464:("Help for the East") granted Junkers 500,000,000 marks in subsidies to help pay for certain debts and to improve equipment. Junkers continued to demand and receive more and more subsidies, which gave them more money in their pockets, thus resulting in political power. Junkers exploited a monopoly on grain by storing it to drive up the price. As more money was profited, they were able to control political offices. Junkers were able to force people to continue paying more money for their product, while keeping who they wanted in office. Through the controlling of politics behind a veil, Junkers were able to influence politicians to create a law that prohibited collecting of debts from agrarians, thus pocketing even more money and strengthening their power.
36:
490:
2315:
2036:
146:. Junkers fled or were expelled alongside other German-speaking populations by the incoming Polish and Soviet administrations, and their lands were confiscated. In western and southern Germany, the land was often owned by small independent farmers or a mixture of small farmers and estate owners, and this system was often contrasted with the dominance of the large estate owners of the east. Before World War II, the dividing line was often drawn at the river
2048:
413:
lying east of the River Elbe. Since the Junker estates were necessarily inherited by the eldest son alone, younger sons, all well-educated and with a sense of noble ancestry, turned to the civil and military services, and dominated all higher civil offices, as well as the officer corps. Around 1900
3342:
Last year the east German state of
Brandenburg... I came across half a dozen members of the Prussian diaspora—their parents had fled the communists in 1945 and settled in West Germany—who had become wealthy (an eye surgeon, a gallery owner, a banker) and returned to buy back and restore their
383:
2345:, all private property exceeding an area of 100 hectares (250 acres) was expropriated, and then predominantly allocated to 'New Farmers' on condition that they continued farming them. As most of these large estates, especially in
111:. They owned great estates that were maintained and worked by peasants with few rights. These estates often lay in the countryside outside of major cities or towns. They were an important factor in Prussian and, after 1871,
2416:, some Junkers tried to regain their former estates through civil lawsuits, but the German courts have upheld the land reforms and rebuffed claims to full compensation, confirming the legal validity of the terms within the
244:
before their family names without further ranks. The abbreviation of the title is Jkr., most often placed before the given name and titles, for example: Jkr. Heinrich von
Hohenberg. The female equivalent
2285:
426:, increased grain production, and improved productivity per worker. Their political influence achieved the imposition of high tariffs that reduced competition from U.S. grain and meat.
2153:"Junker" acquired its current and often pejorative sense during the 19th-century disputes over the domestic policies of the German Empire. The term was used by sociologists such as
2444:. Other families, however, have quietly purchased or leased back their ancestral homes from the current owners (often the German federal government in its role as trustee). A
2797:
2417:
374:
Junkers formed a tightly knit elite. Their challenge was how to retain their dominance in an emerging modern state with a growing middle and working class.
3418:
Torp, Cornelius. "The "Coalition of 'Rye and Iron'" under the
Pressure of Globalization: A Reinterpretation of Germany's Political Economy before 1914,"
2231:
2792:
2078:
323:, and owning immense estates worked by tenants. These were located especially in the north-eastern half of Germany (i.e. the Prussian provinces of
414:
they modernised their farming operations to increase productivity. They sold off less productive land, invested more heavily in new breeds of
2421:
2395:
458:
of 1919–1933. It was said that "if
Prussia ruled Germany, the Junkers ruled Prussia, and through it the Empire itself". A policy known as
2374:
2181:
390:
2802:
2547:
2424:), by which expropriations of land under Soviet occupation were irreversible. The last decisive case was the unsuccessful lawsuit of
2370:
1489:
3120:
Henry VIII: September 1540, 26–30', Letters and Papers, Foreign and
Domestic, Henry VIII, Volume 16: 1540–1541 (1898), p. 51. URL:
2952:
2146:
in the 1890s reduced the protective duties on imports of grain, these landed magnates demanded and obtained his dismissal; and in
216:. It evolved to a general denotation of a young or lesser noble, often poor and politically insignificant, understood as "country
531:
2150:, they brought about a restoration of such duties on foodstuffs as would keep the prices of their own products at a high level.
2947:
2429:
3358:
Anderson, Margaret
Lavinia. "Voter, Junker, Landrat, Priest: The Old Authorities and the New Franchise in Imperial Germany,"
3091:
2425:
2386:
2289:
2071:
1619:
1177:
328:
131:
447:
landlord class to the
Prussian Junkers, saying, "England goes to fight for liberty in Europe and for junkerdom in Ireland."
