
6151:
6149:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6134:
6127:
6120:
6112:
6105:
6098:
6091:
6084:
6077:
6070:
6062:
6055:
6048:
6041:
6033:
6031:
6021:
6017:
6016:
6014:
6013:
6006:
5999:
5992:
5985:
5978:
5971:
5964:
5957:
5950:
5943:
5936:
5929:
5922:
5915:
5908:
5905:Pitjantjatjara
5901:
5894:
5887:
5880:
5873:
5866:
5859:
5852:
5845:
5838:
5831:
5824:
5817:
5810:
5803:
5796:
5789:
5782:
5775:
5768:
5761:
5754:
5747:
5740:
5733:
5726:
5719:
5707:
5700:
5693:
5686:
5679:
5672:
5665:
5658:
5650:
5648:
5644:
5643:
5636:
5635:
5628:
5621:
5613:
5604:
5603:
5600:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5576:
5574:
5568:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5543:
5541:
5535:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5528:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5506:
5504:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5440:
5438:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5373:
5371:
5362:
5352:
5351:
5339:
5338:
5335:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5322:
5320:Lower Burdekin
5316:
5314:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5286:
5281:
5276:
5270:
5268:
5258:
5257:
5244:
5243:
5240:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5226:
5225:
5215:
5214:
5213:
5205:
5199:
5197:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5183:
5182:
5179:
5171:
5170:
5169:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5150:
5149:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5125:
5123:
5117:
5116:
5114:
5113:
5111:Lower Arrernte
5108:
5103:
5097:
5095:
5089:
5088:
5086:
5085:
5083:Western Desert
5080:
5075:
5069:
5067:
5057:
5056:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5013:
5011:
5005:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4990:
4988:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4973:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4963:
4954:
4952:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4942:
4936:
4934:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4913:
4911:
4901:
4900:
4885:
4884:
4881:
4880:
4877:
4876:
4874:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4857:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4795:
4789:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4766:
4764:
4758:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4728:
4726:
4716:
4715:
4700:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4667:
4665:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4644:
4642:
4636:
4635:
4633:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4586:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4548:
4546:
4540:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4522:
4516:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4505:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4463:
4461:
4449:
4447:
4441:
4440:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4426:
4424:
4414:
4413:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4381:
4379:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
4376:
4371:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4339:
4337:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4286:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4258:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4159:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4126:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4093:
4091:
4081:
4080:
4065:
4064:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4054:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3923:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3907:Kuuk Thaayorre
3904:
3903:
3902:
3894:
3889:
3883:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3840:
3834:
3832:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3788:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3770:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3709:
3707:
3699:
3698:
3686:
3685:
3678:
3677:
3670:
3663:
3655:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3635:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3621:
3620:
3613:
3612:
3611:
3597:
3589:
3587:
3586:Sign languages
3583:
3582:
3580:
3579:
3572:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3523:
3515:
3513:
3509:
3508:
3506:
3505:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3477:
3470:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3442:
3435:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3419:
3405:
3397:
3395:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3352:
3349:Light Warlpiri
3345:
3338:
3335:Gurindji Kriol
3331:
3324:
3317:
3309:
3307:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3222:
3218:Marrku–Wurrugu
3214:
3206:
3199:
3192:
3185:
3178:
3170:
3162:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3139:Djambarrpuyngu
3135:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3116:Pitjantjatjara
3112:
3105:
3095:Western Desert
3091:
3084:
3077:
3070:
3063:
3056:
3053:Kalaw Lagaw Ya
3049:
3042:
3035:
3027:
3021:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3001:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2972:
2970:
2963:
2962:
2955:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2910:
2890:
2873:(2): 149–176,
2862:
2834:
2822:
2808:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2779:(2): 189–200,
2768:
2763:
2750:
2737:
2724:
2719:
2706:
2701:
2688:
2683:
2670:
2666:978-0748631605
2665:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2644:
2619:
2597:
2573:
2545:
2522:
2494:
2468:
2438:
2410:
2376:
2369:
2348:
2336:
2334:, pp. 10.
