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are as heavy as a pound and a quarter) no doubt might be used effectively; but the smaller ones, weighing only a few ounces, would not be very formidable; and taking them as a whole they are less adapted either for offensive or defensive purposes than most of the other stone implements. To this may be added that many are uninjured, and do not seem to have been put to any use whatever. Francisco Campaña (a half-Indian who joined the latter part of
Whymper's journey) had assisted in the examination of graves in Peru, and said these stars in stone were found there placed upon the breasts of corpses; and it seems likely that they were to the Children of the Sun symbols of the luminary that they worshipped.
499:
1294:
1030:. The majority have six rays (and none have more), proceeding symmetrically from the center, and the whole are fashioned alike upon each side. A certain number have only five rays, and occasional examples are irregular in shape. All are pierced by a hole, which has been drilled from the two sides, and the size of this varies considerably. In dimensions they range from three to five inches in diameter and from three-quarters of an inch to two inches in thickness. Their weight is from five to twenty ounces. The larger part are made from basaltic rock and gabbro. Objects of this class were also cast in metal but these are now rarely found in Ecuador.
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type P-T was the most numerous. The greater part have holes drilled from each side (with the holes having less in diameter in the middle than on their surfaces), though in some the aperture is as broad internally as externally. The positions of the holes vary, some being central, although most of them are nearest to the top. The lower edge is always the sharpest; and, while many would not have cut butter, there are a few sharp enough to cut wood. Their weight ranges from 3ÂĽ to 29 ounces, and like the stars in stone they have been fashioned from a diversity of rocks.
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Building: And for making their
Hatchets and Pick-axes, and some few Rakes, they made use of the Silversmiths, for as yet they had not attained to the Art of Working in Iron. Nor did they know how to make Nails, or use them, but tied all their timber with Cords of Hemp. Nor were their Hewers of Stone more artificial, for in cutting and shaping their Stones, they had no other Tool, than one made with some sharp Flints and Pebbles, with which they rather wore out the Stone by continual rubbing, than cutting."
1097:
or cutting edges, are sharp. The examples in the next series (K-O) bear some resemblance to a bill-hook; the top edges are flat; and they are all pierced with holes drilled from the two sides. The specimens in the next row have similar holes—otherwise they approximate to the chisel type; while the type represented in the bottom series U-Y differs from all the others in having projecting shoulders, and (occasionally) in having a groove along the length of the top edge, apparently to facilitate handling.
745:
972:, and in Cusco according to the most reliable chronicles, was the favorite son of Huayna Capac and was very popular among the Inca armies stationed in the north. The brothers battled for six years, killing many men and weakening the empire. Finally in 1532 near Chimborazo, Atahualpa, with the aid of two of his father's generals, defeated his brother. Huáscar was captured and put in prison. Atahualpa became emperor of a severely weakened empire only to face the Spanish conquistadors' arrival in 1532.
1105:
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22:
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890:, where Huascar's northbound troops were met and defeated by Atahualpa's southbound troops. Atahualpa's final victory over Huascar in the days just before the Spanish conquerors arrived resulted in large part from the loyalty of two of Huayna Capac's best generals, who were based in Quito along with Atahualpa. The victory remains a source of national pride to Ecuadorians as a rare case when "Ecuador" forcefully bettered a "neighboring country".
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represented the yellow maize, some the white ... The most surprising circumstance of the whole is, the manner of their working, which, when we consider their want of instruments and the wretched form of those they had, appears an inexplicable mystery: for either they worked with copper tools, a metal little able to resist the hardness of stones, or, to give the nice polish conspicuous on their works, other stones must have been used as tools."
289:
618:
403:), remain unknown to archaeologists, a fact that adds credence to the possibility of early human habitation. Scholars have studied the Amazon region recently but the forest is so remote and dense that it takes years for research teams to survey even a small area. Their belief that the river basin had complex cultures is confirmed by the recent discovery of the Mayo-Chinchipe Cultural Complex in the
856:(modern-day Peru) was limited to about a half century, or less in some parts of Ecuador. During that period, some aspects of life remained unchanged. Traditional religious beliefs, for example, persisted throughout the period of Inca rule. In other areas, however, such as agriculture, land tenure, and social organization, Inca rule had a profound effect despite its relatively short duration.
1162:"knew not the invention of putting a handle of Wood to their Hammers, but worked with certain Instruments they had made of Copper, mixed with a sort of fine Brass. Neither did they know how to make Files or Graving-tools, or Bellows for Melting down Metals ... But above all, their Carpenters seemed to be worst provided with Tools; for though ours use many Instruments made of Iron, those of
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515:. Evidence from the archeological site El Inca date the culture to 9000–8000 BCE. Several sites were excavated around 1961. It is estimated this area is one of the most important in South America and existed along an ancient trade route. The tools used by these early nomadic hunters have provided relationships to the
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on the coast of
Ecuador between 9000 and 6000 BC. The skeletal remains and other finds show evidence the culture once flourished in the area. Scientists have classified three phases of cultural development. The earliest people were hunter-gatherers and fishermen. At approximately 6000 BC, the culture
410:
The present
Republic of Ecuador is at the heart of the region where a variety of civilizations developed for millennia. During the pre-Inca period people lived in clans, which formed great tribes, and some allied with each other to form powerful confederations, as the Confederation of Quito. But none
952:
Huayna Capac grew up in
Ecuador and loved the land, in contrast preference to his native Cuzco. He named Quito the second Inca capital and a road was built to connect the two capitals. Cities and temples were built throughout the country. He married a Quitu princess and remained in the country until
777:
to Cerro de Hojas in the south. They were excellent weavers, produced textiles, articles of gold, silver spondylus shells and mother of pearls. The manteños mastered the seas and forged extensive trade routes as far as present-day Chile to the south and western Mexico to the north. The center of the
625:
Succeeding the
Valdivia, the Machalilla Culture was a farming culture that throve along the coast of Ecuador between the 2nd and 1st millennia BCE. Its ceramics are easily differentiated from the Valdivia as they were painted black or white with red stripes, and figurines were rare and crudely made.