2922:
2877:
2827:
2582:
2273:
2235:
2927:
2772:
2119:
1167:
2108:
3391:
3053:
2338:
2173:
1960:
1699:
1627:
1297:
1277:
1207:
589:
86:
17:
3331:
2852:
3472:
2882:
2354:
2138:). This political class held tremendous power over industrial classes and government alike, especially through the
2064:
875:
504:
471:
2467:
1547:
300:. Over the centuries, they had become influential commanders and landowners, especially in the lands east of the
281:
2807:
2722:
2557:
2492:
2139:
1873:
1157:
2787:
2767:
2742:
2682:
2662:
2482:
2201:
1738:
948:
923:
658:
307:
As landed aristocrats, the
Junkers owned most of the arable land in Prussia. Being the bulwark of the ruling
1781:
3482:
3477:
2872:
2692:
2552:
2512:
1678:
1577:
1257:
1013:
2887:
2592:
2542:
2293:
2251:
1966:
1747:
1642:
135:
2215:
3467:
2672:
1992:
1807:
1788:
1670:
1562:
555:
1891:
1759:
2967:
2902:
2437:
2127:
2123:
1863:
1774:
1754:
1691:
1655:
1227:
560:
978:
2777:
2577:
2243:
1982:
1934:
1715:
1428:
1422:
1317:
606:
99:
35:
2647:
232:
as "Juncker Heintz"). As part of the nobility, many Junker families only had prepositions such as
2972:
2747:
2687:
2567:
2537:
2112:
1945:
1769:
1683:
1650:
1603:
1217:
1197:
1128:
963:
958:
719:
584:
479:
324:
2597:
541:
3449:
2962:
2937:
2932:
2897:
2727:
2667:
2657:
2622:
2587:
2527:
2487:
2472:
2261:
2096:
1637:
1572:
730:
686:
406:
368:
359:, where land was owned by small farms, or the mixed agriculture of the western states like the
3430:
1611:
3043:
2942:
2867:
2832:
2737:
2562:
2502:
2193:
2170:
2147:
2104:
2011:
1977:
1764:
1417:
1187:
754:
749:
308:
120:
3243:
3219:
3195:
3121:
2707:
2389:. From 1952 these individual farms were pressured by a variety of means to join together as
1384:
489:
2847:
2817:
2752:
2652:
2632:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2532:
2517:
2497:
2413:
2297:
2277:
2268:
of 20 July 1944. Fifty-eight of them either were executed when the plot failed, among them
2197:
1307:
1287:
1267:
856:
836:
514:
437:
360:
356:
170:
or East Elbia. They played a prominent role in repressing the liberal movement in
Germany.
2812:
1359:
1123:
885:
8:
2912:
2842:
2837:
2782:
2757:
2717:
2712:
2697:
2522:
2477:
2269:
2254:
to Nazi rule. As World War II turned against Nazi
Germany, several senior Junkers in the
2177:
2040:
1816:
1800:
1707:
1504:
1479:
1469:
1237:
1093:
943:
809:
572:
509:
398:
332:
44:
2169:
region west of the Elbe. After World War I many Prussian agriculturists gathered in the
1063:
3443:
2957:
2907:
2862:
2822:
2642:
2602:
2507:
2390:
2227:
2219:
2004:
1955:
1940:
1868:
1836:
1499:
1474:
1407:
1083:
988:
968:
933:
918:
702:
596:
577:
536:
444:
352:
240:
209:
188:
108:
3045:
The Course of German History: a survey of the development of German history since 1815
2917:
2432:
decided that the prince had no right to compensation for the disseized estates of the
1379:
1349:
3387:
3087:
3049:
2857:
2762:
2732:
2462:
2366:
2350:
2301:
2162:
2158:
1972:
1858:
1484:
1412:
1068:
1043:
903:
434:
344:
116:
115:
military, political and diplomatic leadership. The most famous Junker was Chancellor
2677:
819:
2977:
2637:
2572:
2433:
2405:
1950:
1519:
1433:
1247:
1098:
1038:
953:
880:
863:
814:
735:
631:
348:
291:
155:
60:
1058:
1003:
938:
3000:
2892:
2702:
2400:
2314:
2143:
1997:
1915:
1582:
1552:
1509:
1459:
1449:
1402:
1108:
1103:
1078:
646:
601:
455:
104:
2448:
for official rehabilitation of the ousted landowners was rejected by the German
2018:
1557:
973:
2990:
2627:
2373:
and the SED, with many of them being arrested, brutally beaten and interned in
2247:
2223:
2052:
1903:
1878:
1851:
1494:
1454:
1364:
1327:
1118:
1053:
1048:
714:
519:
364:
3318:
The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949
3305:
The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949
3283:
