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Though devoid of every good quality, he had been involved in no scandal." It was common for ancient historians to portray
Postumus as dim-witted and brutish. Velleius portrays Postumus as having had a deformed or perverse character, Dio records a propensity to violence ("He had an impetuous temper...") and a devotion to "servile pursuits", and both Tacitus and Suetonius describe him as fierce ("
2055:
606:
Livia, too was said to have poisoned her husband to prevent
Postumus from becoming the successor and thus supplanting her son Tiberius. While modern historians, including Fox, agree that such stories are highly unlikely, there is evidence that Augustus' journey was historical. "It is the last act in Augustus' long marathon of finding and keeping an heir to the new Empire".
649:
to impersonate him. Clemens was able to impersonate
Postumus because people did not remember what Postumus looked like, but Dio also says there was a resemblance between them. The impersonation was carried out by the same slave who had set out in AD 14 to ship Postumus away, and the act was met with
614:
Augustus died on 19 August AD 14. Despite being banished, Postumus had not legally been disinherited and so could claim a share in
Augustus' inheritance. According to Augustus' will, sealed on 3 April AD 13, Tiberius would inherit two thirds of his estate and Livia one third. There is no mention of
605:
There was much gossip over the outcome of their expedition. Tacitus recounts the rumour that
Augustus had decided to reverse his decision and make Postumus his successor. In his account, Fabius indiscreetly told his wife what had occurred during the trip, and that cost him his life. Augustus' wife,
657:
According to the historian Erich S. Gruen, various contemporary sources state that
Postumus was a "vulgar young man, brutal and brutish, and of depraved character". The Roman historian Tacitus defended him, but his praise was slight: " the young, physically tough, indeed brutish, Agrippa Postumus.
569:
Augustus made no effort to contact
Postumus until AD 14. In the summer of that year, Augustus left Rome, never to see the capital again. The main ancient sources of information about the period, Tacitus and Cassius Dio, suggest that Augustus left Rome in the company of only one trusted friend, the
538:
suggests that
Augustus' wife, Livia, had always disliked and shunned Postumus, as he stood in the way of her son Tiberius succeeding to power after Augustus since Postumus was a direct biological descendant of Augustus, unlike Tiberius. Some modern historians theorise that Postumus may have become
451:
Postumus was known for being brutish, insolent, stubborn and potentially violent. He possessed great physical strength and reportedly showed little interest in anything other than fishing. He resisted all efforts to improve his behavior, which forced
Augustus to "abdicate" him from the
1220:, p. 115: "The elder Agrippa died, in the summer of 12 BC, while Julia was pregnant with their fifth child. The boy was very likely born sometime after June 26 of the following year. When his grandfather adopted him, on the same date in AD 4, the youth had not yet assumed the
550:, Audasius and Epicadus had planned to take Julia and Postumus by force to the armies. It is unclear what their exact plan was or even to which armies Suetonius was referring because the conspiracy was discovered early in its planning, possibly before they had even left Rome.
498:
About this time
Agrippa... alienated from himself the affection of his father who was also his grandfather, falling into reckless ways by an amazing depravity of attitude and intellect; and soon, as his vices increased daily, he met the end which his madness deserved.
546:, was executed for allegedly plotting a conspiracy against Augustus. There was later a conspiracy to rescue Julia and Postumus by Lucius Audasius and Asinius Epicadus. Audasius was an accused forger of advanced age, and Asinius was half-Illyrian. According to
636:
to Illyricum when he was recalled to Rome, and later issued a statement that it was Augustus who had given the order that Agrippa Postumus not survive him. It is not clear if the killing was carried out before or after Tiberius became emperor.
632:. When Crispus reported to Tiberius that "his orders have been carried out", Tiberius threatened to bring the matter before the Senate and professed that he had given no such orders. Tiberius denied any involvement, argued that he had been
742:. This retains the story from the novel of Postumus being framed for the assault on Livilla, and the later visit to Planasia by Augustus, but removes his fictional survival and shifts the events concerning his banishment to after the
699:
for the attempted rape of Livilla, as a means of all but guaranteeing Tiberius' succession to the emperorship. Postumus is banished to Planasia but escapes execution when Augustus arranges for his impersonation by his freed slave
490:
Hoc fere tempore Agrippa... mira pravitate animi atque ingenii in praecipitia conversus patris atque eiusdem avi sui animum alienavit sibi, moxque crescentibus in dies vitiis dignum furore suo habuit exitum.
