417:
134:
walls, roof timber and other features in advance of the following phase of construction. From the socket for the roof beam and the spur walls on the north and south flanks of the central hall it can be discerned that the original plan was for a much larger building than its final form. Mnesikles had planned a gatehouse composed of five halls: a central hall that would be the processional route to the
Acropolis, two perpendicular flanking halls – north and south of the central hall – that would have spanned the whole width of the western end of the plateau, and two further, eastward projecting halls that were at 90 degrees to the north-south halls. Of these only the central hall, the north-east hall (the Pinakotheke) and a truncated version of the south-east hall reached completion. Furthermore, it is evident from the adaption of the
1528:
363:
151:
20:
327:
350:, stood behind the second column from the south. The statue of Aphrodite made by Kalamis and dedicated by Kallias stood behind the second column from the north. The Leaina (an Archaic bronze lioness) stood near the north wall. A votive column carrying a young rooster probably stood along the south wall. A small shrine dedicated to Athena Hygieia was erected against the southernmost column on the eastern facade soon after 430 BC. Though accounts differ, this last shrine might have been erected to thank Athena for the end of the
103:, and amongst the few Mycenaean structures left in the archaeological record is a substantial wall on the terrace of the bastion that was part of the system of fortifications of the Acropolis. This wall must have terminated at the first gateway, though opinions differ on the reconstruction of this earliest entrance. At some point in the archaic period a ramp replaced the bedrock pathway; the buttress wall on the north side of the existing stairway is from this period. This was followed shortly after
80:
126:
265:
692:
The final steps to the
Propylaia might have been in the zigzag formation it has currently been restored as ("In 1956/7 Stikas replaced Pitakis' stairway with today's zig-zag ramp", The Acropolis Restoration News, 4, July 2004, p.15.) in the Mycenaean period. In the Classical period, it was probably a
373:
records that the inner compartment of the north-east wing was used to display paintings; he calls it οἴκημα ἔχον γραφάς, "a chamber with paintings", and describes a number of works by masters of the fifth century. By
Pausanias' time the picture gallery had been in existence for several centuries, so
460:
The first documentary evidence of the
Propylaia from the early modern period is Niccolò di Martoni's account of 1395 which indicated that the Beulé Gate was not in use at this point but the entrance to the Acropolis was still through the Propylaia. In the following centuries the only information on
407:
of private houses and the larger dining halls associated with sanctuaries. His demonstration that seventeen dining couches could be placed end to end around the four walls of the room has become the consensus view, and the idea has been developed further to explain the intended function of the four
309:
of the two wings were also made of dark
Eleusinian limestone, this visual continuity was maintained with the orthostates of the central hall and the top step on the interior flight of stairs all constructed in the same limestone. The interior of the Central Hall is divided by a wall in which there
194:
the south wing was converted into a chapel. This conversion must not have taken place before the end of the sixth century, since in all other cases of ancient monuments being converted into
Christian churches, there is no evidence of an earlier application of such a process. The central section of
272:
The
Propylaia is approached from the west by means of the Beulé Gate, which as noted was a late Roman addition to the fortification of the citadel. Beyond this is the archaic ramp leading to the zig-zag Mnesiklean ramp that remains today. Immediately ahead is the U-shaped structure of the central
227:
was built. In the main building, the central passage still served as the only means of entry to the interior of the
Acropolis. It is almost certain that the spaces between the Doric and Ionic columns of the northern part of the west hall were blocked by, probably low, walls, limiting a space that
239:
emplacement and suffered significant damage as a result. Only after the evacuation of the
Turkish garrison could excavation and restoration work begin. From 1834 onwards the Medieval and Turkish additions to the Propylaia were demolished. By 1875 the Frankish Tower built on the south wing of the
142:
and roof were raised above the rest of the building. The reasons for these alterations have been the cause of much speculation. They include practical considerations of the site, religious objections to the displacement of the adjoining shrines, and cost. Whatever the reason it is clear that the
133:
Mnesikles was appointed architect of the new propylon in 438. From traces left in the construction of the final building it has been possible to reconstruct the development of the building plans during its construction. It was the practice of Greek builders to prepare for the bonding of joining
436:
as "the men who from the spoils of the barbarians built the
Parthenon and Propylaia, and decorated the other temples, things in which we all take a natural pride". This revealing passage not only equates the Parthenon and gatehouse in significance but associates them with the heroic past. His
219:, building the protective enclosure in front of the gate to the west of the south-west corner of the Nike Tower (now the only remaining entrance to the Acropolis) and also building the bastion between the Nike bastion and the Agrippa pedestal. The Propylaia then served as Ducal Palace to the
118:, or lustral basin. Bundgaard identified several remnants of this propylon and postulated a significant gatehouse situated between the Mycenaean wall and the archaic apsidal structure known as Building B. What is evident, however, is that if the archaic gatehouse was not destroyed in the
338:. Nonetheless, a number of freestanding shrines and votives stood in the vicinity of the Propylaia, and have come to be associated with it if only by virtue of Pausanias' description of them and their proximity to the building. In the western precinct, there was the Hermes Propylaios by
521:. This was framed by two memorial arches in what was possibly a reference to the wings of the original building. The latter, while an inexact copy, is clearly informed by the Athenian original likely drawing on Le Roy’s work, then the only reference source before the publication of
663:
Shear, 2016, p.312 ff notes that the revolt of Potidaea in 432 could have changed the political climate against further building works. The Kallias Decrees, IG I 52 434/3 BCE, appear to have already halted work on the Propylaia, J.M. Hurwit, The Athenian Acropolis, 1999,
322:
of the columns and curvature of the architrave. However, the stylobate had no curvature. Some of its parts also shared the proportions with the Parthenon. For instance, the general ratio used was 3:7, very similar to the ratio of 4:9 used for the Parthenon.