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to be a "hollowing-hammer for metal" by making a handle with a pliable wood rod. It is possible those marked A, B, and C were used for the same purpose. The objects D, F, G, and H are more puzzling. The two latter somewhat resemble the two others represented here, but differ from them in not having
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All these five types were found in numbers, in many localities, and have evidently been among the most common and generally used implements during the
Equatorial Stone Age. In minor respects they exhibit considerable variety, and there are large differences in their size, thickness, and weight. The
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Five types are shown in the illustration with a white background. In the top row, series A-E, the whole of the edges are rounded, except the bottom ones. In the next line (F-J) all are of a chisel type. The tops and sides of these are sometimes flat or angular, and sometimes rounded; and the lower,
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Though all these writers appear to regard these objects as a kind of battle-axe (and are probably correct so far as those having a ray prolonged into a hatchet are concerned), there are several considerations that suggest these objects were habitually used as weapons. The larger of the stars (which
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had no other than a
Hatchet, and a Pick-axe made of Copper; they neither had Saw, nor Augre, nor Planer, nor any other Tool for the Carpenter's work, so that they could not make Arches or Portals for doors; onely they hewed and cut their Timber, and whitened it, and then it was prepared for their
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developed in the coastal region of
Southern Colombia and Northern Ecuador between 600 BCE and CE 200. Numerous archaeological sites have been discovered that show the highly artistic nature of this culture. Artifacts are characterized by gold jewelry, beautiful anthropomorphic masks and figurines
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were the last of the pre-Columbian cultures in the coastal region and flourished between 600 and 1534. They were the first to witness the arrival of
Spanish ships sailing in the surrounding Pacific Ocean. According to archaeological evidence and Spanish chronicles, the civilization extended from
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A large number of implements in stone were obtained, from which selections are given in the illustration with a black background. Those marked E, J, K, L, N-T are unique, and the other forms are more or less rare. The central one, marked M, was the only object for which Ecuadorian natives could
646:
The period of Regional Development is when regional differences developed in the territorial or political and social organization of the peoples. Among the main towns of this period were the cultures: JambelĂ, Guangala, BahĂa, Tejar-Daule, La Tolita, Jama Coaque in the coast of Ecuador, in the
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is the first culture where significant remains have been discovered. Their civilization dates back as early as 3500 BC. Living in the area near The Valdivias were the first Americans to use pottery. They created bowls, jars and female statues out of clay, both for everyday life and for use in
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was made of it; the Indian artists therefore used to shew their skill in making ears of it in a kind of very hard stone; and so perfect was the resemblance that they could hardly be distinguished by the eye from nature; especially as the colour was imitated to the greatest perfection; some
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From this passage it appears that at the time of the Pizarros the Indians used tools of metal for most purposes. The concluding sentence evidently refers solely to fashioning stones for building. Older writers in general do not indicate that they had a cognizance of a Stone Age.
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the circular cavities in the sides. The objects of this type are highly wrought, and fashioned out of hard stone. It seems not unlikely that they were used for sharpening tools, and that the examples G, H are unused specimens. They have also been found by M. Wiener in Peru.
659:(300 BC– AD 500), La Chimba is the site of the earliest ceramic northern Andes, north of Quito, and is representative of the Formative Period in its final stage. Its inhabitants contacted several villages on the coast and the mountains, keeping close proximity to the
595:
religious ceremonies. They navigated the seas on rafts with sails and established a trade network with tribes in the Andes and the Amazon. Valdivia art and artifacts have been found throughout the country. An extensive collection is on display at the
531:
During the Formative Period, people of the region moved from hunting-gathering and simple farming into a more developed society, with permanent developments, an increase in agriculture and the use of ceramics. New cultures included the
1033:
While they possess the general points of similarity that have been mentioned, scarcely any two are identical in form. Some are flat and thin, others are thick, or rise in the center upon each side into a shape like the hub of a wheel.
1058:. Finally, the Doctors Reiss and StĂĽbel remark, in their work upon the Peruvian antiquities obtained at Ancon, that "the few stone objects found here show but slight traces of workmanship, an exception being ... a stone weapon of the
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790:
The Huancavilcas constitute the most important pre-Columbian culture of Guayas, after Las Vegas. These warriors were noted for their appearance. Huancavilca culture recounts the legend of Guayas and Quiles, for which the city of
1046:, and he says that among the fractured skulls that were found "the larger part seemed to have been broken by blows from some such weapons". Mons. Wiener, in his book on Peru and Bolivia gives a figure of a star and was found at
975:
During the period of Inca presence, the Ecuadorian organizations adopted agricultural practices, and a few social organization of the Inca occupants, but maintained their traditional religious beliefs and many customs.
1037:
In a U.S. Naval expedition report, figures are given of two stars in bronze (found at Cuzco, Peru), one having a sixth ray prolonged into a hatchet, which suggests that it must have been a war-club or battle-axe. In
755:
Tribes throughout Ecuador integrated during this period. They built better housing that allowed them to improve their living conditions and no longer be subject to the climate. In the mountains the Cosangua-PĂllaro,
949:, Tupac Yupanqui's son with a Cañari princess (the people from modern-day Canar province), was able to conquer the remaining tribes and by 1500 most of Ecuador was incorporated into the Incan Empire loosely.
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objects while in Ecuador during 1880. Most of the items he collected from those brought to him were stone; he thought that most metal artifacts had been smelted in search of any gold they contained.
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valley between 500 BC and 600 AD. Though the culture of these cities' inhabitants is not yet well understood, it is thought that tens of thousands of people resided in the region at its height.
1125:
Among the distinctly ornamental objects in stone there are imitations of corn cobs. These were particularly mentioned in Juan & Ulloa's work, in the mid-18th century. Spanish writers say:
1154:
That the principal part of these objects and implements in stone are of considerable or of great age is apparent from the fact that they are scarcely mentioned at the time of the Pizarros.
1042:'s book on Peru, there is a figure of a six-rayed object in bronze, said to have been one of several, which are designated by the author (apparently following some earlier writer)
270:
663:, located on the plateau of Quito and its surrounding valleys. The Bahia culture occupied the area that stretches from the foothills of the Andes to the Pacific Ocean, and from
671:, to BahĂa de Caráquez, in Manabi, in an area of wooded hills and vast beaches of their immigrant who facilitated the gathering of resources of both the jungle and the ocean.
