351:
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727:, and then stored for later analysis on magnetic tape or hard disk. At that later time, the data is correlated with data from other antennas similarly recorded, to produce the resulting image. Using this method it is possible to synthesise an antenna that is effectively the size of the Earth. The large distances between the telescopes enable very high angular resolutions to be achieved, much greater in fact than in any other field of astronomy. At the highest frequencies, synthesised beams less than 1
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624:. This group used the principle of a sea-cliff interferometer in which the antenna (formerly a World War II radar) observed the Sun at sunrise with interference arising from the direct radiation from the Sun and the reflected radiation from the sea. With this baseline of almost 200 meters, the authors determined that the solar radiation during the burst phase was much smaller than the solar disk and arose from a region associated with a large
20:
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742:(telescopes in Europe, China, South Africa and Puerto Rico). Each array usually operates separately, but occasional projects are observed together producing increased sensitivity. This is referred to as Global VLBI. There are also a VLBI networks, operating in Australia and New Zealand called the LBA (Long Baseline Array), and arrays in Japan, China and South Korea which observe together to form the East-Asian VLBI Network (EAVN).
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268:. Jansky concluded that since the Sun (and therefore other stars) were not large emitters of radio noise, the strange radio interference may be generated by interstellar gas and dust in the galaxy, in particular, by "thermal agitation of charged particles." (Jansky's peak radio source, one of the brightest in the sky, was designated
390:, created a radiophysics group at the university where radio wave emissions from the Sun were observed and studied. This early research soon branched out into the observation of other celestial radio sources and interferometry techniques were pioneered to isolate the angular source of the detected emissions.
246:; the time it took for "fixed" astronomical objects, such as a star, to pass in front of the antenna every time the Earth rotated. By comparing his observations with optical astronomical maps, Jansky eventually concluded that the radiation source peaked when his antenna was aimed at the densest part of the
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Since its inception, recording data onto hard media was the only way to bring the data recorded at each telescope together for later correlation. However, the availability today of worldwide, high-bandwidth networks makes it possible to do VLBI in real time. This technique (referred to as e-VLBI) was
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In April 1933, closing in on nearly two years of study, Jansky read his breakthrough paper, "Electrical
Disturbances Apparently of Extraterrestrial Origin," before a meeting of the International Scientific Radio Union in Washington, DC. The strongest of the extraterrestrial waves, he found, emanate
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will add to each other while two waves that have opposite phases will cancel each other out. This creates a combined telescope that is the size of the antennas furthest apart in the array. In order to produce a high quality image, a large number of different separations between different telescopes
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crossing the view of his directional antenna. Continued analysis, however, showed that the source was not following the 24-hour daily cycle of the Sun exactly, but instead repeating on a cycle of 23 hours and 56 minutes. Jansky discussed the puzzling phenomena with his friend, astrophysicist Albert
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Jansky died in 1950 at the age of 44, the result of a massive stroke stemming from his kidney disease. When that first 1933 paper was reprinted in
Proceedings of the IEEE in 1984, the editors noted that Jansky's work would mostly likely have won a Nobel prize, had the scientist not died so young.
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In order to improve harmonisation in spectrum utilisation, the majority of service-allocations stipulated in this document were incorporated in national Tables of
Frequency Allocations and Utilisations which is with-in the responsibility of the appropriate national administration. The allocation
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After 1935, Jansky wanted to investigate the radio waves from the Milky Way in further detail, but Bell Labs reassigned him to another project, so he did no further work in the field of astronomy. His pioneering efforts in the field of radio astronomy have been recognized by the naming of the
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Radio astronomers use different techniques to observe objects in the radio spectrum. Instruments may simply be pointed at an energetic radio source to analyze its emission. To "image" a region of the sky in more detail, multiple overlapping scans can be recorded and pieced together in a
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The
Cambridge group of Ryle and Vonberg observed the Sun at 175 MHz for the first time in mid July 1946 with a Michelson interferometer consisting of two radio antennas with spacings of some tens of meters up to 240 meters. They showed that the radio radiation was smaller than 10
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from a region in
Sagittarius centered around right ascension 18 hours and declination β 20 degrees β in other words, from the direction of the galactic center. Jansky's discovery made the front page of the New York Times on 5 May 1933, and the field of radio astronomy was born.
261:
Jansky announced his discovery at a meeting in
Washington, D.C., in April 1933 and the field of radio astronomy was born. In October 1933, his discovery was published in a journal article entitled "Electrical disturbances apparently of extraterrestrial origin" in the
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like Jansky, also detected radiowaves from the Sun. Both researchers were bound by wartime security surrounding radar, so Reber, who was not, published his 1944 findings first. Several other people independently discovered solar radio waves, including
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was inspired by Jansky's work, and built a parabolic radio telescope 9m in diameter in his backyard in 1937. He began by repeating Jansky's observations, and then conducted the first sky survey in the radio frequencies. On
February 27, 1942,
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are required (the projected separation between any two telescopes as seen from the radio source is called a "baseline") β as many different baselines as possible are required in order to get a good quality image. For example, the
636:
had been demonstrated by numerous groups in
Australia, Iran and the UK during World War II, who had observed interference fringes (the direct radar return radiation and the reflected signal from the sea) from incoming aircraft.
584:, VLA), and an image of the center section (VLBA) using a Very Long Baseline Array (Global VLBI) consisting of antennas in the US, Germany, Italy, Finland, Sweden and Spain. The jet of particles is suspected to be powered by a
236:
pen-and-paper recording system kept recording a persistent repeating signal or "hiss" of unknown origin. Since the signal peaked about every 24 hours, Jansky first suspected the source of the interference was the
929:
790:. This is because radio astronomy allows us to see things that are not detectable in optical astronomy. Such objects represent some of the most extreme and energetic physical processes in the universe.
770:
A radio image of the central region of the Milky Way galaxy. The arrow indicates a supernova remnant which is the location of a newly discovered transient, bursting low-frequency radio source
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originally pioneered in Japan, and more recently adopted in
Australia and in Europe by the EVN (European VLBI Network) who perform an increasing number of scientific e-VLBI projects per year.
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inversions required, they used aperture synthesis to create a 'One-Mile' and later a '5 km' effective aperture using the One-Mile and Ryle telescopes, respectively. They used the
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Beginning in the 1970s, improvements in the stability of radio telescope receivers permitted telescopes from all over the world (and even in Earth orbit) to be combined to perform
529:, whereas a radio telescope "dish" many times that size may, depending on the wavelength observed, only be able to resolve an object the size of the full moon (30 minutes of arc).
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was also first detected using radio telescopes. However, radio telescopes have also been used to investigate objects much closer to home, including observations of the
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counterparts. For example, a 1-meter diameter optical telescope is two million times bigger than the wavelength of light observed giving it a resolution of roughly 0.3
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between 1897 and 1900. These attempts were unable to detect any emission due to technical limitations of the instruments. The discovery of the radio reflecting
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in size and also detected circular polarization in the Type I bursts. Two other groups had also detected circular polarization at about the same time (
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wavelengths at very high and dry sites, in order to minimize the water vapor content in the line of sight. Finally, transmitting devices on Earth may cause
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Radio astronomy has led to substantial increases in astronomical knowledge, particularly with the discovery of several classes of new objects, including
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Before Jansky observed the Milky Way in the 1930s, physicists speculated that radio waves could be observed from astronomical sources. In the 1860s,
466:'s surface are limited to wavelengths that can pass through the atmosphere. At low frequencies or long wavelengths, transmission is limited by the
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at the center of the galaxy at a point now designated as
Sagittarius A*. The asterisk indicates that the particles at Sagittarius A are ionized.)