107:
by a programme of renovation on the Acropolis including the replacement of the gateway with a ceremonial entrance, usually referred to as the Older Propylon, and the refurbishment of the forecourt in front of it. At this time, a section of the western
378:
had written a, now lost, book entitled Περὶ τῶν ἐντοῖς Προπυλαίοις πινάκων (On the Panel Paintings in the Propylaia) which might have been an influence on the later writer. Satyros, writing in the third century, described two panels dedicated by
395:
around 450 BC. On the basis of these references, modern writers have frequently called the building the Pinakotheke, but there is no ancient authority for that epithet and no reason to believe the building was intended to be a picture gallery.
682:
Some restoration work might have been done, Tanoulas, 1994, p.23. Also two brass equestrian groups were placed on the tops of the pilasters forming the western ends of the crest of each of the lateral wings. Stevens, Architectural Studies,
170:
stairway on the Nike bastion that led to the Temple of Athena Nike. This project was supervised by the Athenian Tib. Claudius Novius, and is assumed to have been an Imperial benefaction from the great expense that must have been occurred.
644:"perfect symmetry between the southwest and northwest wings would have required dismantling much of the still-impressive stretch of Cyclopean masonry south of the Propylaia", Hurwit, The Acropolis in the Age of Pericles, 2004, p.158
71:, his only known building. It is evident from traces left on the extant building that the plan for the Propylaia evolved considerably during its construction, and that the project was ultimately abandoned in an unfinished state.
195:
the Propylaia was converted into a church in the tenth century AD when it was dedicated to the Taxiarches. The colonnade of the north-east wing was also walled off. In the same period, and specifically during the reign of
493:
1980, a careful study of the predecessors of the Propylaea. Since possibly 1975 it has been subject to ongoing restoration work under T. Tanoulas whose work has been published by the Acropolis Restoration Service as
416:
346:, made by Sokrates (the Boeotian sculptor active around 450 BC), stood on the south of the entrance. In the east precinct, the bronze statue of Diotrephes, an Athenian general killed in combat in Boeotia during the
653:
W.B. Dinsmoor, The architecture of ancient Greece, Norton, 1975, pp.204-205. However recent scholarship questions whether the demos didn't supersede the priesthood, R. Parker, Athenian Religion, Oxford, 1996,
408:
subsidiary halls of the Propylaia in the original plan as banqueting facilities for the city’s high officials after the sacrifices at the Panathenaic festival. Though this argument remains speculative.
673:
A. Trevor Hodge, "Bosses Reappraised," In Omni Pede Stare: Saggi Architettonici e circumvesuviani in memoriam Jos de Waele, 2005, Mols & Moormann, (eds.) disputes that this was their function.
83:
Topographical map of the Propylaia by G. Kawerau, reconstructions are in red. The remains of the Older Propylon are indicated at 87, and its conjectured placement is the dotted red line adjacent.
2009:
810:
L. Haselberger, Bending the Truth: Curvature and Other Refinements of the Parthenon, in J. Neils (ed), The Parthenon: From Antiquity to the Present, Cambridge, 2005, pp.133-136
571:
E. Vanderpool, in Bradeen and McGregor, (eds.), Φορος, pp.159–160, argues that the ramp “de-militarized” the Acropolis and turned it from a fortress into a religious centre.
855:
Catherine M. Keesling, Misunderstood Gestures: Iconatrophy and the Reception of Greek Sculpture in the Roman Imperial Period, Classical Antiquity, 2005, 24 (1): pp.41–79.