2324:
2312:
2308:Tjukurpa Palya
2300:
2288:
2262:is written as
2252:
2240:
2236:Goddard (1996)
2228:
2212:Pitjantjatjara
2199:
2187:
2172:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2137:
2134:
2109:
2106:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2015:code-switching
2010:
2009:Code-switching
2007:
1970:
1967:
1951:
1948:
1941:Book of Daniel
1919:Gospel of Mark
1910:
1907:
1891:Charles Duguid
1886:
1883:
1882:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1810:
1806:
1805:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1774:
1770:
1769:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1702:
1698:
1697:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1678:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1642:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1618:
1614:
1613:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1578:
1577:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1558:
1554:
1553:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1494:
1493:
1486:
1482:
1481:
1474:
1470:
1469:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1446:
1445:
1438:
1434:
1433:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1384:
1380:
1379:
1372:
1368:
1367:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1348:
1344:
1343:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1300:
1296:
1295:
1288:
1284:
1283:
1276:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1252:
1249:
1240:
1237:
1232:-class verbs.
1224:-class verbs,
1209:
1206:
1197:Ngayu-lu a-nu.
1185:
1174:
1173:
1152:
1141:
1130:
1129:
1105:
1094:
1093:
1069:
1058:
1047:
1046:
1022:
1019:
1006:
1003:
976:, rather than
968:
967:
953:
938:
937:
923:
908:
907:
893:
878:
877:
863:
848:
847:
844:
810:
809:
807:
788:
786:
780:
779:
760:
758:
739:
733:
732:
727:
722:
717:
707:
706:
696:
686:
684:
682:
676:
675:
673:
671:
661:
645:
643:
637:
636:
634:
624:
614:
604:
602:
596:
595:
585:
575:
565:
555:
545:
539:
538:
522:
506:
490:
474:
458:
452:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
378:
375:
340:first language
246:Pitjantjatjara
230:
229:
216:, you may see
202:
201:
199:Pitjantjatjara
196:
190:
189:
182:
176:
175:
168:
160:
159:
152:
144:
143:
142:Language codes
139:
138:
133:
129:Writing system
126:
123:
122:
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
115:
113:Pitjantjatjara
108:Western Desert
96:
94:
87:
84:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
71:Pitjantjatjara
68:
64:
63:
49:
45:
44:
41:
40:Native to
37:
36:
35:Pitjantjatjara
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7283:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7263:
7261:
7244:
7240:
7237:
7233:
7230:
7226:
7223:
7219:
7216:
7212:
7209:
7205:
7202:
7198:
7193:
7192:
7188:
7181:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7167:
7164:
7160:
7156:
7152:
7148:
7145:
7141:
7138:
7134:
7131:
7127:
7126:
7124:
7120:
7109:
7105:
7104:
7102:
7098:
7091:
7087:
7084:
7083:
7078:
7075:
7074:
7069:
7066:
7065:
7060:
7057:
7056:
7051:
7050:
7047:
7044:
7040:
7029:
7025:
7022:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7011:
7004:
7000:
6997:
6993:
6990:
6986:
6985:
6983:
6979:
6972:
6968:
6965:
6961:
6958:
6954:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6928:
6924:
6921:
6917:
6914:
6910:
6907:
6903:
6900:
6896:
6893:
6889:
6886:
6882:
6879:
6875:
6872:
6868:
6865:
6861:
6858:
6854:
6851:
6850:Adnyamathanha
6847:
6846:
6843:
6840:
6836:
6825:
6821:
6818:
6814:
6811:
6807:
6804:
6800:
6797:
6793:
6790:
6786:
6783:
6779:
6776:
6772:
6769:
6765:
6762:
6758:
6755:
6751:
6748:
6744:
6741:
6737:
6734:
6730:
6727:
6723:
6720:
6716:
6713:
6709:
6706:
6702:
6699:
6695:
6692:
6688:
6687:
6685:
6681:
6674:
6670:
6667:
6663:
6662:
6660:
6656:
6649:
6645:
6642:
6638:
6635:
6631:
6628:
6624:
6620:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6601:
6597:
6596:
6593:
6590:
6587:
6583:
6576:
6572:
6569:
6565:
6562:
6558:
6555:
6551:
6548:
6544:
6541:
6537:
6536:
6534:
6532:Organisations
6530:
6523:
6519:
6516:
6512:
6509:
6505:
6502:
6498:
6495:
6491:
6488:
6484:
6481:
6480:James Unaipon
6477:
6474:
6473:David Unaipon
6470:
6467:
6463:
6460:
6456:
6453:
6449:
6446:
6442:
6439:
6438:Frances Rings
6435:
6432:
6431:Alitya Rigney
6428:
6425:
6421:
6418:
6417:Lewis O'Brien
6414:
6411:
6410:Betty Muffler
6407:
6404:
6400:
6397:
6393:
6390:
6389:Tjungkara Ken
6386:
6383:
6379:
6376:
6372:
6369:
6365:
6362:
6358:
6355:
6351:
6348:
6344:
6341:
6337:
6334:
6333:Nyakul Dawson
6330:
6327:
6323:
6320:
6316:
6313:
6312:Hector Burton
6309:
6306:
6302:
6299:
6295:
6292:
6291:Iris Burgoyne
6288:
6285:
6284:Jack Buckskin
6281:
6277:
6273:
6270:
6266:
6263:
6259:
6256:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6245:
6234:
6230:
6226:
6222:
6219:
6215:
6212:
6208:
6205:
6201:
6198:
6194:
6191:
6190:Killalpaninna
6187:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6152:
6150:
6146:
6139:
6135:
6132:
