30:
3459:
3540:
1599:
2352:
3785:
2231:", were initially governed with the old Swedish laws (a not uncommon practice in the expanding Russian Empire in the 18th century). However, gradually the rulers of Russia granted large estates of land to their non-Finnish favorites, ignoring the traditional landownership and peasant freedom laws of Old Finland. There were even cases where the noblemen punished peasants corporally, for example by flogging. The overall situation caused decline in the economy and morale in Old Finland, worsened since 1797 when the area was forced to send men to the Imperial Army. The construction of military installations in the area brought thousands of non-Finnish people to the region. In 1812, after the Russian conquest of Finland, "Old Finland" was attached to the rest of the country, though the landownership question remained a serious problem until the 1870s.
2240:
2545:
2456:
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2816:
2801:
it in 1809, and it did not meet again for half a century. The tsar's actions were in accordance with the royalist constitution
Finland had inherited from Sweden. The Finns had no guarantees of liberty, but depended on the tsar's goodwill for any freedoms they enjoyed. When Alexander II, the Tsar Liberator, convened the Diet again in 1863, he did so not to fulfill any obligation but to meet growing pressures for reform within the empire as a whole. In the remaining decades of the century, the Diet enacted numerous legislative measures that modernized Finland's system of law, made its public administration more efficient, removed obstacles to commerce, and prepared the ground for the country's independence in the next century.
1618:, and naturally the cultural center of the bishopric. The bishop had ecclesiastical authority over much of today's Finland, and was usually the most powerful man there. Bishops were often Finns, whereas the commanders of castles were more often Scandinavian or German noblemen. In 1362, representatives from Finland were called to participate in the elections for the king of Sweden. As such, that year is often considered when Finland was incorporated into the Kingdom of Sweden. As in the Scandinavian part of the kingdom, the gentry or (lower) nobility consisted of magnates and yeomen who could afford armament for a man and a horse; these were concentrated in the southern part of Finland.
3848:(1948) with the Soviet Union. The latter, in particular, was the foundation of Finno-Soviet relations in the postwar era. Under the terms of the treaty, Finland was bound to confer with the Soviets and perhaps to accept their aid if an attack from Germany, or countries allied with Germany, seemed likely. The treaty prescribed consultations between the two countries, but it had no mechanism for automatic Soviet intervention in a time of crisis. Both treaties have been abrogated by Finland since the 1991 dissolution of the Soviet Union, while leaving the borders untouched. Even though being a neighbor to the Soviet Union sometimes resulted in overcautious concern in foreign policy ("
2912:
731:
3124:
2376:
1751:
2276:
farms among heirs, to non farm economic activities, and to the small numbers of nobility and gentry. Often the nobles and landowners were paternalistic and helpful. The Crown usually sided with the nobles, but after the "restitution" of the 1680s it ended the practice of the nobility extracting labor from the peasants and instead began a new tax system whereby royal bureaucrats collected taxes directly from the peasants, who disliked the efficient new system. After 1800 growing population pressure resulted in larger numbers of poor crofters and landless laborers and the impoverishment of small farmers.
2987:
2364:
2031:
1250:
2267:
peasants formed one of the four estates and were represented in the parliament. Outside the political sphere, however, the peasants were considered at the bottom of the social order—just above vagabonds. The upper classes looked down on them as excessively prone to drunkenness and laziness, as clannish and untrustworthy, and especially as lacking honor and a sense of national spirit. This disdain dramatically changed in the 19th century when everyone idealised the peasant as the true carrier of
Finnishness and the national ethos, as opposed to the Swedish-speaking elites.
2903:(right to vote) and eligibility was implemented to include women: Finnish women were the first in Europe to gain full eligibility to vote; and have membership in an estate; land ownership or inherited titles were no longer required. However, on the local level things were different, as in the municipal elections the number of votes was tied to amount of tax paid. Thus, rich people could cast a number of votes, while the poor perhaps none at all. The municipal voting system was changed to universal suffrage in 1917 when a left-wing majority was elected to Parliament.
3743:
1400:
3517:
3883:
3867:, a leading conservative politician, saw that an essential element of Finnish foreign policy must be a credible guarantee to the Soviet Union that it need not fear attack from, or through, Finnish territory. Because a policy of neutrality was a political component of this guarantee, Finland would ally itself with no one. Another aspect of the guarantee was that Finnish defenses had to be sufficiently strong to defend the nation's territory. This policy remained the core of Finland's foreign relations for the rest of the Cold War era.
3682:
1389:
3323:, which were overwhelmingly Swedish-speaking and sought retrocession to Sweden. However, as Finland was not willing to cede the islands, they were offered an autonomous status. Nevertheless, the residents did not approve the offer, and the dispute over the islands was submitted to the League of Nations. The League decided that Finland should retain sovereignty over the Åland Islands, but they should be made an autonomous province. Thus Finland was under an obligation to ensure the residents of Åland a right to maintain the
1859:
2061:(1700–1721) was devastating, as Sweden and Russia fought for control of the Baltic. Harsh conditions—worsening poverty and repeated crop failures—among peasants undermined support for the war, leading to Sweden's defeat. Finland was a battleground as both armies ravaged the countryside, leading to famine, epidemics, social disruption and the loss of nearly half the population. By 1721 only 250,000 remained. Landowners had to pay higher wages to keep their peasants. Russia was the winner, annexing the
3256:
419:
3827:
1870:
2634:
899:
3693:
2522:
4077:
3356:
3003:
3095:
summer recess in August 1917, only the groups supporting the Power Act were present. Russian troops took possession of the chamber, the
Parliament was dissolved, and new elections were held. The result was a (small) non-Socialist majority and a purely non-Socialist Senate. The suppression of the Power Act, and the cooperation between Finnish non-Socialists and Russia provoked great bitterness among the Socialists, and had resulted in dozens of politically motivated attacks and murders.
720:
2150:(Parliament). An interesting sideline to this process was the conspiracy of some Finnish officers, who attempted to create an independent Finnish state with Russian support. After an initial shock, Gustav III crushed this opposition. In 1789, the new constitution of Sweden strengthened the royal power further, as well as improving the status of the peasantry. However, the continuing war had to be finished without conquests—and many Swedes now considered the king as a tyrant.
2172:(1788–1790), the last decades of the 18th century had been an era of development in Finland. New things were changing even everyday life, such as starting of potato farming after the 1750s. New scientific and technical inventions were seen. The first hot air balloon in Finland (and in the whole Swedish kingdom) was made in Oulu (Uleåborg) in 1784, only a year after it was invented in France. Trade increased and the peasantry was growing more affluent and self-conscious. The
1581:
2445:
1667:
3268:
1369:
2039:
2761:
94:
3079:
the Social
Democrats' proposal on parliamentarism (the so-called "Power Act") as being too far-reaching and provocative. The act restricted Russia's influence on domestic Finnish matters, but did not touch the Russian government's power on matters of defence and foreign affairs. For the Russian Provisional government this was, however, far too radical, exceeding the Parliament's authority, and so the Provisional government dissolved the Parliament.
2534:
1377:
2503:
4283:
2154:
1471:
433:
447:
405:
461:
1731:
2019:
3203:
475:
3559:
4297:
2472:
market was small but rapid growth took place after 1860 in export industries drawing on forest resources and mobile rural laborers. Industrialization began during the mid-19th century from forestry to industry, mining and machinery and laid the foundation of
Finland's current day prosperity, even though agriculture employed a relatively large part of the population until the post–World War II era.
3104:
779:
5759:
4102:
unemployment insurance, maternity benefits, family allowances, and day-care centers. Health insurance covers most of the cost of outpatient care. The national health act of 1972 provided for the establishment of free health centers in every municipality. There were major cutbacks in the early 1990s, but they were distributed to minimize the harm to the vast majority of voters.
3451:
2423:("Old Finland") to the grand duchy in 1812. During the years of Russian rule the degree of autonomy varied. Periods of censorship and political prosecution occurred, particularly in the two last decades of Russian control, but the Finnish peasantry remained free (unlike the Russian serfs) as the old Swedish law remained effective (including the relevant parts from
2667:(no compromise on the language question and conservative nationalism) and "young" (liberation from Russia) Finns. The leading liberals were Swedish-speaking intellectuals who called for more democracy; they became the radical leaders after 1880. The liberals organized for social democracy, labor unions, farmer cooperatives, and women's rights.
2101:, were estateless, and had no political representation. Forty-five percent of the male population were enfranchised with full political representation in the legislature—although clerics, nobles and townsfolk had their own chambers in the parliament, boosting their political influence and excluding the peasantry on matters of foreign policy.
3505:. After two months of negligible progress on the battlefield, as well as severe losses of men and materiel, the Soviets put an end to the Finnish Democratic Republic in late January 1940 and recognized the legal Finnish government as the legitimate government of Finland. Soviet forces began to make progress in February and
4045:
considered with suspicion. Support for capitalism was widespread. Savings rate hovered among the world's highest, at around 8% until the 1980s. In the beginning of the 1970s, Finland's GDP per capita reached the level of Japan and the UK. Finland's economic development shared many aspects with export-led Asian countries.
1138:) dating from the 11th century. However, as the long continuum of the Finnish Iron Age into the historical Medieval period of Europe suggests, the primary source of information of the era in Finland is based on archaeological findings and modern applications of natural scientific methods like those of DNA analysis or
6567:
4097:
By the 1990s, farm laborers had nearly all moved on, leaving owners of small farms. By 2000 the social structure included a politically active working class, a primarily clerical middle class, and an upper bracket consisting of managers, entrepreneurs, and professionals. The social boundaries between
4088:
Before 1940 Finland was a poor rural nation of urban and rural workers and independent farmers. There was a small middle class, employed chiefly as civil servants and in small local businesses. As late as 1950 half of the workers were in agriculture and only a third lived in urban towns. The new jobs
3070:
recognized the
Provisional government as the Tsar's successor by accepting its authority to appoint a new Governor General and Senate. They expected the Tsar's authority to be transferred to Finland's Parliament, which the Provisional government refused, suggesting instead that the question should be
2646:
2471:
Before 1860 overseas merchant firms and the owners of landed estates had accumulated wealth that became available for industrial investments. After 1860 the government liberalized economic laws and began to build a suitable physical infrastructure of ports, railroads and telegraph lines. The domestic
2123:
Both the ascending
Russian Empire and pre-revolutionary France aspired to have Sweden as a client state. Parliamentarians and others with influence were susceptible to taking bribes which they did their best to increase. The integrity and the credibility of the political system waned, and in 1771 the
1212:
in
Finland gave rise to a distinctive fine crafts culture of its own, visible in the original decorations of domestically produced weapons and jewelry. The finest luxury weapons, however, were imported from Western Europe. The very first Christian burials are from the latter part of this era as well.
1179:
brought along an influx of imported iron (and other) artifacts like Roman wine glasses and dippers as well as various coins of the Empire. During this period the (proto) Finnish culture stabilized on the coastal regions and larger graveyards become commonplace. The prosperity of the Finns rose to the
4126:
increased from a virtual full employment to one fifth of the workforce. The crisis was amplified by trade unions' initial opposition to any reforms. Politicians struggled to cut spending and the public debt doubled to around 60% of GDP. Some 7–8% of GDP was needed to bail out failing banks and force
3094:
The Social
Democrats held on to the Power Act and opposed the promulgation of the decree of dissolution of the Parliament, whereas the non-Socialists voted for promulgating it. The disagreement over the Power Act led to the Social Democrats leaving the Senate. When the Parliament met again after the
2800:
Despite certain freedoms granted to
Finland, the Grand Duchy was not a democratic state. The tsar retained supreme power and ruled through the highest official in the land, the governor general, almost always a Russian officer. Alexander dissolved the Diet of the Four Estates shortly after convening
2005:
caused by climate decimated Finland. A combination of an early frost, the freezing temperatures preventing grain from reaching Finnish ports, and a lackluster response from the Swedish government saw about one-third of the population die. Soon afterwards, another war determining Finland's fate began
1997:
which was decreed heretical in 1664 by the theologians of the academy of Åbo. On the other hand, the Lutheran requirement of the individual study of Bible prompted the first attempts at wide-scale education. The church required from each person a degree of literacy sufficient to read the basic texts
1992:
orthodoxy. In 1608, the law of Moses was declared the law of the land, in addition to secular legislation. Every subject of the realm was required to confess the Lutheran faith and church attendance was mandatory. Ecclesiastical penalties were widely used. The rigorous requirements of orthodoxy were
658:
ensued a few months later, with the Whites gaining the upper hand during the springtime of 1918. After the internal affairs stabilized, the still mainly agrarian economy grew relatively quickly. Relations with the West, especially Sweden and Britain, were strong but tensions remained with the Soviet
3624:
Finland was never occupied by Soviet forces. Its army of over 600,000 soldiers saw only 3,500 prisoners of war. About 96,000 Finns died, or 2.5% of a population of 3.8 million; civilian casualties were under 2,500. Finland managed to defend its democracy, contrary to most other countries within the
3335:
Alcohol abuse had a long history, especially regarding binge drinking and public intoxication, which became a crime in 1733. In the 19th century the punishments became stiffer and stiffer, but the problem persisted. A strong abstinence movement emerged that cut consumption in half from the 1880s to
2435:
was re-activated in the 1860s agreeing to supplementary new legislation concerning internal affairs. In addition, Finns remained free of obligations connected to the empire, such as the duty to serve in tsarist armies, and they enjoyed certain rights that citizens from other parts of the empire did
2200:
was also much stronger in southern Finland than in other parts of Sweden, and contacts across the new border dispersed the worst fears for the fate of the educated and trading classes under a Russian régime. At the turn of the 19th century, the Swedish-speaking educated classes of officers, clerics
1235:
The earliest findings of imported iron blades and local iron working appear in 500 BC. From about 50 AD, there are indications of a more intense long-distance exchange of goods in coastal Finland. Inhabitants exchanged their products, presumably mostly furs, for weapons and ornaments with the Balts
4154:
in March 1992. The accession process was marked by heavy public debate, where the differences of opinion did not follow party lines. Officially, all three major parties were supporting the Union membership, but members of all parties participated in the campaign against the membership. Before the
3812:
Some of these groups could not be properly commemorated until long after the war ended in order to preserve good relations with the Soviet Union. However, after a long political campaign backed by survivors of what Finns call the Partisan War, the Finnish Parliament passed legislation establishing
3078:
For the Finnish Social Democrats it seemed as though the bourgeoisie was an obstacle on Finland's road to independence as well as on the proletariat's road to power. The non-Socialists in Tokoi's Senate were, however, more confident. They, and most of the non-Socialists in the Parliament, rejected
2666:
Liberalism was the central issue of the 1860s to 1880s. The language issue overlapped both liberalism and nationalism, and showed some a class conflict as well, with the peasants pitted against the conservative Swedish-speaking landowners and nobles. Finnish activists divided themselves into "old"
2275:
in the south in 1596–1597 attacked the nobles and their new system of state feudalism; this bloody revolt was similar to other contemporary peasant wars in Europe. In the north, there was less tension between nobles and peasants and more equality among peasants, due to the practice of subdividing
6334:
2617:
In 1863, the Finnish language gained an official position in administration. In 1892 Finnish became an equal official language and gained a status comparable to that of Swedish. Nevertheless, the Swedish language continued to be the language of culture, arts and business all the way to the 1920s.
2475:
The beginnings of industrialism took place in Helsinki. Alfred Kihlman (1825–1904) began as a Lutheran priest and director of the elite Helsingfors boys' school, the Swedish Normal Lyceum. He became a financier and member of the diet. There was little precedent in Finland in the 1850s for raising
1213:
In the Leväluhta burial findings, the average height of a man was originally thought to be just 158 cm and that of a woman 147 cm, but recent research has corrected these numbers upwards and has confirmed that the people buried in Leväluhta were of average height for that era in Europe.
4101:
The generous system of welfare benefits emerged from a long process of debate, negotiations and maneuvers between efficiency-oriented modernizers on the one hand and Social Democrats and labor unions. A compulsory system provides old-age and disability insurance. The national government provides
3340:
during the Grand Duchy period were rejected by the czar; with the czar gone Finland enacted prohibition in 1919. Smuggling emerged and enforcement was slipshod. Criminal convictions for drunkenness went up by 500%, and violence and crime rates soared. Public opinion turned against the law, and a
3082:
The minority of the Parliament, and of the Senate, were content. New elections promised a chance for them to gain a majority, which they were convinced would improve the chances to reach an understanding with Russia. The non-Socialists were also inclined to cooperate with the Russian Provisional
2266:
In contrast to serfdom in Germany and Russia, the Finnish peasant was typically a freeholder who owned and controlled his small plot of land. There was no serfdom in which peasants were permanently attached to specific lands, and were ruled by the owners of that land. In Finland (and Sweden) the
2089:
struggled for control leaving the lesser Court party, i.e. parliamentarians with close connections to the royal court, with little to no influence. The Caps wanted to have a peaceful relationship with Russia and were supported by many Finns, while other Finns longed for revenge and supported the
1551:
hunters, fishermen, and small-scale farmers lived. These were exploited by the Finnish and Karelian tax collectors. During the 12th and 13th centuries, great numbers of Swedish settlers moved to the southern and northwestern coasts of Finland, to the Åland Islands, and to the archipelago between
4044:
in 1973. Local education markets expanded and an increasing number of Finns also went abroad to study in the United States or Western Europe, bringing back advanced skills. There was a quite common, but pragmatic-minded, credit and investment cooperation by state and corporations, though it was
4035:
unlike most other countries bordering the Soviet Union. Property rights were strong. While nationalization committees were set up in France and UK, Finland avoided nationalizations. After failed experiments with protectionism in the 1950s, Finland eased restrictions and committed to a series of
2771:
Before 1790 music was found in Lutheran churches and in folk traditions. In 1790 music lovers founded the Åbo Musical Society; it gave the first major stimulus to serious music by Finnish composers. In the 1880s, new institutions, especially the Helsinki Music Institute (since 1939 called the
1709:
were the most significant domains for the pirates. The next 130 years or so were characterized by attempts of different Swedish factions to break out of the Union. Finland was sometimes involved in these struggles, but in general the 15th century seems to have been a relatively prosperous time,
3874:
entered into a passport union, allowing their citizens to cross borders without passports and soon also to apply for jobs and claim social security benefits in the other countries. Many from Finland used this opportunity to secure better-paying jobs in Sweden in the 1950s and 1960s, dominating
1524:. While eastern Karelians remain linguistically and ethnically closely related to the Finns, they are generally considered a separate people. Thus, the northern part of the border between Catholic and Orthodox Christendom came to lie at the eastern border of what would become Finland with the
3658:
agreed that Finland was fighting a separate war against the Soviet Union, and that in no way was it hostile to the Western allies. The Soviet Union was the only Allied country against which Finland had conducted military operations. Unlike any of the Axis nations, Finland was a parliamentary
3800:
Although Finland lost territory in both of its wars with the Soviets, the memory of these wars was sharply etched in the national consciousness. Finland celebrates these wars as a victory for the Finnish national spirit, which survived against long odds and allowed Finland to maintain its
2747:
and Roman Catholicism to be threats to the emerging nation. Eastern Orthodoxy was rejected as a weapon of Russification, while anti-Catholicism was long-standing. Anti-Semitism was also a factor, so the Dissenter Law of 1889 upgraded the status only of the minor Protestant sects. Founding
2670:
Nationalism was contested by the pro-Russian element and by the internationalism of the labor movement. The result was a tendency to class conflict over nationalism, but the early 1900s the working classes split into the Valpas (class struggle emphasis) and Mäkelin (nationalist emphasis).