1308:
1138:
Squier gives in his book on Peru a bad representation of one of these stone maize-heads and says that they were specially mentioned "by Padre Arriaga in his rare book on the
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and Piartal-Tuza cultures arose; in the eastern region was the Yasunà Phase, while the Milagro, Manteña and Huancavilca cultures developed on the coast, from 500 BC onwards.
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in the Pacific coast region is another well-known early Ecuadorian culture. Ancient Valdivian artifacts from as early as 3500 BC have been found along the coast north of the
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began the incorporation of Ecuador into Inca rule. They began by defeating the people of the Sierra including the Quitus tribe (the people for whom modern-day
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lived in the Andes and Coastal Regions of Ecuador between 900 and 300 BC. They were best known for their hollow ceramic animal- and plant-shaped figurines.
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his death. When Huayna Capac died, there was no clear successor to the thrown since the designated heir, Ninan Cuyochi, died shortly after his father.
1989:
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852:, as the Inca empire was known. Different tribes also sought refugee in the then thick interior jungles. The influence of these conquerors based in
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The preceramic period begins with the first human settlement at the end of the last glacial and continues until around 4200 BC. The Las Vegas and
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showing a stick inserted in the central hole; and another figure of a somewhat similar from in bronze, also handled. Like Squier, he calls them
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during the late 15th century met with fierce resistance by several Ecuadorian tribes, particularly the Cañari, in the region around modern-day
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1117:. This one weighs five and a quarter pounds, and another of eleven pounds was obtained. Several examples of form I were found, considered by
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and living out his elder years there before his death in about 1527. Huayna Capac's sudden death from a strange disease, described by one as
317:
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392:. The archaeological evidence has established that Ecuador was inhabited for at least 4,500 years before the rise of the Inca.
2005:
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Lovell, W. George. (September 1992). "'Heavy Shadows and Black Night: Disease and Depopulation in Colonial Spanish America".
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Inca domination in Ecuador was short (around 70 years) but they left one of the best-known archaeological sites of Ecuador:
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96:
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417:. The invasion of the Inca in the 15th century was very painful and bloody. However, once occupied by the Quito hosts of
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of coastal Ecuador, flourishing between 8000 and 4600 BC, is one of the oldest cultures in the Americas. The subsequent
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is an important archaeological site in the highlands of Ecuador, going back as early as 3,500 BC. It is located in the
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in southern Chile, and technological relationships to the late Pleistocene "fluted point" complexes of North America.
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is named). They continued by heading southwest to the coast, eventually subjugating the Ecuadorians living near the
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Ceramic vessel with a sitting human figure. Jama-Coaque Culture, of the Regional Development Period (500 BC–AD 500)
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By far the most common object was a stone star with a hole through the middle. They were found everywhere between
502:
Ceramic male figure representing a richly bejeweled nobleman, from Ecuador. BahĂa Culture artwork (500 BC– AD 500)
495:. These human remains and other items can be seen at Museo Los Amantes de Sumpa y Centro Cultural in Santa Elena.
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983:. They tried to conquer the high Amazonian valley with only partial success, especially in the south, where the
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type ... the six-rayed stone star, here found once only, is elsewhere in Peruvian graves by no means rare."
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1129:"The maize has ever been the delight of the Indians; for, besides being their food, their favourite liquor
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1630:"The song of air and water: Acoustic experiments with an Ecuadorian Whistle Bottle (c.900 BC–100 BC)"
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Report of The U.S. Naval Astronomical Expedition to the Southern Hemisphere during the years 1849-52
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833:. The conquest of Ecuador began in 1463 under the leadership of the ninth Inca, the great warrior
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667:, to the south of Manabi. The Jama-Coaque culture inhabited areas between Cabo San Francisco in
2451:
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Since neither of the brothers liked the idea of a torn empire, the two sons sought the throne.
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By the end of the 15th century, despite fierce resistance by several Ecuadorian native tribes,
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421:, the Incas developed an extensive administration and began the colonization of the region.
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8:
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was chosen by the Emperor Huayna Capac (ruled 1493–1525) to be the Inca northern capital.
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These appear to be the earliest people to cultivate maize in this part of South America.
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Stothert, Karen E. (July 1985). "The Preceramic Las Vegas Culture of Coastal Ecuador".
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Bouchard, Jean Francois; Usselmann, Pierre (2003). "The region of Tumaco the Tolita".
871:, whose mother was Coya (meaning Empress) Mama Rahua Occillo and legitimate heir, and
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Antonio Fresco y Catálogo del Museo del Banco Central del Ecuador Sala de ArqueologĂa
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Cashaloma cup with dripped ("goteado") painting, Museo de las Culturas Aborigenes,
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960:, born of Huayna Capac's sister in Cusco, was voted as ruler by the Inca nobles.
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875:, a son who was born to a Quitu princess, and reputedly his father's "favorite".
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Emperor Huayna Capac became very fond of Quito, making it a secondary capital of
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took over command of the army and began his march northward through the Sierra.
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Sierras the Cerro NarrĂo AlausĂ; and in the Ecuadorian Amazon jungle the Tayos.
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This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
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Rudolph, James D. (1989). "Historical Setting". In Dennis M. Hanratty (ed.).
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A large number of stone objects were found that were undoubtedly implements.
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cultures during centuries until Spanish conquest. They are very effective.
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or Chaullabamba culture thrived from 2000 BC to AD 600 in the southern
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cultures, who thrived for thousands of years before the ascent of the
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of these confederations could resist the formidable momentum of the
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Ayala Esparza, MA; Gallardo Carillo, GF; Molina-AlarcĂłn, M (2019).
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Standing Figure, La Tolita/Tumaco (1st century BC — 1st century AD)
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Peru, Incidents of Travel and Exploration in the Land of the Incas
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The Americas before and after 1492: Current Geographical Research.
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2955:
2235:
878:
This struggle raged during the half-decade before the arrival of
868:
578:, and was discovered in 21st century. It belongs to the proposed
3586:
1812:
4063:
4053:
3436:
3431:
3356:
3292:
3173:
3123:
3113:
3088:
1130:
1070:
3703:
3647:
3638:
3526:
3103:
931:
914:
The history of Ecuador is better known from the point of the
853:
830:
822:
690:
that reflect a hierarchical society with complex ceremonies.
