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condition, it requires diet change and exercise, which may be more difficult for people diagnosed prediabetes because facing the risk of a chronic condition is associated with negative emotions, which further hinder the self-regulation that is required in reversing a prediabetes diagnosis. Still, without taking action, 37% of individuals with prediabetes will develop diabetes in only 4 years, and lifestyle intervention may decrease the percentage of prediabetic patients in whom diabetes develops to 20%. The
National Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) has a Center of Disease Control (CDC)-recognized lifestyle change program that showed prediabetic people following the structured program can cut their risk of developing type 2 diabetes by 58% (71% for people over 60 years old). Considering the possibility to recover from the prediabetic status but also this emotional struggle upon diagnosis, it is encouraged for higher risk patients to get tested early. Having an additional screening option in the dental setting may offset some of the emotional struggle because it is more regularly visited and therefore has the potential to initiate earlier recognition and intervention.
60:
586:
larger range of people get tested: anyone over the age of 45 regardless of risk; an adult of any age who is obese or overweight and has one or more risk factors, which includes hypertension, a first degree relative with diabetes, physical inactivity, high risk race/ethnicity, Asian
Americans with BMI of ≥23 kg/m, HDL < 35 mg/dL or TG > 250 mg/dL, women who have delivered child >9 lbs or with gestational diabetes, A1c ≥ 5.7%, impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).
354:(ADA) criteria, because the normal range of glucose is defined differently by each. Fasting plasma glucose levels 100 mg/dL (5.5 mmol/L) and higher have been shown to increase complication rates significantly, however, WHO opted to keep its upper limit of normal at under 110 mg/dL for fear of causing too many people to be diagnosed as having impaired fasting glucose, whereas the ADA lowered the upper limit of normal to a fasting plasma glucose under 100 mg/dL.
688:
medications and are at a higher risk of progressing to diabetes. This subgroup of people includes those with a BMI greater than 35, age less than 60, women with a history of gestational diabetes, a fasting plasma glucose greater than 110 or an A1c greater than 6%. This may also be considered in patients for whom lifestyle therapy has failed, or is not sustainable, who are at high-risk for developing type 2 diabetes, or who prefer to take a medication.
448:
139:. Many people may be diagnosed through routine screening tests. The primary treatment approach includes lifestyle changes such as exercise and dietary adjustments. Some medications can be used to reduce the risks associated with prediabetes. There is a high rate of progression to type 2 diabetes but not everyone with prediabetes develops type 2 diabetes. Prediabetes can be a reversible condition with lifestyle changes.
32:
768:
The prevalence of prediabetes worldwide is expected to increase. In 2021 720 million people worldwide had prediabetes, and this is estimated to increase to 1 billion people by 2045. Other sources estimate that the worldwide prevalence of prediabetes will increase to 11% by 2045. In the United States,
336:
Fasting blood glucose levels are in a continuum within a given population, with higher fasting glucose levels corresponding to a higher risk for complications caused by the high glucose levels. Some patients with impaired fasting glucose also may be diagnosed with impaired glucose tolerance, but many
667:
Prediabetes is a curable disease state, and people can routinely return to normoglycemia (normal glucose metabolism) with interventions. Although some drugs can delay the onset of diabetes, lifestyle modifications play a greater role in the prevention of diabetes. Intensive weight loss and lifestyle
414:
Hemoglobin A1c is a measure of the percent of red blood cells that are glycated, or have a glucose molecule attached. This can be used as an indicator of blood glucose level over a longer period of time and is often used to diagnose prediabetes as well as diabetes. HbA1c may not accurately represent
194:
The increasing rates of prediabetes and diabetes suggest lifestyle and/or environmental factors that contribute to prediabetes. It remains unclear which dietary components are causative and risk is likely influenced by genetic background. Increasing physical activity and following a healthy diet can
772:
The incidence of diabetes is also growing. In 2014, 29.1 million people or 9% of the US population had diabetes. In 2011–2012, the prevalence of diabetes in the U.S. using hemoglobin A1C, fasting plasma glucose or the two-hour plasma glucose definition was 14% for total diabetes, 9% for diagnosed
794:
supported a review to provide recommendations that encourage the development of a standard for designing CGM performance studies, with a view to improve the clarity of their results. This standardisation is considered necessary as CGMs are becoming an increasingly indispensable tool for managing
