689:, Yao Xing created him the Marquess of Guiyi. In 401, Yao Xing inexplicably gave Qifu Gangui his entire captured army back to him and had him defend his old capital Wanchuan, effectively putting him back in the position he had before, but now as a Later Qin vassal. He quickly put his governmental structure back in place, but now with inferior titles to show submission to Later Qin. Later in 401, Yao Xing sent Qifu Gangui to serve as Yao Shuode's assistant in a major campaign against Later Yang's emperor
744:). In 410, he attacked Later Qin's Jincheng Commandery and captured it, and later in 410 moved the capital back to Wanchuan. He then captured several more Later Qin commanderies. However, in spring 411, he returned the captured officials to Later Qin and sought peace, offering to again submit as a vassal. Yao Xing created him the Prince of Henan. However, in winter 411 he again captured several Later Qin commanderies. In spring 412, he moved the capital to Tanjiao (譚郊, in modern
638:) to the east, but Qifu Gangui, seeing weaknesses in Later Liang's forces despite their numbers, stood his ground. Later Liang forces were initially successful, capturing several major Western Qin cities, but Qifu Gangui tricked Lü Guang's brother and major general Lü Yan (呂延) the Duke of Tianshui into believing that he was retreating, and Lü Yan fell into a trap Qifu Gangui set and was killed. Lü Guang, in fear, withdrew to his capital Guzang (姑臧, in modern
677:), a suggestion that Tufa Lilugu rejected. However, worried that Qifu Gangui would try to reestablish his state, he sent an army to watch over him. Qifu Gangui, fearing that he would be executed, then regained trust from Tufa Lilugu by sending Qifu Chipan, his brothers, and their mother to the Southern Liang capital Xiping as hostages. He himself, however, as soon as the Southern Liang guard was down, fled to Fuhan and surrendered to Later Qin.
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to him. However, later 391, the strategy could have said to have backfired as the tribal chief Mo Yigan (沒奕干) initially submitted and sent two sons as hostages to him, seeking his aid in a campaign against another tribal chief, Da Dou (大兜). Qifu Gangui aided him and defeated Da in battle, and then sent Mo's sons back to him, to try to get Mo to be more grateful of him. However, Mo instead turned against Qifu Gangui and aligned himself with the
22:
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Southern Liang. However, Yao Bi's campaign resulted in failure, and while Tufa Rutan nominally continued to submit for a time, he soon declared full independence. In 409, Qifu Gangui himself escaped and returned to
Wanchuan. Later in the year, he redeclared the Western Qin state with the title Prince of Qin and changed his era name.
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In 403, Lü Long decided to give up his state (now consisting of little more than the capital city of Guzang) to Later Qin, ending Later Liang, and Qifu Gangui was one of the generals whom Yao Xing sent to escort Lü Long to Chang'an and to escort his replacement, the Later Qin general Wang Shang (王尚)
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In 391, Qifu Gangui's general Yuezhi Jiegui (越質詰歸) rebelled, but after Qifu Gangui personally led an army against him, Yuezhi surrendered—and Qifu Gangui married the daughter of a clansman to Yuezhi, showing Qifu Gangui's tendency to try to personally connect with tribal chiefs to get them to submit
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In summer 400, Later Qin's general, Yao Xing's uncle Yao Shuode (姚碩德) launched a major attack against
Western Qin. Initially, Qifu Gangui was successful in cutting off Yao Shuode's supply line, but Yao Xing then personally came to Yao Shuode's aid. Qifu Gangui divided his army to try to ascertain
601:
the Prince of Longxi. Yang led his forces to join Fu Chong's to attack Qifu Gangui. Qifu Gangui sent Qifu Yizhou and two other generals, Qifu Ketan (乞伏軻彈) and Yuezhi Jiegui against Yang and Fu Chong, and Yang was initially successful against Qifu Yizhou. However, the three
Western Qin generals then
727:
In 408, with Tufa Rutan, who had previously submitted as a Later Qin vassal, acting independently but yet suffering many internal problems, Yao Xing became resolved to destroy
Southern Liang, and Qifu Gangui was one of the generals he sent under the command of his son Yao Bi (姚弼) to try to destroy
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to Qifu Gangui as his princess and created him the Prince of Liang. Qifu Gangui sent his brother Qifu Yizhou (乞伏益州) to aid Fu Deng, but as Fu Deng came out of the mountains to join Qifu Yizhou's forces, Yao Xing ambushed and captured him, and then executed him. Qifu Yizhou then withdrew.