565:
512:
482:
338:
4285:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
2852:
1494:(17 June 1960). "Early Man Site Found in Highland Ecuador".
898:
544:
on the coast; Cotocollao, and The Chimba in the Sierra; and
1914:
Royal Commentaries of the Incas and General History of Peru
1051:
915:
814:
736:
culture thrived from AD 100 to 800 in the ManabĂ Province.
600:
372:, emerged in other parts of Ecuador. There are other major
1415:. Proyecto Zamora-Chinchipe. 22 June 2009. Archived from
882:'s conquering expedition in 1532. The key battle of this
470:
is the first known culture in Ecuador. They lived on the
1678:
Trois millénaires de civilisation á Colombia et Equateur
1477:
Pre-Historic Civilizations in Ecuador in Ancient History
1225:
Utensil with a figure from Chorrera culture (900–300 BC)
424:
The pre-Columbian era can be divided up into four eras:
1146:", and were household gods of the ancient inhabitants.
2181:(5th English edition, London ed.). Madrid. 1807 .
2179:
Relacion Historica del viaje a la Americana Meridional
1287:
Capulà ceramic sculpture of a contortionist (800—1500)
4280:
Painting in the Americas before European colonization
395:
Great tracts of Ecuador, including almost all of the
1899:
Historia del Reino de Quito en la América Meridional
475:
was among the first to begin farming (bottle gourd,
2144:
1189:
Valdivia-Machalilla jaguar mortar (c. 2000—1300 BC)
825:, occupants of the site of the modern capital; the
437:
Period of Integration and the Arrival of the Incas.
1957:de Santa Cruz Pachacuti Yamqui Salcamayhua, Juan.
1830:
1825:
1959:RelaciĂłn de las antigĂĽedades deste Reyno del PerĂş
1852:Annals of the Association of American Geographers
1675:
740:Period of Integration and the arrival of the Inca
641:
4324:
1881:
867:, precipitated a bitter power struggle between
384:and in the middle Andean highland provinces of
4260:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
4245:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas
2037:Travels Amongst the Great Andes of the Equator
1911:
1016:Travels Amongst the Great Andes of the Equator
829:(originally of Manabi) in the Sierra north of
511:The Inga lived in the Sierra near present-day
491:L.) The best known remains of the culture are
2838:
2220:
1971:
1690:
1014:Macanas, illustraction from Edward Whymper's
311:
1771:
1708:"Huge ancient lost city found in the Amazon"
1593:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology
1113:assign a use, and it was pronounced to be a
2008:. Proyecto Zamora-Chinchipe. Archived from
1833:The Peru Reader: History, Culture, Politics
1762:James A. Zeidler, Colorado State University
1338:Museo Antropologico y de Arte Contemporaneo
893:
634:Existing in the late Formative period, the
556:and many others in the Oriente region. The
2845:
2831:
2227:
2213:
2161:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2129:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2093:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1474:
1261:Statue from Chorrera Culture (1800—300 BC)
1249:Statue from Chorrera Culture (1800—300 BC)
1213:Ceramic bowls of Carchi culture (800-1500)
621:Statue from Chorrera Culture (1800—300 BC)
318:
304:
4250:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
2069:
2067:
1980:
1926:
1807:. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress.
1653:
1643:
2854:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
1693:Old America: Pre-Columbian civilizations
1437:
1103:
1084:
1009:
990:
897:
743:
719:
616:
497:
20:
2281:Ecuadorian–Peruvian territorial dispute
2030:
2024:
1941:
1796:
1705:
1566:
1073:(s), used by armies of many Andean and
4325:
2192:
2108:
2073:
2064:
1896:
1848:
1774:Le Grand Inca PachacĂştec Inca Yupanqui
360:Several other cultures, including the
2826:
2208:
1877:
1875:
1706:Rannard, Georgina (11 January 2024).
1621:
693:
606:
2234:
1987:Galapagosonline.com Incas in Ecuador
1916:. Translated by V. Livemore, Harold.
886:was fought on Ecuadorian soil, near
813:expansion northward from modern-day
674:
459:
441:
97:Spanish colonization of the Americas
25:Jama-Coaque figurine, 300 BC-AD 600.
3278:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela
2394:2010 coup d'Ă©tat attempt and crisis
2296:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War (1857–1860)
1805:Library of Congress Country Studies
1370:. Exploring Ecuador. Archived from
1314:Jama-Coaque figurine, 300 BC-AD 800
785:
629:
585:
526:
434:Period of Regional Development; and
16:Ecuador before Spanish colonization
13:
4270:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas
3249:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia
2145:Reiss, W.; A. Stübel (1880–1887).
1872:
1865:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1992.tb01968.x
1360:
1344:Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino
376:sites in the coastal provinces of
14:
4369:
3261:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador
3232:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia
2616:1998–1999 Ecuador economic crisis
2060:. 1855. pp. vol. ii, p. 138.
1149:
902:Pumapungo ruins at right, on the
4302:
3254:Archaeological sites in Colombia
3227:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil
2409:
2040:. London: John Murray. pp.
1839:Quote by Pedro de Cieza de Leon.
1595:. Oxford University Press. 2002.
1319:
1307:
1292:
1280:
1266:
1254:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1206:
1194:
1182:
287:
175:Ecuador as part of Gran Colombia
53:
4358:Indigenous peoples of the Andes
3237:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile
2186:
2170:
2148:The Necropolis of Ancon in Peru
2138:
2102:
2048:
1998:
1965:
1950:
1935:
1920:
1912:de la Vega El Inca, Garcilaso.
1905:
1890:
1842:
1819:
1790:
1765:
1756:
1734:
1725:
1699:
1695:. Barcelona: Circle of Readers.
1684:
1669:
1140:Extirpation of Idolatry in Peru
922:era. In 1463, the Inca warrior
763:
4343:Archaic period in the Americas
2195:The Royal Commentaries of Peru
1599:
1585:
1560:
1538:
1483:
1468:
1431:
1386:
642:Period of Regional Development
580:Mayo Chinchipe-Marañón culture
1:
4353:Indigenous peoples in Ecuador
4181:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala
3242:Archaeological sites in Chile
2362:Supreme Council of Government
1944:Suma y NarraciĂłn de los Incas
1508:10.1126/science.131.3416.1805
1354:
1273:Statue from La Tolita/Tumaco
1080:
964:, born in Quito according to
708:emerged in eastern Ecuador's
4275:Mesoamerican writing systems
4232:
3271:Archaeological sites in Peru
1882:Sarmiento de Gamboa, Pedro.