399:
One particular problem posed by the northwest wing has been to explain the asymmetric placement of the doorway and windows in the front wall behind the colonnade. It was
461:
the building is from traveller's reports or the diaries of military officers. Attempts to survey the building begin in earnest in the late eighteenth century, notably
297:. The westward-projecting wings are attached to the central hall by way of a tristyle in antis Doric colonnade of a scale two-thirds of that of the central hall. The
2004:
1960:
166:, probably 42 AD, and arranged as a straight flight of steps. This included a central inclined plane along which the sacrificial animals could be led, also a small
310:
are five doorways symmetrically arranged; the eponymous gates. The ceilings were supported by marble beams (about 6 m long) and the innermost squares of the
87:
The approach to the Acropolis is determined by its geography. The only easily accessible pathway to the plateau lies between what is now the bastion of the
792:
R.F. Rhodes, Architecture and Meaning on the Athenian Acropolis, Cambridge, 1995, p.72 argues the colour scheme signifies the continuity of the Sacred Way.
114:
529:
in Germany even though the edifice deviated notably from the canonical Doric form; its frieze ends with a half-metope and its columns have bases.
314:(Doric and Ionic coffers were both used) were decorated either with golden stars on a blue field with a bright green margin or an arrangement of
711:
Geoffrey C. R. Schmalz, Public Building and Civic Identity in Augustan and Julio-Claudian Athens, Ph.D diss. University of Michigan, 1994, p.203
1767:
938:
D. Castriota, Myth, Ethos, and Actuality: Official Art in Fifth-century B.C. Athens, p.135 n.6. It is also, of course, historically inaccurate.
318:. The roofs were covered with Pentelic marble tiles. The building had some of the optical refinements of the Parthenon: inward inclination and
1424:
158:
Alterations to the Propylaia in the classical period were slight, the most significant being the construction of a monumental stairway in
1507:
1304:
837:
F. Chamoux, Hermès Propylaios, Comptes rendus des séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 141(1), 1996, pp.37-55.
1177:
828:
W.B. Dinsmoor, The architecture of ancient Greece, Norton, 1950, p.201 asserts, but doesn't demonstrate, that these were prepared.
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1762-1804, but are hampered by the spolia and overbuilding on the structure. Subsequent studies include Bohn's fundamental work
1923:
1918:
1517:
1014:
1360:
611:
240:
Propylaia was demolished, this marked the end of the clearing of the site of its post-classical accretions. The second major
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wall, south of the gateway, received a marble lining on its western face and an integrated base at the northern extent for a
334:
The building features no decorative or architectural sculpture; all metopes and pediments were left empty and there were no
1717:
1607:
1394:
224:
1527:
846:
Of which the dedicatory base survives, IG I 506; DAA 166, the only material evidence of the otherwise now lost sculptures.
383:
after his victories in the chariot race at Olympia and Nemea. Also, a painting depicting Diomedes and Odysseus taking the
2014:
485:
1882 which summarized the knowledge of the building prior to the archaeological discoveries of 1885-1890; Bundgaard's
199:, the large cistern between the north wing and the central building of the Propylaia was also constructed. During the
1417:
174:
The Propylaia's post-classical history sees it return to a military function beginning with the construction of the
1903:
1817:
119:
1697:
1512:
1497:
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he invited the demos to gaze on the gates and recall Salamis. It wasn't only the object of approbation, however,
362:
203:
of occupation the complex was converted to a fortified residence similar in form to the crusader castles of the
1687:
1622:
1331:
589:
Bundgaard, 1957, pp.55-63. Dinsmoor Jr, 1980, p.2 n.10 questioned whether Building B occupied this site at all.
470:
501:
Perhaps the two most notable examples of the Propylaia's architectural influence are the Greater Propylaia at
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wider than the others. This central pathway, which leads through to the plateau, passes under a double row of
1913:
1887:
143:
project was abandoned in an unfinished state in 432 with the lifting bosses remaining and the surface of the
873:
403:
who first observed that in the placement of its door the chamber resembled Greek banqueting rooms, both the
1999:
1410:
747:
A. Frantz, 'From Paganism to Christianity in the Temples of Athens', Dumbarton Oaks Papers 19, 1965, p.204
1867:
1627:
1612:
183:
1812:
526:
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in the late third century AD, perhaps associated with the refortification of Athens in the form of the
1702:
1597:
1105:
249:
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of the wings is in the canonical three-step form and in Pentelic marble, but the last course of the
67:
Building Program, it was the last in a series of gatehouses built on the citadel. Its architect was
2019:
1807:
1467:
618:, s.v. προπύλαια ταῦτα (p 101 Keaney), the archon was Euthymenes (437/6)IG I 462, line 3. Cf. also
159:
150:
1908:
544:
P. Kavvadias, G. Kawerau, (1907). Die Ausgrabung der Akropolis vom Jahre 1885 bis zum Jahre 1890.
139:
138:
that a stepped platform was added to the interior of the central hall such that the western-most
729:
A. Frantz, The Athenian Agora, vol. XXVI, Late Antiquity: AD 267-700, Princeton, 1988, Appendix.
122:
then it must surely have been dismantled to facilitate the building works later in the century.