4881:
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2648:
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Gillessen, S.; Eisenhauer, F.; Trippe, S.; et al. (2009). "Monitoring Stellar Orbits around the Massive Black Hole in the Galactic Center".
264:
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in 1902, led physicists to conclude that the layer would bounce any astronomical radio transmission back into space, making them undetectable.
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723:. Instead of physically connecting the antennas, data received at each antenna is paired with timing information, usually from a local
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127:, as the resolving power of an interferometer is set by the distance between its components, rather than the size of its components.
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interferes with radio astronomy at higher frequencies, which has led to building radio observatories that conduct observations at
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in that the former is a passive observation (i.e., receiving only) and the latter an active one (transmitting and receiving).
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ITU Radio Regulations, CHAPTER II β Frequencies, ARTICLE 5 Frequency allocations, Section IV β Table of Frequency Allocations
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in 1946. The first use of a radio interferometer for an astronomical observation was carried out by Payne-Scott, Pawsey and
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Window of radio waves observable from Earth, on rough plot of Earth's atmospheric absorption and scattering (or
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Hendrik Christoffel van de Hulst (1945). "Radiostraling uit het wereldruim. II. Herkomst der radiogolven".
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Earth's radio signal is mostly natural and stronger than for example Jupiter's, but is produced by Earth's
486:
399:
363:
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Melvin Skellett, who pointed out that the observed time between the signal peaks was the exact length of a
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image. The type of instrument used depends on the strength of the signal and the amount of detail needed.
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consist of widely separated radio telescopes observing the same object that are connected together using
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72:. Subsequent observations have identified a number of different sources of radio emission. These include
65:
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350:
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2222:"A technological breakthrough for radio astronomy β Astronomical observations via high-speed data link"
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1865:"This Month in Physics History May 5, 1933: The New York Times Covers Discovery of Cosmic Radio Waves"
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UnwantedEmissions.com A general reference for radio spectrum allocations, including radio astronomy.
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115:, that are either used singularly, or with multiple linked telescopes utilizing the techniques of
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involving the use of radio astronomy". Subject of this radiocommunication service is to receive
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680:. This not only increases the total signal collected, it can also be used in a process called
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near Cambridge in the 1950s. During the late 1960s and early 1970s, as computers (such as the
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research officer, made the first detection of radio waves emitted by the Sun. Later that year
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in a strong magnetic field. Current thinking is that these are ions in orbit around a massive
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Science, Cold War and American State: Lloyd V. Berkner and the Balance of Professional Ideals
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The New Astronomy: Opening the Electromagnetic Window and Expanding Our View of Planet Earth
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ITU Radio Regulations, Section IV. Radio Stations and Systems β Article 1.58, definition:
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159:, the world's first radio telescope, which was used to discover radio emissions from the
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23.6β24
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The difficulty in achieving high resolutions with single radio telescopes led to radio
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Today the "jansky" is the unit of measurement for radio wave intensity (flux density).
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The Early Years of Radio Astronomy: Reflections Fifty Years after Jansky's Discovery.
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1932:
1825:"Precessing jets in Sagittarius A β Gas dynamics in the central parsec of the galaxy"
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Radio telescopes may need to be extremely large in order to receive signals with low
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A Single Sky: How an International Community Forged the Science of Radio Astronomy.
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2019:
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primary allocation: is indicated by writing in capital letters (see example below)
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515:" in proportion to the wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation being observed,
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60:. The first detection of radio waves from an astronomical object was in 1933, when
27:
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1609:(October 1933). "Electrical disturbances apparently of extraterrestrial origin".
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exclusive or shared utilization: is within the responsibility of administrations
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Orchiston, W. (2005). "Dr Elizabeth Alexander: First Female Radio Astronomer".
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Introduction To "Electrical Disturbances Apparently Of Extraterrestrial Origin"
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1632:(July 1998). "Electrical disturbances apparently of extraterrestrial origin".
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224:, he was assigned the task to investigate static that might interfere with
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2123:. Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Vol. 334. pp. 71β92.
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Subfield of astronomy that studies celestial objects at radio frequencies
1979:
Kellerman, K. I. (1999). "Grote Reber's Observations on Cosmic Static".
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31.3β31.5
901:
489:. Because of this, many radio observatories are built at remote places.
295:
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4779:
4259:
3141:
2809:
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are a type of supernova remnant that shows highly synchronous emission.
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35:
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1677:(October 1935). "A note on the source of interstellar interference".
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to vastly increase resolution. This technique works by superposing ("
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in a ground-breaking paper published in 1947. The use of a sea-cliff
470:, which reflects waves with frequencies less than its characteristic
327:
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221:
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radio astronomy service / radio astronomy radiocommunication service
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Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science
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2725:
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123:. The use of interferometry allows radio astronomy to achieve high
101:
3176:
1784:
1328:
22.21β22.5
1319:
15.35β15.4
1310:
14.47β14.5
1301:
10.68β10.7
3601:
3034:
3020:
2341:"The Earth is a Strong Radio Source even without Man's Tinkering"
2170:
817:
625:
336:
2497:
Explorers of the Southern Sky: A History of Australian Astronomy
2437:
2399:
Gart Westerhout (1972). "The early history of radio astronomy".
1000:
the frequency bands are allocated (primary or secondary) to the
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3621:
3226:
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3043:
3015:
3010:
3005:
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25 550β25 650
886:
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847:
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557:(ALMA), many antennas linked together in a radio interferometer
456:
359:
289:
190:. Several attempts were made to detect radio emission from the
89:
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77:
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and Australian engineer, radiophysicist, and radio astronomer
406:. The radio astronomy group in Cambridge went on to found the
3740:
2900:
2796:
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2155:. Cambridge University: Department of Physics. Archived from
1952:
Southworth, G.C. (1945). "Microwave radiation from the Sun".
1159:
1 400β1 427 EARTH EXPLORATION-SATELLITE (passive)
974:
The allocation of radio frequencies is provided according to
478:
475:
463:
387:
4193:
1871:. American Physical Society (May 2015) Volume 24, Number 5.
705:
has 27 telescopes giving 351 independent baselines at once.
202:
in 1896 and a centimeter wave radiation apparatus set up by
3222:
2895:
2890:
2622:
2604:
2572:
Green Bank, WV: National Radio Astronomy Observatory, 1983.
2252:
The Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
1023: Region 3
1020: Region 2
1017: Region 1
693:
689:
414:) became capable of handling the computationally intensive
73:
2060:
Report of the Investigation of the "Norfolk Island Effect"
216:
made the discovery of the first astronomical radio source
4369:
2915:
1769:
812:
798:
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in the 1950s and was later hypothesized to be emitted by
238:
220:
in the early 1930s. As a newly hired radio engineer with
191:
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Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy
2636:
Visualization of Radio Telescope Data Using Google Earth
2535:
Introduction to Solar Radio Astronomy and Radio Physics.
2526:
Jobn D. Kraus, Martt; E. Tiuri, and Antti V. RΓ€isΓ€nen,
738:(with telescopes located across North America) and the
628:
group. The Australia group laid out the principles of
580:), a radio image of same galaxy using interferometry (
80:, as well as entirely new classes of objects, such as
2579:
Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1984.