6128:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6110:
6106:
6103:
6099:
6096:
6092:
6089:
6085:
6082:
6078:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6060:
6056:
6053:
6049:
6046:
6042:
6039:
6035:
6034:
6032:
6029:
6025:
6022:
6018:
6011:
6007:
6004:
6003:Yawarrawarrka
6000:
5997:
5993:
5990:
5986:
5983:
5979:
5976:
5972:
5969:
5965:
5962:
5958:
5955:
5951:
5948:
5944:
5941:
5937:
5934:
5930:
5927:
5923:
5920:
5916:
5913:
5909:
5906:
5902:
5899:
5895:
5892:
5888:
5885:
5881:
5878:
5874:
5871:
5867:
5864:
5860:
5857:
5853:
5850:
5846:
5843:
5839:
5836:
5832:
5829:
5825:
5822:
5818:
5815:
5811:
5808:
5804:
5801:
5800:Ngaanyatjarra
5797:
5794:
5790:
5787:
5783:
5780:
5776:
5773:
5769:
5766:
5762:
5759:
5755:
5752:
5748:
5745:
5741:
5738:
5734:
5731:
5727:
5724:
5720:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5705:
5701:
5698:
5694:
5691:
5687:
5684:
5680:
5677:
5673:
5670:
5666:
5663:
5659:
5656:
5655:Adnyamathanha
5652:
5651:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5634:
5629:
5627:
5622:
5620:
5615:
5614:
5611:
5591:
5588:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5573:
5569:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5540:
5536:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5507:
5505:
5501:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5441:
5439:
5435:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5399:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5378:
5375:
5374:
5372:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5344:
5340:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5311:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5255:
5249:
5245:
5231:
5228:
5224:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5216:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5200:
5198:
5194:
5188:
5185:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5175:
5172:
5167:
5166:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5122:
5118:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5098:
5096:
5094:
5090:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5068:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5051:
5046:
5042:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5010:
5006:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4977:
4974:
4972:
4969:
4964:
4961:
4960:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4951:
4947:
4941:
4938:
4937:
4935:
4933:
4929:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4912:
4910:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4890:
4886:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4788:
4786:
4782:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4763:
4759:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4710:
4705:
4701:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4668:
4666:
4664:
4660:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4641:
4637:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4590:Adnyamathanha
4588:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4456:
4452:
4448:
4446:
4442:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4430:Yabula-Yabula
4428:
4427:
4425:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4408:
4403:
4399:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4336:
4332:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4231:Gumbaynggiric
4228:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4199:
4195:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4178:Gureng Gureng
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4152:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4092:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4078:
4075:
4070:
4066:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3924:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3884:
3882:
3880:
3876:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3864:Gugu Yalandyi
3862:
3860:
3857:
3856:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3829:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3710:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3676:
3671:
3669:
3664:
3662:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3640:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3628:
3625:
3618:
3614:
3609:
3605:
3604:
3602:
3598:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3573:
3570:
3566:
3563:
3559:
3556:
3552:
3549:
3545:
3542:
3538:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3514:
3510:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3457:
3454:
3450:
3447:
3443:
3440:
3436:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3413:
3412:
3410:
3406:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3392:
3385:
3381:
3378:
3374:
3371:
3367:
3364:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3329:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3315:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3259:
3256:(4 families?)