512:, to whom Qifu Guoren had nominally submitted as a vassal, created Qifu Gangui the Prince of Jincheng—a title that signified less dominion than his original title of Prince of Henan, because Jincheng Commandery only roughly corresponded to modern Lanzhou—but Qifu Gangui accepted the title.
405:(Prince Xuanlie), who became prince after Qifu Guoren's death in 388 because Qifu Guoren's son Qifu Gongfu (乞伏公府) was considered too young for leadership. He subsequently expanded the state's power and influence, but only to an extent, and in 400 after military losses to the
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In summer 412, Qifu Guoren's son Qifu Gongfu killed Qifu Gangui in a coup and also killed more than 10 of Qifu Gangui's sons. After a short campaign between Qifu Gongfu and Qifu Chipan, Qifu Chipan succeeded and killed Qifu Gongfu. He took the throne as Prince
Wenzhao.
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For the next few years, Qifu Gangui appeared to begin to act more independently again. For example, in 405, apparently without Later Qin sanction, he attacked Murong Dahai (慕容大孩), the khan of
Tuyuhun, and later in the year he battled fellow Later Qin vassal
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Around the new year 395, Qifu Gangui claimed the title Prince of Qin—a greater title that implicitly made himself a rival of Later Qin, and the state thus became known in history as
Western Qin. In the summer, he sent Qifu Yizhou to attack the unsubmitting
610:
chief Jiang Ru (姜乳), despite warnings that Qifu Yizhou had become arrogant from his victories. Qifu Yizhou indeed became unattentive and was defeated by Jiang. Later in the year, Qifu Gangui moved his capital from
Jincheng to Xicheng (西城, in modern
527:(慕容視連), submitted to Western Qin as a vassal, and Qifu Gangui created him the Prince of Bailan. However, after Murong Shilian died later that year and was succeeded by his more ambitious son Murong Shipi (慕容視羆), Murong Shipi rejected that title.
450:. At that time, Qifu Guoren named Qifu Gangui a major general. Nothing else is known about his life before or during Qifu Guoren's reign, other than an implied reference that he defeated the Former Qin general Wang Guang (王廣) in battle.
665:), forcing Qifu Gangui to flee back to Jincheng. With his army lost, however, Qifu Gangui concluded that he could not sustain a state any more, and instructed his officials to surrender to Later Qin, while he himself surrendered to
723:
Around the new year 407, Qifu Gangui went on an official visit to Chang'an. Yao Xing, apprehensive about Qifu Gangui's strength and independence, detained him and made him a minister, giving his command to Qifu Chipan.
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Later Qin's intentions, but the armies lost communication in the fog, and Later Qin attacked them and greatly defeated them, taking nearly the entire
Western Qin army captive. Yao Xing advanced to Fuhan (枹罕, in modern
622:
In fall 395, Lü Guang made a major attack on
Western Qin. Under the advice of his officials Mi Guizhou (密貴周) and Mozhe Gudi (莫者羖羝), Qifu Gangui submitted to Lü Guang as a vassal and sent his son Qifu Chibo (乞伏敕勃) as a
649:
Later in 398, Qifu Yizhou battled Murong Shipi and defeated him. Murong Shipi, in fear, sent his son Murong Dangqi (慕容宕豈) as a hostage and sought peace. Qifu Gangui married the daughter of a clansman to Qifu Dangqi.
673:, who welcomed him as an honored guest. Tufa Lilugu's brother Tufa Juyan (禿髮俱延) suspected Qifu Gangui's intentions, and suggested that Tufa Lilugu exile him to the Yifu (乙弗) tribe (probably west of the
424:
Qifu Gangui was known for using military strategies designed to expose weaknesses and to mislead enemies into acting in an overly dangerous manner, and then strike when the enemy became overconfident.
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In 397, determined to punish Qifu Gangui, Lü Guang launched a major attack against Xicheng . This frightened Qifu Gangui's officials enough that they recommended a retreat to Chengji (成紀, in modern
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took this opportunity to attack Western Qin, forcing Qifu Gangui to withdraw to face him. This incident appeared to start several years of intermittent battles between Western Qin and Later Liang.
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In 388, Qifu Guoren died. His son Qifu Gongfu was considered too young to take over the leadership, and the officials and generals supported Qifu Gangui to succeed Qifu Guoren, with the titles
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After his restoration, Qifu Gangui again created his wife Princess Bian as princess and Qifu Chipan as crown prince, and he temporarily set his capital at Dujianshan (度堅山, in modern
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In 402, Qifu Chipan, who had previously made an unsuccessful attempt to escape from Southern Liang to join his father, succeeded in fleeing to Wanchuan. The Southern Liang prince
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597:), then under Qifu Gangui's control, and claimed imperial title. However, in winter 394, Qifu Gangui expelled him, and he fled to one of his father's last remaining generals,
773:, depending on context). Since, prior to this article's creation, there were already a number of anticipatory Knowledge links to "Qifu Gangui", "Gan" is used in this article.