The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949
1018:
998:
908:
3461:
3110:
2441:
2358:
2100:
1987:
1529:
1374:
1354:
1133:
993:
983:
928:
849:
693:
672:
524:
451:
320:
312:
221:
112:
1896:
3016:
2342:
2265:
2239:
2212:
2189:
2157:
and was even adopted by members of the landed class themselves. Chancellor
1883:
1567:
1514:
1464:
1369:
1138:
1088:
1033:
841:
804:
768:
742:
410:
340:
336:
143:
139:
2382:
2346:
2131:
2092:
1444:
1113:
1073:
1023:
1008:
913:
709:
651:
567:
550:
460:
430:
296:
160:
784:
150:
which was also roughly the western boundary of Slavic settlement by the
3363:
3005:
2365:("Junker land into farmer's hand!"). The former owners were accused of
2284:
in the closing months of the war and subsequently, most Junkers had to
2115:
1524:
1438:
725:
666:
440:
423:
229:
166:
124:
2449:
2327:
2323:
2256:
2185:
2154:
829:
761:
626:
250:
2091:
Supporting monarchism and military traditions, Junkers were seen as
194:, meaning "young nobleman" or otherwise "young lord" (derivation of
3442:
3269:
The European Nobilities in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
3010:
2445:
2281:
1910:
316:
255:
225:
213:
204:
3377:
Ordinary Prussians – Brandenburg Junkers and Villagers, 1500–1840
3148:
Ordinary Prussians – Brandenburg Junkers and Villagers, 1500–1840
3135:
Ordinary Prussians – Brandenburg Junkers and Villagers, 1500–1840
2166:
1028:
641:
2995:
1794:
679:
415:
394:
286:
217:
179:
78:
3106:
268:
A good number of poorer Junkers took up careers as soldiers (
151:
1844:
775:
636:
301:
261:
147:
72:
382:
69:
3122:
http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=76214
419:
284:. These families were mostly part of the German medieval
234:
202:), and originally was the title of members of the higher
66:
249:(Jkfr.) was used only sporadically. In some cases, the
3425:
Weber, Max. "National Character and the Junkers," in
2798:
Hyazinth Graf Strachwitz von Groß-Zauche und Camminetz
2418:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
119:. Bismarck held power in Germany from 1871 to 1890 as
2420:(Two Plus Four Agreement) (and incorporated into the
2176:(DNVP). The term was also applied to Reich President
87:
75:
294:
of the northeastern European territories during the
63:
164:. The term for the junker dominated East was thus
3271:. Vol. 2. UK: Basingstoke. pp. 118–119.
3041:
2793:Ludwig Freiherr von und zu der Tann-Rathsamhausen
2399:("agricultural production comradeships", LPG) or
3459:
2385:demolished. Some were executed. Many women were
2357:promoted their plans with East German President
2396:Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaften
2218:were also members of the Junkers, most notably
2122:. Their political interests were served by the
2381:), while their property was plundered and the
2072:
347:). This was in contrast to the predominantly
3408:, Chap. IX (bibliography, pp. 210–211).
2292:that were turned over to the re-established
2016:
2002:
1901:
1849:
1814:
1805:
1779:
1745:
1736:
861:
827:
782:
773:
759:
740:
700:
691:
677:
450:Their political influence extended from the
3329:
2196:, personified by men like Hindenburg's son
405:The Junkers held a virtual monopoly on all
2369:and involvement in the Nazi regime by the
2079:
2065:
3019:, 19th-century Swedish political movement
2548:Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein
2333:After World War II, during the communist
3429:(Routledge classics in sociology) (1991)
3081:
3013:, the Dutch cognate and rough equivalent
2313:
381:
290:and had carried on the colonisation and
2803:Gottfried Graf von Bismarck-Schönhausen
2337:(land reform) of September 1945 in the
2188:" around him urging the appointment of
14:
3460:
2948:Friedrich Wilhelm von Lindeiner-Wildau
47:was born into a wealthy Junker family.