3255:
3251:
3248:
3244:
3241:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3190:
3186:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3174:Darwin Region
3171:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3140:
3136:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3110:
3106:
3103:
3099:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3068:
3064:
3061:
3060:Murrinh Patha
3057:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3013:
3006:
3005:Torres Strait
3002:
2999:
2995:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2953:
2948:
2946:
2941:
2939:
2934:
2933:
2930:
2922:
2921:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2896:
2891:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2851:
2847:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2821:
2820:0-85883-546-0
2817:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2766:
2760:
2756:
2751:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2738:0-7018-1330-X
2734:
2730:
2725:
2722:
2720:0-949659-91-6
2716:
2712:
2707:
2704:
2702:0-949659-32-0
2698:
2694:
2689:
2686:
2684:0-415-05694-2
2680:
2676:
2671:
2668:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2652:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2608:
2601:
2595:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2566:
2562:
2561:dlb.sa.edu.au
2555:
2549:
2533:
2526:
2511:
2510:
2503:
2501:
2499:
2482:
2475:
2473:
2457:
2453:
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2445:
2441:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2414:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2372:
2370:0-207-14044-8
2366:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2346:, p. 11.
2345:
2340:
2333:
2328:
2321:
2316:
2309:
2304:
2297:
2292:
2256:
2249:
2244:
2237:
2232:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2203:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2161:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2142:
2133:
2131:
2130:bush medicine
2127:
2123:
2118:
2117:
2105:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2077:
2073:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2023:
2019:
2016:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1977:
1974:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
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1937:Old Testament
1934:
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1925:
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1916:
1915:New Testament
1906:
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1900:
1896:
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1260:
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1248:
1246:
1236:
1235:
1219:
1215:
1204:
1201:
1200:I.NOM go.PAST
1198:
1194:
1188:
1183:
1177:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1150:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1103:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1078:
1072:
1067:
1061:
1056:
1050:
1045:
1043:
1039:
1038:ergative case
1034:
1032:
1028:
1018:
1016:
1012:
1002:
987:
981:
979:
975:
954:
940:
939:
924:
910:
909:
894:
880:
879:
864:
850:
849:
845:
842:
841:
838:
835:
817:
808:
802:
793:
789:
787:
785:
782:
781:
774:
765:
761:
759:
753:
744:
740:
738:
735:
734:
731:
728:
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723:
721:
718:
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712:
701:
697:
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687:
685:
683:
681:
678:
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646:
644:
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639:
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635:
629:
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619:
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597:
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570:
566:
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556:
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541:
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533:
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517:
511:
507:
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485:
479:
475:
469:
463:
459:
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447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
424:
421:
418:
392:
388:
384:
363:
361:
360:Old Testament
357:
353:
352:New Testament
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
305:
299:
289:
247:
241:
236:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
209:
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200:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
181:
177:
173:
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167:
166:
161:
157:
153:
150:
145:
140:
137:
134:
130:
124:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
105:
104:
101:
100:
99:
95:
91:
85:
81:
75:
72:
69:
65:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
33:
30:
19:
7170:
7080:
7071:
7062:
7053:
6957:Yandruwandha
6937:
6927:Wangkangurru
6913:Ngarrindjeri
6648:Wati-kutjara
6618:
6614:
6610:
6515:Chad Wingard
6508:Norah Wilson
6466:Moogy Sumner
6368:Ruby Hammond
6326:Vince Copley
6278:(Tom Walker)
6218:Point Pearce
6109:Pipalyatjara
5989:Yardliyawara
5975:Yandruwandha
5856:Ngarrindjeri
5494:Anindilyakwa
5254:Pama–Nyungan
5208:Bulloo River
5187:Yandruwandha
5174:Wilson River
5053:Pama–Nyungan
4965:Yindjilandji
4909:Ngumpin–Yapa
4897:Pama–Nyungan
4838:Yindjibarndi
4803:Martuthunira
4712:Pama–Nyungan
4544:Lower Murray
4410:Pama–Nyungan
4077:Pama–Nyungan
3859:Barrow Point
3240:Pama–Nyungan
3168:(5 families)
3115:
3032:Anindilyakwa
2917:
2905:
2901:
2870:
2866:
2854:. Retrieved
2849:
2845:
2829:
2811:
2776:
2772:
2764:085883-437-5
2754:
2728:
2710:
2692:
2674:
2656:
2635:. Retrieved
2632:Tweakers.net
2631:
2622:
2610:. Retrieved
2600:
2565:the original
2560:
2548:
2536:. Retrieved
2525:
2513:. Retrieved
2508:
2485:. Retrieved
2459:. Retrieved
2423:
2413:
2401:. Retrieved
2396:
2392:
2379:
2360:
2351:
2339:
2327:
2315:
2307:
2303:
2291:
2255:
2243:
2238:, p. ?.
2231:
2224:Goddard 1985
2219:
2215:
2211:
2202:
2195:Bauer (2007)
2190:
2175:
2163:. Retrieved
2154:
2139:
2111:
2078:
2074:
2071:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2012:
1984:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1953:
1945:
1912:
1888:
1254:
1242:
1211:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1189:
1178:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1156:
1145:
1134:
1126:
1122:
1119:
1117:Tjitji a-nu.
1116:
1109:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1073:
1062:
1051:
1035:
1027:case marking
1024:
1014:
1010:
1008:
982:
971:
836:
813:
710:
419:
389:compared to
380:
329:
245:
244:
205:
163:
112:
98:Pama–Nyungan
29:
6936:(dialects:
6857:Antakirinja
6634:Muldjewangk
6607:'Dreamtime'
6588:and culture
6445:Nura Rupert
6403:Patty Mills
6375:Ruby Hunter
6354:Adam Goodes
6262:Jimmy Baker
6255:Ian Abdulla
6177:(Umeewarra)
6118:(Ernabella)
6020:Communities
5968:Wongkanguru
5926:Tanganekald
5711:Jarildekald
5662:Antakirinja
5515:Kungarakany
5437:Gunwinyguan
5423:Warndarrang
5223:Barranbinja
5159:Pitta Pitta
5022:Mayi-Kutuna
4986:Kalkatungic
4871:Nyangumarta
4843:Yinhawangka
4653:Ngadjunmaya
4567:Yitha-Yitha
4497:Wemba Wemba
4482:Madhi-Madhi
4477:Ledji-Ledji
4348:Gunaikurnai
4239:Kumbainggar
4000:Mbara-Yanga
3969:Ikarranggal
3817:Wik-Ngathan
3812:Wik-Mungkan
3797:Kugu-Muminh
3328:Cocos Malay
3314:Angloromani
3125:Yolŋu Matha
2344:Bowe (1990)
2332:Bowe (1990)
2320:Bowe (1990)
2282:is written
2274:is written
2220:pitjantjara
2210:, the name
2141:LibreOffice
1049:Minyma-ngku
680:Approximant
220:instead of
7260:Categories
7215:Queensland
6211:Oak Valley
6138:Yunyarinyi
6010:Yirawirung
5996:Yarluyandi
5933:Thangkaali
5919:Ramindjeri
5835:Ngangaruku
5765:Mardidjali
5751:Malyangapa
5690:Bungandidj
5683:Bodaruwitj
5489:Nunggubuyu
5479:Rembarrnga
5469:Kunbarlang
5413:Mangarrayi
5369:Maningrida
5178:Bundhamara
5164:Wanggamala
5148:Yarluyandi
5017:Mayi-Kulan
4994:Kalkatungu
4971:Warluwarra
4950:Warluwaric
4828:Nyiyaparli
4582:Thura-Yura
4520:Bungandidj
4492:Wathaurong
4374:Bandjalang
4295:Darkinjung
4282:Yuin–Kuric
4262:Gamilaraay
4254:Wiradhuric
4155:Waka–Kabic
4051:Umbindhamu
3917:Yir-Yoront
3901:Ogh-Undjan
3843:Morrobolam
3723:Anguthimri
3718:Andjingith
3555:Indonesian
3502:Vietnamese
3233:Nyulnyulan
3074:Walmajarri
3017:Indigenous
2977:Australian
2649:References
2612:3 December
2126:Indigenous
1969:Loan words
1622:warlawurru
1610:tyakipirri
1251:Vocabulary
846:Lowercase
843:Uppercase
350:, and the
348:dictionary
336:Aboriginal
59:; also in
51:Northwest
6920:Paakantyi
6871:Barngarla
6838:Languages
6627:Tjilbruke
6619:tjukurrpa
6615:mura-mura
6204:Nepabunna
6175:Davenport
6168:Colebrook
6160:Poonindie
6052:Indulkana
6028:APY Lands
5912:Portaulun
5891:Peramangk
5814:Ngayawang
5772:Meintangk
5723:Karangura
5715:Mulbarapa
5676:Barngarla
5585:Gunindiri
5547:Kayardild
5474:Ngalakgan
5459:Kunwinjku
5387:Gurr-goni
5382:Ndjébbana
5299:Ritharrŋu
5203:Baagandji
4999:Yalarnnga
4940:Warumungu
4932:Warumungu
4861:Karajarri
4775:Mantharta
4752:Yinggarda
4681:Natingero
4676:Kalaamaya
4595:Barngarla
4557:Ngayawung
4487:Wadi-Wadi
4451:Kolakngat
4422:Yotayotic
4343:Dhudhuroa
4335:Gippsland
4315:Ngunnawal
4305:Dhanggati
4272:Wiradjuri
4267:Ngiyambaa
4198:Durubalic
4173:Gabi-Gabi
4163:Barunggam
4107:Warrgamay
4089:Dyirbalic
4010:Walangama
3892:Kok Thawa
3887:Koko-Bera
3879:Southwest
3831:Lamalamic
3822:Wik-Ompom
3807:Wik-Me'nh
3767:Northeast
3748:Ndrangith
3416:Cantonese
3276:Yangmanic
3269:Worrorran
3254:Tasmanian
3088:Warumungu
3019:languages
2969:varieties
2887:152007671
2637:17 August
2534:. InDaily
2448:1833-7538
2208:haplology
2165:9 January
2116:ngangkari
1955:APY lands
1821:hit, kill
1670:pirntirri
1617:eaglehawk
1203:'I went.'