1772:Rostworowski, MarĂa (2008).
1018:. London: John Murray, 1892.
821:, who fought along with the
798:
7:
4171:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán
2648:Water supply and sanitation
1972:Cabello de Balboa, Miguel.
1331:
1069:These weapons are known as
1048:Ancon (archaeological site)
987:defeated them three times.
778:culture was in the area of
715:
650:
10:
4374:
4197:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
4100:Uaxaclajuun UbĘĽaah KĘĽawiil
2308:Liberal Revolution of 1895
1829:; Degregori; Kirk (1995).
1797:Rudolph, James D. (1991).
1691:Coe; Snow; Benson (1989).
1175:
1005:
918:expansion than during the
802:
697:
678:
610:
597:Museo Fianco Banco Central
506:
445:
207:Marcist (March) Revolution
147:Free Province of Guayaquil
122:Viceroyalty of New Granada
4298:
4240:
4231:
4151:
4074:
4049:
4020:
3995:
3970:
3945:
3920:
3889:
3864:
3839:
3808:
3771:
3746:
3709:
3678:
3653:
3624:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3600:
3595:
3422:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia)
3207:
3039:
2896:
2860:
2784:
2712:
2669:
2660:
2584:
2575:
2508:
2499:
2427:
2418:
2407:
2246:
1578:Federal Research Division
1394:"ArqueologĂa Ecuatoriana"
576:Zamora-Chinchipe Province
405:Zamora-Chinchipe Province
4309:Civilizations portal
3266:Cultural periods of Peru
2399:2024 Ecuadorian conflict
2193:de la Vega, Garcilasso.
2083:. New York. p. 177.
1837:. Duke University Press.
1800:Ecuador: A Country Study
1570:A Country Study: Ecuador
1490:William J. Mayer-Oakes;
894:Ecuador under Incan rule
837:. In that year, his son
782:, named in their honor.
681:Tumaco-La Tolita culture
4203:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
3049:Mesoamerican chronology
2379:War on drugs in Ecuador
2335:Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
2261:Real Audiencia of Quito
2199:cited by Whymper, 1892.
2183:cited by Whymper, 1892.
2167:cited by Whymper, 1892.
2135:cited by Whymper, 1892.
2099:cited by Whymper, 1892.
1929:El Señorio de los Incas
1742:"Manteño – Huancavilca"
1680:. Paris: CNRS Editions.
835:Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui
481:, and an early type of
456:dominated this period.
182:1827 Guayaquil uprising
142:Revolution of October 9
4348:Archaeology of Ecuador
2906:Archaeological periods
2352:Military Junta of 1963
1927:Cieza de LeĂłn, Pedro.
1158:says that the Indians
1109:
1090:
1019:
911:
752:
729:
622:
572:Santa Ana (La Florida)
503:
353:in the modern city of
261:Ecuador–Peru conflicts
26:
4333:Prehistory of Ecuador
4209:List of Conquistadors
4096:KĘĽinich JanaabĘĽ Pakal
3507:Quebrada de Humahuaca
2926:Caddoan Mississippian
2256:Pre-Columbian Ecuador
1884:Historia de los Incas
1776:. Paris: Tallandier.
1107:
1088:
1013:
991:Objects and artifacts
901:
844:By 1500 Tupac's son,
747:
723:
620:
548:(4500 BC — AD 1532),
501:
472:Santa Elena Peninsula
331:Pre-Columbian Ecuador
72:Pre-Columbian Ecuador
24:
4176:Francisco de Montejo
4104:Jasaw Chan KĘĽawiil I
3217:Andean civilizations
3144:Shaft tomb tradition
2151:. London and Berlin.
1974:Miscelánea antártica
1635:Internet Archaeology
1156:Garcilaso de la Vega
970:Garcilaso de la Vega
655:The figurine of the
162:Guayaquil Conference
4142:Manco Inca Yupanqui
3447:Manteño-Huancavilca
2916:Ancestral Puebloans
2323:1922 general strike
2266:War of Independence
1992:18 May 2010 at the
1942:de Betanzos, Juan.
1744:. Exploring Ecuador
1609:. Exploring Ecuador
1575:Library of Congress
1548:. Exploring Ecuador
1502:(3416): 1805–1806.
1419:on 29 November 2014
1374:on 30 November 2010
1326:Manta culture chair
1108:Various stone tools
1089:Five types of tools
493:The Lovers of Sumpa
478:Lagenaria siceraria
271:Demographic history
218:Battle of Guayaquil
195:Republic of Ecuador
157:Battle of Pichincha
135:War of Independence
117:Viceroyalty of Peru
4265:Columbian exchange
4255:Portal:Mesoamerica
3407:La Tolita (Tumaco)
3222:Indigenous peoples
2961:Hopewell tradition
2888:Indigenous peoples
2737:Indigenous peoples
2628:Telecommunications
2538:National Congress
2115:. Paris. pp.
1897:de Velasco, Juan.
1441:American Antiquity
1349:History of Ecuador
1110:
1091:
1020:
912:
753:
730:
726:Walters Art Museum
700:Upano Valley sites
694:Upano River valley
661:Cotocollao culture
623:
613:Machalilla culture
607:Machalilla Culture
534:Machalilla culture
504:
428:Preceramic Period;
333:included numerous
294:Ecuador portal
27:
4338:Pre-Columbian era
4320:
4319:
4316:
4315:
4290:Pre-Columbian art
4226:
4225:
4220:Francisco Pizarro
4186:Pedro de Alvarado
3502:Pucará de Tilcara
2820:
2819:
2780:
2779:
2656:
2655:
2601:Coffee production
2571:
2570:
2546:Political parties
2533:National Assembly
2523:Foreign relations
2495:
2494:
2318:Concha Revolution
2075:Squier, E. George
2012:on 1 October 2013
1783:978-2-84734-462-2
1368:"Native Cultures"
936:Gulf of Guayaquil
880:Francisco Pizarro
775:BahĂa de Caráquez
751:Ruins near Cuenca
724:Guangala Head in
706:cluster of cities
675:La Tolita Culture
665:BahĂa de Caráquez
599:in Quito and the
460:Las Vegas culture
448:Andean preceramic
442:Preceramic period
431:Formative Period;
401:Amazon rainforest
343:Las Vegas culture
328:
327:
77:Las Vegas Culture
4365:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4229:
4228:
4215:Spanish Conquest
4192:Spanish Conquest
4167:Spanish Conquest
4156:Spanish Conquest
3598:
3597:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2824:
2823:
2800:
2793:
2667:
2666:
2611:Economic history
2582:
2581:
2541:
2506:
2505:
2425:
2424:
2413:
2389:2000 coup d'Ă©tat
2291:March Revolution
2229:
2222:
2215:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2197:. pp. 52–3.