3406:Economic Development of Modern Europe
3266:
2953:Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst
1620:Christian Democratic Union of Germany
1178:Lectures on the Philosophy of History
98:
2923:Friedrich Werner von der Schulenburg
2878:Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach
2828:Heinrich Graf von Lehndorff-Steinort
2583:Kurt Freiherr von Hammerstein-Equord
2274:Heinrich Graf von Lehndorff-Steinort
377:
224:'s disguise as "Junker Jörg" at the
3427:From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology
3307:. Cambridge: Belknap Press. p. 143.
3285:. Cambridge: Belknap Press. p. 145.
3100:
2928:Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach
2773:Eugen Anton Theophil von Podbielski
1168:Elements of the Philosophy of Right
24:
3379:(Cambridge University Press, 2007)
3320:. Cambridge: Belknap Press. p. 86.
3137:(Cambridge University Press, 2007)
2455:
2200:and his West Prussian "neighbour"
25:
3494:
3435:
3370:A history of the Prussian Junkers
3070:A History of the Prussian Junkers
2422:Basic Law of the Federal Republic
2409:("publicly owned estates", VEG).
2204:, who played a vital role in the
1628:Christian Social Union in Bavaria
1208:Reflections of a Nonpolitical Man
397:), presented to German President
304:River in the Kingdom of Prussia.
212:) nobility without or before the
3330:Roger Boyes (January 26, 2011).
3109:; Meaning of Junker, in German.
2883:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg
2355:Socialist Unity Party of Germany
2046:
2034:
876:Monarchism in Bavaria after 1918
488:
59:
34:
3415:, Oxford University Press, 2011
3362:(1993) 98#5 pp. 1448–1474
3323:
3310:
3297:
3288:
3275:
3260:
3236:
3212:
3188:
3175:
2353:, had belonged to Junkers, the
2296:with the implementation of the
2161:was a noted Junker, though his
272:), mercenaries, and officials (
123:. He was removed from power by
121:Chancellor of the German Empire
3170:The Lost Voices of World War I
3162:
3153:
3140:
3127:
3114:
3075:
3062:
3035:
2853:Heinrich Freiherr von Lüttwitz
2808:Wessel Freytag von Loringhoven
2723:Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk
2558:Helmuth von Moltke the Younger
2493:Friedrich Wilhelm von Seydlitz
2426:Prince Ernst August of Hanover
2371:Soviet Military Administration
2307:
2174:German National People's Party
2140:Prussian three-class franchise
1967:Die Freischwebende Intelligenz
1874:Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung
1700:German National People's Party
1158:Addresses to the German Nation
280:) at the court of territorial
13:
1:
3023:
2788:Job von Witzleben (historian)
2768:Karl vom Stein zum Altenstein
2743:Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach
2683:Elard von Oldenburg-Januschau
2663:Helmuth James Graf von Moltke
2483:Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben
2468:Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher
2244:Helmuth James Graf von Moltke
2202:Elard von Oldenburg-Januschau
2184:in West Prussia, and to the "
2111:, as they had sided with the
1961:Criticism of multiculturalism
1739:Bibliothek des Konservatismus
389:Neudeck, East Prussia (today
311:, the Junkers controlled the
27:Member of the landed nobility
3082:Jonathan, Steinberg (2011).
2873:Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist
2693:Paul Emil von Lettow-Vorbeck
2553:Helmuth von Moltke the Elder
2513:Leonhard Graf von Blumenthal
2430:Federal Administrative Court
2428:in September 2006, when the
2280:. During the advance of the
2276:, or committed suicide like
1258:The Concept of the Political
134:that were annexed by either
7:
3316:Naimark, Norman M. (1995).
3303:Naimark, Norman M. (1995).
3281:Naimark, Norman M. (1995).
3124:Date accessed: 10 June 2012
3086:. Oxford University Press.