622:
Over half the people who are diagnosed with prediabetes eventually develop type 2 diabetes and once diagnosed with prediabetes, people experience a range of emotions: distress and fear; denial and downplay of risks; guilt and self-criticism; and self-compassion. While prediabetes is a reversible
585:
The United States
Preventative Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends adults who are overweight/obese and aged 40–70 years old to get screened during visits to their regular physician. The American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommends normal testing repeated every three years and recommends a
687:
For patients with severe risk factors, prescription medication may be appropriate. The
American Diabetes Association recommends that prescription medications may be considered for those with prediabetes, including those in a specific subgroup who are more likely to have a greater benefit from
720:
The progression to type 2 diabetes mellitus is not inevitable for those with prediabetes. The progression into diabetes mellitus from prediabetes is approximately 25% over three to five years. This increases to 50% risk of progressing to diabetes over 10 years. Diabetes is a leading cause of
668:
intervention, if sustained, may improve glucose tolerance substantially and prevent progression from IGT to type 2 diabetes. The
Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) study found a 16% reduction in diabetes risk for every kilogram of weight loss. Reducing weight by 7% through a
219:. The presence of glucose in the bloodstream triggers the production and release of insulin from the pancreas' beta islet cells. The main function of insulin is to increase the rate of transport of glucose from the bloodstream into certain cells of the body, such as
451:
Estimate of insulin resistance (IR) and insulin sensitivity (%S) according to the
Homeostatic model assessment (HOMA). Patterns were modeled as a function of fasting plasma insulin and varying fasting plasma glucose. Calculated using HOMA Calculator. Adapted from
609:
descent the recommendation to start prevention starts at the BMI of 27,5. A study based on a large sample of people in
England suggest even lower BMIs for certain ethnic groups for the start of prevention, for example 24 in South Asian and 21 in
170:
The cause of prediabetes is multifactorial and is known to have contributions from lifestyle and genetic factors. Ultimately prediabetes occurs when control of insulin and blood glucose in the body becomes abnormal, also known as
490:
Fasting plasma glucose screening should begin at age 30–45 and be repeated at least every three years. Earlier and more frequent screening should be conducted in at-risk individuals. The risk factors for which are listed below:
2473:
Freckmann G, Eichenlaub M, Waldenmaier D, Pleus S, Wehrstedt S, Haug C, Witthauer L, Jendle J, Hinzmann R, Thomas A, Eriksson Boija E, Makris K, Diem P, Tran N, Klonoff DC, Nichols JH, Slingerland RJ (August 2023).
683:
There are many dietary approaches that can reduce the risk of progression to diabetes. Most involve the reduction of added sugars and fats but there remains a lack of conclusive evidence proving the best approach.
2669:
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synthesis. In individuals with prediabetes, a failure of pancreatic hormone release, failure of targeted tissues to respond to the insulin present or both leads to blood glucose rises to abnormally high levels.
2364:"Risk of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in individuals with diabetes mellitus, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance: the Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab)"
791:
142:
For many people, prediabetes and diabetes are diagnosed through a routine screening at a check-up. The earlier prediabetes is diagnosed, the more likely an intervention will be successful.
317:
or impaired fasting glucose (IFG) refers to a condition in which the fasting blood glucose is elevated above what is considered normal levels but is not high enough to be classified as
1711:"Absence of Coronary Artery Calcium Identifies Asymptomatic Diabetic Individuals at Low Near-Term But Not Long-Term Risk of Mortality: A 15-Year Follow-Up Study of 9715 Patients"
124:(CVD). Prediabetes is more accurately considered an early stage of diabetes as health complications associated with type 2 diabetes often occur before the diagnosis of diabetes.
2295:"American College of Endocrinology Consensus Statement on the diagnosis and management of pre-diabetes in the continuum of hyperglycemia – When do the risks of diabetes begin?"
1325:"Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications: Report of a WHO Consultation. Part 1. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus"
1993:
Strachan SM, Bean C, Jung ME (November 2018). "'I'm on the train and I can't stop it': Western
Canadians' reactions to prediabetes and the role of self-compassion".
398:
level after 2 hours, but less than the level that would qualify for type 2 diabetes mellitus. The fasting glucose may be either normal or mildly elevated.