489:
governmental structure. Over the next several years, Qifu Gangui used a variety of military and diplomatic pressure to get the various people around his—including people of
409:, his state was annexed by the Later Qin and he himself became a Later Qin general. However, after the Later Qin was weakened by defeats at the hands of its rebel general
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577:. However, Fu Deng's campaign ended in failure, as his forces were defeated by Yao Xing's, and his brother Fu Guang (苻廣) and son
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to Lü Guang, and Lü Guang withdrew. However, Qifu Gangui soon regretted this arrangement and executed Mi and Mozhe.
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counterattacked and killed Yang and Fu Chong in battle.
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Princess Pingchang, wife of Juqu Xingguo (沮渠興國), the
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Upon Qifu Gangui's arrival in the Later Qin capital
693:(Lü Guang's nephew), forcing Lü Long's submission.
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298:, Prince of Henan (大都督 大將軍 大單于 河南王, 388–389)
401:. He was a brother of the founding prince,
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50:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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114:Learn how and when to remove this message
786:Qifu Sifan (乞伏司繁), Xianbei tribal chief
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700:sent Qifu Chipan's wife (who might be
294:Grand Commander, Grand General, Grand
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550:In 393, Qifu Gangui created his son
446:, thus signifying independence from
306:Prince of Qin (秦王, 394–400; 409–412)
48:adding citations to reliable sources
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848:Qifu Baiyang (乞伏白養) (executed by
505:) to Jincheng (also in Lanzhou).
300:Prince of Jincheng (金城王, 389–394)
841:Qifu Shiyin (乞伏什寅) (executed by
746:Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture
659:Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture
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855:Qifu Qulie (乞伏去列) (executed by
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561:In 394, after the death of the
508:In 389, the Former Qin emperor
381:; died 412), also known by his
261:Qiánguī (乾歸, also read: Gānguī)
1099:Reason for succession failure:
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797:(created 388 and again in 409)
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132:Prince Wuyuan of Western Qin
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1084:— TITULAR —
1028:— TITULAR —
702:Tufa Rutan's daughter
280:Gēngshǐ (更始): 409–412
126:Prince of Western Qin
835:Qifu Qiannian (乞伏千年)
823:Qifu Shenqian (乞伏審虔)
820:Qifu Muyigan (乞伏木奕干)
778:Personal information
681:As Later Qin general
318:Prince Wǔyuán (武元王,
277:Tàichū (太初): 388–400
44:improve this article
2232:Former Qin generals
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716:(楊盛), the ruler of
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2085:Huan Chu (403–404)
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1341:
1339:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1321:Zhang Xuanjing
1318:
1313:
1308:
1306:Zhang Chonghua
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1280:
1278:
1271:
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921:
916:
912:
911:
905:
904:
890:
887:
881:
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872:Northern Liang
860:
853:
846:
839:
836:
833:
830:
827:
824:
821:
818:
815:
806:
805:
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798:
789:
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787:
779:
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761:
758:
733:
730:
682:
679:
667:Southern Liang
543:the prince of
525:Murong Shilian
478:
475:
429:
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415:Hu Xia dynasty
362:
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2:
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2020:
2019:
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2014:
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1911:
1908:
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1727:
1724:
1723:Western Liang
1720:
1714:
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1700:
1696:
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1343:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1311:Zhang Yaoling
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
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1199:
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1038:
1037:
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1029:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1009:
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986:
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979:
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962:
961:
954:
948:
944:
941:
935:
928:
927:
919:
913:
910:
906:
901:
895:
894:
893:House of Qifu
885:
873:
869:
865:
864:heir apparent
861:
858:
854:
851:
847:
844:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
809:
807:
803:(created 394)
802:
799:
796:
793:
792:
790:
785:
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782:
781:
772:
767:
764:
763:
757:
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729:
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721:
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709:
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538:
534:
528:
526:
522:
518:
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504:
500:
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492:
488:
484:
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472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
451:
449:
445:
441:
440:
435:
425:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
397:-led Chinese
396:
392:
388:
384:
376:
372:
368:
360:
357:
355:
351:
347:
345:
341:
332:
329:
325:
316:
313:
309:
297:
292:
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285:
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275:
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268:
258:
255:
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233:
227:
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159:
155:
152:
147:
144:
143:
137:
130:
118:
115:
107:
96:
93:
89:
86:
82:
79:
75:
72:
68:
65: –
64:
63:"Qifu Gangui"
60:
59:Find sources:
53:
49:
45:
39:
38:
34:
29:This article
27:
23:
18:
17:
2155:N. Dynasties
2151:S. Dynasties
2047:Murong Zhong
2027:Murong Chong
1953:Tuoba Yihuai
1940:Tuoba Yihuai
1886:Yang Nandang
1881:Yang Baozong
1781:Northern Yan
1766:Helian Chang
1699:Southern Yan
1670:Juqu Mengxun
1571:Qifu Qiangui
1570:
1508:Murong Sheng
1492:Murong Xiang
1401:Murong Huang
1326:Zhang Tianxi
1275:Former Liang
1089:
1088:
1083:
1033:
1032:
1027:
1004:
997:
992:Zhang Tianxi
990:
984:
957:
952:
946:
939:
933:
923:
899:
891:
868:Juqu Mengxun
766:
754:
735:
732:Second reign
726:
722:
710:
706:
695:
684:
675:Qinghai Lake
655:
652:
648:
629:
621:
604:
588:
560:
556:crown prince
549:
529:
515:In 390, the
514:
507:
480:
471:Yellow River
455:Grand Chanyu
454:
452:
442:and changed
437:
431:
423:
386:
371:Qifu Qiangui
370:
366:
365:
196:
178:
139:
110:
104:January 2015
101:
91:
84:
77:
70:
58:
42:Please help
30:
2147:16 Kingdoms
2052:Murong Yong
2022:Murong Hong
2013:Western Yan
1956:(2nd reign)
1948:(2nd reign)
1915:Tuoba Pugen
1891:Yang Baochi
1819:Yang Maosou
1771:Helian Ding
1761:Helian Bobo
1713:Murong Chao
1688:Juqu Anzhou
1675:Juqu Mujian
1641:Tufa Lilugu
1591:Later Liang
1576:Qifu Chipan
1566:Qifu Guoren
1557:Western Qin
1481:Murong Chui
1112:Qifu Chipan
1047:Annexed by
1021:Qifu Guoren
970:Qifu Chipan
960:Western Qin
934:In abeyance
926:Western Qin
918:Qifu Guoren
812:Qifu Chipan
671:Tufa Lilugu
552:Qifu Chipan
545:Later Liang
537:Liu Weichen
487:Han Chinese
477:First reign
434:Qifu Guoren
419:Qifu Chipan
411:Helian Bobo
403:Qifu Guoren
367:Qifu Gangui
359:Western Qin
328:Temple name
288:Regnal name