4110:
The post-war period was a time of rapid economic growth and increasing social and political stability for Finland. The five decades after the Second World War saw Finland turn from a war-ravaged agrarian society into one of the most technologically advanced countries in the world, with a
2719:
were important religious centres and pilgrimage sites of Orthodox faithful. There were also Orthodox churches built in Finnish cities and towns, where there were Russian garrisons. During this period, Roman Catholism, Judaism and Islam came to Finland with Russian soldiers and merchants.
3535:
After the Winter War the Finnish Army was exhausted and needed recovery and support as soon as possible. The United Kingdom declined to help, but in autumn 1940, Nazi Germany offered weapon deals to Finland if the Finnish government would allow German troops to travel through Finland to
4944:
Der Sarkissian, Clio; Balanovsky, Oleg; Brandt, Guido; Khartanovich, Valery; Buzhilova, Alexandra; Koshel, Sergey; Zaporozhchenko, Valery; Gronenborn, Detlef; Moiseyev, Vyacheslav; Kolpakov, Eugen; Shumkin, Vladimir; Alt, Kurt W.; Balanovska, Elena; Cooper, Alan; Haak, Wolfgang (2013).
2858:
of 1899 which asserted the imperial government's right to rule Finland without the consent of local legislative bodies; second, the Language Manifesto of 1900 which made Russian the language of administration of Finland; and third, the conscription law of 1901 which incorporated the
1280:(coastland). In contrast, A. Aikio and J. Häkkinen propose that the Finno-Ugric languages arrived in the Gulf of Finland area during the Late Bronze Age. Valter Lang has proposed that the Finnic and Saami languages arrived there in the early Bronze Age, possibly connected to the
1292:. The center of expansion for the Proto-Finnic language is posited to have been located on the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland. The Finnish language is thought to have started to differentiate during the Iron Age starting from the earliest centuries of the Common Era.
6559:
4093:
peak of 3.5 in 1947 to 1.5 in 1973. When baby boomers entered the workforce, the economy did not generate jobs fast enough and hundreds of thousands emigrated to the more industrialized Sweden, migration peaking in 1969 and 1970 (today 4.7 percent of Swedes speak Finnish).
1430:
gained a foothold in Finland during the 11th century. According to the very few written documents that have survived, the church in Finland was still in its early development in the 12th century. Later medieval legends from late 13th century describe Swedish attempts to
2483:
After 1890 industrial productivity stagnated because entrepreneurs were unable to keep up with technological innovations made by competitors in Germany, Britain and the United States. However, Russification opened up a large Russian market especially for machinery.
3875:
Sweden's first wave of post-war labour immigrants. Although Finnish wages and standard of living could not compete with wealthy Sweden until the 1970s, the Finnish economy rose remarkably from the ashes of World War II, resulting in the buildup of another
4229:
and UN operations. Finland has also opposed energy projects that increase dependency on Russian imports. For a long time, Finland remained one of the last non-NATO members in Europe, without enough support for full membership unless Sweden joined first.
3247:, while Sweden remained neutral and Russia withdrew its forces. The Reds lost the war and the White peasantry rose to political leadership in the 1920s–1930s. About 37,000 men died, most of them in prisoner camps ravaged by influenza and other diseases.
690:
of Finland from 1970 and 1990 increased the public sector employees and spending and the tax burden imposed on the citizens. In 1992, Finland simultaneously faced economic overheating and depressed Western, Russian, and local markets. Finland joined the
1145:
Production of iron during the Finnish Iron Age was adopted from the neighboring cultures in the east, west and south about the same time as the first imported iron artifacts appear. This happened almost simultaneously in various parts of the country.
1236:
and the Scandinavians, as well as with the peoples along the traditional eastern trade routes. The existence of richly furnished burials, usually with weapons, suggests that there was a chiefly elite in the southern and western parts of the country.
2073:. The border with Russia came to lie roughly where it returned to after World War II. Sweden's status as a European great power was forfeited, and Russia was now the leading power in the North. The absolute monarchy ended in Sweden. During this
2629:
in the 1830s. Snellman sought to apply philosophy to social action and moved the basis of Finnish nationalism to establishment of the language in the schools, while remaining loyal to the czar. Fennomania became the Finnish Party in the 1860s.
2476:
venture capital. Kihlman was well connected and enlisted businessmen and capitalists to invest in new enterprises. In 1869, he organized a limited partnership that supported two years of developmental activities that led to the founding of the
1543:. Turku was one of the biggest towns in the Kingdom of Sweden, and its population included German merchants and craftsmen. Otherwise the degree of urbanization was very low in medieval Finland. Southern Finland and the long coastal zone of the
4199:'s two successive governments 1995–2003, several large state companies were privatized fully or partially. Matti Vanhanen's two cabinets followed suit until autumn 2008, when the state became a major shareholder in the Finnish telecom company
3478:, the Soviet Union sent ultimatums to the Baltic countries, where it demanded military bases on their soil. The Baltic states accepted Soviet demands, and lost their independence in the summer of 1940. In October 1939, the Soviet Union sent a
2351:
1272:) languages were first spoken in Finland and the adjacent areas during the Comb Ceramic period, around 4000 BC at the latest. During the 2nd millennium BC these evolved—possibly under an Indo-European (most likely Baltic) influence—into
2270:
The peasants were not passive; they were proud of their traditions and would band together and fight to uphold their traditional rights in the face of burdensome taxes from the king or new demands by the landowning nobility. The great
1973:
wave that happened in this region during the late 17th century. The people were developing more expectations and plans for the future, and when these were not realized, they were quick to blame witches—according to a belief system the
3162:
of 1917 turned Finnish politics upside down. Now, the new non-Socialist majority of the Parliament desired total independence, and the Socialists came gradually to view Soviet Russia as an example to follow. On 15 November 1917, the
997:
The Bronze Age began some time after 1500 BC. The coastal regions of Finland were a part of the Nordic Bronze Culture, whereas in the inland regions the influences came from the bronze-using cultures of northern and eastern Russia.
7176:
1240:
spread over most of southern Finland at the end of the Iron and early Medieval Ages. There is no commonly accepted evidence of early state formations in Finland, and the presumably Iron Age origins of urbanization are contested.
3327:, as well as their own culture and local traditions. At the same time, an international treaty was concluded on the neutral status of Åland, under which it was prohibited to place military headquarters or forces on the islands.
2853:
and fully integrate it politically, militarily, and culturally into the empire. Finns were strongly opposed and fought back by passive resistance and a strengthening of Finnish cultural identity. Key provisions were, first, the
2609:
was spoken by about 15% of the population, especially the upper and middle classes. Swedish was the language of administration, public institutions, education and cultural life. Only the peasants spoke Finnish. The emergence of
1777:. The state administration underwent extensive reforms and development too, giving it a much stronger grip on the life of local communities—and ability to collect higher taxes. Following the policies of the Reformation, in 1551
822:, from c. 8900 BC. Finland has been continuously inhabited at least since the end of the last ice age up to the present. The earliest post-glacial inhabitants of the present-day area of Finland were probably mainly seasonal
2263:(local parish) was at once a community religious organization and a judicial district that administered the king's law. The ting participated in the taxation process; taxes were collected by the bailiff, a royal appointee.
2191:
The two Russian occupations had been harsh and were not easily forgotten. These occupations were a seed of a feeling of separateness and otherness, that in a narrow circle of scholars and intellectuals at the university in
1320:, which have long been monolingually Finnish, and their place names have made several scholars argue for an existence of a proto-Germanic speaking population component a little later, during the Early and Middle Iron Age.
981:
outside of Finland, but the earliest confirmed traces of agriculture in Finland date later, approximately to the 2nd millennium BC. Further inland, societies retained their hunting-gathering lifestyles for the time being.
3223:
consisted of the Swedish-speaking middle and upper classes and the farmers and peasantry who dominated the northern two-thirds of the land. They had a conservative outlook and rejected socialism. The Socialist-Communist
4048:
Building on its status as western democratic country with friendly ties with the Soviet Union, Finland pushed to reduce the political and military tensions of cold war. Since the 1960s, Finland urged the formation of a
1577:, which was in use between 1350 and 1470. In the 15th century Finland began to be used synonymously with Österland. The concept of a Finnish country in the modern sense developed slowly from the 15th to 18th centuries.
2977:
By 2000 about 6% of the population spoke Swedish as their first language, or 300,000 people. However, since the late 20th century there has been a steady migration of older, better educated Swedish speakers to Sweden.
1295:
Cultural influences from a variety of places are visible in the Finnish archaeological finds from the very first settlements onwards. For example, archaeological finds from Finnish Lapland suggest the presence of the
7010:
6063:
1450:
in northwestern Russia, and probably the German crusading orders as well. Finns had their own chiefs, but most probably no central authority. At the time there can be seen three cultural areas or tribes in Finland:
4268:
846:
period for Finland, although subsistence was still based on hunting and fishing. Extensive networks of exchange existed across Finland and northeastern Europe during the 5th millennium BC. For example, flint from
4122:, fixed currency, depressed Western, Soviet, and local markets. Stock market and housing prices declined by 50%. The growth in the 1980s was based on debt and defaults started rolling in. GDP declined by 15% and
3306:
Large scale agrarian reform in the 1920s involved breaking up the large estates controlled by the old nobility and selling the land to ambitious peasants. The farmers became strong supporters of the government.
7585:
4531:
3293:
elected as its first President in 1919. Despite the bitter civil war, and repeated threats from fascist movements, Finland became and remained a capitalist democracy under the rule of law. By contrast, nearby
6598:
1655:", managing only to alienate his supporters and ultimately lose his crown. The bones of contention between Sweden and Novgorod were the northern coastline of the Gulf of Bothnia and the wilderness regions of
1067:
by the Pope. Numerous other sources from the Roman period onwards contain brief mentions of ancient Finnish kings and place names, as such defining Finland as a kingdom and noting the culture of its people.
794:
The last ice age in the area of the modern-day Finland ended c. 9000 BC. Starting about that time, people migrated to the area of Finland from the south and southeast. Their culture represented a mixture of
4098:
these groups were not distinct. Causes of change included the growth of a mass culture, international standards, social mobility, and acceptance of democracy and equality as typified by the welfare state.
1916:
functioned as general governor of Finland. Many important reforms were made and many towns were founded. His period of administration is generally considered very beneficial to the development of Finland.
1154:
The Pre-Roman period of the Finnish Iron Age is scarcest in findings, but the known ones suggest that cultural connections to other Baltic cultures were already established. The archeological findings of
7696:
7198:
2093:
Finland by this time was depopulated, with a population in 1749 of 427,000. However, with peace the population grew rapidly, and doubled before 1800. 90% of the population were typically classified as
1196:, and the growing influence of Germanic cultures, both in artifacts like swords and other weapons and in burial customs. However most iron as well as its forging was of domestic origin, probably from
2140:, the war was fruitless, managing only to bring disturbance to the economic life of Finland. The popularity of King Gustav III waned considerably. During the war, a group of officers made the famous
5167:
PEOPLE, MATERIAL CULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT IN THE NORTH Proceedings of the 22nd Nordic Archaeological Conference, University of Oulu, 18–23 August 2004 Edited by Vesa-Pekka Herva GUMMERUS KIRJAPAINO
2251:
While the king of Sweden sent in his governor to rule Finland, in day to day reality the villagers ran their own affairs using traditional local assemblies (called the ting) which selected a local
2569:, i.e. to establish a feeling of unity among all people in Finland including (and not of least importance) between the ruling elite and the ruled peasantry. The publication in 1835 of the Finnish
2565:
The Finnish national awakening in the mid-19th century was the result of members of the Swedish-speaking upper classes deliberately choosing to promote Finnish culture and language as a means of
1889:. In 1630, the Swedish (and Finnish) armies marched into Central Europe, as Sweden had decided to take part in the great struggle between Protestant and Catholic forces in Germany, known as the
3667:
at the very end of the Continuation War. Finland made a separate armistice agreement with the Soviet Union on 19 September 1944, and was the only bordering country of USSR in Europe (alongside
3513:. Finland had successfully defended its independence, but ceded 9% of its territory to the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union was expelled from the League of Nations as a result of the invasion.
1261:
The question of the timelines for the evolution and the spreading of the current Finnic languages is controversial, and new theories challenging older ones have been introduced continuously.
7168:
1552:
Turku and the Åland Islands. In these regions, the Swedish language is widely spoken even today. Swedish came to be the language of the upper class in many other parts of Finland as well.
7115:
954:
has changed the image of Finnish neolithic Stone Age culture. The site had been inhabited year-round and its inhabitants traded extensively. Kierikki culture is also seen as a subtype of
1426:
probably had Swedish settlement during the Viking Period. However, some scholars claim that the archipelago was deserted during the 11th century. According to the archaeological finds,
1216:
Recent findings suggest that Finnish trade connections became more active during the 8th century, bringing an influx of silver onto Finnish markets. The opening of the eastern route to
6980:
4747:
4150:
treaty. However, after Sweden had submitted its membership application in 1991 and the Soviet Union was dissolved at the end of the year, Finland submitted its own application to the
4050:
3723:
in order to preserve good relations with the Soviets, ensuring Finnish autonomy. Nevertheless, the United States shipped secret development aid and financial aid to the non-communist
1659:
in Eastern Finland. Novgorod considered these as hunting and fishing grounds of its Karelian subjects, and protested against the slow infiltration of Catholic settlers from the West.
2621:
Movements toward Finnish national pride, as well as liberalism in politics and economics involved ethnic and class dimensions. The nationalist movement against Russia began with the
814:. At the same time, northern Finland was inhabited via the coast of Norway. The oldest confirmed evidence of post-glacial human settlements in Finland is from the area of Ristola in
4256:
with "military and political consequences" if they attempted to join NATO, which neither were actively seeking. After the invasion public support for membership rose significantly.
5061:
The common acceptance of the theory is indicated by the fact that this is the theory currently presented by the National Board of Antiquities in Finland, and several schools: E.g.
3727:(Social Democratic Party). Establishing trade with the Western powers, such as Britain, and the reparations to the Soviet Union caused Finland to transform itself from a primarily
2176:'s climate of broadened debate in the society on issues of politics, religion and morals would in due time highlight the problem that the overwhelming majority of Finns spoke only
7751:
3949:
peninsula to Finland, which had been rented to the Soviet Union in 1948 for 50 years as a military base, a situation which somewhat endangered Finnish sovereignty and neutrality.
2614:
to predominance resulted from a 19th-century surge of Finnish nationalism, aided by Russian bureaucrats attempting to separate Finns from Sweden and to ensure the Finns' loyalty.
7040:
5154:
Saarikivi, Janne & Grünthal, Riho 2005: Itämerensuomalaisten kielten uralilainen tausta. – Johanna Vaattovaara, Toni Suutari, Hanna Lappalainen & Riho Grünthal (toim.),
7002:
6055:
3458:
29:
7662:
2743:. The pietism appealed to the emerging middle class. The Ecclesiastical Law of 1869 combined the two strains. Finland's political and Lutheran leaders considered both
2723:
While the vast majority of Finns were Lutheran, there were two strains to Lutheranism that eventually merged to form the modern Finnish church. On the one hand was the
1083:
written between 741 and 829. At 811, annals mention a person named Suomi in connection with a peace agreement. The name Suomi as the name of Finland is nowadays used in
7582:
4841:
4523:
6590:
1710:
characterized by population growth and economic development. However, towards the end of the 15th century, the situation on the eastern border became more tense. The
3754:
Finland's role in the Second World War was unusual in several ways. Despite massive superiority in military strength, the Soviet Union was unable to conquer Finland
1834:
An important part of the 16th-century history of Finland was growth of the area settled by the farming population. The crown encouraged farmers from the province of
5040:
4163:
was held on 16 April 1994, in which 56.9% of the votes were in favour of joining. The process of accession was completed on 1 January 1995, when Finland joined the
6504:
5945:
Constitutionalist insurgency in Finland: Finnish "passive resistance" against Russification as a case of nonmilitary struggle in the European resistance tradition
7062:
6304:
1998:
of the Lutheran faith. Although the requirements could be fulfilled by learning the texts by heart, also the skill of reading became known among the population.
1422:
were known to the Finns due to their participation in both commerce and plundering. There is possible evidence of Viking settlement in the Finnish mainland. The
6658:
3625:
Soviet sphere of influence, and suffered comparably limited losses in terms of civilian lives and property. It was, however, punished harsher than other German
4136:
3844:(1947) limited the size and the nature of Finland's armed forces. Weapons were to be solely defensive. A deepening of postwar tensions led a year later to the
1823:
against Denmark, Poland and Russia. The common people of Finland suffered because of drafts, high taxes, and abuse by military personnel. This resulted in the
7778:
7693:
3539:
1881:, whose military reforms transformed the Swedish army from a peasant militia into an efficient fighting machine, possibly the best in Europe. The conquest of
8612:
6826:
4065:
3678:
were evacuated abroad: 5% went to Norway, 10% to Denmark, and the rest to Sweden. Most of the children were sent back by 1948, but 15–20% remained abroad.
2097:, most being free taxed yeomen. Society was divided into four Estates: peasants (free taxed yeomen), the clergy, nobility and burghers. A minority, mostly
910:
548:
5526:
3019:
4146:
and two of the three major parties, Center Party and the Social Democrats opposed the idea of European Union membership and preferred entering into the
3171:, including the right of complete secession. On the same day the Finnish Parliament issued a declaration by which it temporarily took power in Finland.
2136:
and reinstated royal power in Sweden—more or less with the support of the parliament. In 1788, he started a new war against Russia. Despite a couple of
7860:
3587:
7679:
7146:
1598:
2196:
was forming a sense of a separate Finnish identity representing the eastern part of the realm. The shining influence of the Russian imperial capital
1961:
were produced for export. European nations needed this material for the maintenance of their fleets. According to some theories, the spirit of early
1335:
could possibly have started in the 12th century but reached its height in the 13th and 14th centuries, when it also affected the Eastern Uusimaa and
804:
7090:
6407:
4997:
4060:(Nordic NWFZ), and in 1972–1973 was the host of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE), which culminated in the signing of the
3897:
until 1955 because of Soviet fears that Finland might become too close to the West. At that time the Soviet Union saw the Nordic Council as part of
3840:
era. Treaties signed in 1947 and 1948 with the Soviet Union included obligations and restraints on Finland, as well as territorial concessions. The
3239:, who fought for the anti-Socialists. On the other side were the Red Guards, which consisted of workers and tenant farmers. The latter proclaimed a
1520:
in 1293. Western Karelians were from then on viewed as part of the western cultural sphere, while eastern Karelians turned culturally to Russia and
7260:
5582:
5188:
4622:
4480:
4441:
3805:, the children who were evacuated to Sweden, women who worked during the war at home or in factories, and the veterans of the women's defense unit
2506:
The public education system founded during earlier Swedish rule resulted the literacy of Grand Duchy of Finland being higher than its host country
6707:
5990:
5982:
Charlotta Hedberg and Kaisa Kepsu, "Migration as a mode of cultural expression? The case of the Finland‐Swedish minority's migration to Sweden."