2984:
2888:Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski
2593:Heinrich Graf von Einsiedel
2543:Ludwig Yorck von Wartenburg
2130:and the extraparliamentary
1956:Conservatism in Switzerland
1748:Desiderius-Erasmus-Stiftung
1643:Ecological Democratic Party
228:; he would later mock King
10:
3499:
3401:, MacMillan Company, 1920.
3368:Carsten, Francis Ludwig.
3360:American Historical Review
3343:crumbling ancestral homes.
3332:"The Prussians are coming"
3042:Alan J. P. Taylor (2001).
2673:Peter Yorck von Wartenburg
1993:Philosophical anthropology
1808:Studienzentrum Weikersheim
1789:Konrad Adenauer Foundation
1782:Institut für Staatspolitik
177:
173:
3399:The Governments of Europe
3267:Scott, H.M., ed. (2007).
3183:The Governments of Europe
3048:. Routledge. p. 20.
2968:Hans-Georg von Friedeburg
2903:Franz Pfeffer von Salomon
2363:Junkerland in Bauernhand!
2142:. When German chancellor
2124:German Conservative Party
1775:Hans Filbinger Foundation
1755:Forum of German Catholics
1692:German Conservative Party
1228:Prussianism and Socialism
454:of 1871–1918 through the
3420:Central European History
3068:Francis Ludwig Carsten,
2778:Adolf Wild von Hohenborn
2578:Karl-Jesko von Puttkamer
2260:participated in Colonel
1983:Pan-European nationalism
1318:Germany Abolishes Itself
470:This article is part of
349:Catholic southern states
3473:Conservatism in Germany
3397:Ogg, Frederick Austin,
2973:Robert Ritter von Greim
2748:Gerhard von Scharnhorst
2688:Veruschka von Lehndorff
2568:Alexander von Linsingen
2538:Hans Joachim von Zieten
2041:Conservatism portal
1951:Conservatism in Austria
1892:Süddeutsche Monatshefte
1770:Hanns Seidel Foundation
1760:Gerhard Löwenthal Prize
1684:Free Conservative Party
1671:Bavarian People's Party
1651:Family Party of Germany
1604:Alternative for Germany
1218:The Decline of the West
481:Conservatism in Germany
253:Jkr. was also used for
3450:Encyclopedia Americana
3422:(2010) 43#3 pp 401–427
3404:Ogg, Frederic Austin.
3386:, Basic Books, (2007)
2963:Ferdinand von Zeppelin
2938:Richard von Weizsacker
2933:Konstantin von Neurath
2898:Joachim von Ribbentrop
2728:Eberhard von Mackensen
2668:Wolfram von Richthofen
2658:Otto Liman von Sanders
2623:Walter von Brauchitsch
2588:Claus von Stauffenberg
2528:Joseph von Eichendorff
2488:Christoph II von Dohna
2473:Manfred von Richthofen
2393:and incorporated into
2339:Soviet Occupation Zone
2330:
2262:Claus von Stauffenberg
2132:Agriculturists' League
2017:
2003:
1902:
1850:
1815:
1806:
1780:
1746:
1737:
862:
828:
783:
774:
760:
741:
701:
692:
678:
402:
130:Many Junkers lived in
103:) were members of the
3411:Stienberg, Jonathan.
3181:Frederic Austin Ogg,
2943:Maximilian von Weichs
2868:Lothar von Richthofen
2833:Georg von Derfflinger
2738:Walther von Reichenau
2648:Hans-Jürgen von Arnim
2563:Gustav von Wangenheim
2503:Alfred von Schlieffen
2317:
2266:assassination attempt
2194:Chancellor of Germany
2171:national conservative
2012:Theory of generations
1978:Liberalism in Germany
1765:German Burschenschaft
1716:German People's Party
1014:Moeller van den Bruck
755:Social market economy
385:
363:or even the Prussian
309:House of Hohenzollern
230:Henry VIII of England
178:Further information:
132:the eastern provinces
2848:Rudolf von Bennigsen
2818:Ernst von Weizsacker
2753:August von Gneisenau
2653:Hermann von Eichhorn
2633:Oskar von Hindenburg
2618:Henning von Tresckow
2613:August von Mackensen
2608:Erich von Falkenhayn
2598:Günther von Reibnitz
2533:Ferdinand von Schill
2518:Josias von Heeringen
2498:Alfred von Waldersee
2414:German reunification
2278:Henning von Tresckow
2230:. Many Junkers used
2208:scandal of 1932/33.