406:, and his name was added to the list of aristocratic youth eligible for training as military officers. That differed greatly from the honours received by his brothers, both of whom were inducted into the
577:
Fabius and then Augustus died on their return without revealing what they had been doing. Tacitus reports their visit to Planasia as a rumour although Dio reports it as fact. According to the historian
392:
It was not intended that Postumus receive the emperorship; instead, he was meant to be the heir to Augustus' bloodline. He would receive Augustus' name, property, and bloodline but not the title of
670:"), and Suetonius is in agreement with Dio's "servile pursuits" depiction. The historian Andrew Pettinger argues that the descriptions of Postumus reveal a moral inadequacy, not a mental disorder.
582:, the alleged visit has sometimes been dismissed by modern scholars. However, it has been shown that Augustus and Fabius were absent from Rome in mid-May of AD 14. Augustus' adopted grandson,
1240:, and when he learned of Agrippa's condition he left the country. Finding him dead, he conveyed the body to the capital and allowed it to lie in state in the Forum".
306:, was the daughter of Augustus and his second wife, Scribonia. Postumus was the third son and last child of Agrippa and Julia; his older siblings were Gaius Caesar,
704:, who is later executed by Crispus, unwittingly in Postumus' stead. The real Postumus spends time on the run, but is eventually captured and executed by Tiberius.
531:. Augustus bolstered the natural inaccessibility of the rocky island by having an armed guard installed there. The Senate was ordered never to allow his release.
267:, meaning "son of Augustus". Postumus was then legally the son of Augustus, as well as his biological grandson. As a consequence, Postumus was adopted into the
448:
to assist in bringing the war to a swift end. The reason, Dio says, that Germanicus was chosen over Postumus is because Postumus was of an "illiberal nature".
2073:
357:
At first, Augustus opted not to adopt Postumus so that Agrippa would have at least one son to carry on his family name. However, the untimely deaths of
721:. Here Postumus is sentenced to death by Augustus, who decides to permanently remove his only remaining grandson as an obstacle to the succession of
383:, Postumus assumed the name "Marcus Julius Caesar Agrippa Postumus". After the adoptions of AD 4, in the event of Augustus' death, the title of
2137:
1993:
345:, there was gladiatorial combat and a naval battle between the "Persians" and the "Athenians" and 36 crocodiles were slaughtered in the
444:. Augustus sent Tiberius to crush the revolt with his army, and after a year of delayed results, he sent Germanicus in his capacity as
173:. Augustus initially considered Postumus as a potential successor and formally adopted him as his heir, before banishing Postumus from
2142:
294:
in 12 BC, approximately three months after his father, Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa, died in the summer. He was born into the equestrian
329:
BC), and they managed the games that were held to celebrate the Temple's dedication. Postumus, still a student, participated in the
678:
Postumus is depicted in many works of art due to his relationship with the leading family of the early Roman Empire. They include:
398:. Indeed, Postumus was not given any special schooling or treatment after his adoption. In AD 5, at the age of 17, he received the
187:' emplacement as Augustus' sole heir. Postumus was ultimately executed by his own guards shortly after Augustus' death in AD 14.
48:
615:
Postumus in the document. Tiberius gave the eulogy at Augustus' funeral and made a show of reluctantly accepting the title of
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Lucius (d. AD 2) and Gaius (d. AD 4) forced Augustus to adopt Postumus, his only remaining biological grandson, and
17:
238:, who died shortly before his birth and so the surname Postumus was added. After the death of his older brothers,
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The following year, in 7 AD, Augustus had the Senate make Postumus' banishment permanent and had him moved to
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416:("Leader of the Youth") and promised the consulship five years in advance, to be held when they reached 19.
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183:("beastly nature"). In effect, though not in law, the action cancelled his adoption and virtually assured
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441:
314:. Both of his brothers, Gaius and Lucius, were adopted by Augustus after the birth of Lucius in 17 BC.
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1236:: " Augustus happened to be giving, under the name of his children, contests of armed warriors at the
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371:, on 26 June AD 4 to secure the succession. He agreed to adopt Tiberius if Tiberius first adopted
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695:. It creates a fictional incident in which Postumus is framed by Livia and her granddaughter
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31:
574:. They left for Planasia to pay Augustus' banished grandson a highly-controversial visit.
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involved in a conspiracy against Augustus. Postumus was held under intense security.
337:("Trojan Games") with the rest of the equestrian youth. At these games, according to
307:
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Postumus' sister Julia was banished around the same time (AD 8), and her husband,
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and took the name "Julius Caesar". His name was changed to Agrippa Julius Caesar.