3441:
3417:
Tens of thousands of radical Finns—from Finland, the United States and Canada—took up Stalin's 1923 appeal to create a new Soviet society in the
3363:
1846:
hunters. During the 1580s, this resulted in a bloody guerrilla warfare between the Finnish settlers and Karelians in some regions, especially in
7107:
6888:
5545:
4698:
3637:. After the war, the Soviet government settled these gained territories with people from many different regions of the USSR, for instance from
2945:
1535:
arrived in Finland around 1249 and came to exercise great influence there. In the early 14th century, the first records of Finnish students at
7888:
7815:
Nyyssönen, Jukka. "Changing States, Changing Sámi?: Framing the state and the Sámi in studies of history in Finland and Norway 1923–1954." in
4089:
in manufacturing, services and trade quickly attracted people to the towns and cities. The average number of births per woman declined from a
7883:
6972:
3418:
3350:
1985:
in the New World in the modern-day Delaware-Pennsylvania area between 1638 and 1655. At least half of the immigrants were of Finnish origin.
1483:
4721:
3801:
independence. Many groups of Finns are commemorated today, including not just fallen soldiers and veterans, but also orphans, evacuees from
3174:
Worried by developments in Russia and Finland, the non-Socialist Senate proposed that Parliament declare Finland's independence, which was
8113:
5430:"Pahamaineinen merirosvosakki herätti keskiajalla kauhua Suomen rannikolla – Katso kartasta, missä vitaaliveljet ryöstelivät ja majailivat"
3766:, which made Finland an ally with Germany in the war against the Soviet Union. But, unlike all other Axis states, Finland never signed the
5853:
Osmo Jussila, "Nationalism and Revolution: Political Dividing Lines in the Grand Duchy of Finland during the Last Years of Russian Rule",
1677:
During the 1380s, a civil war in the Scandinavian part of Sweden brought unrest to Finland as well. The victor of this struggle was Queen
5679:
3630:
2216:. The new king was not a particularly talented ruler; at least not talented enough to steer his kingdom through the dangerous era of the
7748:
4559:
3784:
8295:
7808:
Marzec, Wiktor, and Risto Turunen. "Socialisms in the Tsarist Borderlands: Poland and Finland in a Contrastive Comparison, 1830—1907."
5170:
4896:
3479:
3424:
The Soviet Union started to tighten its policy against Finland in the 1930s, limiting the navigation of Finnish merchant ships between
3168:
3091:. The majority had the completely opposite opinion. They did not accept the Provisional government's right to dissolve the Parliament.
1041:
Very few written records of Finland or its people remain in any language of the era. Written sources are of foreign origin and include
7032:
6866:
5080:
3190:, recognizing Finland's independence, and on 22 December (4 January 1918 N. S.) it was approved by the highest Soviet executive body (
1516:
in 1278, the region inhabited by speakers of Eastern Finnish dialects. Sweden however gained the control of Western Karelia with the
8605:
1573:('Eastern Lands'), a plural, meaning the area of Finland Proper, Tavastia, and Karelia. This was later replaced by the singular form
6765:
3228:
comprised the Finnish-speaking urban workers and the landless rural cottagers. They had a radical outlook and rejected capitalism.
2239:
686:. Since its post–World War II economic boom in the 1970s, Finland's GDP per capita has been among the world's highest. The expanded
7921:
3175:
2544:
1460:
575:
7832:
4771:"Neolithic land use in the northern Boreal zone: high-resolution multiproxy analyses from Lake Huhdasjärvi, south-eastern Finland"
3905:, though it had already been associated with a number of UN specialized organisations. The first Finnish ambassador to the UN was
3644:
The Finnish government did not participate in the systematic killing of Jews, although the country remained a "co-belligerent", a
1010:
in Finland is considered to have lasted from c. 500 BC until c. 1300 AD. Written records of Finland become more common due to the
8532:
3659:
democracy throughout the 1939–1945 period. The commander of Finnish armed forces during the Winter War and the Continuation War,
3108:
2108:(1741–1742), Finland was again occupied by the Russians after the government, during a period of Hat party dominance, had made a
2002:
1018:
in the 12th and 13th centuries. As the Finnish Iron Age lasted almost two millennia, it is further divided into six sub-periods:
1547:
had sparse farming settlements, organized as parishes and castellanies. In the other parts of the country a small population of
8284:
6807:
Mikko Mattila, and Petri Uusikyla, "The politics of scarcity: Social welfare and health care cutbacks in Finland, 1991–1995,"
5772:
4311:
3445:
3240:
3225:
2860:
2688:
2658:
1340:
7659:
6537:
5204:
5065:
4221:
In addition to fast integration with the European Union, safety against Russian leverage has been increased by building fully
3497:
was established by Joseph Stalin at the beginning of the war with the purpose of governing Finland after Soviet conquest. The
1300:
from Norway. The Sujala finds, which are equal in age with the earliest Komsa artifacts, may also suggest a connection to the
8029:
7970:
6685:
6633:
6125:
5733:
5706:
5507:
5489:
5400:
5364:
5337:
5034:
4872:
4640:
4464:
3996:
3403:
3029:
2116:
was that the Russian border was moved further to the west. During this time, Russian propaganda hinted at the possibility of
506:
4837:
3617:
with the Soviet Union. The armistice called for the expulsion of German troops residing in northern Finland, leading to the
1831:) with Russia in 1595 moved the border of Finland further to the east and north, very roughly where the modern border lies.
1446:. There were several secular powers who aimed to bring the Finnish tribes under their rule. These were Sweden, Denmark, the
1288:
language, at least to the extent the latter can be associated with the Cord Ceramic culture, as well as by hitherto unknown
989:
that existed between 2300 BC and 1500 BC, and was fundamentally a comb ceramic tradition with cord ceramic characteristics.
8598:
8233:
7875:
2605:
Particularly following Finland's incorporation into the Swedish central administration during the 16th and 17th centuries,
2227:
Meanwhile, the Finnish areas belonging to Russia after the peace treaties in 1721 and 1743 (not including Ingria), called "
1560:
3289:
as king. However, Germany's defeat in November 1918 made the plan impossible and Finland instead became a republic, with
2455:
8171:
8056:
7847:
6639:
5218:
4187:
membership brought with it many large changes. While politicians were previously involved in setting interest rates, the
3952:
3043:
3015:
17:
1308:, which may be associated with Indo-European languages, and according to Finnish Germanist Jorma Koivulehto speakers of
8740:
7743:
Kivimäki, Ville. "Introduction Three Wars and Their Epitaphs: The Finnish History and Scholarship of World War II." in
6492:
5876:
4674:
4370:
4008:
3724:
3394:
In the wake of the Civil War there were many incidents along the border between Finland and Soviet Russia, such as the
3298:, in similar circumstances but without a civil war, started as a democracy and was turned into a dictatorship in 1934.
3047:
2815:
2537:
1966:
1847:
1698:
1693:, who operated in the Baltic Sea in the Middle Ages to terrorize the coastal areas of Finland, and among other things,
7066:
6438:
6301:
4055:
3758:. In late 1940, German-Finnish co-operation began; it took a form that was unique when compared to relations with the
3650:
ally of Germany until 1944. In total, eight German Jewish refugees were handed over to the German authorities. In the
1908:
was one of the most powerful countries in Europe. During the war, several important reforms had been made in Finland:
1819:
which was a warlike era which lasted for 160 years. In the first phase, Sweden fought for the lordship of Estonia and
8670:
8086:
8061:
7568:
7394:
7372:
7330:
7309:
7279:
6956:
6923:
6735:
6655:
5795:
5313:
5139:
4947:"Ancient DNA Reveals Prehistoric Gene-Flow from Siberia in the Complex Human Population History of North East Europe"
4741:
4606:
4425:
4115:
3602:
3536:
German-occupied Norway. Finland accepted, weapons deals were made, and military co-operation began in December 1940.
2169:
2161:
273:
7461:
Jensen-Eriksen, Niklas. "Looking for cheap and abundant power: Business, government and nuclear energy in Finland."
7775:
7671:
Balázs, Renáta. "Writing of Contemporary National Literary History in Finland and Hungary–a Comparative Approach."
4918:
4245:
3735:
one. After the reparations had been paid off, Finland continued to trade with the Soviet Union in the framework of
3633:
and resettle an eighth of its population after having lost an eighth of its territory, including the major city of
7493:
6252:
6026:
2703:
to Orthodoxy. The majority of Finns were Lutheran Christians, but an ancient prominent Orthodox minority lived in
6092:
4037:
3563:
2777:
2105:
640:
594:
578:
cultures. The earliest written sources mentioning Finland start to appear from the 12th century onwards when the
268:
246:
7869:
6833:
2104:
The mid-18th century was a relatively good time, partly because life was now more peaceful. However, during the
1506:. A papal letter from 1237 states that the Tavastians had reverted from Christianity to their old ethnic faith.
8558:
7934:
7641:
6262:
5439:
4584:
4501:
4375:
3055:
2876:
2428:
7420:
6469:
6375:
5523:
2944:. They typically worked in lumber and mining, and many were active in Marxist causes on the one hand, or the
8984:
8877:
8690:
8490:
8325:
6018:
Alan Siaroff, "Democratic Breakdown and Democratic Stability: A Comparison of Interwar Estonia and Finland,"
4365:
3083:
Government because they feared the Social Democrats' power would grow, resulting in radical reforms, such as
2941:
2931:
2784:(1865–1957); he composed nearly all his music before 1930. In April 1892 Sibelius presented his new symphony
1835:
1827:
of 1596–1597, a desperate peasant rebellion, which was suppressed brutally and bloodily. A peace treaty (the
1656:
7857:
7707:
Kissane, Bill (June 2000). "Nineteenth-century nationalism in Finland and Ireland: a comparative analysis".
7542:
Rislakki, Jukka (January 2015). "'Without Mercy': U.S. Strategic Intelligence and Finland in the Cold War".
3671:, which gained a border with the Soviet Union only after the war) that kept its independence after the war.
1800:
under the name of Helsingfors, but remained little more than a fishing village for more than two centuries.
8943:
8715:
8186:
7914:
7676:
7138:
4326:
3072:
2493:
1715:
1711:
166:
6348:""In a Class by Itself": Cold War Politics and Finland's Position vis-à-vis the United Nations, 1945–1956"
9005:
8349:
8034:
7087:
6397:
5222:
5001:
4395:
4380:
4024:
3926:
3845:
3830:
3660:
3506:
3494:
3471:
3463:
2948:
on the other. In the 21st century about 700,000 Americans and 140,000 Canadians claim Finnish ancestry.
892:
704:
378:
7770:
Kurunmäki, Jussi. "Democracy both young and old: Finland, Sweden and the interwar crisis of democracy."
7199:"President of the Republic approves Defence Cooperation Agreement between Finland and the United States"
5185:
4596:
4454:
4415:
8958:
8910:
8802:
8797:
8515:
8510:
8221:
8211:
8201:
8071:
7955:
4690:
4338:
4267:, a staunch supporter of NATO, was sworn in as Finland’s new president. In July 2024, Stubb approved a
4260:
3610:
3286:
3123:
2872:
1439:
1352:
902:
730:
383:
6730:. MAATALOUDEN TALOUDELLINEN TUTKIMUSLAITOS AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS RESEARCH INSTITUTE. pp. 45–46.
5987:
5917:
Glenda Dawn Goss, "A Backdrop for Young Sibelius: The Intellectual Genesis of the Kullervo Symphony,"
3383:
1663:
occurred during the late 14th and 15th centuries, but for most of the time an uneasy peace prevailed.
8371:
8243:
8108:
8081:
7987:
7639:
Alapuro, Risto (March 1979). "Nineteenth century nationalism in Finland: a comparative perspective".
7169:"Finland's New President Alexander Stubb Says the Nordic Country Enters 'A New Era' as a NATO Member"
6892:
6041:
Hans Jörgensen, "The Inter-War Land Reforms in Estonia, Finland and Bulgaria: A Comparative Study,"
5767:
5542:
3475:
3281:
3116:
2911:
2780:, integrated Finland into the mainstream of European music. By far the most influential composer was
2117:
1924:
1842:
population to leave. Some of the wilderness settled was traditional hunting and fishing territory of
1479:
1418:
Contact between Sweden and what is now Finland was considerable even during pre-Christian times; the
915:
553:
499:
3382:
in 1929. Initially the movement gained widespread support among anti-Communist Finns, but following
830:, the oldest fishing net known ever to have been excavated (calibrated carbon dating: ca. 8300 BC).
8915:
8762:
8505:
8305:
8076:
4360:
4249:
3747:
3598:
by religion, resulted in other countries being considerably less sympathetic to the Finnish cause.
3127:
The decision of the Soviet of the People's Comissars' to recognise Finnish independence, signed by
3042:, and a coalition Cabinet with the same power distribution as the Finnish Parliament. Based on the
2810:
1750:
1660:
1615:
1585:
1464:
1289:
1281:
1229:
363:
3290:
3260:
2375:
8920:
8882:
8456:
8441:
8376:
8196:
8176:
8002:
7992:
7907:
5814:'You Might All Be Speaking Swedish Today': language change in 19th-century Finland and Ireland",
4637:"Population Development on the Prehistoric Period ('Väestön kehitys esihistoriallisella ajalla')"
4119:
3893:
Despite the passport union with Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and Iceland, Finland could not join the
3606:
3595:
3271:
The area of Finland in the years 1920–1940. The 1935 county and municipality division on the map.
3243:. World War I was still underway and the defeat of the Red Guards was achieved with support from
2820:
2744:
2724:
2591:
2180:, but the cascade of newspapers, belles-lettres and political leaflets was almost exclusively in
1803:
King Gustav Vasa died in 1560 and his crown was passed to his three sons in separate turns. King
1681:, who brought the three Scandinavian kingdoms of Sweden, Denmark and, Norway under her rule (the
1588:, on the right side of him is Bishop Konrad Bitz and on the left is Dean Magnus Stjernkors; from
1521:
1285:
970:
209:
7063:"Nato: Address by Mr Pertti Torstila, Secretary of State, to the Macedonian Diplomatic Bulletin"
5840:
Mikko Juva, "Nationalism, Liberalism Och Demokrati Under Språkstridens Första Skede i Finlan" .
5305:
5293:
4031:) gave the Soviet Union some leverage in Finnish domestic politics. However, Finland maintained
3708:
on one side and the Soviet Union and Britain on the other side on 19 September 1944, ending the
3474:, where Finland and the Baltic states were allocated to the Soviet "sphere of influence". After
8862:
8269:
8216:
7982:
7736:
Kivimäki, Ville. "Between defeat and victory: Finnish memory culture of the Second World War."
6948:
4350:
4147:
3655:
3337:
2986:
2936:
Emigration was especially important 1890–1914, with many young men and some families headed to
2850:
2626:
2432:
2404:
2392:
2363:
2346:
2078:
1685:) in 1389. One of the phenomena that appeared in those days with the unrest, was the notorious
1495:
1163:
provides proof of this argument. Many of the era's dwelling sites are the same as those of the
1064:
610:
302:
297:
146:
34:
7690:
The Changing Meanings of the Welfare State: Histories of a Key Concept in the Nordic Countries
6528:"Näin Neuvostoliitto vakoili Suomessa – Supo seurasi "Jakkea", joka johdatti uusille jäljille"
6329:
Ville Kivimäki, "Between Defeat and Victory: Finnish memory culture of the Second World War,"
6237:
Ville Kivimäki, "Between Defeat and Victory: Finnish memory culture of the Second World War,"
5676:
4733:
2030:
1942:) made the Imperial era of Sweden rather gloomy times for Finnish peasants. In 1655–1660, the
1536:
1284:. This would also imply that Finno-Ugric languages in Finland were preceded by a Northwestern
1180:
level that the vast majority of gold treasures found within Finland date back to this period.
8832:
8792:
8772:
8752:
8655:
8391:
8310:
8228:
6059:
5024:
4553:
4225:-compatible military. 1000 troops (a high per-capita amount) are simultaneously committed in
3621:
whereby the Finns forced the Germans to withdraw into Norway (then under German occupation).
3502:
3336:
the 1910s, and gave Finland the lowest drinking rate in Europe. Four attempts at instituting
3276:
3236:
3207:
3112:
2884:
2680:
2511:
2416:
2400:
2388:
2355:
This 1825 map of the Grand Duchy of Finland is from a larger work, geographical atlas of the
1913:
1862:
1774:
1718:. The fortress-town of Viborg withstood a Russian siege; according to a contemporary legend,
1678:
1517:
1432:
1277:
1265:
936:
809:
655:
566:
started in 500 BC and lasted until 1,300 AD. Finnish Iron Age cultures can be separated into
524:
388:
191:
6940:
6224:
Kent Forster, "Finland's Foreign Policy 1940–1941: An Ongoing Historiographic Controversy,"
5356:
Cross and Scepter: The Rise of the Scandinavian Kingdoms from the Vikings to the Reformation
5168:
4888:
3712:. The armistice compelled Finland to drive German troops from its territory, leading to the
2257:, or lawman, to enforce the norms. The Swedes used the parish system to collect taxes. The
1638:
1525:
1249:
8948:
8767:
8396:
8381:
8335:
8238:
8181:
8091:
8044:
6858:
6462:"Naisia, autoja ja piilopirttejä – Norjalainen vakoili CIA:n laskuun kylmän sodan Suomessa"
5077:
4782:
4241:
4012:
3934:
3864:
3675:
3664:
3579:
3152:
3007:
2995:
2559:
2424:
2173:
2137:
2125:
2109:
1951:
1890:
1447:
1273:
1139:
955:
839:
651:
536:
492:
423:
224:
176:
77:
5282:
Från romartid until vikingatid. Pörnullbacken – en järnålderstida bosättning i Österbotten
4203:
with the intention to secure the Finnish ownership of a strategically important industry.
8:
8968:
8953:
8900:
8847:
8842:
8817:
8675:
8471:
8413:
8361:
8320:
8290:
8159:
8145:
7950:
7470:
Warfare and welfare: Military conflict and welfare state development in Western countries
7139:"Finland joins NATO, doubling military alliance's border with Russia in a blow for Putin"
6773:
5594:
Antti Kujala, "The Breakdown of a Society: Finland in the Great Northern War 1700–1714,"
4390:
4385:
3763:
3510:
3407:
3035:
2497:
1901:
1885:
was now completed, and some territories were taken from internally divided Russia in the
1648:
1531:
During the 13th century, Finland was integrated into medieval European civilization. The
1499:
1096:
961:
From 3200 BC onwards, either immigrants or a strong cultural influence from south of the
759:
663:, Finland fought twice against the Soviet Union, first defending its independence in the
614:
540:
8938:
8590:
7801:
7438:
4786:
4769:
Alenius, Teija; Mökkönen, Teemu; Holmqvist, Elisabeth; Ojala, Antti (1 September 2017).
4720:
Cummings, Vicki (1 April 2014). Cummings, Vicki; Jordan, Peter; Zvelebil, Marek (eds.).
3742:
3516:
2213:
1838:
to settle the vast wilderness regions in Middle Finland. This often forced the original
1399:
156:
8872:
8822:
8782:
8735:
8730:
8720:
8700:
8695:
8680:
8665:
8660:
8650:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8551:
8476:
8428:
8418:
8330:
8257:
8191:
8096:
8066:
7965:
7724:
7654:
7599:
7361:
7299:
7254:
6367:
4973:
4946:
4616:
4474:
4435:
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of the UN. In another remarkable event of 1955, the Soviet Union decided to return the
3841:
3583:
3295:
3159:
2900:
2855:
2824:
2728:
2716:
2649:
2201:
and civil servants were mentally well prepared for a shift of allegiance to the strong
2157:
2058:
2050:
2007:
1886:
1363:
1339:
regions. The oldest Swedish place names in Finland are from this period as well as the
1209:
966:
636:
618:
337:
263:
181:
161:
7239:
4127:
banking sector consolidation. After devaluations the depression bottomed out in 1993.