19:
1857:
1582:
1281:
Tanoulas, T. (1987). "The Propylaea of the Acropolis at Athens since the seventeenth century".
506:
370:
1617:
1482:
1462:
1135:
Dinsmoor, William B. & Dinsmoor, William B. Jr. (2004). Dinsmoor, Anastasia Norre (ed.).
1093:
454:
404:
212:
88:
1877:
1762:
1732:
1707:
1592:
1557:
1295:
1167:
916:
P. Hellström, The planned function of the Mnesiklean Propylaia, OpAth 17, 1988, pp.107–121.
619:
517:
copy of the Central Hall at Athens from the late second century AD, probably instigated by
293:
columns the capitals of which are orientated north-south, and is axially parallel with the
208:
179:
1303:. Athens: Committee for the Preservation of the Acropolis Monuments, Ministry of Culture.
1119:
Studies in Athenian Architecture, Sculpture, and Topography Presented to Homer A. Thompson
947:
2.74-77. He also quoted the Theban general Epaminondas' wish to drag the gates off to the
774:
Including a lightning strike in 1640 that destroyed part of the roof, Tanoulas, 1994, p.33
8:
1882:
1487:
1472:
1433:
462:
96:
92:
60:
1692:
1386:
1350:
1269:
1248:
1218:
1171:
1136:
1081:
1073:
104:
1727:
1602:
1356:
1117:
Dinsmoor, W. B. Jr. (1982). "The Asymmetry of the Pinakotheke—for the Last a Time?".
1085:
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1957, that examined the building's implications for planning practice; Dinsmoor Jr.,
433:
429:
375:
347:
245:
236:
1000:
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straight stairway, W.B. Dinsmoor Jr, 1982, p.18 n.3. See also Bundgaard, 1957, p.29.
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1802:
1797:
1792:
1757:
1737:
1632:
1210:
1065:
1006:
510:
351:
253:
220:
191:
167:
1260:
Stevens, G.Ρ. (1946). "Architectural Studies Concerning the Acropolis of Athens".
1126:
Dinsmoor, W. B. Jr. (1984). "Preliminary Planning of the Propylaia by Mnesicles".
1852:
1827:
1552:
1477:
1370:
1239:
Stevens, G.Ρ. (1936). "The Periclean Entrance Court of the Acropolis of Athens".
474:
228:
would have served as an antechamber for the ruler's residence in the north wing.
200:
1872:
1776:
1712:
1374:
100:
32:
1201:
Shear, Ione Mylonas (1999). "The Western Approach to the Athenian Akropolis".
1993:
1975:
1962:
1862:
1772:
1542:
1155:
99:
times the bastion (also referred to as the pyrgos or tower) was encased in a
79:
59:
building complex that functioned as the monumental ceremonial gateway to the
1502:
973:, Bonna D. Wescoat and Robert G. Ousterhout (eds.), Cambridge, 2012, p. 128.
216:
175:
1946:
1940:
1847:
1822:
1652:
1547:
1346:
996:
615:
400:
342:, which stood on the north end of the entrance. Similarly, a relief of the
232:
1375:"The Mycenaean Entrance System at the West end of the Akropolis of Athens"
1842:
1832:
1722:
1672:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1452:
982:
D. Watkin, German Architecture and the Classical Ideal, MIT, 1987, p. 62.
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306:
302:
290:
241:
56:
1010:
125:
1587:
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392:
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129:
Propylaia's conjectured original plan in gray, extant building in black
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Despite being unfinished the Propylaia was admired in its own time.
1837:
1682:
1657:
1214:
1069:
969:
Margaret M. Miles, "The Roman Propylon in the City Eleusinion", in
623:
343:
282:
187:
163:
64:
1138:
The Propylaia to the Athenian Akropolis II: The Classical Building
1049:
The Propylaea of the Akropolis in Athens: The Project of Mnesikles
1667:
1662:
1056:
Dinsmoor, W. B. (1910). "The Gables of the Propylaea at Athens".