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1972:
The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio's Roman History
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691:, presents Postumus in a positive light, as a boyhood friend of the narrator,
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Gaius Sallustius Crispus, the great-nephew and adopted son of the historian
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2058: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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Coinage and History of the Roman Empire, c. 82 B.C. – A.D. 480: History
2006:
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At almost the same time as Augustus' death, Postumus was killed by the
372:
268:
1909:
I, Livia: The Counterfeit Criminal. the Story of a Much Maligned Woman
664:"). Contemporaries were reported to have described Postumus as wild ("
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261:
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by Augustus himself to commemorate their adoptions, given the title
302:. His father was one of Augustus' leading generals, and his mother,
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1936:
The Republic in Danger: Drusus Libo and the Succession of Tiberius
321:, Gaius and Lucius had been given the authority to consecrate the
27:
Youngest son of Marcus Agrippa and Julia the Elder (12 BC – AD 14)
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Two years later, there was an attempt by Postumus' former slave
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No consensus has emerged as to why Augustus banished Postumus.
198:. His maternal grandparents were Augustus and his second wife,
651:
368:
1925:
Norwood, Frances (1963), "The Riddle of Ovid's Relegatio",
291:
234:
Postumus was initially named "Marcus Agrippa" in honour of
211:
174:
72:
1889:
The Classical World: An Epic History From Homer to Hadrian
1797:
L'Antiquité au cinéma: Vérités, légendes et manipulations
1254:
1224:; therefore, he was probably less than 15 years of age".
1752:, Life of Augustus, Latin text with English translation
260:
ratified his adoption from which Postumus assumed the
2074:
Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology
1991:(1958). "Imperator Caesar: A Study in Nomenclature".
389:
would pass first to Tiberius and then to Germanicus.
440:
In AD 6, an uprising began in the Roman province of
2015:
1886:
609:
596:, 5026) shows that both Augustus and Fabius voted
1954:Marcus Agrippa: Right-hand Man of Caesar Augustus
2084:
738:based on Graves' novels, Postumus was played by
367:, Augustus' eldest stepson from his third wife,
202:. Postumus was also a maternal uncle of Emperor
472:), he lost the Julian name and returned to the
1279:
562:A bust of Tiberius conserved in Paris at the
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1473:
1471:
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527:, Italy), a small island between Italy and
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1815:Robert Graves and the Classical Tradition
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433:, a bust of Emperor Augustus wearing the
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2013:
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1833:The Divinization of Caesar and Augustus
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206:, who was the son of Postumus' sister
107:Agrippa Julius Caesar (after adoption)
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1799:(in French), Nouveau monde Ă©ditions,
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458:in AD 6 and banish him to a villa at
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341:, 260 lions were slaughtered in the
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586:, was then being admitted into the
482:had this to say of the banishment:
194:, the first imperial family of the
24:
1779:Aspects of Roman History AD 14–117
1732:
750:on Planasia after Augustus' death.
602:to admit him into the priesthood.
553:
161:, was a grandson of Roman Emperor
25:
2159:
1274:Caligula: The Corruption of Power
2143:Heirs apparent who never acceded
2053:
1987:
1743:Books 55–57, English translation
1285:
47:
2040:, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishing,
1711:
1699:
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1675:
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1651:
1639:
1615:
1603:
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1562:
1535:
1530:The Lives of the Twelve Caesars
1522:
1517:The Lives of the Twelve Caesars
1509:
1497:
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1453:
1438:
1426:
1399:
1387:
1371:
1359:
734:(1976), a television series by
713:(1968), a television series by
650:considerable success among the
610:Deaths of Augustus and Postumus
165:. He was the youngest child of
105:Marcus Agrippa Postumus (birth)
1835:, Cambridge University Press,
1320:
1308:
1266:
1227:
1211:
744:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
210:, as well as a great-uncle of
13:
1:
1831:Koortbojian, Michael (2013),
1247:
673:
506:—Velleius Paterculus 2.112.7
375:. Upon his adoption into the
290:Agrippa Postumus was born in
250:by his maternal grandfather,
190:Postumus was a member of the
157:(12 BC – AD 14), later named
1970:Swan, Michael Peter (2004),
1956:, Pen & Sword Military,
763:Ancestry of Agrippa Postumus
54:Portrait of Agrippa Postumus
7:
1974:, Oxford University Press,
1938:, Oxford University Press,
1817:, Oxford University Press,
1750:Lives of the Twelve Caesars
754:
466:. As an abdicated adoptee (
352:
317:Before Gaius left Rome for
283:A bust of Postumus' father
30:For the personal name, see
10:
2164:
2077:. Vol. 1. p. 78.