1950:, Poland and Denmark. In 1676, the political system of Sweden was transformed into an
8963:
8905:
8867:
8857:
8837:
8827:
8812:
8807:
8787:
8757:
8725:
8710:
8685:
8621:
8500:
8451:
8279:
7997:
7728:
7564:
7557:
7447:
Haapala, Pertti. "How was the working class formed? The case of Finland, 1850–1920."
7408:
7390:
7384:
7368:
7326:
7320:
7305:
7275:
7269:
6952:
6941:
6919:
6731:
6701:
6629:
6371:
6258:
5872:
5791:
5729:
5702:
5485:
5466:
5396:
5360:
5333:
5309:
5301:
5289:
5113:
Petri Kallio 2006: Suomalais-ugrilaisen kantakielen absoluuttisesta kronologiasta. –
5030:
4978:
4868:
4800:
4737:
4670:
4602:
4460:
4421:
4343:
4331:
4234:
4211:
4020:
4016:
3942:
3901:
of which Denmark, Norway and Iceland were members. That same year Finland joined the
3732:
3686:
3651:
3521:
3316:
3232:
3214:
3136:
3039:
3023:
2736:
2684:
2622:
2217:
2141:
1878:
1828:
1509:
1443:
1395:'s painting "against persecutors" from 1896 depicts the warfare of the ancient Finns.
1305:
1301:
1011:
986:
924:
647:
622:
590:
583:
544:
342:
219:
196:
186:
7526:
5635:
The Crown, the Nobility and the Peasants 1630–1713: Tax, Rent and Relations of Power
5251:
Haggren, Georg; Halinen, Petri; Lavento, Mika; Raninen, Sami; Wessman, Anna (2015).
4215:
3681:
3378:
Nationalist sentiment remaining from the Civil War developed into the proto-Fascist
2129:
1920:
1388:
1088:
8852:
8777:
8747:
8574:
8527:
8495:
8401:
8366:
8012:
7797:
7716:
7650:
6527:
6359:
6107:
S. Sariola, "Prohibition in Finland, 1919–1932; its background and consequences,"
5958:
Imperial Borderland: Bobrikov and the Attempted Russification of Finland, 1898–1904
5576:
5062:
4968:
4958:
4790:
4729:
4498:"Ylen kysely: Nato-jäsenyyden kannatus vahvistuu – 62 prosenttia haluaa nyt Natoon"
4061:
3906:
3886:
3882:
3853:
3709:
3701:
3614:
3575:
3567:
3395:
3324:
3244:
3220:
3148:
2937:
2927:
2846:
2773:
2712:
2704:
2692:
2611:
2549:
2197:
2181:
2177:
2070:
2042:
1858:
1786:
1690:
1652:
1336:
1269:
1193:
1189:
1092:
1084:
1076:
1060:
978:
928:
842:, known for their distinctive decorating patterns. This marks the beginning of the
767:
668:
626:
373:
231:
214:
62:
7352:
Finland and Europe: The Period of Autonomy and the International Crises, 1808–1914
6681:
6121:
5504:
4636:
3930:
3696:
Map of Finnish areas ceded to the Soviet Union in 1944, after the Continuation War
2849:) was the policy of the Russian czars designed to limit the special status of the
2113:
1714:
conquered Novgorod, preparing the way for a unified Russia, and from 1495 to 1497
1567:
from the 11th century. The original Swedish term for the realm's eastern part was
597:
of some Finnish coastal areas, most of the region became a part of the Kingdom of
8565:
8466:
8461:
8406:
8315:
8274:
7864:
7851:
7836:
7782:
7755:
7700:
7683:
7666:
7589:
7497:
7094:
6662:
6308:
6096:
6030:
5994:
5723:
5696:
5683:
5549:
5530:
5511:
5354:
5327:
5192:
5174:
5143:
5084:
5069:
4995:
Article by professor of History of Religions Juha Pentikäinen at Virtual Finland
4963:
4597:
Georg Haggren, Petri Halinen, Mika Lavento, Sami Raninen ja Anna Wessman (2015).
4455:
Georg Haggren, Petri Halinen, Mika Lavento, Sami Raninen ja Anna Wessman (2015).
4416:
Georg Haggren, Petri Halinen, Mika Lavento, Sami Raninen ja Anna Wessman (2015).
4264:
4200:
4188:
4004:
3976:
3857:
3767:
3626:
3591:
3429:
3341:
national plebiscite went 70% for repeal, so prohibition was ended in early 1932.
3144:
2880:
2606:
2584:
2566:
2448:
2221:
2209:
2185:
2133:
2046:
1815:
under its protection in 1561. This action contributed to the early stages of the
1778:
1754:
1706:
1694:
1611:
1590:
1544:
1532:
1135:
1121:
1100:
1080:
1051:
1015:
962:
823:
579:
6007:
In Time of Storm: Revolution, Civil War and the Ethnolinguistic Issue in Finland
5131:
Jaakko Häkkinen 2009: Kantauralin ajoitus ja paikannus: perustelut puntarissa –
1539:
appear. In the southwestern part of the country, an urban settlement evolved in
8579:
8206:
8138:
8024:
7876:
ProKarelias collection of international treaties concerning independent Finland
6722:
4302:
4288:
4237:
4210:, took office. The former President of Finland, Martti Ahtisaari, received the
4196:
4184:
4168:
4164:
4156:
4151:
4143:
3961:
3957:
3922:
3902:
3894:
3871:
3849:
3379:
3359:
3255:
3187:
3128:
3059:
2919:
2708:
2507:
2412:
2396:
2368:
2356:
2202:
2074:
1939:
1905:
1735:
1309:
1217:
985:
The Battle Axe and Comb Ceramic cultures eventually merged, giving rise to the
838:
By 5300 BC, pottery was present in Finland. The earliest samples belong to the
800:
696:
692:
606:
451:
437:
409:
278:
258:
7844:
7720:
7688:
Kettunen, Pauli. "The Conceptual History of the Welfare State in Finland." in
6621:
6363:
6254:
Containing Coexistence: America, Russia, and the "Finnish Solution," 1945–1956
5226:
4795:
4770:
4524:"Finland's leaders back joining NATO in policy shift triggered by Ukraine war"
3826:
3806:
3692:
3547:
2727:
emphasis on ritual, with its roots in traditional peasant collective society.
2633:
2521:
1993:
revealed in the dismissal of the Bishop of Turku, Johan Terserus, who wrote a
1869:
1412:
898:
601:
and the realm of the Catholic Church from the 13th century onwards. After the
8999:
8522:
7893:
7247:
From Grand Duchy to a Modern State: A Political History of Finland Since 1809
6402:
6213:
Finland's War of Choice: The Troubled German-Finnish Alliance in World War II
6200:
Finland's War of Choice: The Troubled German-Finnish Alliance in World War II
5763:
5078:
SUOMEN ASUTUS- JA SIIRTOLAISUUSHISTORIA- PROJEKTI COMENIUS MIGRATION PROJEKTI
4804:
4207:
4081:
4076:
3980:
3969:
3938:
3918:
3910:
3355:
3140:
2781:
2764:
2740:
2570:
2387:
between Sweden and Russia, Finland was again conquered by the armies of Tsar
1943:
1894:
1782:
1758:
1739:
1559:
originally signified only the southwestern province, which has been known as
1392:
1297:
1106:
Currently the oldest known Scandinavian documents mentioning Finland are two
923:
Between 3500 and 2000 BC, monumental stone enclosures, colloquially known as
860:
827:
796:
687:
683:
532:
479:
465:
66:
50:
3594:, whose inhabitants were culturally related to the Finnish people, although
69:(1664–1724) was a German geographer and cartographer; map dated around 1730.
8300:
7788:
Lofgren, O. (1980). "Historical Perspectives on Scandinavian Peasantries".
6859:"Finland | CIA World Factbook – The best country factbook available online"
6532:
6430:
4982:
4726:
The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology and Anthropology of Hunter-Gatherers
4123:
3983:
and the Soviet Union, and it also developed into one of the centres of the
3914:
3876:
3736:
3720:
3509:
in March. Fighting came to an end on 13 March 1940 with the signing of the
3486:
3411:
3132:
3051:
3002:
2863:
into the imperial army and sent conscripts away to Russian training camps.
2653:
2588:
2086:
2082:
1816:
1702:
1682:
1670:
1452:
1427:
1313:
1176:
973:
speakers. The Battle Axe, or Cord Ceramic, culture seems to have practiced
852:
755:
723:
676:
660:
567:
368:
331:
253:
38:
5136:
4943:
4139:
countries and Finland has topped many indicators of national performance.
4036:
international free trade agreements: first an associate membership in the
3551:
3421:(KASSR), a part of Russia. Most were executed in the purges of the 1930s.
2444:
1647:
in Finnish) in 1323, but that did not last long. In 1348 the Swedish king
1580:
1574:
8446:
8017:
7977:
7829:
5158:. Kieli 16. Helsinki: Helsingin yliopiston suomen kielen laitos. 111–146.
3965:
3789:
3728:
3713:
3618:
3425:
3399:
3088:
2700:
2696:
2599:
2595:
2420:
2408:
2384:
2228:
2062:
2038:
1839:
1797:
1770:
1762:
1719:
1548:
1491:
1404:
1368:
1221:
974:
965:
settled in southwestern Finland. This culture was a part of the European
848:
787:
763:
719:
679:. However, Finland remained an independent democracy in Northern Europe.
602:
85:
7490:
4922:
4263:
to join the alliance, making Finland the 31st member. On 1 March 2024,
3054:
became prime minister. The new Senate was willing to cooperate with the
2831:
The policy of Russification of Finland (1899–1905 and 1908–1917, called
2760:
1666:
1637:) guarded the eastern border of Finland. Sweden and Novgorod signed the
1502:, the only source narrating the crusade, describes that it was aimed at
682:
In the latter half of its independent history, Finland has maintained a
8007:
7960:
6973:"The President of the Republic of Finland: Curriculum vitae: Biography"
6089:
6023:
4160:
4032:
3836:
Finland retained a democratic constitution and free economy during the
3755:
3529:
3490:
3371:
3267:
2272:
1982:
1970:
1962:
1824:
1503:
1456:
876:
868:
819:
783:
664:
571:
559:
307:
236:
6682:"Population development in independent Finland – greying Baby Boomers"
5156:
Muuttuva muoto: Kirjoituksia Tapani Lehtisen 60-vuotispäivän kunniaksi
2533:
2502:
1938:
However, the high taxation, continuing wars and the cold climate (the
1865:, who developed and reformed Finland significantly in the 17th century
1111:
7872:– Publishing of medieval documents (the National Archives of Finland)
7468:
Kettunen, Pauli. "Wars, nation and the welfare state in Finland." in
5417:. Helsinki: Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. pp. 155–156.
4090:
3613:. These victories helped ensure Finnish independence, and led to the
3543:
3183:
3179:
3164:
2749:
2645:
2460:
2153:
1994:
1470:
1419:
1317:
1225:
1164:
1160:
1107:
906:
884:
843:
751:
738:
734:
643:
was followed by eased economic regulations and extensive emigration.
528:
312:
93:
7596:
Neither Stalin nor Hitler : Finland during the Second World War
7108:"Russia threatens Finland and Sweden over potential NATO membership"
6750:
Pertti Haapala, and Brian Fleming, "The Fate of the Welfare State,"
5429:
5100:
Ante Aikio 2006: On Germanic-Saami contacts and Saami prehistory. –
4497:
1807:
started an era of expansion when the Swedish crown took the city of
1603:
1376:
891:
belief systems—have been found, especially in Eastern Finland, e.g.
883:) were found in other regions. Rock paintings—apparently related to
750:
If confirmed, the oldest archeological site in Finland would be the
8481:
8118:
7899:
7523:
Between East and West: Finland in international politics, 1944–1947
6461:
6347:
4355:
4269:
Defence Cooperation Agreement between Finland and the United States
4192:
4180:
4176:
4172:
3946:
3837:
3759:
3646:
3498:
3231:
From January to May 1918, Finland experienced the brief but bitter
3084:
2922:
harbor in 1893, with 509 emigrants on board on their way to America
2598:-region of eastern Finland and present-day NW Russia), stirred the
2580:
2575:
2526:
2514:
2464:
1989:
1975:
1804:
1793:
1384:
documents an early 11th-century Swedish Viking who died in Finland.
1254:
1237:
1197:
1007:
943:
888:
872:
631:
563:
241:
8101:
7003:"Former Finnish President Martti Ahtisaari wins Nobel Peace Prize"
4191:
was given an inflation-targeting mandate until Finland joined the
4040:
in 1961, a full membership in 1986 and also an agreement with the
3320:
3194:). Germany and the Scandinavian countries followed without delay.
2018:
1423:
1324:
1156:
671:. In the peace settlement Finland ended up ceding a large part of
8123:
7930:
5762:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
4580:
3802:
3772:
3705:
3638:
3558:
3169:
a general right of self-determination "for the Peoples of Russia"
2991:
2732:
2553:
2403:. Following the Swedish defeat in the war and the signing of the
2098:
2094:
1947:
1882:
1843:
1812:
1808:
1730:
1610:
During the 13th century, the bishopric of Turku was established.
1563:
since the 18th century. The first known mention of Finland is in
1513:
1332:
1125:
1042:
672:
121:
114:
108:
58:
54:
42:
5867:
Gassmann, Günther; Larson, Duane H.; Oldenburg, Mark W. (2001).
3219:
Finland after 1917 was bitterly divided along social lines. The
3202:
1494:, who allegedly established Swedish rule in Finland through the
1408:
8436:
6148:
An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires
6146:
James S. Olson, Lee Brigance Pappas and Nicholas C. J. Pappas,
4253:
3793:
3668:
3634:
3525:
3450:
3319:
on 16 December 1920. The new republic faced a dispute over the
2638:
2066:
1820:
1686:
1622:
951:
880:
629:
and lyrics associated with it. One product of this era was the
598:
132:
127:
46:
6939:
Köthenbürger, Marko; Sinn, Hans-Verner; Whalley, John (2006).
6086:
Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
3601:
Finnish forces won several decisive battles during the Soviet
3493:, with the aim of annexing Finland into the Soviet Union. The
3279:
voted to establish a constitutional monarchy to be called the
711:, and Finland eventually joined the alliance on 4 April 2023.
8386:
8128:
7007:
Finland abroad: Permanent Representation of Finland to the EU
6827:"Inflation targeting: Reflection from the Finnish experience"
6174:
The Winter War: Finland Against Russia, 1939–1940, Volume 312
5645:
5643:
5463:
Hakkapeliittoja ja karoliineja – Kuvia Suomen sotahistoriasta
4768:
4321:
3470:
In August 1939, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union signed the
3367:
3191:
3103:
2579:, a collection of traditional myths and legends which is the
2477:
2193:
2023:
1946:
were fought, taking Finnish soldiers to the battle-fields of
1931:
1923:, was founded in Turku at the proposal of Count Per Brahe by
1564:
1540:
1475:
1381:
1328:
1056:
864:
856:
815:
7426:
Ahola, Joonas & Frog with Clive Tolley (toim.). (2014).
5250:
3956:
Signing the Helsinki Accords are the West German Chancellor
2739:, emphasis on personal morality, lay participation, and the
1661:
Occasional raids and clashes between Swedes and Novgorodians
1192:
saw the expansion of land cultivation inland, especially in
969:, which have often been associated with the movement of the
778:
8133:
7514:
Dynamic Finland: The Political System and the Welfare State
5893:
Historical Dictionary of the Music and Musicians of Finland
4226:
4222:
3898:
3063:
947:
708:
700:
5640:
4111:
sophisticated market economy and high standard of living.
2776:), the Institute of Music of Helsinki University and the
2419:
being transferred to the Russian emperor. Russia assigned
8620:
7764:
Finland in World War II: History, Memory, Interpretations
6500:
6465:
5434:
4667:
War and Sacrifice: Studies in the Archaeology of Conflict
4135:
The GDP growth rate has since been one of the highest of
4023:, also participated in this activity in some places. The
3992:
3988:
3852:"), Finland developed closer co-operation with the other
1958:
1467:
from the 11th or 12th century to the early 13th century.
871:
found their way into Finnish archaeological sites, while
6675:
6673:
6671:
6431:"Former Finnish diplomat reveals she worked for the CIA"
6056:"The history of the development of statehood in Finland"
5266:
Ainiala, Terhi; Saarelma, Minna; Sjöblom, Paula (2008).
4167:
along with Austria and Sweden. Leading Finland into the
3846:
Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance
2687:
were official religions of the Finnish Grand Duchy. The
1738:
at its largest. Most of present-day Finland was part of
625:, including music and—especially—the highly distinctive
7845:
History of Finland: A selection of events and documents
6938:
6794:
Pauli Kettunen, "The Nordic Welfare State in Finland,"
6764:
Jungerstam, Susanne; Wentjärvi, Annika (6 March 2019).
6320:
Tyyne Martikainen "Partisaanisodan siviiliuhrit", 2002.
5866:
3574:
Hostilities resumed in June 1941 with the start of the
3058:, but no agreement was reached. Finland considered the
6766:"Country Portrait Finland – The Finnish Welfare State"
6257:. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. p. 7.
6084:
John H. Wuorinen, "Finland's Prohibition Experiment,"
5484:(in Finnish). Porvoo: T:mi Toiset aijat. p. 790.
5265:
4214:
in 2008. President Halonen was succeeded by President
3941:(1998–2005). In 1972 Max Jakobson was a candidate for
3454:
The area controlled by Finland at its largest, in 1942
3275:
After the civil war, the parliament controlled by the
2792:
and was celebrated by critics as truly Finnish music.
2731:(1777–1852) on the other hand was a leader of the new
2602:
that later led to Finland's independence from Russia.
2208:
King Gustav III was assassinated in 1792, and his son
1203:
7579:
Civilians and military supply in early modern Finland
6668:
4998:"The Ancient Religion of the Finns — Virtual Finland"
3674:
During and in between the wars, approximately 80,000
3402:. Relations with the Soviets were improved after the
1244:
707:
in 2022, public opinion shifted in favour of joining
6628:. Helsinki: Edita Publishing Ltd. pp. 269–289.
6398:"Finland and American intelligence – Secret history"
6176:. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press. p. 114.
4278:
1781:, bishop of Turku, published his translation of the
1183:
1167:. Most of the iron of the era was produced on site.
6763:
5776:, Library of Congress Call Number DL1012 .A74 1990.
5460:
3590:from 1941 to 1944. This irredentist sentiment of a
3582:of the Soviet Union. Finland was involved with the
3489:invaded Finland on 30 November 1939, launching the
3062:with Russia to be over after the dethroning of the
2279:
7556:
7456:Communism in Finland: a history and interpretation
7360:
5637:(Helsinki: Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura, 2003)
5325:
3435:
3386:in 1932 it was banned and its leaders imprisoned.
2525:Portrait of Finnish poet Elias Lönnrot who wrote "
1149:
939:region. The purpose of the enclosures is unknown.
7632:
7532:
6913:
6624:. In Aunesluoma, Juhani; Kettunen, Pauli (eds.).
6593:[Challenges in secret service research].
5932:Russification in the Baltic Provinces and Finland
5524:Jyväskylän yliopiston kirjasto. Kielletyt kirjat.
4919:"National Archives Service, Finland (in English)"
3501:was defeated in numerous battles, notably at the
3482:to Finland, but the Finns refused these demands.