1577:"Karl Jansky and the Discovery of Cosmic Radio Waves"
2646:
Improving Radio Astronomy Images by Array Processing
2461:
The Invisible Universe: The Story of Radio Astronomy
2085:
Alexander, F.E.S. (1946). "The Sun's radio energy".
1660:
along with an explanatory preface by W.A. Imbriale,
1360:
982:
might be primary, secondary, exclusive, and shared.
734:
The pre-eminent VLBI arrays operating today are the
708:
692:
from the different telescopes on the principle that
374:, where ionospheric research had taken place during
2495:Raymond Haynes, Roslynn Haynes, and Richard McGee,
2197:"East Asia VLBI Network and Asia Pacific Telescope"
989:
secondary allocation: is indicated by small letters
194:including an experiment by German astrophysicists
3622:Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network
2584:Cosmic Noise: A History of Early Radio Astronomy.
2554:Joseph Lade Pawsey and Ronald Newbold Bracewell,
228:transatlantic voice transmissions. Using a large
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2064:Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
2045:Department of Scientific and Industrial Research
1715:Relativity, Astrophysics and Cosmology: Volume 1
2398:
1525:
265:Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers
3508:Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment
2614:Reber Radio Telescope β National Park Services
1494:
1492:
1008:
521:have to be much larger in comparison to their
4209:
3192:
2679:
2605:nrao.edu National Radio Astronomy Observatory
2593:. Reidel Publishing Company, Dordrecht, 1982.
2570:Serendipitous Discoveries in Radio Astronomy.
978:of the ITU Radio Regulations (edition 2012).
801:and solar activity, and radar mapping of the
762:Radio object with continuous optical spectrum
616:converted radar antenna (broadside array) at
3498:Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder
2693:
2477:Princeton University Press, Princeton 2016,
1501:World of Scientific Discovery on Karl Jansky
430:(3C) Cambridge Catalogues of Radio Sources.
3292:500 meter Aperture Spherical Telescope
1528:"Radio waves from outside the solar system"
1489:
907:Goldstone Deep Space Communications Complex
896:
545:Radio telescope Β§ Radio interferometry
386:that had carried out wartime research into
4216:
4202:
3199:
3185:
2755:
2686:
2672:
2402:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1951:
1742:Viewing the Constellations with Binoculars
944:radio astronomy radiocommunication service
850:have jets of charged particles which emit
402:developed the technique of Earth-rotation
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2118:
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2084:
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2038:
2023:
1978:
1848:
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384:Telecommunications Research Establishment
306:, world's first parabolic radio telescope
107:Radio astronomy is conducted using large
3612:Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope
3449:Warkworth Radio Astronomical Observatory
1447:WΓΌrzburg radar#Post-war use in astronomy
1009:
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596:, developed by British radio astronomer
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18:
2440:Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Natuurkunde
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948:International Telecommunication Union's
946:) is, according to Article 1.58 of the
749:
532:
4974:
2296:from the original on 12 September 2009
2005:
1875:from the original on 14 September 2021
1738:
1673:
1628:
1605:
1583:from the original on 29 September 2021
866:can also show diffuse radio emission;
511:is a function of the diameter of the "
4197:
4113:Cosmic microwave background radiation
3850:Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory
3572:Large Latin American Millimeter Array
3180:
2667:
1822:
795:cosmic microwave background radiation
98:cosmic microwave background radiation
4955:
4178:
3826:National Radio Astronomy Observatory
3720:Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope
2631:Society of Amateur Radio Astronomers
2530:, 2nd ed, Cygnus-Quasar Books, 1986.
1472:National Radio Astronomy Observatory
1465:
837:thought to be a radio wave emitting
422:to map the radio sky, producing the
104:, was made through radio astronomy.
3818:Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory
3206:
2568:D.T. Wilkinson and P.J.E. Peebles,
2492:. Cambridge University Press, 1985.
1922:
1857:
492:
408:Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory
68:reported radiation coming from the
13:
3652:Northern Extended Millimeter Array
2738:
2499:. Cambridge University Press 1996.
2470:. Cambridge University Press 1990.
2423:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1972.tb12724.x
2386:
1568:
14:
5008:
3488:Australia Telescope Compact Array
3310:Caltech Submillimeter Observatory
3253:Very Long Baseline Interferometry
2598:
2586:Cambridge University Press, 2009.
2561:Kristen Rohlfs, Thomas L Wilson,
2504:The Evolution of Radio Astronomy.
1954:Journal of the Franklin Institute
1579:. American Astronomical Society.
1142:MOBILE except aeronautical mobile
860:often show diffuse radio emission
721:very-long-baseline interferometry
715:Very-long-baseline interferometry
709:Very-long-baseline interferometry
4954:
4943:
4942:
4713:Southern African Large Telescope
4177:
4168:
4167:
2066:, Radio Development Laboratory.
1468:"Pre-History of Radio Astronomy"
1377:
1363:
382:along with other members of the
3542:Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope
3410:UTR-2 decameter radio telescope
2544:Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2013.
2521:Introduction to Radio Astronomy
2371:
2359:
2308:
2228:from the original on 2008-12-03
2214:
2203:from the original on 2021-04-28
2189:
2177:from the original on 1 May 2021
2163:
2145:
2078:
2051:
2047:, Radio Development Laboratory.
2032:
1999:
1972:
1945:
1916:
1905:from the original on 2020-08-07
1891:
1816:
1508:from the original on 2012-01-21
1478:from the original on 2020-06-15
1044:
572:An optical image of the galaxy
358:first recognised evidence of a
100:, regarded as evidence for the
3642:Northern Cross Radio Telescope
3478:Atacama Large Millimeter Array
2610:The History of Radio Astronomy
2511:Radio Astronomy and Cosmology.
2468:Modern Cosmology in Retrospect
1763:
1732:
1705:
1667:
1599:
1519:
1459:
1393:Atacama Large Millimeter Array
555:Atacama Large Millimeter Array
1:
4223:
2008:"175 MHz-Strahlung der Sonne"
1739:KambiΔ, B. (6 October 2009).
1452:
1132:406.1β410 FIXED
1105:322β328.6 FIXED
433:
130:Radio astronomy differs from
4997:Astronomical sub-disciplines
4092:Gravitational-wave astronomy
3670:Primeval Structure Telescope
2506:Neale Watson Academic, 1973.
2246:Shields, Gregory A. (1999).
1966:10.1016/0016-0032(45)90163-3
1802:10.1088/0004-637X/692/2/1075
1627:Reprinted 65 years later as
1015:
696:that coincide with the same
588:in the center of the galaxy.
487:radio-frequency interference
450:of electromagnetic radiation
400:Cavendish Astrophysics Group
364:Cambridge University Library
7:
4004:Christiaan Alexander Muller
3870:Vermilion River Observatory
3778:Algonquin Radio Observatory
3243:Astronomical interferometer
2787:Ultra-high-energy gamma ray
2626:Goddard Space Flight Center
2591:Classics in Radio Astronomy
1356:
996:In line to the appropriate
875:cosmic microwave background
612:on 26 January 1946 using a
539:Astronomical interferometry
222:Bell Telephone Laboratories
66:Bell Telephone Laboratories
10:
5013:
3344:Large Millimeter Telescope
2782:Very-high-energy gamma ray
2589:Woodruff T. Sullivan III,
2582:Woodruff T. Sullivan III,
2575:Woodruff T. Sullivan III,
2475:Essential Radio Astronomy.
2058:Alexander, F.E.S. (1945).
2039:Alexander, F.E.S. (1945).