518:
502:
319:
278:
525:. Commissioned by the King of Prussia, the Gate inaugurated the
948:
446:
311:
286:
204:
144:
1173:
Die Ausgrabung der Akropolis vom Jahre 1885 bis zum Jahre 1890
391:, and the painting depicting Achilles on Skyros, painted by
442:
441:
also made laudatory reference to the Propylaia when on the
388:
1293:
960:
D. Giraud, Η κυρία είσοδος του ιερού της Ελευσίνος, 1991.
2010:
Buildings and structures completed in the 5th century BC
1324:"Τα Προπύλαια της Αθηναϊκής Ακρόπολης κατά τον Μεσαιώνα"
1232:
Trophies of Victory: Public Building in Periklean Athens
305:
below is in a contrasting blue Eleusian limestone. The
720:
C.E. Beulé, L'Acropole d'Athènes, 1853, I, pp.100-106.
457:) critiques the financial profligacy of the building.
1141:. The American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
1130:. Actes du Colloque de Strasbourg 26-29 Janvier 1984.
1160:
The Athenian Agora XXIV, Late Antiquity A.D. 267-700
1128:
Le dessin d'architecture dans les sociétés antiques
898:
Shear, 2016, p.293 n.65 lists the various theories.
498:(Study for the Restoration of the Propylaea) 1994.
235:the Propylaia served both as a powder magazine and
1294:Tanoulas, T.; Ioannidou, M.; Moraitou, A. (1994).
1040:The Excavation at the Athenian Acropolis 1882-1890
1162:. American School of Classical Studies at Athens.
2005:Ancient Greek buildings and structures in Athens
1991:
1328:Βιβλιοθηκη Της Εν Αθηνας Αρχαιολογικης Εταιρειας
1166:
1134:
63:. Built between 437 and 432 BC as a part of the
1283:Jahrbuch des deutschen archäologishen Instituts
273:hall and eastward wings. The central hall is a
1768:Museum of the Center for the Acropolis Studies
1148:The Entrance to the Acropolis Before Mnesicles
281:whose central intercolumniation is spaced one
1418:
259:
1145:
182:. Built from the dismantled elements of the
467:Ruines des plus beaux monuments de la Gréce
186:this gate may have been in response to the
40:
1425:
1411:
411:
1330:(165). Archaeological Society at Athens.
1194:Building democracy in Late Archaic Athens
1037:
1028:
1321:
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1125:
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1092:
1055:
1046:
415:
361:
325:
263:
149:
124:
78:
18:
1432:
1345:
1259:
1238:
580:Dinsmoor 1980, Eiteljorg 1993 doubts it
1992:
1369:
1352:Pictorial Dictionary of Ancient Athens
1154:
1406:
1229:
1200:
1002:Die Propylaeen der Akropolis zu Athen
553:Wright, 1994, p.325 lists the remains
1297:Μελέτη αποκαταστάσεως των Προπυλαίων
1191:
1031:Mnesicles, a Greek Architect at Work
995:
496:Μελέτη αποκαταστάσεως των Προπυλαίων
487:Mnesicles: A Greek Architect at Work
483:Die Propyläen der Akropolis zu Athen
215:, removing the entrance through the
16:The gate of the Acropolis of Athens
13:
1924:Siege of the Acropolis (1826–1827)
1919:Siege of the Acropolis (1821–1822)
1098:The Architecture of Ancient Greece
420:Propylaia in the late 18th century
14:
2031:
1110:The Propylaia I: The Predecessors
702:Inferred from IG II 3271, II. 4-5
491:The Propylaia I: The Predecessors
330:Pedestal of the statue of Hygieia
190:invasions. Sometime in the early
154:"Lifting bosses" on the Propylaia
1904:Achaemenid destruction of Athens
1818:Korai of the Acropolis of Athens
1526:
1397:from the original on 2023-03-23.
513:of 1791. The former was a Roman
1718:Louis-François-Sébastien Fauvel
1498:Choragic Monument of Thrasyllos
1488:Theatre of Dionysus Eleuthereus
1355:. London: Thames & Hudson.
1334:from the original on 2024-05-29
1310:from the original on 2023-12-07
1203:The Journal of Hellenic Studies
1180:from the original on 2023-03-14
1146:Eiteljorg II, Harrison (1993).
1058:American Journal of Archaeology
1017:from the original on 2022-05-26
988:
976:
963:
954:
941:
932:
919:
910:
901:
892:
879:
867:
858:
849:
840:
831:
822:
819:Dinsmoor (ed), 2004, pp.93-119.
813:
804:
795:
786:
777:
768:
759:
750:
741:
732:
723:
714:
705:
696:
686:
676:
667:
657:
647:
638:
432:23.13 describes the victors of
1623:Church of Panagia Atheniotissa
1563:Sanctuary of Artemis Brauronia
929:, vol. II, Ch. 5, pl. 1, 1787.