3446:Diplomatic history of World War II § Finland
2695:in the early 19th century. Immediately after the
2637:Front page of Vårt land (Maamme in Finnish), the
1463:. Russian chronicles indicate there were several
8997:
7761:
7577:Talvitie, Petri, and Juha-Matti Granqvist, eds.
7428:Fibula, Fabula, Fact – The Viking Age in Finland
7267:
6622:"President Urho Kekkonen of Finland and the KGB"
6122:"Lapua Movement | Finnish fascist movement"
5127:
5125:
5123:
4259:On 4 April 2023, the last NATO members ratified
4071:
2379:Grand Duchy of Finland, 75 kopek assignat (1824)
2144:demanding peace negotiations and calling of the
1957:In Middle and Eastern Finland, great amounts of
1773:became the King of Sweden. During his rule, the
1465:conflicts between Novgorod and the Finnic tribes
7511:
6943:Privatization Experiences in the European Union
6292:. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2009. p. 54
5026:The Finno-Ugric Republics and the Russian State
3442:Military history of Finland during World War II
3250:
3020:Timeline of Independence of Finland (1917–1920)
1129:
1115:
6493:"Kylmän sodan suomalaisagentit: käsikirjoitus"
5984:Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography
5022:
4029:Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance
3578:, when Finland aligned with Germany following
3389:
3050:had a small majority, and the Social Democrat
2946:Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Church of America
2112:the lost provinces. Instead the result of the
2081:ruled the country, and the two parties of the
2034:Finland Ostrobothnia regiment uniforms in 1705
1584:In the middle is the patron saint of Finland,
1170:
737:stone axe engraved with human face found from
726:covered major part of Finland (7,500–6,000 BC)
8606:
7915:
6821:
6819:
6817:
6679:
5270:. Helsinki: Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura.
5120:
5087:. City of Helsinki. Retrieved 20 March 2008.
3419:Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
2981:
2889:
2840:
2832:
2258:
2252:
2145:
1893:. The Finnish light cavalry was known as the
1642:
1632:
1626:
1568:
1346:
770:, and it is approximately 125,000 years old.
523:begins around 9,000 BC during the end of the
500:
41:with their surrounding territories: northern
7259:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
6891:. 217.71.145.20. 14 May 1996. Archived from
6798:September 2001, Vol. 26 Issue 3, pp. 225–247
5891:Ruth-Esther Hillila, and Barbara Blanchard,
5329:The Popes and the Baltic Crusades: 1147-1254
4865:Keskiajan suomen kielen dokumentoitu sanasto
4664:
4621:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4479:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
4440:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2371:) The sovereign's pledge, printed in Finnish
1264:It was for a long time widely believed that
7554:
7489:Cultural interpretation of recent history.
7436:
7421:Finland in World War II § Bibliography
6706:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
5598:Mar–June 2000, Vol. 25 Issue 1/2, pp. 69–86
5284:, Vasa, Scriptum, 2002, 264 pages. Series:
5107:
4722:"Hunting and Gathering in a Farmers' World"
4206:In 2000, Finland's first female president,
4183:then in power. In the economic policy, the
3979:, Finland lay in the grey zone between the
2699:, Finnish Lutheran clergy feared state-led
1988:The 17th century was an era of very strict
1705:in the Finland Proper and also the Turku's
1312:language in particular. Artifacts found in
617:emerged in the 19th century. It focused on
8613:
8599:
7922:
7908:
7830:Finnish historical documents at WikiSource
7533:Raunio, Tapio; Tiilikainen, Teija (2003).
7363:The political history of Finland 1809–1966
7349:
6914:Raunio, Tapio; Tiilikainen, Teija (2003).
6814:
6428:
5701:. Cambridge University Press. p. 75.
5479:
5412:
5359:. Princeton University Press. p. 46.
5298:Studia archaeologica universitatis Umensis
4312:Diplomatic history of World War II#Finland
3870:In 1952, Finland and the countries of the
3176:voted by the Parliament on 6 December 1917
2399:on 29 March 1809, to pledge allegiance to
2395:of occupied Finland were assembled at the
1757:hands over the Finnish Translation of the
1716:a war was fought between Sweden and Russia
1651:staged a failed crusade against Orthodox "
958:. More of the site is excavated annually.
762:. The site would be the only pre-glacial (
667:and then invading the Soviet Union in the
646:In 1917, Finland declared independence. A
562:started in approximately 1,500 BC and the
507:
493:
7762:Kinnunen, Tiina; Kivimäki, Ville (2011).
7512:Pesonen, Pertti; Riihinen, Olavi (2004).
7382:
7339:
6811:October 1997, Vol. 20 Issue 4, pp. 146–63
6651:
6649:
6250:
6022:Vol. 32, No. 1 (March 1999), pp. 103–124
5971:European Historical Statistics, 1750–1970
5818:, March 2010, Vol. 35 Issue 1, pp. 44–64.
5664:European Historical Statistics, 1750–1970
5383:. Helsinki: Gaudeamus. 2015. p. 339.
5072:. Museovirasto. Retrieved 20 March 2008.
4972:
4962:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4820:
4818:
4816:
4814:
4794:
4639:. Finnish National Board of Antiquities.
4218:, holding office since 2012 until 2024.
3995:played their parts. The 1949 established
3821:
3351:Political violence in Finland (1918–1932)
2788:in Helsinki. It featured poetry from the
2415:until the end of 1917, with the title of
2407:on 17 September 1809, Finland remained a
2340:
1071:The oldest surviving mention of the word
7810:Contributions to the History of Concepts
7622:
7613:
7541:
7268:Jutikkala, Eino; Pirinen, Kauko (1984).
6720:
6626:The Cold War and the Politics of History
6591:"Salaisen palvelun tutkimuksen haasteet"
6588:
6282:
6088:vol. 163, (September 1932), pp. 216–226
5721:
5427:
4862:
4719:
4492:
4490:
4130:
4075:
4064:in 1975 and lead to the creation of the
3951:
3881:
3825:
3816:
3783:
3741:
3691:
3680:
3562:A group of Finnish soldiers operating a
3557:
3538:
3515:
3457:
3449:
3354:
3266:
3254:
3201:
3122:
3102:
3001:
2985:
2938:Finnish settlements in the United States
2910:
2814:
2759:
2644:
2632:
2543:
2532:
2520:
2501:
2454:
2443:
2374:
2362:
2350:
2238:
2152:
2037:
2029:
2017:
1868:
1857:
1749:
1729:
1665:
1597:
1579:
1469:
1398:
1387:
1375:
1367:
1248:
1063:, as well as the 12th- and 13th-century
897:
777:
729:
718:
28:
7787:
7706:
7638:
7505:Scandinavia During the Second World War
7440:Finland; its public and private economy
7358:
7346:2nd ed. 227 pages; focus is since 1900.
7244:
6619:
6165:
6109:Quarterly Journal of Studies in Alcohol
5921:Summer 2003, Vol. 27 Issue 1, pp. 48–73
5280:Viklund, K. & Gullberg, K. (red.):
5137:https://www.sgr.fi/susa/92/hakkinen.pdf
4734:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199551224.001.0001
4171:is held as the main achievement of the
1769:In 1521 the Kalmar Union collapsed and
1304:. Southwestern Finland belonged to the
635:, one of the most significant works of
14:
8998:
7502:
7318:
7288:
7231:
6646:
6171:
6045:April 2006, Vol. 54 Issue 1, pp. 64–97
5785:
5753:
5751:
5749:
5747:
5745:
4811:
4660:
4658:
4007:authority and a police unit under the
3719:In 1947, Finland reluctantly declined
2689:Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland
1919:1640: Finland's first university, the
1877:In 1611–1632 Sweden was ruled by King
1341:Swedish-speaking population of Finland
8622:History of current European countries
8594:
7903:
7858:History of Finland: Primary Documents
7604:
7482:
7437:Frederiksen, Niels Christian (1902).
7297:
7118:from the original on 26 February 2022
7037:Tasavallan presidentti Sauli Niinistö
6688:from the original on 18 February 2010
6525:
6490:
6459:
6429:Fitsanakis, Joseph (19 August 2011).
6043:Scandinavian Economic History Review,
6020:Canadian Journal of Political Science
5694:
5653:, Fennia vol. 180: 1–2 (2002), p. 145
5352:
5246:
5244:
5133:Journal de la Société Finno-Ougrienne
5102:Journal de la Société Finno-Ougrienne
4844:from the original on 28 February 2014
4562:from the original on 31 December 2017
4555:KM 11708 Kiuruveden kirves; Esinekuva
4487:
3997:Finnish Security Intelligence Service
3685:Identification document and tag of a
3362:supporters beating the "red officer"
3235:. On one side there were the "white"
3010:at its largest in February–March 1918
7929:
7555:Schoolfield, George C., ed. (1998).
7414:
7136:
6918:. Taylor & Francis. p. 37.
6869:from the original on 10 January 2021
6601:from the original on 24 October 2017
6589:Tuomioja, Erkki (8 September 2009).
6570:from the original on 10 October 2022
6472:from the original on 9 November 2020
6441:from the original on 22 October 2020
6410:from the original on 23 October 2023
6378:from the original on 23 October 2023
6345:
6302:Hidden help from across the Atlantic
6128:from the original on 27 October 2020
6066:from the original on 23 October 2023
5904:Denby Richards, "Music in Finland,"
5869:Historical Dictionary of Lutheranism
5611:(U.S. State Department, 1974) p. 10.
5561:Jutikkala, Eino and Pirinen, Kauko.
5482:Suomalainen ratsuväki Ruotsin ajalla
5043:from the original on 23 October 2023
4899:from the original on 5 February 2012
4775:Vegetation History and Archaeobotany
4750:from the original on 1 December 2020
4701:from the original on 23 October 2023
4459:. Helsinki: Gaudeamus. p. 369.
4420:. Helsinki: Gaudeamus. p. 339.
4252:spokesperson threatened Finland and
3813:compensation for the war's victims.
2906:
2866:
2212:assumed the crown after a period of
7819:(Routledge, 2022) pp. 263–275.
7802:10.1146/annurev.an.09.100180.001155
7616:Finland and World War II, 1939–1944
7433:(Finnish Literature Society, 2014).
7245:Jussila, Hentilä, Nevakivi (1999).
7065:. Formin.finland.fi. Archived from
6540:from the original on 11 August 2020
6507:from the original on 17 August 2020
5742:
5722:Haarmann, Harald (4 October 2016).
5442:from the original on 20 August 2022
5428:Suikkari, Riikka (19 August 2022).
5225:. 17 September 2015. Archived from
4665:Pollard, Tony; Banks, Iain (2006).
4655:
4155:parliamentary decision to join the
4011:, whose core areas of activity are
3241:Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic
3119:, sitting at the head of the table.
3016:Finnish Declaration of Independence
2118:creating a separate Finnish kingdom
1602:A reconstruction of a 12th-century
1204:Merovingian period: 575 AD – 800 AD
1034:Viking age period: 800 AD – 1025 AD
1031:Merovingian period: 575 AD – 800 AD
613:. The Lutheran religion dominated.
24:
7772:Journal of Modern European History
7655:10.1111/j.1467-9477.1979.tb00203.x
7581:(Helsinki University Press, 2021)
7220:
7013:from the original on 11 March 2024
6983:from the original on 11 March 2024
6754:1998, Vol. 96 Issue 2, pp. 142–149
6642:from the original on 5 March 2016.
5908:1968, Vol. 56 Issue 3, pp. 238–243
5552:Cited 14 December 2006. In Finnish
5533:Cited 14 December 2006. In Finnish
5514:Cited 14 December 2006. In Finnish
5241:
4534:from the original on 11 March 2024
4504:from the original on 14 March 2022
4371:List of prime ministers of Finland
3301:
3038:in Russia, Finland received a new
3006:The part of Finland controlled by
2656:, led pietistic revivals known as
1978:church had imported from Germany.
1245:Chronology of languages in Finland
609:, making this area the autonomous
605:in 1809, Finland was ceded to the
25:
9017:
7823:
7709:Nationalism & Ethnic Politics
7607:The Finnish Revolution, 1917–1918
7559:A History of Finland's Literature
7234:New Governments of Eastern Europe
7179:from the original on 1 March 2024
7149:from the original on 4 April 2023
7043:from the original on 3 March 2024
6526:Lehto, Mika (19 September 2018).
6159:
6111:(September 1954) 15(3) pp. 477–90
5790:. Pearson Education. p. 35.
5505:Forsius, A. Puujalka ja jalkapuu.
5353:Bagge, Sverre (9 February 2016).
5326:Fonnesberg-Schmidt, Iben (2007).
4643:from the original on 12 June 2011
3432:and blocking it totally in 1937.
3406:in 1920, in which Finland gained
3030:History of Finland (1917–present)
2845:('times/years of oppression') in
1969:may have been the reason for the
1965:in the tar-producing province of
1220:via Finland's southern coastline
1184:Migration period: 400 AD – 575 AD
1037:Crusade period: 1033 AD – 1300 AD
1028:Migration period: 400 AD – 575 AD
7609:. University of Minnesota Press.
7563:. University of Nebraska Press.
7354:. University of Minnesota Press.
7238:pp. 169–245 on 1917–1926;
7191:
7161:
7130:
7100:
7081:
7055:
7025:
6995:
6965:
6932:
6907:
6881:
6851:
6801:
6796:Scandinavian Journal of History,
6788:
6757:
6744:
6714:
6186:
5871:. Scarecrow Press. p. 296.
5770:source: US Library of Congress:
5757:
5596:Scandinavian Journal of History,
5543:Suomen historia: kirkon historia
5029:. Psychology Press. p. 32.
4295:
4281:
4051:Nordic Nuclear Weapons Free Zone
3863:The Finnish post-war president,
3629:and allies, having to pay large
3056:Provisional government of Russia
2823:for a demonstration against the
2804:
2280:Historical population of Finland
1498:, most often dated to 1249. The
1433:conquer and Christianize Finland
1323:The Swedish colonisation of the
766:) site so far discovered in the
473:
459:
445:
431:
417:
403:
92:
7738:Scandinavian Journal of History
7449:Scandinavian Journal of History
7274:(4th ed.). W. Söderström.
7232:Graham, Malbone W. Jr. (1927).
6613:
6582:
6552:
6519:
6484:
6453:
6422:
6390:
6339:
6331:Scandinavian Journal of History
6323:
6314:
6295:
6244:
6239:Scandinavian Journal of History
6231:
6218:
6205:
6192:
6180:
6153:
6140:
6114:
6101:
6078:
6048:
6035:
6012:
5999:
5976:
5963:
5950:
5937:
5924:
5911:
5898:
5885:
5860:
5855:Scandinavian Journal of History
5847:
5834:
5821:
5816:Scandinavian Journal of History
5804:
5779:
5715:
5688:
5669:
5656:
5627:
5620:Kimmo Katajala, "Okänd bonde"
5614:
5601:
5588:
5568:
5555:
5536:
5517:
5498:
5473:
5454:
5421:
5406:
5387:
5373:
5346:
5319:
5274:
5259:
5211:
5197:
5179:
5161:
5148:
5094:
5055:
5016:
4989:
4937:
4911:
4881:
4856:
4762:
4713:
4683:
4038:European Free Trade Association
3770:, meaning that Finland was not
3756:when the former invaded in 1939
3436:Finland in the Second World War
3098:
2778:Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra
2538:Finnish Guards' Rifle Battalion
2013:
1912:1637–1640 and 1648–1654: Count
1853:
1725:
1150:Pre-Roman period: 500 BC – 1 BC
1114:, Sweden, with the inscription
1022:Pre-Roman period: 500 BC – 1 BC
879:from Finland (e.g. the area of
8030:History of independent Finland
7642:Scandinavian Political Studies
7633:Historiography and comparative
7389:. Cambridge University Press.
7359:Puntila, Lauri Aadolf (1974).
7304:. Cambridge University Press.
6491:Byman, Kai (14 October 2019).
6346:Götz, Norbert (23 June 2008).
5394:Cultures of the World: Finland
4629:
4590:
4574:
4546:
4516:
4448:
4409:
4376:List of wars involving Finland
4116:Finland fell into a depression
3330:
3178:. On 18 December (31 December
2899:For the first time in Europe,
2877:Finnish general strike of 1905
2487:
2451:and its surroundings from 1814
2022:An old drawing of the city of
1614:was the center of the cult of
1357:
942:In recent years, a dig at the
745:
582:started to gain a foothold in
13:
1:
7790:Annual Review of Anthropology
7625:Nationalism in modern Finland
7623:Wuorinen, John Henry (1931).
7535:Finland in the European Union
7525:(U of Minnesota Press, 1986)
7477:Finland and Russia, 1808–1920
7383:Singleton, Frederick (1998).
7033:"Biography of Sauli Niinistö"
6916:Finland in the European Union
6752:Historiallinen Aikakauskirja,
6386:– via www.academia.edu.
5906:American-Scandinavian Review,
5695:Kirby, David (13 July 2006).
5480:Kankaanpää, Matti J. (2016).
4581:Kristiinankaupungin Susiluola
4402:
4366:List of presidents of Finland
4084:'s funeral procession in 1986
4072:Society and the welfare state
3603:Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive
3344:
3315:Finland became member of the
3087:in municipal elections, or a
2932:Canadians of Finnish ancestry
2883:was replaced by a unicameral
2168:With the interruption of the
2162:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
992:
786:(8,300 BC), the oldest-known
773:
7747:(Brill, 2012) pp. 1–46
7627:. Columbia University Press.
7344:. Columbia University Press.
7301:A concise history of Finland
6656:Growth and Equity in Finland
6251:Hanhimaki, Jussi M. (1997).
5973:(Columbia U.P., 1978) p. 47.
5844:, 1961, Issue 4, pp. 357–368
5698:A Concise History of Finland
5565:. Dorset Press, 1988, p. 108
5461:Joose Olavi Hannula (1939).
5286:Acta antiqua Ostrobotniensia
5268:Nimistötutkimuksen perusteet
5063:Tietoa Suomen esihistoriasta
4964:10.1371/journal.pgen.1003296
4695:Oulun kaupunki – www.ouka.fi
4105:
3968:and the Austrian chancellor
3779:
3654:of 1942, the leaders of the
3410:, but gave up its claims on
3310:
3251:Finland in the inter-war era
3197:
3073:Russian Constituent Assembly
2871:In 1906, as a result of the
2625:led by Hegelian philosopher
2110:botched attempt to reconquer
1712:Grand Principality of Moscow
833:
714:
675:and some other areas to the
7:
7884:Historical Atlas of Finland
7544:Journal of Military History
7485:Finland: Cultural Lone Wolf
7350:Paasivirta, Juhani (1981).
7291:Finland: A Cultural History
7137:John, Tara (4 April 2023).
6724:FINNISH AGRICUITURE IN 1990
6460:Helin, Satu (2 July 2017).
6352:Journal of Cold War Studies
6009:(HIA Book Collection, 1979)
5666:(Columbia U.P., 1978) p. 4.
5223:Swedish Assembly of Finland
4863:Heikkilä, Mikko K. (2017).
4691:"Kierikki Stone Age Centre"
4396:Timeline of Finnish history
4381:Military history of Finland
4274:
4118:caused by a combination of
4025:Finno-Soviet Treaty of 1948
3661:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
3550:reindeer herder, Lappland,
3495:Finnish Democratic Republic
3464:Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim
3390:Relations with Soviet Union
2795:
2674:
2234:
2124:young and charismatic king
1775:Swedish church was reformed
1490:It was the Swedish regent,
1438:In the early 13th century,
1435:sometime in the mid-1150s.