1718:. Wiley-VCH. p. 163.
1691:10.1109/JRPROC.1935.227275
1623:10.1109/JRPROC.1933.227458
1281:satellite (Earth-to-space)
1246:SATELLITE (Earth-to-space)
956:radiocommunication service
922:Green Bank radio telescope
759:
753:
712:
542:
536:
496:
232:, Jansky noticed that his
139:
4937:
4729:
4706:Large Binocular Telescope
4671:Extremely Large Telescope
4664:Extremely large telescope
4637:
4520:
4460:
4381:
4343:
4304:
4297:
4231:
4163:
4100:
4062:
3916:
3881:
3768:
3733:
3632:Murchison Widefield Array
3552:Green Bank Interferometer
3460:
3376:RATAN-600 Radio Telescope
3282:
3267:
3259:Astronomical radio source
3214:
3140:
3067:
2996:
2924:
2876:
2818:
2795:
2772:
2701:
2619:Radio Telescope Developed
2473:James J. Condon, et al.:
2041:Long Wave Solar Radiation
1772:The Astrophysical Journal
1648:10.1109/JPROC.1998.681378
1434:(radio instrument on the
1345:
1336:
1327:
1318:
1309:
1300:
1287:
1250:
1215:
1185:
1158:
1131:
1104:
1069:
1061:
1027:
756:Astronomical radio source
186:, and could exist at any
176:electromagnetic radiation
4678:Gran Telescopio Canarias
3842:Onsala Space Observatory
3834:Nançay Radio Observatory
3810:Jodrell Bank Observatory
3710:Very Long Baseline Array
3386:Sardinia Radio Telescope
2695:Electromagnetic spectrum
2563:Tools of Radio Astronomy
2248:"A brief history of AGN"
2025:10.1002/phbl.19470030508
1575:Hirshfeld, Alan (2018).
1526:Jansky, Karl G. (1933).
1173:SPACE RESEARCH (passive)
897:International regulation
881:radio/microwave emission
736:Very Long Baseline Array
420:Cambridge Interferometer
362:, in 1967 (exhibited at
4987:Observational astronomy
4773:Astrology and astronomy
4483:Gravitational radiation
4072:Submillimetre astronomy
3684:Australia, South Africa
3536:Event Horizon Telescope
2658:What is Radio Astronomy
2621:β a brief history from
2129:10.1007/1-4020-3724-4_5
2087:Radio & Electronics
1002:radio astronomy service
940:Radio astronomy service
839:supermassive black hole
808:Other sources include:
324:George Clark Southworth
96:. The discovery of the
4692:Hubble Space Telescope
3794:Green Bank Observatory
3680:Square Kilometre Array
2743:
2558:Clarendon Press, 1955.
2517:Roger Clifton Jennison
2466:Bruno Bertotti (ed.),
1712:BeluseviΔ, R. (2008).
1011:Allocation to services
966:or celestial objects.
936:
925:
913:
844:Active galactic nuclei
775:
589:
565:
558:
462:Observations from the
451:
367:
307:
163:
42:
4796:Astroparticle physics
4531:Australian Aboriginal
4087:High-energy astronomy
3974:Sebastian von Hoerner
3582:Long Wavelength Array
3528:European VLBI Network
3468:Allen Telescope Array
3368:Qitai Radio Telescope
2742:
2488:Robin Michael Green,
2345:Geophysical Institute
2012:Physikalische BlΓ€tter
1981:Astrophysical Journal
1829:Astrophysical Journal
934:
919:
904:
852:synchrotron radiation
769:
740:European VLBI Network
662:radio interferometers
571:
564:
552:
505:signal-to-noise ratio
441:
353:
298:
147:
22:
4992:Astronomical imaging
4788:Astronomers Monument
4720:Very Large Telescope
4267:Astronomical symbols
4155:Solar radio emission
3944:Jocelyn Bell Burnell
3802:Haystack Observatory
3336:Green Bank Telescope
3320:Effelsberg Telescope
1823:Brown, R.L. (1982).
1749:. pp. 131β133.
970:Frequency allocation
954:(RR), defined as "A
935:Jupiter radio-bursts
920:Antenna 110m of the
905:Antenna 70 m of the
750:Astronomical sources
533:Radio interferometry
372:Cambridge University
356:Jocelyn Bell Burnell
284:fundamental unit of
117:radio interferometry
4861:List of astronomers
4274:Astronomical object
4128:Pulsar timing array
3934:Edward George Bowen
3924:Elizabeth Alexander
3786:Arecibo Observatory
3690:Submillimeter Array
3592:Low-Frequency Array
3562:Korean VLBI Network
3428:Southern Hemisphere
3339:(West Virginia, US)
2828:Extreme ultraviolet
2490:Spherical Astronomy
2415:1972NYASA.198..211W
2274:1999PASP..111..661S
2224:. 26 January 2004.
2173:. 7 December 2016.
2072:1945rdlr.book.....A
2006:Schott, E. (1947).
1993:1999ApJ...525C.371K
1841:1982ApJ...262..110B
1794:2009ApJ...692.1075G
1544:1933Natur.132...66J
1403:Gamma-ray astronomy
1350:and other services
1341:and other services
1332:and other services
1323:and other services
1314:and other services
1305:and other services
1296:and other services
1276:Radiodetermination-
1241:RADIODETERMINATION-
889:and bounces at the
833:, with one portion
676:, or other type of
341:Elizabeth Alexander
230:directional antenna
178:is associated with
168:James Clerk Maxwell
157:Holmdel, New Jersey
153:directional antenna
4847:Physical cosmology
4108:Aperture synthesis
4077:Infrared astronomy
4014:Joseph Lade Pawsey
3984:Kenneth Kellermann
3954:Nan Dieter-Conklin
3662:One-Mile Telescope
3441:Parkes Observatory
2833:Vacuum ultraviolet
2744:
2651:2011-04-04 at the
2551:. Routledge, 2000.
2547:Allan A. Needell,
2540:David P.D. Munns,
2509:David L. Jauncey,
2171:"VLBI at the ATNF"
1923:Hey, J.S. (1975).
1675:Jansky, Karl Guthe
1630:Jansky, Karl Guthe
1607:Jansky, Karl Guthe
1408:Infrared astronomy
937:
926:
914:
864:Supernova remnants
776:
682:aperture synthesis
630:aperture synthesis
602:Joseph Lade Pawsey
590:
566:
559:
509:angular resolution
452:
404:aperture synthesis
368:
308:
164:
125:angular resolution
121:aperture synthesis
43:
4969:
4968:
4854:Quantum cosmology
4840:Planetary geology
4633:
4632:
4344:Celestial subject
4191:
4190:
4133:Radio propagation
4082:Optical astronomy
3979:Karl Guthe Jansky
3789:(Puerto Rico, US)
3764:
3763:
3556:West Virginia, US
3305:(Puerto Rico, US)
3302:Arecibo Telescope
3174:
3173:
2878:Visible (optical)
2533:Albrecht KrΓΌger,
2153:"Radio Astronomy"
2138:978-1-4020-3723-8
1756:978-0-387-85355-0
1725:978-3-527-40764-4
1354:
1353:
1254:MOBILE-SATELLITE
1219:MOBILE-SATELLITE
1189:MOBILE-SATELLITE
952:Radio Regulations
932:
893:back into space.
678:transmission line
655:James Stanley Hey
649:in Australia and
622:Sydney, Australia
416:Fourier transform
316:James Stanley Hey
304:Wheaton, Illinois
292:(Jy), after him.