629:
601:
592:
583:
574:
565:
556:
547:
538:
357:
223:, at which time the so-called
1:
1914:Siege of the Acropolis (1687)
1230:Shear, T. Leslie Jr. (2016).
268:Interior of the Central Hall
7:
1628:Temple of Roma and Augustus
1613:Choragic Monument of Nikias
801:Dinsmoor (ed), 2004, p.256.
252:was undertaken by engineer
184:Choragic Monument of Nikias
10:
2036:
1813:Pediments of the Parthenon
971:Architecture of the Sacred
374:the Hellenistic historian
260:Architecture and sculpture
74:
2015:Culture of ancient Greece
1932:
1896:
1785:
1750:
1703:Giovanni Battista Lusieri
1648:
1641:
1598:Sanctuary of Zeus Polieus
1535:
1524:
1440:
1100:. London: B. T. Batsford.
1038:Bundgaard, J. A. (1974).
1029:Bundgaard, J. A. (1957).
927:The Antiquities of Athens
876:, FHG III, frag. 78, 260.
523:The Antiquities of Athens
479:The Antiquities of Athens
55:) is the classical Greek
36:
1808:Metopes of the Parthenon
1468:Odeon of Herodes Atticus
1051:. Amsterdam: J C Gieben.
1042:. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.
1033:. Copenhagen: Gyldendal.
783:Tanoulas, 1994, p.33-36.
598:Shear, 2016, pp.273-274.
532:
244:since the early work of
1976:37.971694°N 23.725111°E
1909:Sack of Athens (267 AD)
635:Shear, 2016, pp.278-279
412:Reception and influence
147:blocks left undressed.
91:and the terrace of the
1858:Nike Fixing her Sandal
1583:Altar of Athena Polias
1483:Sanctuary of Asclepius
1170:; Kawerau, G. (1907).
925:J. Stuart, N. Revett.
421:
367:
366:The Pinakotheke (left)
331:
269:
162:built in the reign of
155:
130:
84:
24:
1463:Temple of Athena Nike
1322:Tanoulas, T. (1997).
1047:De Waele, J. (1990).
907:Travlos, 1971, p.482.
765:Tanoulas, 1994, p.31.
756:Tanoulas, 1994, p.29.
455:Demetrios of Phaleron
419:
365:
329:
267:
153:
128:
120:Persian attack of 480
89:Temple of Athena Nike
82:
23:Propylaia east façade
22:
1981:37.971694; 23.725111
1878:Athena Marsyas Group
1763:Old Acropolis Museum
1733:Panagiotis Kavvadias
1708:Reverend Philip Hunt
1593:Sanctuary of Pandion
1558:Old Temple of Athena
738:Tanoulas, 1994, p.26
2000:Acropolis of Athens
1972: /
1888:Three-Bodied Daemon
1883:Nike of Callimachus
1473:Pedestal of Agrippa
1434:Acropolis of Athens
1106:Dinsmoor, W. B. Jr.
1011:10.11588/diglit.675
1005:. Berlin: Spemann.
614:328 F 36, cited by
61:Acropolis of Athens
1693:Francesco Morosini
422:
368:
332:
270:
180:Post-Herulian Wall
156:
131:
85:
25:
1955:
1954:
1746:
1745:
1728:Kyriakos Pittakis
1603:Odeon of Pericles
1536:Former structures
1441:Extant structures
1362:978-0-500-05012-5
1192:Paga, J. (2021).
1121:. Hesperia Suppl.
430:Against Androtion
348:Peloponnesian War
211:, fortifying the
2027:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1977:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1965:
1933:Related articles
1803:Athena Promachos
1798:Parthenon Frieze
1793:Athena Parthenos
1758:Acropolis Museum
1738:Nikolaos Balanos
1646:
1645:
1633:Parthenon mosque
1530:
1508:Cave Sanctuaries
1427:
1420:
1413:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1371:Wright, James C.
1366:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1309:
1302:
1290:
1277:
1256:
1235:
1226:
1197:
1188:
1186:
1185:
1163:
1151:
1142:
1131:
1122:
1113:
1101:
1089:
1052:
1043:
1034:
1025:
1023:
1022:
983:
980:
974:
967:
961:
958:
952:
945:
939:
936:
930:
923:
917:
914:
908:
905:
899:
896:
890:
883:
877:
871:
865:
862:
856:
853:
847:
844:
838:
835:
829:
826:
820:
817:
811:
808:
802:
799:
793:
790:
784:
781:
775:
772:
766:
763:
757:
754:
748:
745:
739:
736:
730:
727:
721:
718:
712:
709:
703:
700:
694:
690:
684:
680:
674:
671:
665:
661:
655:
651:
645:
642:
636:
633:
627:
622:, FGrH 373 F 1,
605:
599:
596:
590:
587:
581:
578:
572:
569:
563:
560:
554:
551:
545:
542:
511:Brandenburg Gate
437:political rival
376:Polemon of Ilion
254:Nikolaos Balanos
221:Acciaioli family
207:by building the
192:Byzantine period
93:Agrippa Monument
54:
51:
48:
45:
42:
38:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2020:Gates in Greece
1990:
1989:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1951:
1928:
1892:
1868:Procne and Itys
1853:Mourning Athena
1828:Euthydikos Kore
1781:
1742:
1637:
1553:Older Parthenon
1531:
1522:
1478:Stoa of Eumenes
1436:
1431:
1401:
1363:
1337:
1335:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1183:
1181:
1094:Dinsmoor, W. B.