974:retroflex
439:Retroflex
165:Glottolog
149:ISO 639-3
67:Ethnicity
43:Australia
7236:Victoria
7229:Tasmania
7173:massacre
6899:Ngadjuri
6892:Narungga
6641:Ngiṉṯaka
6586:Religion
6382:Ivaritji
6197:Koonibba
6095:Mintabie
6068:(Fregon)
6066:Kaltjiti
5898:Pilatapa
5877:Ngurunta
5870:Ngintait
5842:Ngaralda
5807:Ngadjuri
5786:Narungga
5520:Wardaman
5510:Gaagudju
5449:Uwinymil
5218:Muruwari
5106:Kaytetye
5101:Arrernte
4894:Northern
4833:Panyjima
4785:Ngayarta
4732:Badimaya
4620:Ngadjuri
4610:Narungga
4467:Bunurong
4435:Yotayota
4407:Southern
4320:Tharawal
4290:Awabakal
4188:Wuliwuli
4183:Wakawaka
4145:Warrongo
4102:Nyawaygi
4041:Kok Narr
4026:Djabugay
4005:Mbabaram
3988:Southern
3912:Kuuk Yak
3852:Yalanjic
3838:Lamalama
3792:Ayabadhu
3733:Awngthim
3569:Japanese
3423:Mandarin
3203:Jarrakan
3196:Iwaidjan
3189:Giimbiyu
3081:Warlpiri
3039:Arrernte
2908:: 27–44.
2456:70677943
2359:(1981).
2028:Monopoly
1981:motorcar
1893:and the
1874:kutyarra
1850:nyuntulu
1658:kityirli
1593:mosquito
1574:antipina
1545:kangaroo
1400:kartirti
1388:tyarliny
1259:(1981).
1176:Ngayu-lu
1154:nya-ngu.
1132:Ngayu-lu
1071:nya-ngu.
978:alveolar
962:ṯ
948:Ṯ
932:ṟ
918:Ṟ
902:ṉ
888:Ṉ
872:ḻ
858:Ḻ
798:
770:
749:
434:Alveolar
429:Bilabial
409:between
397:between
240:Adelaide
226:Help:IPA
172:pitj1243
7122:History
6950:Wirangu
6864:Arabana
6666:Watarru
6621:, etc.)
6600:Arkaroo
6225:Raukkan
6131:Watarru
6116:Pukatja
6102:Nyapaṟi
5961:Wirangu
5863:Ngawadj
5849:Ngarkat
5828:Ngameni
5779:Mirning
5737:Kokatha
5697:Dhirari
5669:Arabana
5647:Peoples
5572:Garrwan
5539:Tangkic
5525:Wagiman
5464:Dalabon
5392:Nakkara
5377:Burarra
5144:Ngamini
5139:Mithaka
5129:Arabana
5093:Arandic
5050:Central
4976:Yanyuwa
4962:Bularnu
4922:Ngumbin
4917:Ngarrga
4866:Mangala
4853:Marrngu
4818:Nhuwala
4798:Kurrama
4793:Jurruru
4770:Kanyara
4747:Wajarri
4737:Malgana
4709:Western
4686:Nyungar
4671:Galaagu
4663:Nyungic
4648:Mirning
4640:Mirniny
4630:Wirangu
4562:Yaralde
4552:Keramin
4445:Kulinic
4310:Ngarigo
4221:Turrbal
4216:Nunukul
4140:Kingkel
4130:Bidjara
4112:Wulguru
4097:Dyirbal
4074:Eastern
3995:Agwamin
3979:Thaypan
3974:Takalak
3959:Angkula
3954:Alungul
3947:Thaypan
3938:Kuthant
3933:Kurtjar
3802:Pakanha
3743:Mbiywom
3738:Luthigh
3576:Spanish
3562:Italian
3527:Chinese
3488:Tagalog
3481:Spanish
3474:Punjabi
3460:Maltese
3446:Italian
3409:Chinese
3300:creoles
3296:Pidgins
3280:Wagiman
3278:(incl.