1308:Moral und Hypermoral
1288:Fascism in Its Epoch
1268:On the Marble Cliffs
857:German reunification
837:German Confederation
361:Grand Duchy of Hesse
357:Grand Duchy of Baden
3483:Politics of Prussia
3478:German noble titles
3248:history.hanover.edu
3224:history.hanover.edu
3200:history.hanover.edu
2913:Baldur von Schirach
2843:Ludwig von Wolzogen
2838:Erich von Drygalski
2783:Erwin von Witzleben
2758:Carl von Clausewitz
2718:Werner von Blomberg
2713:Alexander von Kluck
2698:Kurt von Schleicher
2523:Heinrich von Kleist
2478:Paul von Hindenburg
2290:eastern territories
2270:Erwin von Witzleben
2178:Paul von Hindenburg
1935:Böckenförde dilemma
1817:Tradition und Leben
1801:Queen Louise League
1612:Bündnis Deutschland
1238:Ideology and Utopia
810:Anti-Socialist Laws
510:Christian democracy
409:in the part of the
399:Paul von Hindenburg
317:political influence
45:Paul von Hindenburg
3382:MacDonogh, Giles,
3375:Hagen, William W.
3168:Tim Cross (1988),
3133:William W. Hagen,
2958:Georg von Hertling
2908:Werner von Fritsch
2863:Gerd von Rundstedt
2823:Ulrich von Hassell
2708:Bernhard von Bülow
2678:Marion von Dönhoff
2643:Erich von Manstein
2603:Alfred von Tirpitz
2508:Werner von Siemens
2438:Blankenburg Castle
2375:NKVD special camps
2331:
2294:Republic of Poland
2228:Erich von Manstein
2220:Gerd von Rundstedt
2136:Bund der Landwirte
2120:Revolution of 1848
2118:forces during the
2053:Germany portal
2005:Stahlhelm-Fraktion
1941:European New Right
1869:Deutsche Rundschau
1679:Conservative Party
979:Jünger (Friedrich)
731:Political theology
403:
353:Kingdom of Bavaria
189:Middle High German
3468:Prussian nobility
3294:MacDonogh, p. 204
3093:978-0-19-978252-9
2858:Remus von Woyrsch
2813:Günther von Kluge
2763:Albrecht von Roon
2733:Wernher von Braun
2463:Otto von Bismarck
2406:Volkseigene Güter
2351:Western Pomerania
2302:Potsdam Agreement
2300:according to the
2159:Otto von Bismarck
2089:
2088:
1973:German militarism
1278:The Questionnaire
886:Völkisch movement
607:Historical School
602:Right-Hegelianism
435:Irish nationalist
378:Modern influences
154:in the so-called
125:Kaiser Wilhelm II
117:Otto von Bismarck
18:Prussian nobility
16:(Redirected from
3490:
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3118:
3112:
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3098:
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3079:
3073:
3066:
3060:
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3039:
2978:Adolf von Baeyer
2638:Wilhelm von Leeb
2573:Franz von Hipper
2434:House of Hanover
2298:Oder–Neisse line
2232:forced labourers
2165:hailed from the
2081:
2074:
2067:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2039:
2038:
2037:
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2008:
1946:Collective guilt
1907:
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1243:
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1223:
1213:
1203:
1198:Das Ressentiment
1193:
1183:
1173:
1163:
1054:Ritter (Joachim)
1049:Ritter (Gerhard)
881:Oster conspiracy
867:
864:Historikerstreit
833:
815:Carlsbad Decrees
788:
779:
765:
750:Social hierarchy
746:
736:Prussian virtues
706:
697:
683:
632:Christian values
492:
482:
467:
466:
292:Christianisation
187:is derived from
156:Germania Slavica
102:
100:[ˈjʊŋkɐ]
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3026:
3001:German nobility
2987:
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2918:Claus von Bülow
2893:Franz von Papen
2703:Hans von Seeckt
2458:
2456:Notable Junkers
2312:
2250:as part of the
2144:Leo von Caprivi
2097:anti-democratic
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561:State Socialism
500:
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456:Weimar Republic
380:
182:
176:
105:landed nobility
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88:
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1988:Pan-Germanism
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898:Intellectuals