155:(early 1930s) in
151:and his rotating
58:radio frequencies
54:celestial objects
48:is a subfield of
5004:
4962:
4958:
4957:
4950:
4946:
4945:
4930:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4900:
4891:
4884:
4877:
4875:Medieval Islamic
4870:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4842:
4835:
4828:
4819:
4812:
4805:
4798:
4791:
4782:
4775:
4768:
4761:
4759:Astroinformatics
4754:
4747:
4740:
4738:Archaeoastronomy
4722:
4715:
4708:
4701:
4699:Keck Observatory
4694:
4687:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4659:
4652:
4626:
4617:
4610:
4603:
4596:
4594:Medieval Islamic
4589:
4582:
4575:
4568:
4561:
4554:
4547:
4540:
4533:
4513:
4506:
4499:
4492:
4485:
4478:
4471:
4453:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4423:
4421:
4413:
4411:
4399:
4392:
4372:
4365:
4358:
4336:
4329:
4322:
4315:
4302:
4301:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4269:
4262:
4253:
4246:
4239:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4195:
4194:
4181:
4180:
4171:
4170:
4148:HD 164595 signal
4123:Odd radio circle
4101:Related articles
4019:Ruby Payne-Scott
3949:Arthur Covington
3939:Ronald Bracewell
3909:
3901:
3893:
3874:
3865:
3855:
3846:
3838:
3830:
3822:
3814:
3806:
3798:
3790:
3782:
3756:
3746:
3725:
3715:
3705:
3700:Very Large Array
3695:
3685:
3675:
3666:
3657:
3647:
3637:
3627:
3617:
3607:
3597:
3587:
3577:
3576:Argentina/Brazil
3567:
3557:
3547:
3532:
3523:
3513:
3503:
3493:
3483:
3473:
3453:
3445:
3437:
3429:
3422:
3418:Yevpatoria RT-70
3414:
3406:
3398:
3390:
3381:
3372:
3364:
3356:
3352:Lovell Telescope
3348:
3340:
3332:
3324:
3315:
3306:
3297:
3280:
3279:
3269:Radio telescopes
3201:
3194:
3187:
3178:
3177:
2765:
2763:
2756:
2749:
2688:
2681:
2674:
2665:
2664:
2565:. Springer 2003.
2556:Radio Astronomy.
2458:Gerrit Verschuur
2447:
2434:
2380:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2318:. Archived from
2312:
2306:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2267:
2265:astro-ph/9903401
2258:(760): 661β678.
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2208:
2193:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2182:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2149:
2143:
2142:
2116:
2110:
2100:holdings at NLNZ
2094:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2055:
2049:
2048:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2003:
1997:
1996:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1927:(2nd ed.).
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1882:
1880:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1820:
1814:
1813:
1787:
1778:(2): 1075β1109.
1767:
1761:
1760:
1736:
1730:
1729:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1671:
1665:
1659:
1642:(7): 1510β1515.
1626:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1555:
1553:10.1038/132066a0
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1496:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1463:
1442:Radio Galaxy Zoo
1438:Jupiter orbiter)
1387:
1385:Astronomy portal
1382:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1259:(Earth-to-space)
1224:(Earth-to-space)
1194:(Earth-to-space)
1007:
1006:
933:
703:Very Large Array
610:Lindsay McCready
606:Ruby Payne-Scott
582:Very Large Array
518:radio telescopes
493:Radio telescopes
472:plasma frequency
196:Johannes Wilsing
113:radio telescopes
28:Very Large Array
5012:
5011:
5007:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
5001:
4982:Radio astronomy
4972:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4953:
4941:
4933:
4926:
4917:
4910:
4905:X-ray telescope
4903:
4896:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4845:
4838:
4831:
4824:
4815:
4808:
4801:
4794:
4785:
4778:
4771:
4764:
4757:
4750:
4743:
4736:
4725:
4718:
4711:
4704:
4697:
4690:
4683:
4676:
4669:
4662:
4655:
4648:
4640:
4629:
4622:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4592:
4585:
4578:
4571:
4564:
4557:
4550:
4543:
4536:
4529:
4516:
4511:Multi-messenger
4509:
4502:
4495:
4488:
4481:
4474:
4467:
4456:
4449:
4440:
4433:
4426:
4419:
4416:
4407:
4402:
4395:
4388:
4377:
4368:
4361:
4350:
4339:
4334:Space telescope
4332:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4293:
4286:
4279:
4272:
4265:
4258:
4249:
4242:
4235:
4227:
4222:
4192:
4187:
4159:
4096:
4064:
4058:
4044:Gart Westerhout
3912:
3907:
3899:
3891:
3877:
3872:
3863:
3853:
3852:(PRAO ASC LPI,
3844:
3836:
3828:
3820:
3812:
3804:
3796:
3788:
3780:
3760:
3754:
3744:
3729:
3723:
3713:
3703:
3693:
3683:
3673:
3664:
3655:
3645:
3635:
3625:
3615:
3605:
3595:
3585:
3575:
3565:
3555:
3545:
3530:
3521:
3511:
3501:
3491:
3481:
3471:
3461:Interferometers
3456:
3451:
3443:
3435:
3427:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3402:Usuda Telescope
3396:
3388:
3379:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3346:
3338:
3330:
3322:
3313:
3304:
3295:
3284:
3271:
3263:
3233:Radio telescope
3210:
3208:Radio astronomy
3205:
3175:
3170:
3136:
3063:
3038:
3024:
2992:
2920:
2872:
2814:
2791:
2768:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2745:
2697:
2692:
2660:β Radioastrolab
2653:Wayback Machine
2601:
2596:
2528:Radio Astronomy
2389:
2387:Further reading
2384:
2383:
2376:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2347:. June 23, 1983
2339:
2338:
2334:
2325:
2323:
2314:
2313:
2309:
2299:
2297:
2244:
2240:
2231:
2229:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2206:
2204:
2195:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2178:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2151:
2150:
2146:
2139:
2117:
2113:
2083:
2079:
2056:
2052:
2037:
2033:
2004:
2000:
1977:
1973:
1950:
1946:
1939:
1921:
1917:
1908:
1906:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1878:
1876:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1821:
1817:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1710:
1706:
1672:
1668:
1604:
1600:
1586:
1584:
1573:
1569:
1524:
1520:
1511:
1509:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1481:
1479:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1423:X-ray astronomy
1413:Radar astronomy
1383:
1378:
1376:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1348:RADIO ASTRONOMY
1339:RADIO ASTRONOMY
1330:RADIO ASTRONOMY
1321:RADIO ASTRONOMY
1312:RADIO ASTRONOMY
1303:RADIO ASTRONOMY
1294:RADIO ASTRONOMY
1277:
1272:RADIONAVIGATION
1268:
1266:
1264:RADIO ASTRONOMY
1255:
1252:
1251:1 610.6β1 613.8
1242:
1237:RADIONAVIGATION
1233:
1231:
1229:RADIO ASTRONOMY
1220:
1217:
1216:1 610.6β1 613.8
1212:
1211:
1207:RADIONAVIGATION
1203:
1201:
1199:RADIO ASTRONOMY
1190:
1187:
1186:1 610.6β1 613.8
1172:
1170:RADIO ASTRONOMY
1160:
1145:RADIO ASTRONOMY
1143:
1133:
1118:RADIO ASTRONOMY
1116:
1106:
1089:Radio astronomy
1087:
1075:
1064:RADIO ASTRONOMY
1046:RADIO ASTRONOMY
1033:
972:
962:transmitted by
928:
899:
858:galaxy clusters
827:Galactic Center
772:GCRT J1745-3009
764:
758:
752:
717:
711:
651:Edward Appleton
547:
541:
535:
501:
499:Radio telescope
495:
436:
380:J. A. Ratcliffe
354:Chart on which
218:serendipitously
200:Julius Scheiner
174:had shown that
142:
133:radar astronomy
111:referred to as
102:Big Bang theory
46:Radio astronomy
17:
12:
11:
5:
5010:
5000:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4951:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4915:
4908:
4894:
4893:
4892:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4857:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4829:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4806:
4799:
4792:
4783:
4776:
4769:
4762:
4755:
4752:Astrochemistry
4748:
4741:
4733:
4731:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4723:
4716:
4709:
4702:
4695:
4688:
4685:Hale Telescope
4681:
4674:
4667:
4660:
4653:
4645:
4643:
4635:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4628:
4627:
4620:
4619:
4618:
4604:
4597:
4590:
4583:
4576:
4569:
4562:
4555:
4548:
4541:
4534:
4526:
4524:
4518:
4517:
4515:
4514:
4507:
4500:
4493:
4486:
4479:
4472:
4464:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4431:
4424:
4418:Visible-light
4414:
4400:
4393:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4359:
4347:
4345:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4308:
4306:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4291:
4284:
4277:
4270:
4263:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4240:
4232:
4229:
4228:
4221:
4220:
4213:
4206:
4198:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4175:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4158:
4157:
4152:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4118:Interferometry
4115:
4110:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4095:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4068:
4066:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3999:Bernard Lovell
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3966:
3961:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3941:
3936:
3931:
3929:John G. Bolton
3926:
3920:
3918:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3910:
3902:
3897:ESA New Norcia
3894:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3875:
3867:
3857:
3847:
3839:
3831:
3823:
3815:
3807:
3799:
3791:
3783:
3774:
3772:
3766:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3758:
3748:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3717:
3707:
3704:New Mexico, US
3697:
3687:
3677:
3667:
3659:
3649:
3639:
3629:
3619:
3609:
3599:
3589:
3586:New Mexico, US
3579:
3569:
3559:
3549:
3539:
3533:
3525:
3522:California, US
3515:
3505:
3495:
3485:
3475:
3472:California, US
3464:
3462:
3458:
3457:
3455:
3454:
3446:
3438:
3436:(South Africa)
3430:
3424:
3423:
3415:
3407:
3399:
3391:
3383:
3373:
3365:
3360:Ooty Telescope
3357:
3349:
3341:
3333:
3325:
3317:
3307:
3299:
3288:
3286:
3277:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3250:
3240:
3230:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3204:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3181:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3073:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3002:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2958:
2953:
2930:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2882:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2830:
2824:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2698:
2691:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2655:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2616:
2607:
2600:
2599:External links
2597:
2595:
2594:
2587:
2580:
2573:
2566:
2559:
2552:
2545:
2538:
2537:Springer 1979.
2531:
2524:
2514:
2513:Springer 1977.
2507:
2500:
2493:
2486:
2471:
2464:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2435:
2409:(1): 211β218.
2395:
2394:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2370:
2358:
2332:
2307:
2282:10.1086/316378
2238:
2213:
2188:
2162:
2159:on 2013-11-10.
2144:
2137:
2111:
2105:2016-07-23 at
2077:
2050:
2031:
2018:(5): 159β160.
1998:
1971:
1960:(4): 285β297.
1944:
1938:978-0080187617
1937:
1929:Pergamon Press
1925:Radio Universe
1915:
1890:
1856:
1850:10.1086/160401
1815:
1762:
1755:
1731:
1724:
1704:
1666:
1598:
1567:
1518:
1488:
1457:
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1454:
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1450:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1425:
1420:
1415:
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1405:
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1395:
1389:
1388:
1374:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1324:
1316:
1315:
1307:
1306:
1298:
1297:
1285:
1284:
1283:
1282:
1274:
1273:
1261:
1260:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1239:
1238:
1226:
1225:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1196:
1195:
1183:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1156:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1102:
1101:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1096:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1091:
1067:
1066:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1048:
1028:13 360β13 410
1025:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1013:
994:
993:
990:
987:
971:
968:
898:
895:
883:
882:
871:
861:
854:
841:
835:Sagittarius A*
820:
815:
788:radio galaxies
754:Main article:
751:
748:
731:are possible.
729:milliarcsecond
713:Main article:
710:
707:
688:") the signal
634:interferometer
594:interferometry
537:Main article:
534:
531:
497:Main article:
494:
491:
435:
432:
345:Norfolk Island
302:'s Antenna at
141:
138:
109:radio antennas
82:radio galaxies
32:interferometer
25:Karl G. Jansky
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5009:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4961:
4952:
4949:
4940:
4939:
4936:
4929:
4925:
4920:
4916:
4913:
4909:
4906:
4902:
4901:
4899:
4895:
4890:
4886:
4883:
4879:
4876:
4872:
4869:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4858:
4855:
4851:
4848:
4844:
4841:
4837:
4834:
4830:
4827:
4823:
4818:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4810:Constellation
4807:
4804:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4781:
4777:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4749:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4721:
4717:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4696:
4693:
4689:
4686:
4682:
4679:
4675:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4644:
4642:
4636:
4625:
4621:
4616:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4602:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4584:
4581:
4577:
4574:
4570:
4567:
4563:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4523:
4519:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4484:
4480:
4477:
4473:
4470:
4466:
4465:
4463:
4461:Other methods
4459:
4452:
4448:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4429:
4425:
4422:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4401:
4398:
4397:Submillimetre
4394:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4371:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4357:
4356:Extragalactic
4353:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4335:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4320:Observational
4317:
4314:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4296:
4289:
4285:
4282:
4278:
4275:
4271:
4268:
4264:
4261:
4257:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4241:
4238:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4219:
4214:
4212:
4207:
4205:
4200:
4199:
4196:
4184:
4176:
4174:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4156:
4153:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4105:
4103:
4099:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4061:
4055:
4054:Robert Wilson
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4039:Govind Swarup
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4000:
3997:
3995:
3994:John D. Kraus
3992:
3990:
3989:Frank J. Kerr
3987:
3985:
3982:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3972:
3970:
3969:Antony Hewish
3967:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3955:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3942:
3940:
3937:
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3930:
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3886:
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3811:
3808:
3803:
3800:
3795:
3792:
3787:
3784:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3771:
3770:Observatories
3767:
3752:
3749:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3721:
3718:
3711:
3708:
3701:
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3374:
3369:
3366:
3361:
3358:
3353:
3350:
3345:
3342:
3337:
3334:
3329:
3328:Galenki RT-70
3326:
3321:
3318:
3311:
3308:
3303:
3300:
3293:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3281:
3278:
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3257:
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3213:
3209:
3202:
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3179:
3167:
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3159:
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3148:
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3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
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3040:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2989:
2986:
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2505:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2491:
2487:
2484:
2483:9780691137797
2480:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2463:Springer 2015
2462:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
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2404:
2403:
2397:
2396:
2392:
2391:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2322:on 2006-01-28
2321:
2317:
2311:
2295:
2291:
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2261:
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2198:
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2172:
2166:
2158:
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2148:
2140:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2108:
2107:archive.today
2104:
2101:
2099:
2092:
2088:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2035:
2026:
2021:
2017:
2014:(in German).