187:, an unhealthy diet, a family history of diabetes, having a genetic predisposition to prediabetes or diabetes, older age, and women who have a history of
2224:
2205:
2144:
Raina Elley C, Kenealy T (December 2008). "Lifestyle interventions reduced the long-term risk of diabetes in adults with impaired glucose tolerance".
632:
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286:: blood sugar level of 140 to 199 mg/dL (7.8 to 11.0 mM) 2 hours after ingesting a standardized 75 gram glucose solution (WHO and ADA criteria)
2931:
2414:
1079:
Echouffo-Tcheugui, Justin B.; Perreault, Leigh; Ji, Linong; Dagogo-Jack, Sam (11 April 2023). "Diagnosis and
Management of Prediabetes: A Review".
3275:
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may occur in individuals with normal glucose levels and therefore is not diagnosed with usual tests. Hyperinsulinemia precedes prediabetes and
3044:
1910:
478:
The implications of hyperinsulinemia is the risk of comorbidities related to diabetes that may precede changes in blood glucose, including
790:
is unclear. Comparing results of CGM studies is problematic as there is a non-standardised approach towards various study parameters. The
1670:"Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance in relation to the incidence of cardiovascular disease: the San Antonio Heart Study"
760:
Prediabetes is a risk factor for mortality and there is evidence of cardiovascular disease developing prior to a diagnosis of diabetes.
475:. The use of fasting insulin to identify patients at risk has been proposed, but is currently not commonly used in clinical practice.
1762:"Is the current definition for diabetes relevant to mortality risk from all causes and cardiovascular and noncardiovascular diseases?"
2476:"Clinical Performance Evaluation of Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems: A Scoping Review and Recommendations for Reporting"
769:
38% of all adults have prediabetes. In the United States, the prevalence rates of prediabetes are similar across ethnicities.
646:(a diet with limited refined carbohydrates, added sugars, trans fats, as well as limited intake of sodium and total calories)
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602:
73:
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UptoDate: Prediction and prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus; www.utdol.com/utd/content/topic.do?topicKey=diabetes.
1946:"Ethnicity-specific BMI cutoffs for obesity based on type 2 diabetes risk in England: a population-based cohort study"
3203:
2853:
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Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is diagnosed with an oral glucose tolerance test. According to the criteria of the
369:
ADA criteria: fasting plasma glucose level from 5.6 mmol/L (100 mg/dL) to 6.9 mmol/L (125 mg/dL)
215:), uptake and utilization of glucose by the peripheral tissues of the body, and insulin secretion by the pancreatic
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598:
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guidelines suggest taking action to prevent diabetes for people with a body mass index (BMI) of 30. For people of
676:
guidelines recommend modest weight loss (5–10% body weight), moderate-intensity exercise (30 minutes daily), and
1911:"Are you at risk of diabetes? Research finds prevention should start at a different BMI for each ethnic group"
540:(such as of being of African American, Hispanic, Native American, Asian American or Pacific Islander heritage)
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2201:
673:
420:
383:
351:
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1549:"Consensus Development Conference on Insulin Resistance. 5-6 November 1997. American Diabetes Association".
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help prevent the development of prediabetes, and also have a good safety profile. Evidence also supports
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326:
314:
309:
2415:"National Diabetes Statistics Report: Estimates of Diabetes and its Burden in the United States, 2014"
3056:
3004:
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Keebler ME, McGuire DK (August 2003). "Subclinical diabetes mellitus: is it really "sub-clinical"?".
1320:
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59:
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that are characterized by hyperglycemia. Insulin resistance can be diagnosed by measures of plasma
403:
330:
159:
113:
1944:
Caleyachetty R, Barber TM, Mohammed NI, Cappuccio FP, Hardy R, Mathur R, et al. (July 2021).
953:
3131:
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1709:
Valenti V, Hartaigh BÓ, Cho I, Schulman-Marcus J, Gransar H, Heo R, et al. (February 2016).
880:
Bennasar-Veny M, Fresneda S, López-González A, Busquets-Cortés C, Aguiló A, Yañez AM (May 2020).
68:
39:
White hexagons in the image represent glucose molecules, which are increased in the lower image.
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394:. A patient is said to be under the condition of IGT when he/she has an intermediately raised
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and is characterized by elevated blood sugar levels that fall below the threshold to diagnose
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742:
730:
2362:
Barr EL, Zimmet PZ, Welborn TA, Jolley D, Magliano DJ, Dunstan DW, et al. (July 2007).