1934:Pettinger, Andrew (2012),
1727:
1102:14. Lucius Scribonius Libo
1077:
961:
847:
177:in AD 6 on account of his
29:
2014:Terrace, Vincent (1981),
1813:Gibson, A. G. G. (2015),
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1136:
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717:, Postumus was played by
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226:, was Caligula's sister.
142:
127:
115:
104:
99:
95:
86:August AD 14 (aged 24/25)
82:
66:
46:
41:
1952:Powell, Lindsay (2015),
1885:Fox, Robin Lane (2006),
1867:Levick, Barbara (2012),
1849:Levick, Barbara (1976),
1204:
838:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
784:Lucius Vipsanius Agrippa
488:
478:. The ancient historian
419:
285:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
167:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
132:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa
2036:Vagi, David L. (1999),
1911:, Trafford Publishing,
1851:Tiberius the Politician
544:Lucius Aemilius Paullus
229:
222:emperor, whose mother,
155:Marcus Agrippa Postumus
2128:Ancient Roman adoptees
1795:Dumont, Hervé (2009),
1761:I, English translation
666:
660:
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598:
590:, and an inscription (
572:Paullus Fabius Maximus
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192:Julio-Claudian dynasty
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2103:1st-century BC Romans
2018:Television: 1970–1980
1532:, Life of Augustus 19
1519:, Life of Augustus 65
561:
427:
282:
275:Early life and family
224:Agrippina the Younger
159:Agrippa Julius Caesar
2133:Children of Augustus
2123:Ancient Roman exiles
1645:Tacitus, The Annals
1272:Anthony A. Barrett,
1238:Panathenaic festival
323:Temple of Mars Ultor
310:, Lucius Caesar and
32:Postumus (praenomen)
1927:Classical Philology
1907:Mudd, Mary (2012),
687:(1934), a novel by
480:Velleius Paterculus
469:adoptatus abdicatus
430:Augustus Bevilacqua
413:Princeps Iuventutis
312:Agrippina the Elder
208:Agrippina the Elder
58:Musée Saint-Raymond
2108:1st-century Romans
2069:"Agrippa Postumus"
1571:, pp. 471–472
1544:, pp. 138–141
1494:, pp. 116–117
1396:, pp. 115–116
1368:, pp. 159–160
746:. He is killed by
584:Drusus the Younger
567:
438:
288:
2093:Vipsanii Agrippae
1918:978-1-4120-4606-0
1767:Secondary sources
1636:Gruen (2005), 49.
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517:
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308:Julia the Younger
152:
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111:
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16:(Redirected from
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1261:Koortbojian 2013
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946:Agrippa Postumus
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42:Agrippa Postumus
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18:Postumus Agrippa
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1982:
1964:
1946:
1919:
1901:
1893:, Basic Books,
1879:
1861:
1843:
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1807:
1789:
1775:Alston, Richard
1769:
1735:
1733:Primary sources
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1068:Julia the Elder
757:
676:
643:
612:
556:
554:Events of AD 14
501:
493:
422:
355:
326:
304:Julia the Elder
277:
246:, Postumus was
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171:Julia the Elder
147:Julia the Elder
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1949:
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588:Arval Brethren
580:Robin Lane Fox
555:
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513:, p. 103
511:Pettinger 2012
507:
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379:Julii Caesares
354:
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343:Circus Maximus
276:
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2060:public domain
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2020:
2019:
2012:
2008:
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1981:0-19-516774-0
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1741:Roman History
1739:Cassius Dio,
1737:
1736:
1719:
1714:
1707:
1702:
1696:, p. 365
1695:
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1684:, p. 262
1683:
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1666:
1660:, p. 209
1659:
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1623:Roman History
1621:Cassius Dio,
1618:
1611:
1606:
1599:
1594:
1588:, p. 472
1587:
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1558:
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1461:Roman History
1459:Cassius Dio,
1456:
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1447:
1446:Roman History
1444:Cassius Dio,
1441:
1434:
1429:
1423:, p. 116
1422:
1417:
1415:
1408:, p. 235
1407:
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1379:Roman History
1377:Cassius Dio,
1374:
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1355:
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1344:, p. 115
1343:
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475:gens Vipsania
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90:
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59:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
2113:12 BC births
2072:
2037:
2017:
1998:
1992:
1989:Syme, Ronald
1971:
1953:
1935:
1926:
1908:
1888:
1868:
1850:
1832:
1814:
1796:
1778:
1758:
1749:
1740:
1720:, p. 21
1713:
1708:, p. 94
1706:Terrace 1981
1701:
1689:
1677:
1672:, p. 50
1665:
1653:
1641:
1632:
1622:
1617:
1612:, p. 46
1605:
1600:, p. 45
1593:
1564:
1537:
1529:
1524:
1516:
1511:
1504:Norwood 1963
1499:
1487:
1460:
1455:
1445:
1440:
1435:, p. 16
1428:
1401:
1389:
1378:
1373:
1361:
1356:, p. 78
1349:
1329:, p. 51
1322:
1317:, p. 47
1310:
1281:
1273:
1268:
1256:
1229:
1222:toga virilis
1221:
1213:
945:
729:
719:Derek Newark
708:
682:
677:
656:
644:
633:
623:
613:
604:
591:
576:
568:
541:
533:
518:
497:
489:
450:
439:
402:toga virilis
391:
356:
333:Lusus Troiae
316:
289:
264:
255:
244:Gaius Caesar
233:
196:Roman Empire
189:
158:
154:
153:
36:
1748:Suetonius,
1718:Alston 1998
1694:Dumont 2009
1682:Gibson 2015
1610:Levick 1976
1598:Levick 1976
1528:Suetonius,
1515:Suetonius,
1480:Powell 2015
1433:Levick 2012
1366:Powell 2015
1276:1989 p. 29.
740:John Castle
736:Jack Pulman
731:I, Claudius
710:The Caesars
684:I, Claudius
599:in absentia
435:civic crown
408:Roman Forum
339:Cassius Dio
325:(1 August 2
257:lex curiata
214:, the last
2087:Categories
1354:Smith 1873
1248:References
1234:Dio 54, 28
1157:15. Sentia
674:In fiction
373:Germanicus
269:Julia gens
265:Augusti f.
236:his father
138:(adoptive)
2118:14 deaths
1757:Tacitus,
1658:Swan 2004
1492:Mudd 2012
1421:Mudd 2012
1394:Mudd 2012
1342:Mudd 2012
1327:Mudd 2012
1303:Vagi 1999
1218:Mudd 2012
1127:Scribonia
626:centurion
548:Suetonius
460:Surrentum
442:Illyricum
360:principes
262:filiation
200:Scribonia
1994:Historia
1869:Claudius
1777:(1998),
1586:Fox 2006
1569:Fox 2006
1557:Fox 2006
1010:Augustus
755:Ancestry
723:Tiberius
693:Claudius
634:en route
618:princeps
570:senator
521:Planasia
446:quaestor
395:princeps
386:princeps
365:Tiberius
353:Adoption
252:Augustus
220:Claudian
204:Caligula
185:Tiberius
163:Augustus
136:Augustus
89:Planasia
2062::
2007:4434568
1728:Sources
1626:LVII.16
748:Sejanus
702:Clemens
697:Livilla
647:Clemens
630:Sallust
536:Tacitus
529:Corsica
525:Pianosa
464:Pompeii
462:, near
248:adopted
180:ferocia
117:Dynasty
91:, Italy
2044:
2026:
2005:
1978:
1960:
1942:
1915:
1897:
1875:
1857:
1839:
1821:
1803:
1785:
1759:Annals
641:Legacy
564:Louvre
327:
240:Lucius
143:Mother
128:Father
2003:JSTOR
1464:LV.32
1449:LV.31
1383:LV.10
1205:Notes
661:ferox
652:plebs
523:(now
455:Julii
420:Exile
369:Livia
216:Julio
100:Names
77:Italy
70:12 BC
2042:ISBN
2024:ISBN
1976:ISBN
1958:ISBN
1940:ISBN
1913:ISBN
1895:ISBN
1873:ISBN
1855:ISBN
1837:ISBN
1819:ISBN
1801:ISBN
1783:ISBN
1286:Syme
1042:Atia
1040:13.
982:12.
667:trux
319:Asia
292:Rome
254:. A
242:and
230:Name
212:Nero
175:Rome
169:and
83:Died
73:Rome
67:Born
1647:1.3
1125:7.
1066:3.
1008:6.
944:1.
836:2.
782:4.
728:In
707:In
593:ILS
2089::
2071:.
1997:.
1576:^
1549:^
1470:^
1413:^
1381:,
1334:^
1293:^
654:.
621:.
349:.
75:,
2009:.
1999:7
725:.
509:—
218:-
60:)
56:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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