1268:(the western branch of the
1171:Roman period: 1 AD – 400 AD
1025:Roman period: 1 AD – 400 AD
1001:
935:), were constructed in the
705:Russian invasion of Ukraine
641:Finnish famine of 1866–1868
619:Finnish cultural traditions
10:
9022:
8285:Government-owned companies
7956:Finland under Swedish rule
7614:Wuorinen, John H. (1948).
7605:Upton, Anthony E. (1980).
7503:Nissen, Henrik S. (1983).
7483:Lewis, Richard D. (2004).
7418:
7386:A Short History of Finland
7340:Meinander, Henrik (2011).
7225:
5624:2006, Issue 4, pp. 791–801
4867:. Mediapinta. p. 44.
4339:Finland under Swedish rule
3975:Officially claiming to be
3877:Nordic-style welfare state
3439:
3348:
3287:Frederick Charles of Hesse
3212:
3027:
3013:
2982:Independence and Civil War
2925:
2873:Russian Revolution of 1905
2808:
2639:national anthem of Finland
2491:
2439:
2344:
1361:
1353:Finland under Swedish rule
1350:
1347:Finland under Swedish rule
1079:) is in the annals of the
695:in 1995, and replaced the
8977:
8929:
8891:
8628:
8545:
8427:
8357:
8348:
8296:National income agreement
8265:
8256:
8167:
8158:
8052:
8043:
7988:Golden Age of Finnish Art
7941:
7850:30 September 2005 at the
7721:10.1080/13537110008428594
6364:10.1162/jcws.2008.10.2.71
6290:Finland in the New Europe
6005:Pekka Kalevi Hamalainen,
5728:. McFarland. p. 70.
5609:Area Handbook for Finland
5548:30 September 2007 at the
5413:Tarkiainen, Kari (2010).
5068:30 September 2007 at the
4796:10.1007/s00334-017-0606-2
4601:. Gaudeamus. p. 25.
4233:On 24 February 2022, the
3909:(1956–1959), followed by
3117:Prime Minister of Finland
2735:, with its subjectivity,
2494:Finland's language strife
1934:was published in Finnish.
1925:Queen Christina of Sweden
1720:it was saved by a miracle
1253:Stone Age dwelling named
859:from Scandinavia and the
8172:Administrative divisions
7491:Excerpt and text search.
7431:Studia Fennica Historica
6721:KETTUNEN, LAURI (1991).
6661:13 November 2018 at the
6162:, pp. 37, 42, 43, 46, 49
5773:A Country Study: Finland
5607:William K. Carr et al.,
5465:(in Finnish). Helsinki:
5191:10 February 2012 at the
5186:Suomi, Häme Ja Satakunta
4889:"Annesl Regni Francorum"
4361:List of Finnish treaties
4327:Finland–Russia relations
4250:Russian Foreign Ministry
4195:. During Prime Minister
3960:, East Germany's leader
3860:in superpower politics.
3748:Mannerheim Cross Knights
3111:of independent Finland.
3066:—although the Finns had
3044:general election in 1916
3034:In the aftermath of the
2811:Russification of Finland
2755:
2065:, including the town of
1873:Map of Finland from 1662
1411:and the construction of
1290:Paleo-European languages
1282:Seima-Turbino phenomenon
8003:Finland in World War II
7993:Independence of Finland
7835:16 January 2014 at the
7745:Finland in World War II
7665:20 October 2016 at the
7289:Kallio, Veikko (1994).
6809:West European Politics,
6770:socialnet International
6620:Rentola, Kimmo (2008).
6333:(2012) 37#4 pp 482–504
6307:29 January 2007 at the
6228:(1979) 51#2 pp. 109–123
6095:2 February 2017 at the
5857:(1977) 2#4 pp. 289–309.
5788:Nokia: the inside story
5786:Häikiö, Martti (2002).
5575:The Russian Victory at
5529:27 October 2012 at the
5142:23 October 2023 at the
5023:Rein Taagepera (1999).
4893:www.thelatinlibrary.com
4161:consultative referendum
3831:The Finno-Soviet Treaty
3788:Winter War Monument in
3607:Battle of Tali-Ihantala
3605:of 1944, including the
3472:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
2819:People gathered in the
2594:people who inhabit the
1621:The strong fortress of
1528:with Novgorod in 1323.
1442:became the first known
1130:
1116:
903:Kastelli Giant's Church
703:in 2002. Following the
8671:Bosnia and Herzegovina
7870:Diplomatarium Fennicum
7774:17.4 (2019): 486–499.
7733:(Covers 1820 to 1910.)
7682:18 August 2022 at the
7379:Short popular history.
7322:The History of Finland
7319:Lavery, Jason (2006).
6947:. MIT Press. pp.
6172:Tanner, Väinö (1956).
5829:The history of Finland
5255:. Helsinki: Gaudeamus.
4669:. BRILL. p. 189.
4351:Henrik Gabriel Porthan
4148:European Economic Area
4142:Until 1991, President
4085:
4027:(Finno-Soviet Pact of
3972:
3890:
3833:
3822:Neutrality in Cold War
3797:
3751:
3697:
3689:
3571:
3555:
3546:soldiers with a local
3532:
3467:
3466:visit in Germany, 1942
3455:
3375:
3370:courthouse during the
3338:prohibition of alcohol
3272:
3264:
3210:
3155:
3120:
3011:
2999:
2998:, during the Civil war
2923:
2890:
2851:Grand Duchy of Finland
2841:
2833:
2828:
2768:
2663:
2642:
2627:Johan Vilhelm Snellman
2562:
2541:
2530:
2518:
2468:
2452:
2405:Treaty of Fredrikshamn
2380:
2372:
2360:
2347:Grand Duchy of Finland
2341:Grand Duchy of Finland
2259:
2253:
2248:
2165:
2146:
2054:
2035:
2027:
1874:
1866:
1766:
1747:
1746:, shown in dark green.
1674:
1643:
1633:
1627:
1616:Saint Henry of Uppsala
1607:
1595:
1569:
1496:Second Swedish Crusade
1487:
1415:
1396:
1385:
1373:
1372:Northern Europe in 814
1258:
1065:ecclesiastical letters
932:
920:
826:. Among finds is the
791:
742:
727:
611:Grand Duchy of Finland
70:
35:Scandinavian Peninsula
7740:37.4 (2012): 482–504.
7475:Kirby, David G., ed.
7458:(Princeton UP, 2015).
7451:12.3 (1987): 179–197.
7419:Further information:
7298:Kirby, David (2006).
7093:31 March 2008 at the
6241:(2012) 37#4 p 482–484
6060:Parliament of Finland
5682:25 March 2012 at the
5381:Muinaisuutemme jäljet
5332:. BRILL. p. 25.
5253:Muinaisuutemme jäljet
5083:5 August 2003 at the
4599:Muinaisuutemme jäljet
4457:Muinaisuutemme jäljet
4418:Muinaisuutemme jäljet
4261:Finland's application
4131:Post-Cold War history
4079:
3955:
3885:
3829:
3817:Post WW2 and Cold War
3787:
3762:. Finland signed the
3750:of Parikkala, Finland
3745:
3695:
3684:
3588:occupied East Karelia
3561:
3542:
3519:
3503:Battle of Suomussalmi
3461:
3453:
3384:a failed coup attempt
3358:
3291:Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg
3285:, with German prince
3270:
3263:in his office in 1919
3258:
3206:Badge of the Finnish
3205:
3126:
3106:
3005:
2989:
2958:20th century: 159,000
2914:
2885:Parliament of Finland
2818:
2763:
2711:. The monasteries of
2648:
2636:
2547:
2536:
2524:
2505:
2458:
2447:
2417:grand duke of Finland
2401:Alexander I of Russia
2378:
2366:
2354:
2245:Burning the Brushwood
2242:
2156:
2041:
2033:
2021:
1872:
1863:Per Brahe the Younger
1861:
1753:
1733:
1679:Margaret I of Denmark
1669:
1601:
1583:
1518:Third Swedish Crusade
1473:
1402:
1391:
1379:
1371:
1252:
1232:findings of the era.
1128:with the inscription
901:
867:from Scandinavia and
840:Comb Ceramic cultures
781:
733:
722:
389:Scandinavian Airlines
204:Chronological history
67:Johann Baptist Homann
32:
8533:World Heritage Sites
7863:19 June 2006 at the
7754:22 July 2021 at the
7699:22 July 2021 at the
7675:25.1 (2020): 76–86.
7588:11 July 2021 at the
7405:A history of Finland
7342:A History of Finland
7271:A History of Finland
7114:. 25 February 2022.
6278:Subscription needed.
6226:Scandinavian Studies
5810:Michael C. Coleman,
5677:Finland People: 1990
5622:Historisk Tidskrift,
5563:A History of Finland
5510:5 March 2012 at the
5219:"Swedish in Finland"
5173:3 March 2016 at the
4248:. On 25 February, a
4242:Russian Armed Forces
4120:economic overheating
4013:counter-Intelligence
4001:SUPO, Suojelupoliisi
3987:, in which both the
3935:Wilhelm Breitenstein
3865:Juho Kusti Paasikivi
3856:and declared itself
3676:Finnish war-children
3665:President of Finland
3153:Alexander Schlichter
2767:at work in his study
2560:Robert Wilhelm Ekman
2556:in a Peasant Cottage
2429:Constitution of 1772
2285:1150: 20,000–40,000
2174:Age of Enlightenment
1448:Republic of Novgorod
1316:and the province of
1140:computer linguistics
956:Comb Ceramic culture
650:between the Finnish
595:Swedish colonisation
33:Homann's map of the
8892:States with limited
7812:13.1 (2018): 22–50.
7781:16 May 2022 at the
7518:History since 1970.
7496:1 July 2022 at the
7325:. Greenwood Press.
6680:Finland 1917–2007.
6406:. 1 December 2011.
6311:, Helsingin Sanomat
6029:21 May 2022 at the
5993:26 May 2014 at the
5986:(2003) 85#2: 67–84
5919:19th Century Music,
5842:Historisk Tidskrift
4925:on 27 February 2007
4787:2017VegHA..26..469A
4391:Politics of Finland
4386:Monarchy of Finland
4246:invasion of Ukraine
3985:East-West espionage
3764:Anti-Comintern Pact
3704:was signed between
3611:Battle of Ilomantsi
3511:Moscow Peace Treaty
3462:Marshal of Finland
3036:February Revolution
2875:and the associated
2691:was separated from
2679:During that period
2498:Finnish nationalism
2026:in the 18th century
1902:Peace of Westphalia
1403:Imagery collage of
1228:artifacts into the
1224:brought Arabic and
967:Battle Axe cultures
639:. The catastrophic
615:Finnish nationalism
525:last glacial period
18:Prehistoric Finland
9006:History of Finland
8326:Telecommunications
7966:Great Northern War
7403:Wuorinen, John H.
7069:on 16 January 2009
6977:www.presidentti.fi
6895:on 7 February 2012
6776:on 3 November 2019
5930:Edward C. Thaden,
5651:Populating Finland
5004:on 25 January 2009
4317:Early Finnish wars
4086:
4042:European Community
4003:), an operational
3973:
3891:
3842:Paris Peace Treaty
3834:
3798:
3752:
3698:
3690:
3584:Siege of Leningrad
3580:Germany's invasion
3572:
3556:
3533:
3468:
3456:
3376:
3282:Kingdom of Finland
3273:
3265:
3211:
3160:October Revolution
3156:
3121:
3012:
3000:
2924:
2901:universal suffrage
2856:February Manifesto
2829:
2825:February Manifesto
2769:
2729:Paavo Ruotsalainen
2664:
2650:Paavo Ruotsalainen
2643:
2563:
2542:
2531:
2519:
2469:
2453:
2381:
2373:
2361:
2249:
2166:
2158:Battle of Valkeala
2142:Anjala declaration
2138:victorious battles
2063:south-eastern part
2059:Great Northern War
2055:
2051:Great Northern War
2049:) was part of the
2036:
2028:
2008:Great Northern War
1887:Treaty of Stolbovo
1875:
1867:
1767:
1748:
1675:
1639:Treaty of Nöteborg
1608:
1596:
1526:Treaty of Nöteborg
1512:gained control in
1488:
1416:
1397:
1386:
1374:
1364:Early Finnish wars
1259:
1210:Merovingian period
1055:, runestones, the
1045:'s description of
921:
792:
743:
728:
637:Finnish literature
521:history of Finland
152:History by country
71:
8993:
8992:
8588:
8587:
8541:
8540:
8344:
8343:
8252:
8251:
8234:Political parties
8187:Foreign relations
8154:
8153:
7521:Polvinen, Tuomo.
7479:(Springer, 1975).
7454:Hodgson, John H.
7415:Specialty studies
7293:. Helsinki: WSOY.
7249:. Hurst & Co.
6635:978-952-10-4637-7
6211:Henrik O. Lunde,
5735:978-1-4766-2565-2
5708:978-0-521-83225-0
5491:978-952-99106-9-4
5401:978-0-761-42073-6
5366:978-0-691-16908-8
5339:978-90-04-15502-2
5036:978-0-415-91977-7
4874:978-952-236-859-1
4697:. 27 April 2021.
4466:978-952-495-363-4
4344:History of Sweden
4332:History of Russia
4235:Russian president
4212:Nobel Peace Prize
4021:national security
4017:counter-terrorism
4009:Interior Ministry
3981:Western countries
3943:Secretary-General
3687:Finnish war child
3652:Tehran Conference
3522:Aarne Juutilainen
3317:League of Nations
3233:Finnish Civil War
3215:Finnish Civil War
3208:White/Civil Guard
3184:Soviet government
3137:Grigory Petrovsky
3024:Finnish Civil War
2907:Emigration trends
2881:four-chamber Diet
2867:Democratic change
2745:Eastern Orthodoxy
2685:Eastern Orthodoxy
2623:Fennoman movement
2480:company in 1871.
2463:in the center of
2433:four-chamber Diet
2218:French Revolution
2053:during 1700–1721.
1981:The Empire had a
1952:absolute monarchy
1891:Thirty Years' War
1879:Gustavus Adolphus
1829:Treaty of Teusina
1444:bishop of Finland
1306:Nordic Bronze Age
1302:Swiderian culture
1012:Northern Crusades
987:Kiukainen culture
591:Northern Crusades
584:Southwest Finland
517:
516:
16:(Redirected from
9013:
8930:Dependencies and
8629:Sovereign states
8615:
8608:
8601:
8592:
8591:
8568:
8561:
8554:
8516:Independence Day
8506:National symbols
8355:
8354:
8263:
8262:
8165:
8164:
8057:Cities and towns
8050:
8049:
8035:Military history
8013:Continuation War
7924:
7917:
7910:
7901:
7900:
7880:
7841:
7805:
7767:
7732:
7658:
7628:
7619:
7610:
7574:
7562:
7551:
7538:
7517:
7508:
7488:
7472:(2018): 260–289.
7463:Business History
7444:
7400:
7378:
7366:
7355:
7345:
7336:
7315:
7294:
7285:
7264:
7258:
7250:
7237:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7209:
7195:
7189:
7188:
7186:
7184:
7165:
7159:
7158:
7156:
7154:
7134:
7128:
7127:
7125:
7123:
7104:
7098:
7088:Finland and NATO
7085:
7079:
7078:
7076:
7074:
7059:
7053:
7052:
7050:
7048:
7029:
7023:
7022:
7020:
7018:
6999:
6993:
6992:
6990:
6988:
6969:
6963:
6962:
6946:
6936:
6930:
6929:
6911:
6905:
6904:
6902:
6900:
6885:
6879:
6878:
6876:
6874:
6855:
6849:
6848:
6846:
6844:
6839:on 26 March 2009
6838:
6832:. Archived from
6831:
6823:
6812:
6805:
6799:
6792:
6786:
6785:
6783:
6781:
6772:. Archived from
6761:
6755:
6748:
6742:
6741:
6729:
6718:
6712:
6711:
6705:
6697:
6695:
6693:
6677:
6666:
6653:
6644:
6643:
6617:
6611:
6610:
6608:
6606:
6586:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6575:
6556:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6523:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6477:
6457:
6451:
6450:
6448:
6446:
6426:
6420:
6419:
6417:
6415:
6394:
6388:
6387:
6385:
6383:
6343:
6337:
6327:
6321:
6318:
6312:
6299:
6293:
6286:
6280:
6275:
6273:
6271:
6248:
6242:
6235:
6229:
6222:
6216:
6209:
6203:
6196:
6190:
6184:
6178:
6177:
6169:
6163:
6157:
6151:
6144:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6118:
6112:
6105:
6099:
6082:
6076:
6075:
6073:
6071:
6052:
6046:
6039:
6033:
6016:
6010:
6003:
5997:
5980:
5974:
5969:B. R. Mitchell,
5967:
5961:
5956:Tuomo Polvinen,
5954:
5948:
5941:
5935:
5928:
5922:
5915:
5909:
5902:
5896:
5889:
5883:
5882:
5864:
5858:
5851:
5845:
5838:
5832:
5831:(2006) pp. 58–60
5825:
5819:
5813:
5808:
5802:
5801:
5783:
5777:
5766:: Text from
5761:
5760:
5755:
5740:
5739:
5719:
5713:
5712:
5692:
5686:
5673:
5667:
5662:B. R. Mitchell,
5660:
5654:
5647:
5638:
5631:
5625:
5618:
5612:
5605:
5599:
5592:
5586:
5572:
5566:
5559:
5553:
5540:
5534:
5521:
5515:
5502:
5496:
5495:
5477:
5471:
5470:
5458:
5452:
5451:
5449:
5447:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5410:
5404:
5391:
5385:
5384:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5350:
5344:
5343:
5323:
5317:
5278:
5272:
5271:
5263:
5257:
5256:
5248:
5239:
5238:
5236:
5234:
5215:
5209:
5208:
5201:
5195:
5183:
5177:
5165:
5159:
5152:
5146:
5129:
5118:
5111:
5105:
5098:
5092:
5090:
5075:
5059:
5053:
5052:
5050:
5048:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5009:
5000:. Archived from
4993:
4987:
4986:
4976:
4966:
4941:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4921:. Archived from
4915:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4851:
4849:
4834:
4809:
4808:
4798:
4766:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4717:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4662:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4648:
4633:
4627:
4626:
4620:
4612:
4594:
4588:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4550:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4539:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4494:
4485:
4484:
4478:
4470:
4452:
4446:
4445:
4439:
4431:
4413:
4305:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4291:
4286:
4285:
4284:
4062:Helsinki Accords
4059:
3937:(1991–1998) and
3887:Helsinki Accords
3854:Nordic countries
3776:an Axis nation.