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except the sole sign of high blood sugar. Patients should monitor for signs and symptoms of
3234:
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3126:
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2999:
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Nathan DM, Davidson MB, DeFronzo RA, Heine RJ, Henry RR, Pratley R, Zinman B (March 2007).
2321:
Nathan DM, Davidson MB, DeFronzo RA, Heine RJ, Henry RR, Pratley R, Zinman B (March 2007).
611:
594:
578:
526:
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two-hour glucose levels of 140 to 199 mg per dL (7.8 to 11.0 mmol/L) on the 75-g
188:
1829:"Screening for Type II Diabetes Mellitus in the United States: The Present and the Future"
8:
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1122:
Dietrich S, Jacobs S, Zheng JS, Meidtner K, Schwingshackl L, Schulze MB (November 2019).
184:
2502:
2475:
402:
From 10 to 15 percent of adults in the United States have impaired glucose tolerance or
341:. Fasting glucose is helpful in identifying prediabetes when positive but has a risk of
325:
resistance and increased risk of cardiovascular pathology, although of lesser risk than
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882:"Lifestyle and Progression to Type 2 Diabetes in a Cohort of Workers with Prediabetes"
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97:
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48:
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2434:"Prevalence of and Trends in Diabetes Among Adults in the United States, 1988-2012"
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2010:
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1965:
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1918:
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blood glucose levels and should not be used in certain medical conditions such as
3188:
2858:
2759:
2746:
2689:
2225:"Minimal carbs, lots of fat, incredible dieting results – but not enough science"
734:
606:
519:
220:
208:
132:
101:
2576:"Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance: implications for care"
2323:"Impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance: implications for care"
1328:
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3021:
2071:"CDC - About the Program - National Diabetes Prevention Program - Diabetes DDT"
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level from 6.1 mmol/L (110 mg/dL) to 6.9 mmol/L (125 mg/dL)
342:
289:
128:
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1686:
1669:
1293:
3264:
3165:
3086:
3064:
2547:
1778:
1761:
1562:
1473:
Kraft JR (1975). "Detection of
Diabetes Mellitus In Situ (Occult Diabetes)".
1397:
1243:"Progression from newly acquired impaired fasting glusose to type 2 diabetes"
53:
40:
2450:
2433:
1486:
1124:"Gene-lifestyle interaction on risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review"
658:
by as little as 5–10 percent may have a significant impact on overall health
92:. It usually does not cause symptoms but people with prediabetes often have
3170:
2911:
2906:
2601:
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2459:
2417:. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Archived from
2399:
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2165:
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1979:
1862:
1813:"Diabetes Guidelines Taskforce: AACE Guidelines for the Management of DM",
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244:
240:
151:
117:
109:
105:
2565:
2412:
2255:"Treating prediabetes with metformin: systematic review and meta-analysis"
1570:
1535:
3213:
2941:
2157:
750:
746:
709:
655:
278:
100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L to 6.9 mmol/L) – ADA criteria
275:
110 to 125 mg/dL (6.1 mmol/L to 6.9 mmol/L) – WHO criteria
269:
204:
2631:
1922:
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232:
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is controlled by three interrelated processes. These processes include
176:
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2322:
2015:
2006:
1517:
1258:
1218:
1197:
1140:
857:
840:
2916:
689:
558:
292:(HbA1c) between 5.7 and 6.4 percent, i.e. 38.9 and 46.4 mmol/mol
216:
2946:
2732:
2472:
1943:
809:
693:
652:(30–45 minutes of cardiovascular exercise per day, 3–5 days a week)
464:
297:
236:
228:
162:
such as increased thirst, increased urination, and feeling tired.
1708:
981:
Wilson ML (December 2017). "Prediabetes: Beyond the Borderline".
677:
515:
468:
395:
363:
359:
322:
248:
155:
93:
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but there are safety concerns, and data on newer agents such as
31:
2829:
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2823:
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2817:
2814:
2658:
2643:
773:
diabetes, 5% for undiagnosed diabetes and 38% for prediabetes.
738:
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and performing 150 minutes of exercise a week is the goal. The
1500:
Reaven GM, Lerner RL, Stern MP, Farquhar JW (November 1967).