2190:
2184:
2182:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2160:
2152:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2128:
2120:
2112:PĂ©rou et Bolivie
2106:
2100:
2098:
2092:
2084:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2002:
1996:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1969:
1963:
1962:
1954:
1948:
1947:
1939:
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1932:
1924:
1918:
1917:
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1662:
1657:
1647:
1645:10.11141/ia.52.2
1625:
1619:
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1616:
1614:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1589:
1583:
1581:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1475:Dennis Jamison.
1472:
1466:
1465:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1413:"Mayo-Chinchipe"
1409:
1407:
1405:
1400:on 25 March 2016
1396:. Archived from
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1364:
1323:
1311:
1296:
1284:
1270:
1258:
1246:
1234:
1222:
1210:
1198:
1186:
786:Los Huancavilcas
636:Chorrera culture
630:Chorrera Culture
592:Valdivia culture
586:Valdivia Culture
542:Chorrera culture
527:Formative Period
347:Valdivia culture
320:
313:
306:
292:
291:
290:
276:Economic history
266:Military history
110:Colonial Ecuador
92:Spanish conquest
82:Valdivia culture
57:
47:
29:
28:
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4113:Quemuenchatocha
4111:
4102:
4098:
4089:
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4081:
4042:
3911:
3820:
3794:
3783:
3730:Human Sacrifice
3727:
3719:Human Sacrifice
3716:
3690:
3663:Mayan Languages
3591:
3203:
3035:
2892:
2873:Genetic history
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2796:
2789:
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2757:Public holidays
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2567:
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2187:
2176:
2175:
2171:
2154:
2153:
2143:
2139:
2122:
2121:
2109:Wiener (1880).
2107:
2103:
2086:
2085:
2072:
2065:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2032:Whymper, Edward
2029:
2025:
2015:
2013:
2004:
2003:
1999:
1994:Wayback Machine
1985:
1981:
1970:
1966:
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1951:
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1301:Cuenca, Ecuador
1297:
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1142:under the name
1083:
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993:
966:Juan de Velasco
904:Tomebamba River
896:
807:
801:
788:
766:
742:
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683:
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462:
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351:Guayas Province
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4075:Notable Rulers
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4044:Neo-Inca State
4037:
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4012:
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3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3274:
3273:
3263:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3246:
3245:
3244:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3213:
3211:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2902:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2827:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2786:
2785:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2752:Notable people
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2718:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2565:
2563:Vice President
2560:
2559:
2558:
2548:
2543:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2493:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2472:National parks
2469:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2402:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2357:El Carnavalazo
2354:
2344:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2299:
2298:
2293:
2283:
2278:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2244:
2243:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2217:
2209:
2202:
2201:
2185:
2169:
2137:
2101:
2063:
2047:
2023:
1997:
1979:
1964:
1949:
1934:
1919:
1904:
1889:
1871:
1859:(3): 426–443.
1841:
1818:
1789:
1782:
1764:
1755:
1733:
1724:
1698:
1683:
1668:
1620:
1598:
1584:
1559:
1546:"Cerro NarrĂo"
1537:
1492:Robert E. Bell
1482:
1467:
1454:10.2307/280325
1448:(3): 613–637.
1430:
1385:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1306:
1304:
1298:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1279:
1277:
1272:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1181:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1168:
1151:
1150:Age of objects
1148:
1136:
1135:
1082:
1079:
1007:
1004:
996:Edward Whymper
992:
989:
942:to Inca rule.
940:Island of Puna
928:Tupac Yupanqui
895:
892:
800:
797:
787:
784:
765:
762:
741:
738:
717:
714:
698:Main article:
695:
692:
679:Main article:
676:
673:
652:
649:
643:
640:
631:
628:
611:Main article:
608:
605:
603:in Guayaquil.
587:
584:
546:Mayo Chinchipe
528:
525:
517:Clovis culture
508:
505:
461:
458:
446:Main article:
443:
440:
439:
438:
435:
432:
429:
374:archaeological
326:
325:
323:
322:
315:
308:
300:
297:
296:
283:
282:
279:
278:
273:
268:
263:
257:
254:
253:
250:
249:
246:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
209:
204:
198:
193:
192:
189:
188:
185:
184:
178:
173:
172:
169:
168:
165:
164:
159:
154:
152:Luz de América
149:
144:
138:
133:
132:
129:
128:
125:
124:
119:
113:
108:
107:
104:
103:
100:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
68:
63:
62:
59:
58:
50:
49:
40:
39:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4370:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4330:
4328:
4311:
4310:
4297:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4239:
4235:
4230:
4221:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4204:
4198:
4193:
4190:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4161:Hernán Cortés
4157:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4077:
4073:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4045:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3863:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3694:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3652:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3599:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3243:
3240:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3214:
3212:
3210:
3209:South America
3206:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3044:
3042:
3038:
3032:
3031:Weeden Island
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3006:Poverty Point
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2971:Mississippian
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2898:North America
2895:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:Paleo-Indians
2866:
2865:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2843:
2841:
2836:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2719:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2564:
2561:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2376:
2375:
2372:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2332:
2331:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2275:reunification
2272:
2271:Gran Colombia
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2218:
2216:
2211:
2210:
2207:
2196:
2189:
2180:
2177:"1047,1048".