1020:
1018:
991:
986:
981:
977:
968:
964:
959:
955:
946:
942:
937:
933:
924:
920:
915:
911:
906:
902:
897:
893:
884:
880:
872:
868:
863:
859:
854:
850:
845:
841:
836:
832:
827:
823:
818:
814:
809:
805:
800:
796:
791:
787:
782:
778:
773:
769:
764:
760:
755:
751:
746:
742:
737:
733:
728:
724:
719:
715:
710:
706:
701:
697:
691:
687:
681:
677:
672:
668:
662:
658:
652:
648:
643:
639:
634:
630:
606:
602:
597:
593:
588:
584:
579:
575:
570:
566:
561:
557:
552:
548:
543:
539:
535:
414:
360:
262:
209:Rizokastro Wall
201:De la Roche era
160:pentelic marble
115:perirrhanterion
77:
52:
49:
46:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2033:
2023:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1900:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1875:
1873:Lemnian Athena
1870:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1779:
1777:British Museum
1770:
1765:
1760:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1741:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1713:Jacques Carrey
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1639:
1638:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1608:Frankish Tower
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1520:
1518:Infrastructure
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1444:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1429:
1422:
1415:
1407:
1400:
1399:
1385:(3): 323–360.
1367:
1361:
1343:
1319:
1291:
1278:
1257:
1247:(4): 443–520.
1236:
1227:
1215:10.2307/632313
1198:
1189:
1164:
1152:
1143:
1132:
1123:
1114:
1102:
1090:
1070:10.2307/496827
1064:(2): 143–184.
1053:
1044:
1035:
1026:
992:
990:
987:
985:
984:
975:
962:
953:
940:
931:
918:
909:
900:
891:
878:
866:
857:
848:
839:
830:
821:
812:
803:
794:
785:
776:
767:
758:
749:
740:
731:
722:
713:
704:
695:
685:
675:
666:
656:
646:
637:
628:
600:
591:
582:
573:
564:
555:
546:
536:
534:
531:
428:in his speech
413:
410:
359:
356:
261:
258:
256:in 1909-1917.
225:Frankish Tower
101:cyclopean wall
76:
73:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2032:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1874:
1871:
1869:
1866:
1864:
1863:Persian Rider
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1778:
1774:
1773:Elgin Marbles
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1749:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1543:Pelasgic wall
1541:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1529:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1344:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1306:
1299:
1298:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1268:(2): 73–106.
1267:
1263:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1199:
1195:
1190:
1179:
1175:
1174:
1169:
1168:Kavvadias, P.
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1054:
1050:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1003:
998:
994:
993:
979:
972:
966:
957:
950:
944:
935:
928:
922:
913:
904:
895:
888:
882:
875:
870:
861:
852:
843:
834:
825:
816:
807:
798:
789:
780:
771:
762:
753:
744:
735:
726:
717:
708:
699:
689:
679:
670:
660:
650:
641:
632:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
604:
595:
586:
577:
568:
562:Wright, p.328
559:
550:
541:
537:
530:
528:
527:Greek Revival
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
458:
456:
453:2.60 (citing
452:
448:
444:
440:
435:
431:
427:
418:
409:
406:
402:
397:
394:
390:
386:
382:
377:
372:
364:
355:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
328:
324:
321:
317:
313:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
266:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
238:
234:
229:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
169:
165:
161:
152:
148:
146:
141:
137:
127:
123:
121:
117:
116:
111:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
81:
72:
70:
66:
62:
58:
34:
30:
21:
1967:23°43′30.4″E
1964:37°58′18.1″N
1957:
1941:Perserschutt
1939:
1848:Moschophoros
1823:Antenor Kore
1653:Themistocles
1548:Hekatompedon
1457:
1382:
1378:
1351:
1336:. Retrieved
1327:
1312:. Retrieved
1296:
1286:
1282:
1265:
1261:
1244:
1240:
1234:. Princeton.