1351:
1195:
1021:"Comparison of screening scores for diabetes and prediabetes"
838:
726:
447:
350:(WHO) criteria for impaired fasting glucose differs from the
212:
180:
16:
Predisease state of hyperglycemia with high risk for diabetes
2302:
American College of Endocrinology Task Force on Pre-Diabetes
3198:
2701:
2616:
2573:
2432:
Menke A, Casagrande S, Geiss L, Cowie CC (September 2015).
2320:
1121:
574:
554:
260:
Prediabetes can be diagnosed with three different types of
1667:
2431:
2200:
1668:
Hanley AJ, Williams K, Stern MP, Haffner SM (July 2002).
1499:
1398:"Impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose"
321:. It is considered a pre-diabetic state, associated with
191:
or high birth weight infants (greater than 9 lbs.).
1074:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1064:
639:
guidelines for preventing the onset of type 2 diabetes:
296:
Levels above these limits would justify a diagnosis for
175:. Risk factors for developing prediabetes include being
2361:
781:
1833:
Clinical Medicine Insights. Endocrinology and Diabetes
1759:
1319:
1061:
2621:
1502:"Role of insulin in endogenous hypertriglyceridemia"
631:
The American College of Endocrinology (ACE) and the
2413:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014).
1877:"Diabetes: putting people at the heart of services"
1395:
1354:"Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus"
1240:
195:reduce the risk of progressing to type 2 diabetes.
2143:
1241:Nichols GA, Hillier TA, Brown JB (February 2007).
1175:
1018:
633:American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists
617:
3262:
2932:Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance (METS-IR)
2097:"Prediabetes: a must to recognise disease state"
2094:
1992:
120:. It is also associated with increased risk for
2252:
2047:"Type 2 Diabetes - Symptoms, Causes, Treatment"
1826:
1629:"Prediabetes definitions and clinical outcomes"
1347:
1345:
1800:"ADA: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes",
1591:
1352:American Diabetes Association (January 2005).
1198:"2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes:
1196:American Diabetes Association (January 2019).
839:American Diabetes Association (January 2017).
564:Prior fasting blood glucose > 99 mg/dL
2717:
2287:
1396:Rao SS, Disraeli P, McGregor T (April 2004).
934:. American Medical Association. 12 March 2015
932:"Do you have prediabetes? Here are the signs"
841:"2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes"
373:
239:formation in the liver and skeletal muscles,
2466:
2355:
1342:
1171:
1169:
1019:Poltavskiy E, Kim DJ, Bang H (August 2016).
832:
386:, impaired glucose tolerance is defined as:
1180:(Saunders Sixth ed.). pp. 913–26.
303:
2724:
2710:
2529:
2101:International Journal of Clinical Practice
2095:Eldin WS, Emara M, Shoker A (April 2008).
1827:Abid A, Ahmad S, Waheed A (January 2016).
1200:Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2019
127:Prediabetes can be diagnosed by measuring
58:
30:
2591:
2555:
2501:
2491:
2449:
2389:
2379:
2338:
2270:
2237:
2112:
2014:
1995:Health & Social Care in the Community
1969:
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1449:
1391:
1389:
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1315:
1313:
1266:
1217:
1166:
1149:
1139:
1044:
907:
897:
856:
2253:Lily M, Lilly M, Godwin M (April 2009).
1950:The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology
1633:The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology
1438:Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências
446:
231:. It also is necessary for transport of
1427:
1425:
1423:
1025:Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice
211:(glucose production that occurs in the
3263:
2222:
1386:
1310:
980:
776:
504:(triglycerides > 200 mg/dL or
150:Prediabetes typically has no distinct
43:is the only major sign of prediabetes.
3276:Medical conditions related to obesity
2705:
1760:The Decode Study Group (March 2003).
1506:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
1472:
1288:
1286:
1191:
1189:
1187:
145:
2974:Metabolic assessment and monitoring
2530:Davies MJ, Gray IP (February 1996).