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556:Paternalistic
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523:
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452:German Empire
448:
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443:compared the
442:
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318:
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314:
313:Prussian Army
310:
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259:(Barons) and
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222:Martin Luther
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37:
19:
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3398:
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3376:
3369:
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3353:Bibliography
3352:
3351:
3341:
3335:. Retrieved
3325:
3317:
3312:
3304:
3299:
3290:
3282:
3277:
3268:
3262:
3251:. Retrieved
3247:
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3227:. Retrieved
3223:
3214:
3203:. Retrieved
3199:
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3164:
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3129:
3116:
3102:
3083:
3077:
3069:
3064:
3044:
3037:
3028:
3027:
3017:Junker Party
2411:
2404:
2401:nationalised
2394:
2383:manor houses
2379:Speziallager
2378:
2362:
2343:East Germany
2334:
2332:
2322:memorial in
2319:
2308:
2255:
2240:Soviet Union
2213:World War II
2210:
2205:
2190:Adolf Hitler
2152:
2135:
2113:conservative
2090:
2019:Überfremdung
1965:
1933:
1884:Kreuzzeitung
1793:
1708:German Party
1664:
1663:
1638:Centre Party
1598:
1470:von Radowitz
1413:von Bismarck
1344:Commentators
1326:
1316:
1306:
1296:
1286:
1276:
1266:
1256:
1246:
1236:
1226:
1222:(1918, 1922)
1216:
1206:
1196:
1188:Degeneration
1186:
1176:
1166:
1156:
904:Benedict XVI
870:
843:
820:
805:20 July plot
769:Subsidiarity
743:Sittlichkeit
665:
660:Gemeinschaft
659:
573:Cameralistic
542:
459:
449:
428:
411:German Reich
404:
391:Ogrodzieniec
386:
373:
351:such as the
341:East Prussia
337:West Prussia
306:
295:
285:
278:Kammerjunker
277:
273:
270:Fahnenjunker
269:
267:
260:
254:
246:
239:
233:
203:
199:
195:
191:
184:
183:
165:
159:
144:World War II
140:Soviet Union
129:
54:
52:
3159:Torp, 2010)
2391:collectives
2347:Brandenburg
2335:Bodenreform
2320:Bodenreform
2309:Bodenreform
2246:formed the
2242:. Although
2093:reactionary
1998:Remigration
1578:Wackenroder
1563:von Savigny
1548:Böckenförde
1520:von Westarp
1423:von Gerlach
1397:Politicians
1069:von Salomon
871:The Junkers
710:Medievalism
687:Imperialism
652:Meritocracy
647:Aristocracy
597:Romanticism
568:Prussianism
551:Neue Rechte
537:Nationalist
445:Anglo-Irish
431:World War I
424:fertilisers
422:, used new
407:agriculture
371:provinces.
369:Westphalian
325:Brandenburg
297:Ostsiedlung
161:Ostsiedlung
3462:Categories
3337:2013-09-29
3253:2018-10-29
3229:2018-10-29
3205:2018-10-29
3024:References
3006:East Elbia
2367:war crimes
2361:'s slogan
2324:Wolfshagen
2252:resistance
2180:, lord of
2116:monarchist
2109:Socialists
1897:Der Türmer
1553:von Gierke
1525:Wilhelm II
1500:von Storch
1485:Stresemann
1475:Rauschning
1418:Fehrenbach
1350:Kubitschek
1151:Literature
1099:Sloterdijk
785:Volksgeist
726:Patriotism
720:Organicism
715:Monarchism
667:Geopolitik
621:Principles
532:Monarchism
499:Ideologies
441:Tom Kettle
265:(Counts).
256:Freiherren
2452:in 2008.
2450:Bundestag
2328:Uckermark
2288:from the
2257:Wehrmacht
2186:camarilla
2155:Max Weber
2128:Reichstag
1887:(Defunct)
1840:(Defunct)
1490:vom Stein
1460:von Papen
1434:Hugenberg
1429:Goerdeler
1360:Safranski
1119:Steinbuch
1044:von Ranke
989:Koselleck
954:Heidegger
924:von Galen
830:Freikorps
821:Erklärung
762:Sonderweg
627:Authority
578:Socialist
387:Rittergut
329:Pomerania
274:Hofjunker
251:honorific
210:immediate
192:Juncherre
167:Ostelbien
158:prior to
3364:in JSTOR
3244:"Heilig"
3220:"Heilig"
3196:"Heilig"
3172:, p. 42.
