42:
320:
398:
state will be exclusively personal ", "personal" meaning that, "as far as the
Belgian government is concerned, what Leopold II does in Africa, he does as a private individual as in a personal union. The government had no business getting involved. And in fact, except for a few rare moments, the King will not even keep his ministers informed of the development of his enterprise". On April 30, 1885, Leopold II assumed the title of sovereign of the independent state of Congo.
397:
on April 28, 1885, and by the Senate on April 30, had authorized
Leopold II to become head of another state: "His Majesty Leopold II, King of the Belgians, is authorized to be the head of the state founded in Africa by the International Association of the Congo. The union between Belgium and the new
385:, the king announced that he planned to name his possessions "the Congo Free State", an appellation which was not yet used at the Berlin Conference and which officially replaced "International Association of the Congo" on 1 August 1885.
418:
on July 1, 1885, and the accession of
Leopold II as its sovereign. On April 1, 1886, Winton completed his mandate and returned to England, where he was hired by the British East African Association. The capital was later transferred to
348:
439:
Katzenellenbogen, S. (1996). "It didn't happen at Berlin: Politics, economics and ignorance in the setting of Africa's colonial boundaries.". In Nugent, P.; Asiwaju, A. I. (eds.).
41:
341:
54:
334:
21:
310:
30:
523:
324:
236:
420:
415:
411:
159:
394:
452:
Cornelis, Sabine. 1991. "Stanley au service de Léopold II: La fondation de l'Etat Indépendant du Congo (1878-1885)". In
173:
149:
213:
136:
194:
518:
499:
370:
465:
Crowe, S.E. (1942). The Berlin West
African Conference, 1884–1885. London: Longmans Green.
8:
366:
295:
407:
382:
107:
362:
275:
169:
87:
67:
265:
77:
414:, who officially proclaimed the foundation of the Independent State of Congo in
490:, Liège, Université de Liège, coll. « L'Histoire aujourd'hui », p. 5.
374:
456:, edited by Sabine Cornelis, 41-60. Tervuren: Royal Museum for Central Africa.
512:
285:
184:
226:
117:
97:
468:
254:
378:
250:
393:
The
Belgian legislative chambers, in a resolution passed by the
246:
441:
African
Boundaries: Barriers, Conduits and Opportunities
365:
was a state in Africa created and headed by the former
401:
510:
475:Bulletin officiel de l'État indépendant du Congo
342:
454:H. M. Stanley: Explorateur au service du Roi
502:, Académie Royale des Sciences d'Outre-Mer.
488:La Fondation de l'État indépendant du Congo
381:. On 29 May 1885, after the closure of the
349:
335:
511:
500:Notice biographique Francis de Winton
410:, vice-administrator general of the
33:the Democratic Republic of the Congo
412:Association Internationale du Congo
13:
14:
535:
388:
318:
40:
524:Belgian colonisation in Africa
493:
480:
459:
446:
433:
402:Aftermath of the establishment
1:
426:
443:. London: Pinter. pp. 21–34.
7:
296:FĂ©lix Tshisekedi presidency
10:
540:
150:Intl. African Association
395:House of Representatives
286:Joseph Kabila presidency
477:, années 1885 et 1886.
406:It was an Englishman,
408:Sir Francis de Winton
160:Intl. Congo Society
300:2019–present
237:Congo–Léopoldville
383:Berlin Conference
359:
358:
304:
303:
203:
202:
126:
125:
108:Kingdom of Chokwe
531:
519:Congo Free State
503:
497:
491:
484:
478:
472:
466:
463:
457:
450:
444:
437:
363:Congo Free State
351:
344:
337:
323:
322:
321:
276:Second Congo War
209:
208:
170:Congo Free State
132:
131:
88:Kingdom of Lunda
68:Kingdom of Kongo
50:
49:
44:
34:
16:
15:
539:
538:
534:
533:
532:
530:
529:
528:
509:
508:
507:
506:
498:
494:
486:Jean Stengers,
485:
481:
473:
469:
464:
460:
451:
447:
438:
434:
429:
404:
391:
367:Belgian monarch
355:
319:
317:
290:2001–2019
280:1998–2003
270:1996–1997
266:First Congo War
260:1971–1997
241:1960–1971
231:1960–1965
220:post–1960
199:1940–1945
189:1908–1960
179:1885–1908
164:1879–1885
154:1876–1879
143:1876–1960
122:1856–1891
112:1800–1891
102:1625–1884
92:1600–1887
82:1585–1889
78:Kingdom of Luba
72:1390–1914
32:
25:
12:
11:
5:
537:
527:
526:
521:
505:
504:
492:
479:
467:
458:
445:
431:
430:
428:
425:
403:
400:
390:
387:
375:personal union
357:
356:
354:
353:
346:
339:
331:
328:
327:
314:
313:
306:
305:
302:
301:
298:
292:
291:
288:
282:
281:
278:
272:
271:
268:
262:
261:
258:
243:
242:
239:
233:
232:
229:
223:
222:
217:
205:
204:
201:
200:
197:
191:
190:
187:
181:
180:
177:
166:
165:
162:
156:
155:
152:
146:
145:
140:
128:
127:
124:
123:
120:
114:
113:
110:
104:
103:
100:
94:
93:
90:
84:
83:
80:
74:
73:
70:
64:
63:
61:pre–1876
58:
46:
45:
37:
36:
27:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
536:
525:
522:
520:
517:
516:
514:
501:
496:
489:
483:
476:
471:
462:
455:
449:
442:
436:
432:
424:
422:
417:
413:
409:
399:
396:
389:Establishment
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
352:
347:
345:
340:
338:
333:
332:
330:
329:
326:
316:
315:
312:
308:
307:
299:
297:
294:
293:
289:
287:
284:
283:
279:
277:
274:
273:
269:
267:
264:
263:
259:
256:
252:
248:
245:
244:
240:
238:
235:
234:
230:
228:
225:
224:
221:
218:
216:
215:
211:
210:
207:
206:
198:
196:
193:
192:
188:
186:
185:Belgian Congo
183:
182:
178:
175:
171:
168:
167:
163:
161:
158:
157:
153:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
139:
138:
134:
133:
130:
129:
121:
119:
116:
115:
111:
109:
106:
105:
101:
99:
96:
95:
91:
89:
86:
85:
81:
79:
76:
75:
71:
69:
66:
65:
62:
59:
57:
56:
55:Early history
52:
51:
48:
47:
43:
39:
38:
35:
29:
28:
23:
18:
17:
495:
487:
482:
474:
470:
461:
453:
448:
440:
435:
405:
392:
360:
253: /
227:Congo Crisis
219:
214:Independence
212:
195:World War II
142:
137:Colonization
135:
118:Yeke Kingdom
98:Kuba Kingdom
60:
53:
31:History of
513:Categories
427:References
371:Leopold II
325:DRC Portal
309:See also:
174:Atrocities
22:a series
20:Part of
379:Belgium
251:Shaba I
24:on the
377:with
373:as a
311:Years
247:Zaire
421:Boma
416:Vivi
361:The
515::
423:.
369:,
255:II
350:e
343:t
336:v
257:)
249:(
176:)
172:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.svg)