1626:
1431:
1420:
1014:
1012:
983:The Nursing Clinics of North America
976:
974:
782:Use of Continuous Glucose Monitoring
729:. Effects of the disease may affect
3250:Notable people with type 1 diabetes
2762:(SIDD, SIRD, MOD and MARD clusters)
2188:"Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)"
1715:Circulation: Cardiovascular Imaging
1178:Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease
329:(IGT). IFG sometimes progresses to
13:
2522:
2206:"How to Prevent or Delay Diabetes"
1283:
1184:
533:greater than 9 lb (4 kg)
442:
198:
14:
3287:
3204:International Diabetes Federation
2610:
2381:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.685628
1009:
971:
741:of the cardiovascular system) or
561:blood pressure > 90 mmHg)
409:
3080:Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
2114:10.1111/j.1742-1241.2008.01705.x
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1466:
1234:
1176:Cotran; Kumar; Collins (1999).
763:
747:damage to the retina of the eye
573:Markers of insulin resistance (
1728:10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.115.003528
1371:10.2337/diacare.28.suppl_1.s37
1115:
946:
924:
873:
618:Early detection and management
1:
3139:Diabetes-related skin disease
2223:Taubes G (27 December 2017).
2202:American Diabetes Association
1962:10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00088-7
1646:10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30011-6
1606:10.1016/S0002-8703(03)00236-9
1451:10.1590/0001-3765201720160394
1037:10.1016/j.diabres.2016.06.022
825:
788:continuous glucose monitoring
662:
626:
384:American Diabetes Association
352:American Diabetes Association
2937:Homeostatic model assessment
2731:
2532:"Impaired glucose tolerance"
715:
485:
255:
7:
2922:Noninvasive glucose monitor
1557:(2): 310–4. February 1998.
798:
471:, both fasting or during a
392:oral glucose tolerance test
337:have normal responses to a
10:
3292:
3154:Diabetic cheiroarthropathy
2983:Ambulatory glucose profile
2790:Impaired glucose tolerance
1889:10.3310/nihrevidence_52026
995:10.1016/j.cnur.2017.07.011
374:Impaired glucose tolerance
327:impaired glucose tolerance
310:Impaired fasting glycaemia
307:
3222:
3179:
3055:
2960:
2902:Postprandial glucose test
2872:
2739:
2625:
2493:10.1177/19322968231190941
2259:Canadian Family Physician
1687:10.2337/diacare.25.7.1177
1627:Lima LM (February 2017).
1402:American Family Physician
1321:World Health Organization
954:"Diabetes: 'Prediabetes'"
380:World Health Organization
348:World Health Organization
315:Impaired fasting glycemia
165:
67:
47:
38:
29:
24:
3240:Epidemiology of diabetes
2978:Blood glucose monitoring
2854:Type 3c (pancreatogenic)
2785:Impaired fasting glucose
2548:10.1136/bmj.312.7026.264
1779:10.2337/diacare.26.3.688
1563:10.2337/diacare.21.2.310
404:impaired fasting glucose
331:type 2 diabetes mellitus
304:Impaired fasting glucose
243:formation from glucose,
160:type 2 diabetes mellitus
3097:Neuropathic arthropathy
2451:10.1001/jama.2015.10029
2146:Evidence-Based Medicine
702:GLP-1 receptor agonists
480:cardiovascular diseases
3045:Gastric bypass surgery
2927:Insulin tolerance test
2897:Glucose tolerance test
2802:Ketosis-prone diabetes
2773:Diabetes and pregnancy
2480:J Diabetes Sci Technol
1594:American Heart Journal
1434:"Subclinical Diabetes"
1093:10.1001/jama.2023.4063
820:Cardiovascular disease
637:lifestyle intervention
635:(AACE) have developed
473:glucose tolerance test
453:
417:iron-deficiency anemia
339:glucose tolerance test
284:Glucose tolerance test
137:glucose tolerance test
122:cardiovascular disease
74:Diabetic complications
2391:10536/DRO/DU:30020817
1804:27: Supp 1.515, 2004.
1487:10.1093/labmed/6.2.10
786:The clinical role of
743:smaller blood vessels
450:
3235:Glossary of diabetes
3194:Open Insulin Project
3030:Embryonic stem cells
2767:Gestational diabetes
2158:10.1136/ebm.13.6.173
1432:Lima LM (May 2017).
1212:(Suppl 1): S13–S28.
851:(Suppl 1): S11–S24.