3247:Tangkic
3182:Garrwan
3159:Bunuban
3109:Pintupi
3102:Luritja
3046:Burarra
2967:English
2856:11 July
2747:6578832
2538:12 July
2515:12 July
2487:12 July
2403:11 July
1899:Pukatja
1838:ngayulu
1814:mantyi-
1766:ngarra-
1646:tyirntu
1634:kaarnka
1598:kiwinyi
1562:wayurta
1538:nyinngi
1514:yirrami
1437:stomach
1304:nguntyu
1267:English
1005:Grammar
725:Central
600:Lateral
456:Plosive
444:Palatal
311:of the
309:dialect
307:) is a
222:Unicode
180:AIATSIS
7100:Cases:
7013:Words:
6885:Kaurna
6233:Yalata
6183:Gerard
6156:Akenta
6148:Other:
6088:Mimili
6081:Makiri
5940:Wailpi
5884:Nukunu
5821:Ngalia
5744:Kuyani
5730:Kaurna
5590:Waanyi
5580:Garrwa
5557:Minkin
5552:Lardil
5484:Ngandi
5444:Jawoyn
5325:Bindal
5294:Djinaŋ
5289:Djinba
5279:Dhuwal
5252:Other
5230:Yardli
5134:Diyari
5121:Karnic
5078:Wanman
5073:Ngardi
5027:Ngawun
4958:Wagaya
4823:Nyamal
4808:Ngarla
4742:Nhanda
4625:Nukunu
4605:Kuyani
4600:Kaurna
4384:Yidiny
4369:Anewan
4300:Dharug
4244:Yaygir
4211:Janday
4168:Dappil
4036:Gugadj
3926:Norman
3897:Kunjen
3774:Umpila
3758:Uradhi
3753:Ngkoth
3594:Auslan
3541:German
3534:French
3520:Arabic
3467:Nepali
3453:Korean
3402:Arabic
3356:Norfuk
3226:Mirndi
3132:Dhuwal
3015:Major
2885:
2818:
2761:
2745:
2735:
2717:
2699:
2681:
2663:
2461:2 July
2454:
2446:
2436:
2367:
2278:, and
1999:Fijian
1990:mutuka
1802:pitya-
1778:nyina-
1706:ngurra
1581:spider
1557:possum
1478:tyunta
1461:faeces
1419:breast
1383:tongue
1311:father
1299:mother
1292:minyma
1146:child.
1143:tjitji
1099:child.
1096:Tjitji
1063:child.
1060:tjitji
1052:woman.
959:
957:U+1E6F
945:
943:U+1E6E
929:
927:U+1E5F
915:
913:U+1E5E
899:
897:U+1E49
885:
883:U+1E48
869:
867:U+1E3B
855:
853:U+1E3A
641:Rhotic
48:Region
7171:Maria
6878:Dieri
6124:Umuwa
6074:Kaṉpi
6059:Kalka
6045:Iltur
6038:Amaṯa
5947:Warki
5704:Dieri
5503:Other
5454:Waray
5428:Yugul
5418:Marra
5408:Alawa
5313:Other
5304:Nhaŋu
5284:Djaŋu
5274:Dhaŋu
5266:Yolŋu
5196:Other
5154:Ngura
4724:Kartu
4512:Drual
4459:Kulin
4362:Other
4325:Wormi
4206:Guwar
4122:Maric
4019:Other
3706:North
3548:Greek
3439:Hindi
3432:Greek
3342:Kriol
2898:(PDF)
2883:S2CID
2842:(PDF)
2804:(PDF)
2568:(PDF)
2557:(PDF)
2389:(PDF)
2216:-tja-
2147:Notes
2003:Māori
1862:kutyu
1761:stand
1742:mirka
1725:smoke
1689:water
1677:stone
1550:marlu
1533:snake
1509:blood
1502:tarka
1490:tyina
1473:thigh
1454:kumpu
1449:urine
1442:tyuni
1395:tooth
1371:mouth
1352:mulya
1287:woman
1257:Blake
1214:tense
1187:a-nu.
1107:a-nu.
737:Close
720:Front
543:Nasal
449:Velar
136:Latin
7042:Laws
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