3746:Memorial of the
3710:Continuation War
3702:Moscow Armistice
3615:Moscow Armistice
3596:Eastern Orthodox
3576:Continuation War
3568:Continuation War
3524:at the front at
3396:Aunus expedition
3372:4 June 1930 riot
3366:in front of the
3325:Swedish language
3245:Imperial Germany
3149:Vladimir Karelin
3113:P. E. Svinhufvud
3109:first government
3048:Social Democrats
2928:Finnish American
2893:
2844:
2836:
2774:Sibelius Academy
2705:Karelian Isthmus
2693:Church of Sweden
2641:, from year 1863
2592:Eastern Orthodox
2550:Kreeta Haapasalo
2461:Pohjoisesplanadi
2262:
2256:
2243:Eero Järnefelt,
2198:Saint Petersburg
2170:Gustav III's war
2160:was part of the
2149:
2071:Treaty of Nystad
2043:Battle of Gangut
1930:1642: the whole
1787:Finnish language
1691:Victual Brothers
1646:
1636:
1630:
1572:
1500:Eric's Chronicle
1331:archipelago and
1194:Southern Bothnia
1190:Migration period
1133:
1119:
1085:Finnic languages
1061:Snorri Sturluson
1059:written down by
979:animal husbandry
925:Giant's Churches
919:
824:hunter-gatherers
813:
805:Veretje cultures
768:Nordic countries
669:Continuation War
621:, folklore, and
557:
509:
502:
495:
482:
478:
477:
476:
468:
464:
463:
462:
454:
450:
449:
448:
440:
436:
435:
434:
426:
422:
421:
420:
412:
408:
407:
406:
374:Nordic countries
247:Christianization
232:Migration Period
96:
73:
72:
63:Northwest Russia
21:
9021:
9020:
9016:
9015:
9014:
9012:
9011:
9010:
8996:
8995:
8994:
8989:
8973:
8931:
8925:
8911:Northern Cyprus
8893:
8887:
8803:North Macedonia
8624:
8619:
8589:
8584:
8571:
8564:
8557:
8550:
8537:
8511:Public holidays
8423:
8340:
8248:
8212:Law enforcement
8150:
8039:
7971:The Great Wrath
7937:
7928:
7891:– slideshow by
7889:Vintage Finland
7878:
7865:Wayback Machine
7854:by Pauli Kruhse
7852:Wayback Machine
7839:
7837:Wayback Machine
7826:
7783:Wayback Machine
7756:Wayback Machine
7701:Wayback Machine
7684:Wayback Machine
7673:Interlitteraria
7667:Wayback Machine
7635:
7594:Tarkka, Jukka.
7590:Wayback Machine
7571:
7498:Wayback Machine
7423:
7417:
7397:
7375:
7333:
7312:
7282:
7252:
7251:
7228:
7223:
7221:Further reading
7218:
7217:
7207:
7205:
7197:
7196:
7192:
7182:
7180:
7167:
7166:
7162:
7152:
7150:
7135:
7131:
7121:
7119:
7112:Washington Post
7106:
7105:
7101:
7095:Wayback Machine
7086:
7082:
7072:
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6715:
6699:
6698:
6691:
6689:
6678:
6669:
6663:Wayback Machine
6654:
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6396:
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6391:
6381:
6379:
6344:
6340:
6328:
6324:
6319:
6315:
6309:Wayback Machine
6300:
6296:
6288:Jakobson, Max.
6287:
6283:
6269:
6267:
6265:
6249:
6245:
6236:
6232:
6223:
6219:
6210:
6206:
6197:
6193:
6185:
6181:
6170:
6166:
6160:Manninen (2008)
6158:
6154:
6145:
6141:
6131:
6129:
6120:
6119:
6115:
6106:
6102:
6097:Wayback Machine
6083:
6079:
6069:
6067:
6054:
6053:
6049:
6040:
6036:
6031:Wayback Machine
6017:
6013:
6004:
6000:
5995:Wayback Machine
5981:
5977:
5968:
5964:
5955:
5951:
5943:Steven Huxley,
5942:
5938:
5929:
5925:
5916:
5912:
5903:
5899:
5890:
5886:
5879:
5865:
5861:
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5826:
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5809:
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5798:
5784:
5780:
5758:
5756:
5743:
5736:
5720:
5716:
5709:
5693:
5689:
5684:Wayback Machine
5674:
5670:
5661:
5657:
5649:J. Westerholm,
5648:
5641:
5632:
5628:
5619:
5615:
5606:
5602:
5593:
5589:
5573:
5569:
5560:
5556:
5550:Wayback Machine
5541:
5537:
5531:Wayback Machine
5522:
5518:
5512:Wayback Machine
5503:
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5492:
5478:
5474:
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5455:
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5411:
5407:
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5388:
5379:
5378:
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5347:
5340:
5324:
5320:
5279:
5275:
5264:
5260:
5249:
5242:
5232:
5230:
5229:on 5 March 2017
5217:
5216:
5212:
5205:"Turun Sanomat"
5203:
5202:
5198:
5193:Wayback Machine
5184:
5180:
5175:Wayback Machine
5166:
5162:
5153:
5149:
5144:Wayback Machine
5130:
5121:
5112:
5108:
5099:
5095:
5088:
5085:Wayback Machine
5073:
5070:Wayback Machine
5060:
5056:
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4996:
4994:
4990:
4957:(2): e1003296.
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4552:
4551:
4547:
4537:
4535:
4530:. 12 May 2022.
4522:
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4405:
4400:
4301:
4296:
4294:
4287:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4265:Alexander Stubb
4189:Bank of Finland
4133:
4108:
4074:
4053:
3964:, US president
3907:G.A. Gripenberg
3824:
3819:
3782:
3768:Tripartite Pact
3737:bilateral trade
3627:co-belligerents
3592:Greater Finland
3480:similar request
3476:invading Poland
3448:
3440:Main articles:
3438:
3430:Gulf of Finland
3404:Treaty of Tartu
3392:
3353:
3347:
3333:
3313:
3304:
3302:Agrarian reform
3261:K. J. Ståhlberg
3253:
3217:
3200:
3145:Isaac Steinberg
3101:
3071:settled by the
3032:
3026:
3014:Main articles:
2984:
2934:
2926:Main articles:
2909:
2869:
2813:
2807:
2798:
2758:
2752:was forbidden.
2677:
2585:Karelian people
2567:nation building
2529:" (1802 - 1884)
2500:
2490:
2449:Turku Cathedral
2442:
2349:
2343:
2336:2020: 5,531,000
2333:2015: 5,500,000
2330:2010: 5,375,000
2327:1990: 4,977,000
2324:1970: 4,598,000
2321:1950: 4,030,000
2318:1930: 3,463,000
2315:1910: 2,943,000
2312:1890: 2,380,000
2309:1870: 1,769,000
2306:1850: 1,637,000
2303:1830: 1,372,000
2282:
2237:
2222:Napoleonic wars
2210:Gustav IV Adolf
2134:parliamentarism
2016:
1856:
1796:was founded by
1779:Mikael Agricola
1755:Mikael Agricola
1728:
1707:Archipelago Sea
1695:Korsholm Castle
1689:, known as the
1649:Magnus Eriksson
1612:Turku Cathedral
1591:Missale Aboense
1565:runestone Gs 13
1545:Gulf of Bothnia
1533:Dominican order
1366:
1360:
1355:
1349:
1247:
1206:
1186:
1173:
1152:
1101:Scottish Gaelic
1081:Frankish Empire
1016:Catholic Church
1004:
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963:Gulf of Finland
913:
836:
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776:
748:
717:
580:Catholic Church
551:
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201:
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61:, and parts of
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9019:
9009:
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8991:
8990:
8988:
8987:
8985:European Union
8981:
8979:
8978:Other entities
8975:
8974:
8972:
8971:
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8961:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8935:
8933:
8932:other entities
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8908:
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8878:United Kingdom
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8691:Czech Republic
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8422:
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8419:Welfare system
8416:
8411:
8410:
8409:
8404:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8379:
8374:
8372:Climate change
8369:
8364:
8358:
8352:
8346:
8345:
8342:
8341:
8339:
8338:
8333:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8316:Stock exchange
8313:
8308:
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8298:
8293:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8266:
8260:
8254:
8253:
8250:
8249:
8247:
8246:
8244:Prime Minister
8241:
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8121:
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8106:
8105:
8104:
8094:
8089:
8087:National parks
8084:
8082:Municipalities
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8062:Extreme points
8059:
8053:
8047:
8041:
8040:
8038:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8025:Finlandization
8022:
8021:
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8015:
8010:
8000:
7995:
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7904:
7898:
7897:
7886:
7881:
7873:
7867:
7855:
7842:
7825:
7824:External links
7822:
7821:
7820:
7817:The Sámi World
7813:
7806:
7785:
7768:
7759:
7741:
7734:
7704:
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6813:
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6787:
6756:
6743:
6736:
6713:
6667:
6645:
6634:
6612:
6597:(in Finnish).
6581:
6551:
6536:(in Finnish).
6518:
6499:(in Finnish).
6483:
6464:(in Finnish).
6452:
6421:
6389:
6338:
6322:
6313:
6294:
6281:
6263:
6243:
6230:
6217:
6204:
6191:
6187:Trotter (2002)
6179:
6164:
6152:
6150:(1994) p. 350.
6139:
6113:
6100:
6077:
6047:
6034:
6011:
5998:
5975:
5962:
5949:
5936:
5923:
5910:
5897:
5884:
5878:978-0810839458
5877:
5859:
5846:
5833:
5827:Jason Lavery,
5820:
5803:
5796:
5778:
5741:
5734:
5725:Modern Finland
5714:
5707:
5687:
5668:
5655:
5639:
5633:Antti Kujala,
5626:
5613:
5600:
5587:
5583:Maurice Baquoi
5567:
5554:
5535:
5516:
5497:
5490:
5472:
5453:
5438:(in Finnish).
5420:
5415:Ruotsin itämaa
5405:
5386:
5372:
5365:
5345:
5338:
5318:
5273:
5258:
5240:
5210:
5196:
5178:
5160:
5147:
5135:2009;92:9–56.
5119:
5106:
5093:
5054:
5035:
5015:
4988:
4936:
4910:
4880:
4873:
4855:
4838:"Museovirasto"
4810:
4781:(5): 469–486.
4761:
4742:
4712:
4682:
4676:978-9047418924
4675:
4654:
4628:
4607:
4589:
4573:
4558:(in Finnish).
4545:
4515:
4500:. March 2022.
4486:
4465:
4447:
4426:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4401:
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4393:
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4319:
4314:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4303:History portal
4292:
4289:Finland portal
4276:
4273:
4238:Vladimir Putin
4216:Sauli Niinistö
4197:Paavo Lipponen
4179:government of
4165:European Union
4144:Mauno Koivisto
4132:
4129:
4107:
4104:
4073:
4070:
3962:Erich Honecker
3958:Helmut Schmidt
3927:Keijo Korhonen
3923:Ilkka Pastinen
3903:United Nations
3895:Nordic Council
3872:Nordic Council
3850:Finlandization
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3781:
3778:
3733:industrialised
3731:economy to an
3554:, Finland 1942
3507:reached Vyborg
3437:
3434:
3391:
3388:
3380:Lapua Movement
3360:Lapua Movement
3349:Main article:
3346:
3343:
3332:
3329:
3312:
3309:
3303:
3300:
3252:
3249:
3213:Main article:
3199:
3196:
3129:Vladimir Lenin
3100:
3097:
3085:equal suffrage
3060:personal union
2994:burned by the
2983:
2980:
2975:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2908:
2905:
2868:
2865:
2827:in March 1899.
2809:Main article:
2806:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2757:
2754:
2709:Ladoga Karelia
2676:
2673:
2508:Russian Empire
2489:
2486:
2441:
2438:
2413:Russian Empire
2397:Diet of Porvoo
2369:Diet of Porvoo
2357:Russian Empire
2342:
2339:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2316:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2301:
2300:1810: 863,000
2298:
2297:1790: 706,000
2295:
2294:1770: 561,000
2292:
2291:1750: 428,000
2289:
2288:1550: 300,000
2286:
2281:
2278:
2236:
2233:
2203:Russian Empire
2075:Age of Liberty
2015:
2012:
2001:In 1696–1699,
1940:Little Ice Age
1936:
1935:
1928:
1921:Academy of Åbo
1917:
1906:Swedish Empire
1855:
1852:
1736:Swedish empire
1727:
1724:
1561:Finland Proper
1482:. Painting by
1380:The runestone
1359:
1356:
1351:Main article:
1348:
1345:
1310:Proto-Germanic
1246:
1243:
1218:Constantinople
1205:
1202:
1185:
1182:
1172:
1169:
1151:
1148:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1003:
1000:
994:
991:
946:site north of
835:
832:
782:Pieces of the
775:
772:
747:
744:
716:
713:
697:Finnish markka
693:European Union
659:Union. During
607:Russian Empire
568:Finnish proper
558:. The Finnish
549:Pöljä cultures
531:cultures were
515:
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511:
504:
497:
489:
486:
485:
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469:
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8944:Faroe Islands
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8916:South Ossetia
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8763:Liechtenstein
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8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8633:
8631:
8627:
8623:
8616:
8611:
8609:
8604:
8602:
8597:
8596:
8593:
8581:
8578:
8576:
8573:
8572:
8567:
8563:
8560:
8556:
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8549:
8548:
8544:
8534:
8531:
8529:
8526:
8524:
8521:
8517:
8514:
8513:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8485:
8484:
8480:
8479:
8478:
8475:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8463:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8443:
8440:
8438:
8435:
8434:
8432:
8430:
8426:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8408:
8405:
8403:
8400:
8399:
8398:
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8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8378:
8375:
8373:
8370:
8368:
8365:
8363:
8360:
8359:
8356:
8353:
8351:
8347:
8337:
8334:
8332:
8329:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8312:
8309:
8307:
8306:Ship-building
8304:
8302:
8299:
8297:
8294:
8292:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8267:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8255:
8245:
8242:
8240:
8237:
8235:
8232:
8230:
8227:
8223:
8220:
8219:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8208:
8205:
8203:
8200:
8198:
8195:
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8188:
8185:
8183:
8180:
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8157:
8147:
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8140:
8137:
8135:
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8130:
8127:
8125:
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8120:
8117:
8116:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8103:
8100:
8099:
8098:
8095:
8093:
8090:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8054:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8042:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8019:
8016:
8014:
8011:
8009:
8006:
8005:
8004:
8001:
7999:
7996:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7972:
7969:
7968:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
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7952:
7949:
7948:
7946:
7944:
7940:
7936:
7932:
7925:
7920:
7918:
7913:
7911:
7906:
7905:
7902:
7896:
7895:
7894:Life magazine
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7877:
7874:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7862:
7859:
7856:
7853:
7849:
7846:
7843:
7838:
7834:
7831:
7828:
7827:
7818:
7814:
7811:
7807:
7803:
7799:
7795:
7791:
7786:
7784:
7780:
7777:
7773:
7769:
7765:
7760:
7757:
7753:
7750:
7746:
7742:
7739:
7735:
7730:
7726:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7705:
7702:
7698:
7695:
7692:(2019): 225+
7691:
7687:
7685:
7681:
7678:
7674:
7670:
7668:
7664:
7661:
7656:
7652:
7648:
7644:
7643:
7637:
7636:
7626:
7621:
7617:
7612:
7608:
7603:
7601:
7597:
7593:
7591:
7587:
7584:
7580:
7576:
7572:
7570:9780803241893
7566:
7561:
7560:
7553:
7550:(1): 127–149.
7549:
7545:
7540:
7536:
7531:
7528:
7524:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7506:
7501:
7499:
7495:
7492:
7486:
7481:
7478:
7474:
7471:
7467:
7465:(2020): 1–22.
7464:
7460:
7457:
7453:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7441:
7435:
7432:
7429:
7425:
7424:
7422:
7410:
7406:
7402:
7398:
7396:9780521647014
7392:
7388:
7387:
7381:
7376:
7374:9789511013662
7370:
7365:
7364:
7357:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7334:
7332:9780313328374
7328:
7324:
7323:
7317:
7313:
7311:9780521539890
7307:
7303:
7302:
7296:
7292:
7287:
7283:
7281:9789510210260
7277:
7273:
7272:
7266:
7262:
7256:
7248:
7243:
7241:
7235:
7230:
7229:
7204:
7200:
7194:
7178:
7174:
7170:
7164:
7148:
7144:
7140:
7133:
7117:
7113:
7109:
7103:
7097:, Tomas Ries.
7096:
7092:
7089:
7084:
7068:
7064:
7058:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7028:
7012:
7008:
7004:
6998:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6968:
6960:
6958:9780262112963
6954:
6950:
6945:
6944:
6935:
6927:
6925:9780203485019
6921:
6917:
6910:
6894:
6890:
6884:
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6854:
6835:
6828:
6822:
6820:
6818:
6810:
6804:
6797:
6791:
6775:
6771:
6767:
6760:
6753:
6747:
6739:
6737:951-9202-97-8
6733:
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6717:
6709:
6703:
6687:
6683:
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6596:
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6539:
6535:
6534:
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6522:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6487:
6471:
6467:
6463:
6456:
6440:
6436:
6435:Intelnews.org
6432:
6425:
6409:
6405:
6404:
6403:The Economist
6399:
6393:
6377:
6373:
6369:
6365:
6361:
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6349:
6342:
6336:
6332:
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6291:
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6279:
6266:
6260:
6256:
6255:
6247:
6240:
6234:
6227:
6221:
6214:
6208:
6201:
6195:
6189:, pp. 234–235
6188:
6183:
6175:
6168:
6161:
6156:
6149:
6143:
6127:
6123:
6117:
6110:
6104:
6098:
6094:
6091:
6087:
6081:
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6057:
6051:
6044:
6038:
6032:
6028:
6025:
6021:
6015:
6008:
6002:
5996:
5992:
5989:
5985:
5979:
5972:
5966:
5959:
5953:
5946:
5940:
5933:
5927:
5920:
5914:
5907:
5901:
5894:
5888:
5880:
5874:
5870:
5863:
5856:
5850:
5843:
5837:
5830:
5824:
5817:
5807:
5799:
5797:9780273659839
5793:
5789:
5782:
5775:
5774:
5769:
5765:
5764:public domain
5754:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5746:
5737:
5731:
5727:
5726:
5718:
5710:
5704:
5700:
5699:
5691:
5685:
5681:
5678:
5672:
5665:
5659:
5652:
5646:
5644:
5636:
5630:
5623:
5617:
5610:
5604:
5597:
5591:
5585:, etched 1724
5584:
5580:
5579:(Hanko), 1714
5578:
5571:
5564:
5558:
5551:
5547:
5544:
5539:
5532:
5528:
5525:
5520:
5513:
5509:
5506:
5501:
5493:
5487:
5483:
5476:
5468:
5464:
5457:
5441:
5437:
5436:
5431:
5424:
5416:
5409:
5402:
5398:
5395:
5390:
5382:
5376:
5368:
5362:
5358:
5357:
5349:
5341:
5335:
5331:
5330:
5322:
5315:
5314:951-8902-91-7
5311:
5307:
5303:
5299:
5295:
5291:
5287:
5283:
5277:
5269:
5262:
5254:
5247:
5245:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5214:
5206:
5200:
5194:
5190:
5187:
5182:
5176:
5172:
5169:
5164:
5157:
5151:
5145:
5141:
5138:
5134:
5128:
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5124:
5116:
5110:
5103:
5097:
5086:
5082:
5079:
5071:
5067:
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5042:
5038:
5032:
5028:
5027:
5019:
5003:
4999:
4992:
4984:
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4970:
4965:
4960:
4956:
4952:
4951:PLOS Genetics
4948:
4940:
4924:
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4914:
4898:
4894:
4890:
4884:
4876:
4870:
4866:
4859:
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4823:
4821:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4806:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4772:
4765:
4749:
4745:
4743:9780199551224
4739:
4735:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4716:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4686:
4678:
4672:
4668:
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4659:
4642:
4638:
4632:
4624:
4618:
4610:
4608:9789524953634
4604:
4600:
4593:
4586:
4582:
4577:
4561:
4557:
4556:
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4533:
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4493:
4491:
4482:
4476:
4468:
4462:
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4429:
4427:9789524953634
4423:
4419:
4412:
4408:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
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4354:
4352:
4349:
4345:
4342:
4341:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4309:
4304:
4293:
4290:
4279:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4244:to begin the
4243:
4239:
4236:
4231:
4228:
4224:
4219:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4208:Tarja Halonen
4204:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4182:
4178:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4140:
4138:
4128:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4112:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4092:
4083:
4082:Urho Kekkonen
4078:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4052:
4046:
4043:
4039:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3971:
3970:Bruno Kreisky
3967:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3950:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3939:Marjatta Rasi
3936:
3933:(1988–1991),
3932:
3931:Klaus Törnudd
3929:(1983–1988),
3928:
3925:(1977–1983),
3924:
3921:(1972–1977),
3920:
3919:Aarno Karhilo
3917:(1965–1972),
3916:
3913:(1959–1965),
3912:
3911:Ralph Enckell
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3866:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3832:
3828:
3814:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3795:
3791:
3786:
3777:
3775:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3749:
3744:
3740:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3694:
3688:
3683:
3679:
3677:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3663:, became the
3662:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3642:
3640:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
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3599:
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3577:
3569:
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3527:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3512:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
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3477:
3473:
3465:
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3447:
3443:
3433:
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3427:
3422:
3420:
3415:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3364:Eino Nieminen
3361:
3357:
3352:
3342:
3339:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3321:Åland Islands
3318:
3308:
3299:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3284:
3283:
3278:
3269:
3262:
3257:
3248:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3229:
3227:
3222:
3216:
3209:
3204:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3161:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3141:Joseph Stalin
3138:
3134:
3130:
3125:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3105:
3096:
3092:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3009:
3004:
2997:
2993:
2990:The ruins of
2988:
2979:
2973:1950s: 32,000
2972:
2969:
2966:
2964:1920s: 73,000
2963:
2961:1910s: 67,000
2960:
2957:
2955:1890s: 59,000
2954:
2952:1880s: 26,000
2951:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2929:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2894:
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2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2848:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2826:
2822:
2821:Senate Square
2817:
2812:
2805:Russification
2802:
2793:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2782:Jean Sibelius
2779:
2775:
2766:
2765:Jean Sibelius
2762:
2753:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2741:social gospel
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2668:
2661:
2660:
2659:The Awakening
2655:
2651:
2647:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2624:
2619:
2615:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2572:
2571:national epic
2568:
2561:
2557:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2539:
2535:
2528:
2523:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2504:
2499:
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2473:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2450:
2446:
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2434:
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2422:
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2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2377:
2370:
2365:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2277:
2274:
2268:
2264:
2261:
2255:
2246:
2241:
2232:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2184:—when not in
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2114:Treaty of Åbo
2111:
2107:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2032:
2025:
2020:
2011:
2010:of 1700–21).