755:damage to the nerves
751:damage to the kidney
731:larger blood vessels
579:acanthosis nigricans
529:or infant born with
527:gestational diabetes
272:(glucose) level of:
189:gestational diabetes
3245:History of diabetes
3230:Outline of diabetes
3159:Diabetic foot ulcer
3144:Diabetic dermopathy
3103:Organs in diabetes
3035:Artificial pancreas
2995:Diabetes medication
2892:Glycated hemoglobin
1923:10.3310/alert_48878
1845:10.4137/CMED.S38247
1475:Laboratory Medicine
1364:(Suppl 1): S37-42.
777:Research directions
522:> 25 kg/m2)
508:< 35 mg/dL)
498:(parent or sibling)
290:Glycated hemoglobin
185:physical inactivity
3209:World Diabetes Day
2797:Insulin resistance
2570:– Editorial review
899:10.3390/nu12051538
815:Insulin resistance
805:Metabolic syndrome
698:thiazolidinediones
461:insulin resistance
454:
433:an enlarged spleen
173:insulin resistance
146:Signs and symptoms
86:metabolic syndrome
84:is a component of
3258:
3257:
2952:Disposition index
2882:Blood sugar level
2752:Type 1 diabetes (
2699:
2698:
2593:10.2337/dc07-9920
2340:10.2337/dc07-9920
2190:. 31 August 2021.
2007:10.1111/hsc.12628
1518:10.1172/JCI105666
1294:"Diagnosis | ADA"
1259:10.2337/dc06-1392
1219:10.2337/dc19-S002
1141:10.1111/obr.12921
1134:(11): 1557–1571.
1087:(14): 1206–1216.
858:10.2337/dc17-S005
599:African-Caribbean
425:folate deficiency
319:diabetes mellitus
90:diabetes mellitus
79:
78:
19:Medical condition
3283:
2990:Diet in diabetes
2726:
2719:
2712:
2703:
2702:
2623:
2622:
2605:
2595:
2569:
2559:
2516:
2515:
2505:
2495:
2486:(6): 1506–1526.
2470:
2464:
2463:
2453:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2410:
2404:
2403:
2393:
2383:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2342:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2299:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2274:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2208:. Archived from
2198:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2116:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2083:
2082:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2057:
2051:www.diabetes.org
2043:
2037:
2036:
2018:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1973:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1856:
1824:
1818:
1811:
1805:
1798:
1792:
1791:
1781:
1757:
1751:
1750:
1740:
1730:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1689:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1648:
1624:
1618:
1617:
1589:
1583:
1582:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1529:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1453:
1429:
1418:
1417:
1393:
1384:
1383:
1373:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1336:
1331:on June 30, 2004
1327:. Archived from
1317:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1270:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1221:
1193:
1182:
1181:
1173:
1164:
1163:
1153:
1143:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1076:
1059:
1058:
1048:
1016:
1007:
1006:
978:
969:
968:
966:
964:
950:
944:
943:
941:
939:
928:
922:
921:
911:
901:
877:
871:
870:
860:
836:
650:Physical fitness
569:vascular disease
457:Hyperinsulinemia
435:, and end-stage
429:hemolytic anemia
343:false negatives.
221:striated muscles
217:beta islet cells
102:visceral obesity
63:
62:
34:
22:
21:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3280:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3254:
3218:
3189:T1International
3181:
3180:Advocacy &
3175:
3051:
3000:Insulin therapy
2956:
2868:
2735:
2730:
2700:
2695:
2694:
2634:
2613:
2608:
2542:(7026): 264–5.
2525:
2523:Further reading
2520:
2519:
2471:
2467:
2430:
2426:
2411:
2407:
2360:
2356:
2319:
2315:
2306:
2304:
2297:
2293:
2292:
2288:
2251:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2229:
2227:
2221:
2217:
2199:
2195:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2142:
2138:
2093:
2089:
2080:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2055:
2053:
2045:
2044:
2040:
1991:
1987:
1942:
1938:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1825:
1821:
1812:
1808:
1799:
1795:
1758:
1754:
1707:
1703:
1666:
1662:
1625:
1621:
1590:
1586:
1548:
1547:
1543:
1512:(11): 1756–67.