248:Family name
207:Qifu Chipan
193:Predecessor
179:In abeyance
169:Qifu Guoren
165:Predecessor
151:Western Qin
142:Western Qin
2227:412 deaths
2216:Categories
2139:3 Kingdoms
2042:Murong Yao
1945:Tuoba Hena
1935:Tuoba Hena
1930:Tuoba Heru
1925:Tuoba Yulü
1910:Tuoba Yilu
1871:Yang Sheng
1824:Yang Nandi
1681:Juqu Wuhui
1646:Tufa Rutan
1518:Murong Yun
1497:Murong Lin
1486:Murong Bao
1421:Former Qin
1411:Murong Wei
1406:Murong Jun
1392:Former Yan
1336:Later Zhao
958:Prince of
924:Prince of
880:References
795:Queen Bian
714:Yang Sheng
698:Tufa Rutan
669:'s prince
448:Former Qin
428:Early life
334:Gāozǔ (高祖)
257:Given name
140:Prince of
74:newspapers
2108:Qiao Zong
2092:Huan Xuan
2076:Zhai Zhao
2071:Zhai Liao
2064:(388–392)
2037:Murong Yi
2015:(384–394)
1973:(350–352)
1903:(310–376)
1876:Yang Xuan
1866:Yang Ding
1861:Yang Cuan
1855:Yang Tong
1812:(296–443)
1800:Feng Hong
1783:(407–436)
1754:(407–431)
1725:(400–421)
1708:Murong De
1701:(398–410)
1658:(397–460)
1636:Tufa Wugu
1629:(397–414)
1593:(386–403)
1581:Qifu Mumo
1559:(385–431)
1537:Yao Chang
1530:(384–417)
1528:Later Qin
1513:Murong Xi
1474:(384–409)
1472:Later Yan
1456:Dou Chong
1423:(351–394)
1394:(337–370)
1338:(319–351)
1316:Zhang Zuo
1301:Zhang Jun
1296:Zhang Mao
1291:Zhang Shi
1285:Zhang Gui
1277:(318–376)
1222:(304–329)
1162:(304–347)
1160:Cheng-Han
1049:Later Qin
947:Recreated
857:Qifu Mumo
850:Qifu Mumo
843:Qifu Mumo
808:Children
599:Yang Ding
567:Yao Chang
563:Later Qin
483:Lady Bian
270:Era dates
252:Qǐfú (乞伏)
239:Full name
203:Successor
197:Recreated
175:Successor
149:Ruler of
31:does not
2062:Zhai Wei
2032:Duan Sui
2003:Duan Kan
1849:Yang Shi
1844:Yang Jun
1839:Yang Guo
1834:Yang Chu
1600:Lü Guang
1547:Yao Hong
1542:Yao Xing
1462:Fu Chong
1435:Fu Sheng
1381:Liu Xian
1370:Shi Jian
1350:Shi Hong
1252:Jin Zhun
1241:Liu Cong
1229:Liu Yuan
1220:Han-Zhao
1183:Li Xiong
1077:Yao Xing
1067:Fu Chong
1057:Yao Xing
1001:400–409
964:409–412
953:Himself
940:Himself
930:388–400
801:Queen Fu
771:Mandarin
687:Chang'an
632:Tianshui
579:Fu Chong
571:Yao Xing
565:emperor
541:Lü Guang
444:era name
1986:Ran Zhi
1980:Ran Min
1971:Ran Wei
1829:Yang Yi
1810:Chouchi
1795:Feng Ba
1790:Gao Yun
1665:Duan Ye
1617:Lü Long
1612:Lü Zuan
1606:Lü Shao
1502:Lan Han
1450:Fu Deng
1440:Fu Jiān
1430:Fu Jiàn
1375:Shi Zhi
1365:Shi Zun
1360:Shi Shi
1258:Liu Yao
1246:Liu Can
1209:Fan Ben
1198:Li Shou
1096:409–412
1040:388–400
1005:Unknown
783:Father
718:Chouchi
691:Lü Long
625:hostage
595:Qinghai
533:Xiongnu
521:Tuyuhun
510:Fu Deng
499:Lanzhou
491:Xianbei
467:Qinghai
395:Xianbei
393:of the
385:as the
375:Chinese
354:Dynasty
188:409–412
160:388–400
88:scholar
52:removed
37:sources
2179:W. Xia
1742:Li Xun
1737:Li Xin
1732:Li Gao
1355:Shi Hu
1345:Shi Le
1264:Liu Xi
1235:Liu He
1203:Li Shi
1188:Li Ban
1177:Li Liu
985:Vacant
898:
791:Wives
738:Baiyin
613:Baiyin
591:Xining
535:chief
439:Chanyu
391:prince
377::
296:Chanyu
225:Burial
90:
83:
76:
69:
61:
2123:Shang
1445:Fu Pi
1193:Li Qi
1170:Li Te
900:Died:
760:Notes
750:Gansu
742:Gansu
663:Gansu
644:Gansu
640:Wuwei
636:Gansu
617:Gansu
503:Gansu
495:Qiang
463:Gansu
459:Henan
344:House
185:Reign
157:Reign
134:西秦武元王
95:JSTOR
81:books
2195:Qing
2191:Ming
2187:Yuan
2175:Song
2171:Liao
2163:Tang
2127:Zhou
859:430)
852:430)
845:429)
517:khan
465:and
379:乞伏乾歸
348:Qifu
320:lit.
217:Died
67:news
35:any
33:cite
2203:PRC
2199:ROC
2183:Jīn
2159:Sui
2143:Jìn
2135:Han
2131:Qin
2119:Xia
1901:Dai
1752:Xia
902:412
866:of
619:).
554:as
519:of
473:.)
413:'s
369:or
220:412
46:by
2218::
2201:/
2197:→
2193:→
2189:→
2185:→
2181:/
2177:/
2173:/
2169:→
2165:→
2161:→
2157:→
2153:/
2149:→
2145:/
2141:→
2137:→
2133:→
2129:→
2125:→
2121:→
748:,
740:,
720:.
661:,
642:,
634:,
615:,
608:Di
593:,
558:.
523:,
501:,
493:,
259::
250::
1988:)
1984:(
1857:)
1853:(
1690:)
1686:(
1683:)
1679:(
1608:)
1604:(
1504:)
1490:(
1458:)
1454:(
1383:)
1379:(
1287:)
1283:(
1266:)
1262:(
1254:)
1250:(
1237:)
1233:(
1211:)
1207:(
1179:)
1175:(
1172:)
1168:(
1143:e
1136:t
1129:v
373:(
117:)
111:(
106:)
102:(
92:·
85:·
78:·
71:·
54:.
40:.
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