2173:
2164:
2158:
2150:
2149:
2141:
2132:
2126:
2118:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2096:
2090:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2070:
2068:
2059:
2058:
2051:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2011:
2007:
2006:"San AgustĂn"
2001:
1995:
1991:
1988:
1983:
1975:
1968:
1960:
1953:
1945:
1938:
1930:
1923:
1915:
1908:
1900:
1893:
1885:
1878:
1876:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1853:
1845:
1835:
1834:
1828:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1801:
1793:
1785:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1759:
1743:
1737:
1728:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1694:
1687:
1679:
1672:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1624:
1608:
1602:
1594:
1588:
1579:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1563:
1547:
1541:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1478:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1434:
1418:
1414:
1399:
1395:
1389:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1359:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1322:
1317:
1310:
1305:
1302:
1295:
1290:
1283:
1278:
1269:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1240:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1216:
1209:
1204:
1197:
1192:
1185:
1180:
1179:
1173:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1119:Thomas Ewbank
1116:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1035:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1017:
1012:
1003:
1001:
997:
988:
986:
982:
977:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
954:
950:
948:
943:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
920:Pre-Columbian
917:
909:
905:
900:
891:
889:
885:
881:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
806:
796:
794:
783:
781:
776:
771:
761:
759:
750:
746:
737:
735:
727:
722:
713:
711:
707:
701:
691:
688:
682:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
657:BahĂa culture
648:
639:
637:
627:
619:
614:
604:
602:
598:
593:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
524:
522:
518:
514:
500:
496:
494:
490:
489:
484:
480:
479:
473:
469:
468:
457:
455:
454:Inga cultures
449:
436:
433:
430:
427:
426:
425:
422:
420:
416:
415:
408:
406:
402:
398:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
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65:Pre-Columbian
61:
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56:
52:
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48:
42:
41:
36:
31:
30:
23:
19:
4300:
4233:
4083:Moctezuma II
4040:Inca history
3965:Andean Music
3909:Architecture
3904:Architecture
3899:Architecture
3894:Architecture
3890:Architecture
3884:Gender Roles
3629:Tenochtitlan
3552:Timoto–Cuica
3547:Tierradentro
3332:Casma–Sechin
3260:
3064:Chalcatzingo
2704:Social class
2679:Demographics
2638:Trade unions
2594:Central Bank
2513:Constitution
2374:1990–present
2367:Paquisha War
2255:
2194:
2188:
2178:
2172:
2147:
2140:
2111:
2104:
2079:
2056:
2050:
2036:
2026:
2014:. Retrieved
2010:the original
2000:
1982:
1973:
1967:
1958:
1952:
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1937:
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1898:
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1767:
1758:
1746:. Retrieved
1736:
1727:
1715:. Retrieved
1701:
1692:
1686:
1677:
1671:
1659:. Retrieved
1655:10251/157919
1633:
1623:
1611:. Retrieved
1601:
1592:
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1569:
1562:
1550:. Retrieved
1540:
1499:
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1445:
1439:
1433:
1421:. Retrieved
1417:the original
1402:. Retrieved
1398:the original
1388:
1376:. Retrieved
1372:the original
1362:
1170:
1163:
1153:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1124:
1115:corn-pounder
1114:
1111:
1099:
1095:
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1075:Mesoamerican
1068:
1064:
1060:morning star
1055:
1043:
1036:
1032:
1021:
1015:
994:
978:
974:
955:
951:
947:Huayna Capac
944:
926:and his son
913:
877:
861:Tawantinsuyu
858:
850:Tawantinsuyu
846:Huayna Capac
843:
808:
789:
767:
764:Los Manteños
754:
733:
731:
703:
684:
654:
645:
633:
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589:
579:
570:
558:Cerro NarrĂo
530:
510:
492:
486:
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465:
463:
451:
423:
419:Huayna Capac
414:Tawantinsuyu
412:
409:
396:
394:
359:
330:
329:
243:1990–present
71:
64:
18:
4146:TĂşpac Amaru
4130:Manco Cápac
4079:Moctezuma I
3990:Agriculture
3985:Agriculture
3980:Agriculture
3971:Agriculture
3914:Road System
3803:Mathematics
3668:Muysc Cubun
3522:San AgustĂn
3472:Monte Verde
3149:Teotihuacan
3041:Mesoamerica
2936:Coles Creek
2921:Anishinaabe
2878:Archaeology
2452:Environment
2447:Earthquakes
2016:17 November
1661:18 November
1423:17 November
1340:, Guayaquil
1056:casse-tĂŞtes
1044:casse-tĂŞtes
805:Inca Empire
795:was named.
710:Upano River
568:provinces.
521:Fell's Cave
519:level I at
355:Santa Elena
87:Inca Empire
44:History of
4327:Categories
4117:Tisquesusa
4091:Cuauhtémoc
4087:Cuitláhuac
3417:Lauricocha
3387:Gran Chaco
3377:Cupisnique
3362:Chinchorro
3337:Chachapoya
3327:Caral–Supe
3169:Tlaxcaltec
3159:Teuchitlán
3074:ChupĂcuaro
3001:Plum Bayou
2996:Plaquemine
2966:Marksville
2931:Chichimeca
2772:Television
2742:Newspapers
2384:Cenepa War
1717:12 January
1607:"Chorrera"
1355:References
1081:Implements
985:Bracamoros
803:See also:
669:Esmeraldas
390:Chimborazo
386:Tungurahua
382:Esmeraldas
335:indigenous
4138:Atahualpa
4134:Pachacuti
4109:Nemequene
3975:Chinampas
3797:Astronomy
3786:Astronomy
3766:Mythology
3761:Mythology
3756:Mythology
3751:Mythology
3747:Mythology
3577:Wankarani
3567:Tuncahuán
3457:Marajoara
3412:Las Vegas
3298:Atacameño
3194:Xochipala
3134:Purépecha
3094:Epi-Olmec
3084:Cuicuilco
3026:Troyville
3016:St. Johns
2689:Education
2643:Transport
2551:President
2518:Elections
2487:Volcanoes
2477:Provinces
2467:Mountains
2420:Geography
2347:1960–1990
2342:1944–1960
2330:1925–1944
2313:1895–1925
2303:1860–1895
2286:1830–1860
2157:cite book
2125:cite book
2089:cite book
1748:5 January
1613:5 January
1552:5 January
1516:0036-8075
1378:5 January
1275:(c. 1 BC)
1000:Stone Age
981:Ingapirca
962:Atahualpa
924:Pachacuti
908:Tumebamba
884:civil war
873:Atahualpa
799:The Incas
793:Guayaquil
749:Ingapirca
687:La Tolita
467:Las Vegas
238:1960–1990
233:1944–1960
228:1925–1944
223:1895–1925
212:1860–1895
202:1830–1860
4234:See also
4152:Conquest
4125:Zoratama
3792:Calendar
3781:Calendar
3776:Calendar
3772:Calendar
3741:Religion
3736:Religion
3725:Religion
3714:Religion
3710:Religion
3699:Numerals
3693:Numerals
3654:Language
3634:Multiple
3572:Valdivia
3557:Tiwanaku
3517:Saladoid
3512:Quimbaya
3402:Kuhikugu
3382:Diaguita
3372:Chorrera
3189:Veraguas
3184:Veracruz
3164:Tlatilco
2976:Mogollon
2883:Cultures
2861:Americas
2807:Category
2699:Religion
2606:Currency
2540:(former)
2528:Military
2501:Politics
2240:articles
2077:(1877).