1498:
1494:
1471:
1467:
1430:
1421:
1394:
1387:
1350:
1343:
1334:
1332:
1318:
1311:
1302:
1300:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1239:
1235:
1194:
1185:
1174:
1167:
1128:Obesity Reviews
1120:
1116:
1077:
1062:
1017:
1010:
979:
972:
962:
960:
952:
951:
947:
937:
935:
930:
929:
925:
878:
874:
837:
833:
828:
801:
784:
779:
766:
745:, as seen with
739:larger arteries
735:atherosclerosis
718:
706:DPP4 inhibitors
665:
629:
620:
520:body mass index
488:
445:
443:Fasting Insulin
412:
376:
312:
306:
258:
247:synthesis, and
209:gluconeogenesis
203:Normal glucose
201:
199:Pathophysiology
168:
148:
133:fasting glucose
114:HDL cholesterol
57:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3289:
3279:
3278:
3273:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3226:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3185:
3183:
3177:
3176:
3174:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3162:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3149:Diabetic bulla
3146:
3136:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3101:
3100:
3099:
3094:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3065:Diabetic comas
3061:
3059:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3039:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3024:
3022:Diabetic shoes
3019:
3018:
3017:
3012:
3007:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2876:
2870:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2805:
2799:
2794:
2793:
2792:
2787:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2763:
2757:
2750:
2749:(SAID cluster)
2743:
2741:
2737:
2736:
2729:
2728:
2721:
2714:
2706:
2697:
2696:
2693:
2692:
2681:
2666:
2651:
2635:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:Classification
2620:
2619:
2612:
2611:External links
2609:
2607:
2606:
2571:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2465:
2444:(10): 1021–9.
2424:
2421:on 2016-12-02.
2405:
2354:
2313:
2286:
2245:
2236:
2215:
2212:on 2009-08-22.
2193:
2179:
2136:
2087:
2062:
2038:
2001:(6): 979–987.
1985:
1956:(7): 419–426.
1936:
1917:. 2022-03-10.
1902:
1883:. 2022-07-26.
1868:
1819:
1815:Endocrin Pract
1806:
1793:
1752:
1721:(2): e003528.
1701:
1680:(7): 1177–84.
1660:
1619:
1584:
1541:
1492:
1465:
1444:(1): 591–614.
1419:
1385:
1341:
1309:
1282:
1233:
1183:
1165:
1114:
1060:
1008:
989:(4): 665–677.
970:
945:
923:
872:
830:
829:
827:
824:
823:
822:
817:
812:
807:
800:
797:
783:
780:
778:
775:
765:
762:
717:
714:
664:
661:
660:
659:
653:
647:
628:
625:
619:
616:
583:
582:
571:
565:
562:
551:blood pressure
541:
534:
523:
509:
499:
496:Family history
487:
484:
444:
441:
437:kidney failure
411:
410:Hemoglobin A1c
408:
400:
399:
375:
372:
371:
370:
367:
358:WHO criteria:
308:Main article:
305:
302:
294:
293:
287:
281:
280:
279:
276:
257:
254:
200:
197:
167:
164:
147:
144:
129:hemoglobin A1c
77:
76:
71:
65:
64:
51:
45:
44:
36:
35:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3288:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3268:
3266:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3182:Organizations
3178:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3166:Hyperglycemia
3164:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3107:Blood vessels
3105:
3104:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3087:Diabetic foot
3085:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3058:
3057:Complications
3054:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2727:
2722:
2720:
2715:
2713:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2676:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2633:
2628:
2624:
2618:
2615:
2614:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2580:Diabetes Care
2577:
2572:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2528:
2527:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2469:
2461:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2428:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2327:Diabetes Care
2324:
2317:
2303:
2296:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2249:
2240:
2226:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2197:
2189:
2183:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2091:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1915:NIHR Evidence
1912:
1906:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1881:NIHR Evidence
1878:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1823:
1816:
1810:
1803:
1802:Diabetes Care
1797:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1772:(3): 688–96.
1771:
1767:
1766:Diabetes Care
1763:
1756:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1674:Diabetes Care
1671:
1664:
1656:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1551:Diabetes Care
1545:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1415:
1411:
1408:(8): 1961–8.
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:
1390:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1358:Diabetes Care
1355:
1348:
1346:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1316:
1314:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1287:
1278:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1253:(2): 228–33.
1252:
1248:
1247:Diabetes Care
1244:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1206:Diabetes Care
1203:
1201:
1192:
1190:
1188:
1179:
1172:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
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963:January 27,
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589:In the UK,
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233:amino acids
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205:homeostasis
112:and/or low
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2962:Management
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