3011:Jonkheer
2985:See also
2446:petition
2341:, later
2282:Red Army
2238:and the
2206:Osthilfe
2105:liberals
1911:Die Welt
1495:Stoecker
1408:Ancillon
1403:Adenauer
1385:Weißmann
1365:Sarrazin
1134:Voegelin
1109:Spengler
1104:Spaemann
1094:Sieferle
1084:Schlegel
1079:Schelsky
1039:Plessner
934:Gogarten
543:Völkisch
505:Agrarian
472:a series
461:Osthilfe
247:Junkfrau
226:Wartburg
214:accolade
205:edelfrei
3453:. 1920.
3372:(1989).
3146:Hagen,
3072:(1989).
2436:around
2182:Neudeck
2167:Altmark
2126:in the
1864:COMPACT
1837:Antaios
1665:Defunct
1595:Parties
1583:Wagener
1568:Schmitt
1542:Jurists
1510:Wagener
1505:Strauss
1380:Stürmer
1124:Tönnies
1089:Schmitt
1074:Scheler
1029:Novalis
919:Gadamer
842:German
799:History
642:Elitism
515:Liberal
429:During
401:in 1928
355:or the
333:Silesia
282:princes
220:" (cf.
174:Origins
138:or the
109:Prussia
96:German:
55:Junkers
3390:
3150:(2007)
3090:
3052:
2996:Gentry
2412:After
2236:Poland
2226:, and
2163:family
2099:, and
1859:Cicero
1795:PEGIDA
1703:(DNVP)
1599:Active
1530:Winnig
1515:Weidel
1443:
1427:
1332:(2017)
1322:(2010)
1312:(1969)
1302:(1966)
1292:(1963)
1282:(1951)
1272:(1939)
1262:(1932)
1252:(1931)
1242:(1929)
1232:(1919)
1212:(1918)
1202:(1913)
1192:(1892)
1182:(1837)
1172:(1820)
1162:(1806)
1064:Rüstow
1034:Pieper
1019:Müller
999:Löwith
994:Lorenz
984:Klages
959:Herder
944:Hamann
939:Görres
929:Gehlen
914:Freyer
909:Blüher
724:
703:Kultur
680:Heimat
416:cattle
395:Poland
343:, and
287:Uradel
262:Grafen
218:squire
185:Junker
180:Junker
142:after
136:Poland
113:German
3107:Duden
3029:Notes
2387:raped
2318:1985
2234:from
2211:Many
2198:Oskar
1831:Media
1719:(DVP)
1695:(DkP)
1687:(FKP)
1674:(BVP)
1659:(REP)
1646:(ÖDP)
1631:(CSU)
1623:(CDU)
1607:(AFD)
1573:Stahl
1558:Möser
1465:Petry
1370:Stein
1139:Weber
1059:Röpke
1024:Nolte
1004:Lübbe
969:Hoppe
949:Hegel
844:Reich
590:Young
365:Rhine
345:Posen
152:Wends
89:YUUNG
3388:ISBN
3088:ISBN
3050:ISBN
2349:and
2286:flee
2272:and
2148:1902
2107:and
1852:Cato
1845:Bild
1711:(DP)
1615:(BD)
1455:Merz
1450:Krah
1445:Kohl
1439:Jung
1355:Kuby
1298:Envy
1009:Mann
823:2018
776:Volk
637:Duty
520:Ordo
420:pigs
418:and
367:and
319:and
302:Elbe
200:Herr
198:and
196:jung
148:Elbe
91:-kər
53:The
2440:in
2403:as
2264:'s
2192:as
2103:by
238:or
235:von
107:in
3464::
3447:.
3340:.
3246:.
3222:.
3198:.
2326:,
2304:.
2222:,
2095:,
474:on
438:MP
433:,
393:,
339:,
335:,
331:,
327:,
276:,
241:zu
127:.
94:;
79:ər
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3256:.
3232:.
3208:.
3096:.
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2377:(
2134:(
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2066:v
208:(
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76:k
73:ŋ
70:ʊ
67:j
64:ˈ
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57:(
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