1231:
1206:
1202:
1193:
1182:. Retrieved
1172:
1159:
1147:
1137:
1127:
1118:
1112:. Princeton.
1109:
1097:
1061:
1057:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1019:. Retrieved
1001:
989:Bibliography
978:
970:
965:
956:
943:
934:
926:
921:
912:
903:
894:
881:
869:
860:
851:
842:
833:
824:
815:
806:
797:
788:
779:
770:
761:
752:
743:
734:
725:
716:
707:
698:
688:
678:
669:
659:
649:
640:
631:
616:Harpokration
603:
594:
585:
576:
567:
558:
549:
540:
522:
500:
495:
490:
486:
482:
478:
466:
463:J.-D. Le Roy
459:
423:
401:John Travlos
398:
369:
352:great plague
333:
271:
233:Tourkokratia
230:
173:
157:
132:
113:
86:
28:
26:
1979: /
1843:Peplos Kore
1833:Kritios Boy
1723:Ludwig Ross
1673:Callicrates
1578:Arrephorion
1573:Pandroseion
1568:Chalkotheke
1453:Erechtheion
1347:Travlos, J.
654:pp-125-127.
626:Per. 13.12.
608:Philochorus
451:De Officiis
426:Demosthenes
358:Pinakotheke
307:orthostates
303:euthynteria
242:anastylosis
1994:Categories
1698:Lord Elgin
1588:Eleusinion
1503:Beulé Gate
1493:Aglaureion
1338:2022-05-27
1314:2024-05-29
1209:: 86–127.
1184:2022-05-16
1156:Frantz, A.
1021:2022-05-16
951:in Thebes.
885:Quoted in
620:Heliodoros
469:1758, and
393:Polygnotos
381:Alkibiades
231:Under the
217:Beulé Gate
176:Beulé Gate
110:Bronze Age
1786:Sculpture
1688:Mardonius
1678:Mnesikles
1618:Klepsydra
1513:Peripatos
1458:Propylaia
1448:Parthenon
1196:. Oxford.
1086:245265318
887:Athenaios
683:pp.82-83.
515:Neo-Attic
439:Aeschines
385:Palladion
371:Pausanias
340:Alkamenes
336:akroteria
316:palmettes
299:crepidoma
295:Parthenon
275:hexastyle
213:Klepsydra
197:Justinian
136:stylobate
97:Mycenaean
69:Mnesikles
65:Periklean
37:Προπύλαια
29:Propylaia
1838:Kore 670
1683:Xerxes I
1658:Pericles
1395:Archived
1379:Hesperia
1373:(1994).
1349:(1971).
1332:Archived
1305:Archived
1262:Hesperia
1241:Hesperia
1178:Archived
1158:(1988).
1108:(1980).
1096:(1950).
1015:Archived
999:(1882).
997:Bohn, R.
507:Langhans
285:and one
283:triglyph
250:Rangavis
246:Pittakis
188:Herulian
164:Claudius
140:tympanum
105:Marathon
1775:at the
1751:Museums
1668:Ictinus
1663:Phidias
949:Cadmeia
889:534d-e.
519:Hadrian
503:Eleusis
449:in his
434:Salamis
405:androns
320:entasis
312:coffers
279:pronaos
237:battery
168:dog-leg
75:History
44:
1897:Events
1642:People
1391:148295
1389:
1359:
1274:146883
1272:
1253:146607
1251:
1223:632313
1221:
1084:
1078:496827
1076:
874:Müller
864:1.22.6
664:p.155.
475:Revett
471:Stuart
447:Cicero
344:Graces
287:metope
277:Doric
205:Levant
145:ashlar
1947:Moria
1387:JSTOR
1308:(PDF)
1301:(PDF)
1270:JSTOR
1249:JSTOR
1219:JSTOR
1082:S2CID
1074:JSTOR
624:Plut.
533:Notes
387:from
291:Ionic
95:. In
57:Doric
50:Gates
33:Greek
1357:ISBN
612:FGrH
505:and
473:and
443:Pnyx
389:Troy
248:and
41:lit.
27:The
1287:102
1211:doi
1207:119
1066:doi
1007:doi
509:'s
477:'s
465:'s
1996::
1393:.
1383:63
1381:.
1377:.
1326:.
1285:.
1266:15
1264:.
1243:.
1217:.
1205:.
1176:.
1080:.
1072:.
1062:14
1060:.
1013:.
610:,
354:.
39:;
35::
1426:e
1419:t
1412:v
1365:.
1341:.
1317:.
1289:.
1276:.
1255:.
1245:5
1225:.
1213::
1187:.
1150:.
1088:.
1068::
1024:.
1009::
53:'
47:'
31:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