2034:(1892).
1990:Archived
1813:91009494
1532:26234989
1524:17753208
1332:See also
1144:zaramama
1028:Riobamba
938:and the
888:Riobamba
865:smallpox
770:Manteños
734:Guangala
716:Guangala
651:La BahĂa
554:Chiguaza
538:Valdivia
488:Zea mays
341:Empire.
35:a series
33:Part of
4121:Tundama
4050:Peoples
4035:History
4030:History
4025:History
4021:History
4015:Cuisine
4010:Cuisine
4005:Cuisine
4000:Cuisine
3996:Cuisine
3854:Warfare
3849:Warfare
3844:Warfare
3840:Warfare
3834:Society
3829:Economy
3818:Society
3813:Society
3809:Society
3679:Writing
3673:Quechua
3658:Nahuatl
3625:Capital
3562:Toyopán
3542:Tairona
3452:Mapuche
3367:Chiripa
3342:Chancay
3313:Cañaris
3288:Amotape
3283:El Abra
3199:Zapotec
3179:Totonac
3154:Tepanec
3139:Quelepa
3109:Mezcala
3099:Huastec
3069:Cholula
3059:Capacha
3054:Acolhua
3011:Sinagua
2986:Patayan
2956:Hohokam
2946:Fremont
2791:Outline
2767:Smoking
2727:Cuisine
2714:Culture
2662:Society
2633:Tourism
2589:Banking
2577:Economy
2462:Mammals
2457:Islands
2442:Climate
2248:History
2236:Ecuador
1496:Science
1176:Gallery
1006:Macanas
998:sought
958:Huáscar
869:Huascar
550:Pastaza
507:El Inga
397:Oriente
370:Cañaris
46:Ecuador
4064:Muisca
4059:Mayans
4054:Aztecs
3688:Script
3683:Script
3643:Bacatá
3614:Muisca
3497:Pucará
3492:Piaroa
3487:Paiján
3482:Omagua
3437:Lupaca
3432:Lokono
3397:Kalina
3392:Huetar
3352:ChavĂn
3347:Chango
3322:Nariño
3318:CapulĂ
3308:Calima
3303:Aymara
3293:Arawak
3174:Toltec
3124:Olmecs
3119:Nicoya
3114:Mixtec
3089:Diquis
2991:Picosa
2981:Oshara
2951:Glades
2941:Dorset
2812:Portal
2722:Cinema
2694:Health
2684:People
2623:Mining
2482:Rivers
2437:Cities
2238:
1811:
1780:
1638:(52).
1530:
1522:
1514:
1462:280325
1460:
1404:2 June
1131:chicha
1071:Macana
1040:Squire
1024:Ibarra
819:Cuenca
758:CapulĂ
378:ManabĂ
362:Quitus
255:Topics
37:on the
4069:Incas
3960:Music
3955:Music
3950:Music
3946:Music
3879:Women
3874:Women
3869:Women
3865:Women
3823:Trade
3704:Quipu
3648:Cusco
3639:Hunza
3604:Aztec
3537:TaĂno
3532:Sican
3527:Shuar
3477:Nazca
3467:Mollo
3462:Moche
3442:Luzia
3357:ChimĂş
3129:Pipil
3104:Izapa
3079:Coclé
3021:Thule
2911:Adena
2798:Index
2762:Sport
2747:Music
2674:Crime
2432:Birds
2044:–286.
1827:Starn
1528:S2CID
1458:JSTOR
1050:near
932:Quito
854:Cuzco
839:Tupac
831:Quito
823:Quitu
780:Manta
566:Azuay
562:Cañar
513:Quito
483:maize
366:Caras
339:Incan
3859:Army
3641:and
3619:Inca
3609:Maya
3587:ZenĂş
3582:Wari
3427:Lima
2732:Flag
2556:List
2163:link
2131:link
2095:link
2018:2014
1809:LCCN
1778:ISBN
1750:2011
1719:2024
1663:2019
1615:2011
1554:2011
1520:PMID
1512:ISSN
1425:2014
1410:and
1406:2010
1380:2011
1164:Peru
1052:Lima
1026:and
968:and
916:Inca
827:Cara
815:Peru
811:Inca
809:The
768:The
732:The
685:The
601:UEES
590:The
564:and
464:The
388:and
380:and
368:and
3940:Art
3935:Art
3930:Art
3925:Art
3921:Art
2117:685
2042:268
1861:doi
1712:BBC
1650:hdl
1640:doi
1504:doi
1500:131
1450:doi
582:.
4329::
4178:)
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2091:}}
2087:{{
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1874:^
1857:82
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1573:.
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1518:.
1510:.
1498:.
1456:.
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704:A
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540:,
536:,
485:,
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364:,
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4218:(
4211:)
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4201:(
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4174:(
4163:)
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3912:(
3825:)
3821:(
3799:)
3795:(
3788:)
3784:(
3732:)
3728:(
3721:)
3717:(
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1931:.
1901:.
1886:.
1867:.
1863::
1815:.
1786:.
1752:.
1721:.
1665:.
1652::
1642::
1617:.
1580:.
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