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2030:. Passenger trains are part of public transport and often make up the stem of the service, with buses feeding to stations. Passenger trains provide long-distance intercity travel, daily commuter trips, or local urban transit services, operating with a diversity of vehicles, operating speeds, right-of-way requirements, and service frequency. Service frequencies are often expressed as a number of trains per hour (tph). Passenger trains can usually be into two types of operation, intercity railway and intracity transit. Whereas intercity railway involve higher speeds, longer routes, and lower frequency (usually scheduled), intracity transit involves lower speeds, shorter routes, and higher frequency (especially during peak hours).
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2919:, altering train schedules or routes) must be closely followed. In addition, passenger safety during maintenance work (inter-track fencing, proper storage of materials, track work notices, hazards of equipment near states) must be regarded at all times. At times, maintenance access problems can emerge due to tunnels, elevated structures, and congested cityscapes. Here, specialised equipment or smaller versions of conventional maintenance gear are used.
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between public cost and a given railway system's performance, and also reveal differences in the value that countries receive in return for their public cost. Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, the
Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland capture relatively high value for their money, while Luxembourg, Belgium, Latvia, Slovakia, Portugal, Romania, and Bulgaria underperform relative to the average ratio of performance to cost among European countries.
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973:, enabling steel to be made inexpensively, led to the era of great expansion of railways that began in the late 1860s. Steel rails lasted several times longer than iron. Steel rails made heavier locomotives possible, allowing for longer trains and improving the productivity of railroads. The Bessemer process introduced nitrogen into the steel, which caused the steel to become brittle with age. The
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government agency or company – with open access to the tracks for any company that meets safety requirements. In such cases, the state may choose to provide the tracks free of charge, or for a fee that does not cover all costs. This is seen as analogous to the government providing free access to roads. For passenger operations, a direct subsidy may be paid to a public-owned operator, or
3784:
2890:, the trains run on dedicated railway lines without any level crossings. This is an important element in the safety of the system as it effectively eliminates the potential for collision with automobiles, other vehicles, or pedestrians, and greatly reduces the probability of collision with other trains. Another benefit is that services on the inter-city network remain punctual.
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stations, clocks in public places, and pocket watches for railway workers and travellers. Trains followed exact schedules and never left early, whereas in the premodern era, passenger ships left whenever the captain had enough passengers. In the premodern era, local time was set at noon, when the sun was at its highest; this changed with the introduction of standard
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promoted to skilled mechanic at age 24, brakemen at 25, freight conductor at 27, and passenger conductor at age 57. White-collar career paths likewise were delineated: educated young men started in clerical or statistical work and moved up to station agents or bureaucrats at the divisional or central headquarters, acquiring additional knowledge, experience, and
3075:, were essential for train crews, the maintenance workers, the station personnel, and for the repair and maintenance crews. The structure of railway timetables were later adapted for different uses, such as schedules for buses, ferries, and airplanes, for radio and television programmes, for school schedules, and for factory time clocks.
969:. The softness and dross tended to make iron rails distort and delaminate and they lasted less than 10 years. Sometimes they lasted as little as one year under high traffic. All these developments in the production of iron eventually led to the replacement of composite wood/iron rails with superior all-iron rails. The introduction of the
2313:, bridges and tunnels – all of which can greatly increase the capital expenditures required to develop a right-of-way, while significantly reducing operating costs and allowing higher speeds on longer radius curves. In densely urbanised areas, railways are sometimes laid in tunnels to minimise the effects on existing properties.
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train service, origination/destination, seasonal impacts), a line's capacity (length, terrain, number of tracks, types of train control), trains throughput (max speeds, acceleration/ deceleration rates), and service features with shared passenger-freight tracks (sidings, terminal capacities, switching routes, and design type).