2013:
2009:
2002:
1994:
1990:
1986:
1982:
1975:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1948:
1940:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1904:
1900:
1899:"Grote Reber"
1894:
1887:
1874:
1870:
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1860:
1851:
1846:
1842:
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1834:
1830:
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1758:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1735:
1727:
1721:
1717:
1716:
1708:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1663:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1636:
1631:
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1595:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1495:
1493:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1458:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1418:Time smearing
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1375:
1372:
1361:
1349:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1304:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1267:AERONAUTICAL
1265:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1232:AERONAUTICAL
1230:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1213:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1202:AERONAUTICAL
1200:
1193:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1119:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1103:
1090:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1077:
1076:
1073:
1068:
1065:
1060:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1005:
1003:
999:
991:
988:
985:
984:
983:
979:
977:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
923:
918:
912:
908:
903:
894:
892:
888:
880:
876:
872:
869:
865:
862:
859:
855:
853:
849:
845:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
823:Sagittarius A
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
810:
809:
806:
804:
800:
796:
791:
789:
785:
781:
773:
768:
763:
757:
747:
743:
741:
737:
732:
730:
726:
722:
716:
706:
704:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
674:optical fiber
671:
667:
666:coaxial cable
663:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
638:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
563:
556:
551:
546:
540:
530:
528:
524:
520:
519:
514:
510:
507:. Also since
506:
500:
490:
488:
484:
480:
477:
473:
469:
465:
460:
458:
449:
446:) of various
445:
440:
431:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
396:Antony Hewish
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
365:
361:
357:
352:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
329:
325:
321:
317:
312:
305:
301:
297:
293:
291:
287:
281:
279:
275:
271:
270:Sagittarius A
267:
266:
259:
257:
253:
252:constellation
249:
245:
240:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
137:
135:
134:
128:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
52:that studies
51:
47:
41:
40:United States
37:
33:
29:
26:
21:
4786:
4766:Astrophysics
4745:Astrobiology
4409:Far-infrared
4389:
4363:Local system
4298:Astronomy by
4288:... in space
4063:Astronomy by
4024:Arno Penzias
3964:Cyril Hazard
3606:South Africa
3397:(Uzbekistan)
3237:Radio window
3207:
2746:
2590:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2555:
2548:
2541:
2534:
2527:
2520:
2510:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2474:
2467:
2460:
2443:
2442:(in Dutch).
2439:
2406:
2400:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2361:
2349:. Retrieved
2344:
2335:
2324:. Retrieved
2320:the original
2316:"Conclusion"
2310:
2298:. Retrieved
2255:
2251:
2241:
2230:. Retrieved
2216:
2205:. Retrieved
2191:
2179:. Retrieved
2165:
2157:the original
2147:
2120:
2114:
2097:
2090:
2086:
2080:
2059:
2053:
2040:
2034:
2015:
2011:
2001:
1984:
1980:
1974:
1957:
1953:
1947:
1924:
1918:
1907:. Retrieved
1893:
1884:
1879:21 September
1877:. Retrieved
1868:
1859:
1832:
1828:
1818:
1775:
1771:
1765:
1741:
1734:
1714:
1707:
1685:(10): 1158.
1682:
1678:
1669:
1639:
1633:
1617:(10): 1387.
1614:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1587:21 September
1585:. Retrieved
1570:
1538:(3323): 66.
1535:
1531:
1521:
1510:. Retrieved
1500:
1480:. Retrieved
1461:
1435:
1429:
1371:Radio portal
1347:
1338:
1329:
1320:
1311:
1302:
1293:
1289:
1275:
1263:
1262:
1253:
1240:
1228:
1227:
1218:
1210:
1198:
1197:
1188:
1169:
1144:
1117:
1088:
1074: FIXED
1071:
1063:
1045:
1032: FIXED
1029:
1010:
1004:as follows.
1001:
995:
980:
975:
973:
964:astronomical
943:
939:
938:
884:
807:
792:
777:
744:
733:
725:atomic clock
718:
659:
657:in the UK).
647:David Martyn
639:
613:
591:
516:
502:
461:
453:
376:World War II
369:
320:British Army
309:
286:flux density
282:
263:
260:
244:sidereal day
212:
204:Oliver Lodge
165:
131:
129:
106:
45:
44:
4833:Planetarium
4490:High-energy
4476:Cosmic rays
4428:Ultraviolet
4143:Wow! signal
4034:Martin Ryle
4029:Grote Reber
3959:Frank Drake
3900:(Australia)
3734:Space-based
3724:Netherlands
3596:Netherlands
3566:South Korea
3444:(Australia)
3394:Suffa RT-70
3161:Medium wave
2838:Lyman-alpha
2820:Ultraviolet
2759:wavelengths
2752:frequencies
2716:Ultraviolet
2093:(1): 16β17.
1835:: 110β119.
1288:10.6β10.68
1070:37.5β38.25
960:radio waves
686:interfering
643:arc minutes
598:Martin Ryle
527:arc seconds
448:wavelengths
392:Martin Ryle
343:working on
311:Grote Reber
300:Grote Reber
256:Sagittarius
214:Karl Jansky
180:electricity
149:Karl Jansky
62:Karl Jansky
4976:Categories
4826:Photometry
4803:Binoculars
4780:Astrometry
4641:telescopes
4538:Babylonian
4382:EM methods
4260:Astronomer
4065:EM methods
3285:telescopes
3283:Individual
3142:Wavelength
2998:Microwaves
2810:Hard X-ray
2805:Soft X-ray
2774:Gamma rays
2706:Gamma rays
2502:J.S. Hey,
2446:: 210β221.
2326:2006-03-29
2232:2008-07-22
2207:2015-06-16
1909:2010-04-09
1635:Proc. IEEE
1512:2010-04-09
1482:2010-04-09
1466:F. Ghigo.
1453:References
1398:Channel 37
998:ITU Region
911:California
891:ionosphere
760:See also:
586:black hole
543:See also:
483:millimeter
468:ionosphere
434:Techniques
278:black hole
226:short wave
208:ionosphere
188:wavelength
36:New Mexico
30:, a radio
4898:Telescope
4504:Spherical
4451:Gamma-ray
4420:(optical)
4225:Astronomy
4049:Paul Wild
3882:Multi-use
3862:(SAORAS,
3636:Australia
3624:(MERLIN,
3616:Australia
3502:Australia
3492:Australia
3421:(Ukraine)
3413:(Ukraine)
3323:(Germany)
3156:Shortwave
3151:Microwave
2731:Microwave
2300:3 October
1785:0810.4674
1679:Proc. IRE
1611:Proc. IRE
976:Article 5
879:blackbody
831:Milky Way
670:waveguide
513:objective
426:(2C) and
333:E. Schott
328:Bell Labs
274:electrons
248:Milky Way
184:magnetism
172:equations
161:Milky Way
70:Milky Way
50:astronomy
4948:Category
4657:Category
4552:Egyptian
4469:Neutrino
4404:Infrared
4352:Galactic
4327:Sidewalk
4281:Glossary
4251:Timeline
4173:Category
4009:Jan Oort
3908:(Canada)
3892:(Canada)
3845:(Sweden)
3837:(France)
3781:(Canada)
3751:Spektr-R
3594:(LOFAR,
3574:(LLAMA,
3531:(Europe)
3520:(CARMA,
3510:(CHIME,
3500:(ASKAP,
3347:(Mexico)
3331:(Russia)
3215:Concepts
3166:Longwave
2926:Infrared
2726:Infrared
2649:Archived
2431:56034495
2393:Journals
2294:Archived
2290:18953602
2226:Archived
2201:Archived
2175:Archived
2103:Archived
1903:Archived
1873:Archived
1747:Springer
1699:51632813
1656:47549559
1581:Archived
1506:Archived
1476:Archived
1357:See also
856:Merging
78:galaxies
4960:Commons
4912:history
4882:Russian
4730:Related
4639:Optical
4624:Tibetan
4608:Serbian
4601:Persian
4545:Chinese
4522:Culture
4442:History
4313:Amateur
4244:History
4237:Outline
4183:Commons
3722:(WSRT,
3712:(VLBA,
3672:(PaST,
3614:(MOST,
3602:MeerKAT
3544:(GMRT,
3490:(ATCA,
3480:(ALMA,
3433:HartRAO
3405:(Japan)
3389:(Italy)
3371:(China)
3363:(India)
3294:(FAST,
3247:History
3221:Units (
2757:longer
2750:higher
2721:Visible
2523:. 1967.