2009:
2004:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1979:
1977:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1944:Northern Wars
1941:
1933:
1929:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1904:in 1648, the
1903:
1898:
1896:
1895:Hakkapeliitat
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1871:
1864:
1860:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1832:
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1826:
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1814:
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1806:
1801:
1799:
1795:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1783:New Testament
1780:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1759:New Testament
1756:
1752:
1745:
1741:
1740:Sweden proper
1737:
1732:
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1708:
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1468:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1440:Bishop Thomas
1436:
1434:
1429:
1425:
1424:Åland Islands
1421:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1401:
1394:
1393:Pekka Halonen
1390:
1383:
1378:
1370:
1365:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1325:Åland Islands
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1298:Komsa culture
1293:
1291:
1287:
1286:Indo-European
1283:
1279:
1276:(inland) and
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1256:
1251:
1242:
1239:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1214:
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1199:
1195:
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1123:
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1058:
1054:
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1048:
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1036:
1033:
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1027:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1009:
999:
990:
988:
983:
980:
976:
972:
971:Indo-European
968:
964:
959:
957:
953:
949:
945:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
917:
912:
911:Pöljä culture
908:
904:
900:
896:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
861:Baltic region
858:
854:
850:
845:
841:
831:
829:
828:net of Antrea
825:
821:
817:
811:
806:
802:
798:
790:in the world.
789:
785:
780:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
740:
736:
732:
725:
721:
712:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
689:
688:welfare state
685:
684:mixed economy
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
657:
653:
649:
644:
642:
638:
634:
633:
628:
624:
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612:
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581:
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569:
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522:
510:
505:
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498:
496:
491:
490:
488:
487:
481:
470:
467:
456:
453:
442:
439:
428:
425:
424:Faroe Islands
414:
411:
400:
399:
398:
397:
390:
387:
385:
384:Defence Union
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
361:
355:
354:
344:
341:
339:
336:
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311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
295:
289:
288:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
269:Sweden–Norway
267:
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260:
257:
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248:
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243:
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239:
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173:
170:
168:
167:Faroe Islands
165:
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160:
158:
155:
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148:
143:
142:
134:
131:
129:
126:
124:
123:
119:
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106:
100:
99:
95:
91:
90:
87:
84:
83:
79:
75:
74:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
51:Baltic region
48:
44:
40:
36:
31:
27:
19:
8921:Transnistria
8883:Vatican City
8705:
8566:Bibliography
8483:The Kalevala
8482:
8457:Coat of arms
8442:Architecture
8377:Demographics
8301:Nordic model
8275:Central bank
8197:Human rights
8177:Constitution
7942:
7892:
7879:(in Finnish)
7840:(in Finnish)
7816:
7809:
7793:
7789:
7771:
7763:
7744:
7737:
7715:(2): 25–42.
7712:
7708:
7689:
7672:
7649:(1): 19–29.
7646:
7640:
7624:
7615:
7606:
7595:
7578:
7558:
7547:
7543:
7534:
7522:
7513:
7504:
7484:
7476:
7469:
7462:
7455:
7448:
7443:. E. Arnold.
7439:
7430:
7427:
7404:
7385:
7362:
7351:
7341:
7321:
7300:
7290:
7270:
7246:
7233:
7206:. Retrieved
7202:
7193:
7181:. Retrieved
7172:
7163:
7151:. Retrieved
7142:
7132:
7120:. Retrieved
7111:
7102:
7083:
7071:. Retrieved
7067:the original
7057:
7045:. Retrieved
7036:
7027:
7015:. Retrieved
7006:
6997:
6985:. Retrieved
6976:
6967:
6942:
6934:
6915:
6909:
6897:. Retrieved
6893:the original
6883:
6873:22 September
6871:. Retrieved
6862:
6853:
6841:. Retrieved
6834:the original
6808:
6803:
6795:
6790:
6778:. Retrieved
6774:the original
6769:
6759:
6751:
6746:
6723:
6716:
6690:. Retrieved
6665:, World Bank
6625:
6615:
6603:. Retrieved
6595:Tuomioja.org
6594:
6584:
6572:. Retrieved
6563:
6554:
6542:. Retrieved
6533:Ilta-Sanomat
6531:
6521:
6509:. Retrieved
6496:
6486:
6474:. Retrieved
6455:
6443:. Retrieved
6434:
6424:
6412:. Retrieved
6401:
6392:
6380:. Retrieved
6358:(2): 71–96.
6355:
6351:
6341:
6330:
6325:
6316:
6297:
6289:
6284:
6277:
6268:. Retrieved
6253:
6246:
6238:
6233:
6225:
6220:
6212:
6207:
6199:
6194:
6182:
6173:
6167:
6155:
6147:
6142:
6130:. Retrieved
6116:
6108:
6103:
6085:
6080:
6068:. Retrieved
6050:
6042:
6037:
6019:
6014:
6006:
6001:
5983:
5978:
5970:
5965:
5957:
5952:
5944:
5939:
5931:
5926:
5918:
5913:
5905:
5900:
5892:
5887:
5868:
5862:
5854:
5849:
5841:
5836:
5828:
5823:
5815:
5806:
5787:
5781:
5771:
5724:
5717:
5697:
5690:
5671:
5663:
5658:
5650:
5634:
5629:
5621:
5616:
5608:
5603:
5595:
5590:
5574:
5570:
5562:
5557:
5538:
5519:
5500:
5481:
5475:
5462:
5456:
5444:. Retrieved
5433:
5423:
5414:
5408:
5393:
5389:
5380:
5375:
5355:
5348:
5328:
5321:
5297:
5296:; nr 5, and
5285:
5281:
5276:
5267:
5261:
5252:
5231:. Retrieved
5227:the original
5213:
5199:
5181:
5163:
5155:
5150:
5132:
5114:
5109:
5101:
5096:
5089:(in Finnish)
5074:(in Finnish)
5057:
5045:. Retrieved
5025:
5018:
5006:. Retrieved
5002:the original
4991:
4954:
4950:
4939:
4927:. Retrieved
4923:the original
4913:
4901:. Retrieved
4892:
4883:
4864:
4858:
4846:. Retrieved
4778:
4774:
4764:
4752:. Retrieved
4725:
4715:
4703:. Retrieved
4694:
4685:
4666:
4645:. Retrieved
4631:
4598:
4592:
4576:
4564:. Retrieved
4554:
4548:
4536:. Retrieved
4527:
4518:
4506:. Retrieved
4456:
4450:
4417:
4411:
4258:
4240:ordered the
4232:
4220:
4205:
4177:Conservative
4141:
4134:
4124:unemployment
4113:
4109:
4100:
4096:
4087:
4047:
4028:
4000:
3974:
3915:Max Jakobson
3892:
3869:
3862:
3835:
3811:
3799:
3771:
3753:
3721:Marshall aid
3718:
3699:
3673:
3645:
3643:
3623:
3600:
3573:
3534:
3487:Soviet Union
3484:
3469:
3423:
3416:
3412:East Karelia
3393:
3377:
3334:
3314:
3305:
3280:
3274:
3237:civil guards
3230:
3218:
3173:
3157:
3133:Leon Trotsky
3115:, the first
3099:Independence
3093:
3081:
3077:
3067:
3052:Oskari Tokoi
3033:
2976:
2970:1940s: 7,000
2967:1930s: 3,000
2935:
2915:
2896:
2888:
2870:
2861:Finnish army
2837:
2830:
2799:
2789:
2785:
2770:
2722:
2678:
2669:
2665:
2657:
2654:lay preacher
2620:
2616:
2604:
2574:
2564:
2552:Playing the
2548:
2527:the Kalevala
2482:
2474:
2470:
2393:four Estates
2382:
2269:
2265:
2250:
2244:
2226:
2207:
2190:
2167:
2132:, abolished
2122:
2106:Lesser Wrath
2103:
2092:
2069:, after the
2056:
2014:18th century
2000:
1987:
1980:
1967:Ostrobothnia
1956:
1937:
1899:
1876:
1854:17th century
1848:Ostrobothnia
1833:
1817:Livonian War
1802:
1791:
1768:
1743:
1726:16th century
1703:Turku Castle
1699:Ostrobothnia
1683:Kalmar Union
1676:
1671:Kalmar Union
1644:Pähkinäsaari
1620:
1609:
1589:
1556:
1554:
1537:the Sorbonne
1530:
1508:
1489:
1474:Painting of
1437:
1428:Christianity
1417:
1322:
1294:
1278:Proto-Finnic
1263:
1260:
1257:5000–3000 BC
1234:
1215:
1207:
1187:
1177:Roman period
1174:
1153:
1144:
1105:
1075:(Finland in
1072:
1070:
1050:
1049:in his work
1046:
1040:
1005:
996:
984:
960:
941:
937:Ostrobothnia
922:
893:Astuvansalmi
853:Valdai Hills
837:
793:
760:Ostrobothnia
756:Kristinestad
749:
724:Ancylus Lake
681:
677:Soviet Union
661:World War II
645:
630:
588:
537:Comb Ceramic
520:
518:
369:Scandinavism
332:Nordic model
254:Kalmar Union
203:
202:
171:
151:
120:
113:
39:Fennoscandia
26:
8959:Isle of Man
8894:recognition
8863:Switzerland
8798:Netherlands
8270:Agriculture
8114:Urban areas
8018:Lapland War
7983:Grand Duchy
7978:Finnish War
7796:: 187–215.
7122:26 February
6889:"Converted"
6863:www.cia.gov
6684:. Stat.fi.
6560:"Frontpage"
6070:13 December
4848:27 February
4566:31 December
4054: [
3966:Gerald Ford
3807:Lotta Svärd
3790:Suomussalmi
3716:1944–1945.
3714:Lapland War
3631:reparations
3619:Lapland War
3566:during the
3528:during the
3426:Lake Ladoga
3400:Pork mutiny
3331:Prohibition
3089:land reform
2940:, and also
2842:sortovuodet
2834:sortokaudet
2750:monasteries
2725:high-church
2701:proselytism
2697:Finnish War
2681:Lutheranism
2600:nationalism
2596:Lake Ladoga
2558:(1868), by
2512:1897 census
2488:Nationalism
2431:). The old
2409:grand duchy
2389:Alexander I
2385:Finnish War
2383:During the
2229:Old Finland
2130:coup d'état
1798:Gustav Vasa
1771:Gustav Vasa
1763:Gustav Wasa
1631:, Russian:
1586:Saint Henry
1492:Birger Jarl
1484:C. A. Ekman
1413:Häme Castle
1407:conquering
1405:Birger Jarl
1358:Middle Ages
1266:Finno-Ugric
1222:archipelago
1014:led by the
975:agriculture
933:Jätinkirkko
914: [
885:shamanistic
849:Scandinavia
808: [
788:fishing net
764:Neanderthal
746:Paleolithic
656:White Guard
603:Finnish War
589:Due to the
552: [
541:Corded Ware
86:Scandinavia
45:, northern
8833:San Marino
8793:Montenegro
8773:Luxembourg
8753:Kazakhstan
8656:Azerbaijan
8477:Literature
8392:Healthcare
8229:Parliament
8192:Government
8008:Winter War
7961:Cudgel War
7951:Prehistory
7660:Full text.
7537:. F. Cass.
7173:usnews.com
7073:6 December
6899:6 December
6843:6 December
6780:4 February
6692:6 December
6605:24 October
6574:10 October
6270:18 October
6264:0873385586
5047:29 October
5008:5 February
4929:22 January
4585:(archived)
4403:References
4080:President
4033:capitalism
3564:Bofors gun
3530:Winter War
3491:Winter War
3259:President
3165:Bolsheviks
3028:See also:
2916:S/S Urania
2879:, the old
2737:revivalism
2492:See also:
2459:A view of
2436:not have.
2425:Gustav III
2411:under the
2345:See also:
2273:Cudgel War
2126:Gustav III
2079:Parliament
1971:witch-hunt
1963:capitalism
1900:After the
1825:Cudgel War
1625:(Finnish:
1570:Österlands
1504:Tavastians
1457:Tavastians
1362:See also:
1274:proto-Sami
1230:excavation
1108:runestones
1097:Lithuanian
993:Bronze Age
889:totemistic
877:soap stone
869:Lake Onega
820:Orimattila
784:Antrea Net
774:Mesolithic
665:Winter War
652:Red Guards
560:Bronze Age
308:Baltic Sea
237:Viking Age
220:Bronze Age
210:Prehistory
8949:Gibraltar
8768:Lithuania
8501:Mythology
8397:Languages
8382:Education
8336:Transport
8239:President
8202:Judiciary
8182:Elections
8139:Jyväskylä
8092:Provinces
8045:Geography
7998:Civil War
7729:143599705
7367:. Otava.
7255:cite book
6544:16 August
6511:16 August
6476:16 August
6445:16 August
6414:16 August
6372:202601364
5446:21 August
5403:pp. 60–62
5308:; nr 15,
5306:1100-7028
5294:0783-6678
5115:Virittäjä
5104:91: 9–55.
4805:1617-6278
4617:cite book
4528:France 24
4475:cite book
4436:cite book
4114:In 1991,
4091:baby boom
3796:, Finland
3780:Memorials
3552:Sodankylä
3544:Wehrmacht
3311:Diplomacy
3198:Civil war
3186:issued a
3167:declared
2942:to Canada
2891:Eduskunta
2790:Kalevala,
2128:staged a
2099:cottagers
1995:catechism
1914:Per Brahe
1785:into the
1575:Österland
1555:The name
1522:Orthodoxy
1461:Karelians
1337:Pohjanmaa
1318:Satakunta
1238:Hillforts
1226:Byzantine
1165:Neolithic
1161:Savukoski
907:Pattijoki
844:neolithic
834:Neolithic
818:and from
752:Wolf Cave
739:Kiuruvesi
735:Stone Age
715:Stone Age
699:with the
648:civil war
623:mythology
572:Tavastian
545:Kiukainen
529:Stone Age
364:Languages
313:North Sea
303:Peninsula
298:Mountains
292:Geography
215:Stone Age
177:Greenland
103:Countries
9000:Category
8969:Svalbard
8954:Guernsey
8901:Abkhazia
8848:Slovenia
8843:Slovakia
8818:Portugal
8676:Bulgaria
8575:Category
8472:Folklore
8414:Religion
8362:Abortion
8321:Taxation
8311:Startups
8291:Industry
8217:Military
8160:Politics
8146:Wildlife
8119:Helsinki
7935:articles
7861:Archived
7848:Archived
7833:Archived
7779:Archived
7752:Archived
7697:Archived
7680:Archived
7663:Archived
7586:Archived
7494:Archived
7177:Archived
7147:Archived
7116:Archived
7091:Archived
7047:11 March
7041:Archived
7017:11 March
7011:Archived
6987:11 March
6981:Archived
6867:Archived
6702:cite web
6686:Archived
6659:Archived
6640:Archived
6599:Archived
6568:Archived
6538:Archived
6505:Archived
6470:Archived
6439:Archived
6408:Archived
6382:26 April
6376:Archived
6305:Archived
6126:Archived
6093:Archived
6090:in JSTOR
6064:Archived
6027:Archived
6024:in JSTOR
5991:Archived
5680:Archived
5546:Archived
5527:Archived
5508:Archived
5440:Archived
5189:Archived
5171:Archived
5140:Archived
5081:Archived
5066:Archived
5041:Archived
4983:23459685
4897:Archived
4842:Archived
4748:Archived
4699:Archived
4647:29 April
4641:Archived
4560:Archived
4538:11 March
4532:Archived
4508:23 March
4502:Archived
4356:Kvenland
4275:See also
4193:eurozone
4181:Esko Aho
4173:Centrist
4005:security
3991:and the
3947:Porkkala
3838:Cold War
3729:agrarian
3647:de facto
3609:and the
3520:Captain
3499:Red Army
3428:and the
3398:and the
3345:Politics
3068:de facto
3008:the Reds
2796:Politics
2786:Kullervo
2717:Konevets
2675:Religion
2581:folklore
2576:Kalevala
2515:literacy
2510:(map of
2465:Helsinki
2235:Peasants
2095:peasants
2003:a famine
1990:Lutheran
1976:Lutheran
1844:Karelian
1805:Erik XIV
1794:Helsinki
1792:In 1550
1761:to King
1673:in 1400s
1653:heretics
1510:Novgorod
1478:killing
1255:Kierikki
1198:bog iron
1131:finlandi
1052:Germania
1008:Iron Age
1002:Iron Age
952:River Ii
944:Kierikki
873:asbestos
851:and the
654:and the
632:Kalevala
627:language
576:Karelian
564:Iron Age
242:Norsemen
225:Iron Age
192:Scotland
78:a series
76:Part of
8873:Ukraine
8823:Romania
8783:Moldova
8741:Ireland
8736:Iceland
8731:Hungary
8721:Germany
8716:Georgia
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