2411:Bibcode
2270:Bibcode
2181:16 June
2098:R&E
2068:Bibcode
1989:Bibcode
1987:: 371.
1869:aps.org
1837:Bibcode
1810:1431308
1790:Bibcode
1664: .
1562:4063838
1540:Bibcode
1428:Waves (
1292:
942:(also:
887:auroras
868:pulsars
848:pulsars
829:of the
818:Jupiter
803:planets
784:quasars
780:pulsars
660:Modern
626:sunspot
618:200 MHz
523:optical
444:opacity
398:at the
337:Denmark
250:in the
140:History
90:pulsars
86:quasars
4928:Zodiac
4868:French
4573:Indian
4566:Hebrew
4305:Manner
3917:People
3864:Russia
3854:Russia
3755:Russia
3702:(VLA,
3692:(SMA,
3682:(SKA,
3656:France
3634:(MWA,
3584:(LWA,
3564:(KVN,
3554:(GBI,
3512:Canada
3470:(ATA,
3380:Russia
3312:(CSO,
3255:(VLBI)
3227:jansky
3059:L band
3054:S band
3049:C band
3044:X band
3030:K band
3016:Q band
3011:V band
3006:W band
2911:Orange
2906:Yellow
2886:Violet
2797:X-rays
2711:X-rays
2481:
2429:
2351:May 2,
2288:
2135:
1935:
1808:
1753:
1722:
1697:
1654:
1560:
1532:Nature
1115:MOBILE
1086:MOBILE
950:(ITU)
825:, the
614:single
457:mosaic
424:Second
360:pulsar
290:jansky
288:, the
234:analog
94:masers
92:, and
4919:lists
4889:Women
4580:Inuit
4559:Greek
4497:Radar
4435:X-ray
4390:Radio
4370:Solar
3745:Japan
3741:HALCA
3674:China
3646:Italy
3546:India
3538:(EHT)
3482:Chile
3296:China
3144:types
3069:Radio
2965:Bands
2938:Bands
2901:Green
2736:Radio
2452:Books
2427:S2CID
2286:S2CID
2260:arXiv
2095:(see
1806:S2CID
1780:arXiv
1695:S2CID
1652:S2CID
1558:S2CID
698:phase
694:waves
690:waves
653:with
620:near
479:vapor
476:Water
464:Earth
428:Third
412:Titan
388:radar
326:, at
74:stars
4650:List
4615:folk
4587:Maya
4138:SETI
3905:PARL
3889:DRAO
3873:(US)
3829:(US)
3821:(UK)
3813:(UK)
3805:(US)
3797:(US)
3665:(UK)
3452:(NZ)
3355:(UK)
3274:List
3225:and
3223:watt
3039:band
3025:band
2983:LWIR
2961:MWIR
2956:SWIR
2896:Cyan
2891:Blue
2623:NASA
2479:ISBN
2353:2024
2302:2014
2183:2015
2133:ISBN
1985:525C
1933:ISBN
1881:2021
1751:ISBN
1720:ISBN
1589:2021
1436:Juno
1430:Juno
924:, US
873:The
846:and
793:The
786:and
604:and
553:The
394:and
339:and
318:, a
198:and
182:and
119:and
76:and
23:The
4817:IAU
3132:ELF
3127:SLF
3122:ULF
3117:VLF
3097:VHF
3092:UHF
3087:SHF
3082:EHF
3077:THF
2988:FIR
2934:NIR
2916:Red
2868:UVA
2863:UVB
2858:UVC
2853:NUV
2848:MUV
2843:FUV
2419:doi
2407:189
2278:doi
2256:111
2125:doi
2020:doi
1962:doi
1958:239
1845:doi
1833:262
1798:doi
1776:692
1687:doi
1644:doi
1619:doi
1548:doi
1536:132
1290:GHz
1072:MHz
1030:kHz
877:is
813:Sun
799:Sun
578:HST
574:M87
370:At
335:in
258:.
254:of
239:Sun
192:Sun
170:'s
64:at
56:at
34:in
4978::
4354:/
3714:US
3694:US
3626:UK
3314:US
3112:LF
3107:MF
3102:HF
2975:,
2971:,
2967::
2948:,
2944:,
2940::
2612:*
2519:,
2444:11
2425:.
2417:.
2405:.
2343:.
2292:.
2284:.
2276:.
2268:.
2254:.
2250:.
2199:.
2131:.
2109:.)
2089:.
2062:.
2043:.
2010:.
1983:.
1956:.
1931:.
1901:.
1883:.
1867:.
1843:.
1831:.
1827:.
1804:.
1796:.
1788:.
1774:.
1745:.
1693:.
1683:23
1681:.
1650:.
1640:86
1638:.
1615:21
1613:.
1591:.
1556:.
1546:.
1534:.
1530:.
1504:.
1491:^
1474:.
1470:.
909:,
805:.
782:,
672:,
668:,
474:.
378:,
366:)
347:.
88:,
84:,
38:,
4412:)
4406:(
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3866:)
3856:)
3757:)
3753:(
3747:)
3743:(
3726:)
3716:)
3706:)
3696:)
3686:)
3676:)
3658:)
3654:(
3648:)
3644:(
3638:)
3628:)
3618:)
3608:)
3604:(
3598:)
3588:)
3578:)
3568:)
3558:)
3548:)
3524:)
3514:)
3504:)
3494:)
3484:)
3474:)
3382:)
3378:(
3316:)
3298:)
3276:)
3272:(
3249:)
3245:(
3239:)
3235:(
3229:)
3200:e
3193:t
3186:v
3037:u
3035:K
3023:a
3021:K
2979:)
2977:N
2973:M
2969:L
2963:(
2952:)
2950:H
2946:K
2942:J
2936:(
2762:β
2748:β
2687:e
2680:t
2673:v
2485:.
2433:.
2421::
2413::
2355:.
2329:.
2304:.
2280::
2272::
2262::
2235:.
2210:.
2185:.
2141:.
2127::
2091:1
2074:.
2070::
2028:.
2022::
2016:3
1995:.
1991::
1968:.
1964::
1941:.
1912:.
1853:.
1847::
1839::
1812:.
1800::
1792::
1782::
1759:.
1728:.
1701:.
1689::
1658:.
1646::
1625:.
1621::
1564:.
1550::
1542::
1515:.
1485:.
1432:)
774:.
576:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