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South Africa, northern Africa and
Argentina have extensive rail networks, but some railways elsewhere in Africa and South America are isolated lines. Australia has a generally sparse network befitting its population density but has some areas with significant networks, especially in the southeast. In
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Since the 1980s, there has been an increasing trend to split up railway companies, with companies owning the rolling stock separated from those owning the infrastructure. This is particularly true in Europe, where this arrangement is required by the
European Union. This has allowed open access by any
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services are intercity rail services that have top speeds higher than conventional intercity trains but the speeds are not as high as those in the high-speed rail services. These services are provided after improvements to the conventional rail infrastructure to support trains that can operate safely
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An important contribution to the wider adoption of AC traction came from SNCF of France after World War II. The company conducted trials at AC 50 Hz, and established it as a standard. Following SNCF's successful trials, 50 Hz, now also called industrial frequency was adopted as standard for
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A south Wales town has begun months of celebrations to mark the 200th anniversary of the invention of the steam locomotive. Merthyr Tydfil was the location where, on 21 February 1804, Richard
Trevithick took the world into the railway age when he set one of his high-pressure steam engines on a local
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and from Europe, especially
Britain. About 10 percent of the funding came from the government, particularly in the form of land grants that were realized upon completion of a certain amount of trackage. The emerging American financial system was based on railroad bonds, and by 1860, New York was the
1811:
A train is a connected series of rail vehicles that move along the track. Propulsion for the train is provided by a separate locomotive or from individual motors in self-propelled multiple units. Most trains carry a revenue load, although non-revenue cars exist for the railway's own use, such as for
1599:
founded Diesel-Sulzer-Klose GmbH to manufacture diesel-powered locomotives. Sulzer had been manufacturing diesel engines since 1898. The
Prussian State Railways ordered a diesel locomotive from the company in 1909. The world's first diesel-powered locomotive was operated in the summer of 1912 on the
3186:
Hiring, firing, and wage rates were set not by foremen, but by central administrators, to minimize favouritism and personality conflicts. Everything was done by the book, whereby an increasingly complex set of rules dictated to everyone exactly what should be done in every circumstance, and exactly
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the energies of a generation, for it required all the new machinery to be created – capital, banks, mines, furnaces, shops, power-houses, technical knowledge, mechanical population, together with a steady remodelling of social and political habits, ideas, and institutions to fit the
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Historically, railways have been considered central to modernity and ideas of progress. The process of modernization in the 19th century involved a transition from a spatially oriented world to a time-oriented world. Timekeeping became of heightened importance, resulting in clock towers for railway
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where capacity is disaggregated into unlinked trips over individual route segments, railway capacity is fundamentally considered a network system. As a result, many components are causes and effects of system disruptions. Maintenance must acknowledge the vast array of a route's performance (type of
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The electrification system provides electrical energy to the trains, so they can operate without a prime mover on board. This allows lower operating costs, but requires large capital investments along the lines. Mainline and tram systems normally have overhead wires, which hang from poles along the
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Periodically, ballast must be removed and replaced with clean ballast to ensure adequate drainage. Culverts and other passages for water must be kept clear lest water is impounded by the trackbed, causing landslips. Where trackbeds are placed along rivers, additional protection is usually placed to
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Spikes in wooden ties can loosen over time, but split and rotten ties may be individually replaced with new wooden ties or concrete substitutes. Concrete ties can also develop cracks or splits, and can also be replaced individually. Should the rails settle due to soil subsidence, they can be lifted
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use under-riding magnets which attract themselves upward towards the underside of a guideway and this line has achieved somewhat higher peak speeds in day-to-day operation than conventional high-speed railways, although only over short distances. Due to their heightened speeds, route alignments for
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Due to these benefits, rail transport is a major form of passenger and freight transport in many countries. It is ubiquitous in Europe, with an integrated network covering virtually the whole continent. In India, China, South Korea and Japan, many millions use trains as regular transport. In North
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amounts to about 8.8 kWh (32 MJ), equating to an average of 441 Wh (1,590 kJ) per passenger-km. This compares to a modern train with an average occupancy of 20% and a consumption of about 8.5 kW⋅h/km (31 MJ/km; 13.7 kW⋅h/mi), equating to 21.5 Wh (77 kJ)
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required many trainloads of munitions a day. Conversely, owing to their strategic value, rail yards and bridges in
Germany and occupied France were major targets of Allied air raids during World War II. Rail transport and infrastructure continues to play an important role in present-day conflicts
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than other dominant modes of transport. If the railway company is state-owned, the state may simply provide direct subsidies in exchange for increased production. If operations have been privatised, several options are available. Some countries have a system where the infrastructure is owned by a
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specialized for the type of goods. Freight trains are very efficient, with economy of scale and high energy efficiency. However, their use can be reduced by lack of flexibility, if there is need of transshipment at both ends of the trip due to lack of tracks to the points of pick-up and delivery.
1840:
has the end passenger car equipped with a driver's cab so that the engine driver can remotely control the locomotive. This allows one of the locomotive-hauled train's drawbacks to be removed, since the locomotive need not be moved to the front of the train each time the train changes direction. A
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The development of railroads led to the emergence of private-sector careers for both blue-collar workers and white-collar workers. Railroading became a lifetime career for young men; women were almost never hired. A typical career path would see a young man hired at age 18 as a shop labourer, be
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According to the 2017 European
Railway Performance Index for intensity of use, quality of service and safety performance, the top tier European national rail systems consists of Switzerland, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Austria, Sweden, and France. Performance levels reveal a positive correlation
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which generate low friction, trains are uniquely susceptible to collision since they frequently operate at speeds that do not enable them to stop quickly or within the driver's sighting distance; road vehicles, which encounter a higher level of friction between their rubber tyres and the road
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to
Austria during the 1840s angered locals because of the noise, smell, and pollution caused by the trains and the damage to homes and the surrounding land caused by the engine's soot and fiery embers; and since most travel did not occur over long distances, few people utilized the new line.
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Railroads form an efficient network for shipping freight and passengers across a large national market; their development thus was beneficial to many aspects of a nation's economy, including manufacturing, retail and wholesale, agriculture, and finance. By the 1940s, the United States had an
2618:
required for the signalman to operate switches and signal equipment. These are placed at various intervals along the route of a railway, controlling specified sections of track. More recent technological developments have made such operational doctrine superfluous, with the centralization of
2308:
Railway tracks are laid upon land owned or leased by the railway company. Owing to the desirability of maintaining modest grades, in hilly or mountainous terrain rails will often be laid in circuitous routes . Route length and grade requirements can be reduced by the use of alternating
3000:, electric trains seem to be on average 20 times more efficient than automobiles for transportation of passengers, if we consider energy spent per passenger-distance with similar occupation ratios. Considering an automobile with a consumption of around 6 L/100 km (47 mpg
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dominant financial market. The
British invested heavily in railroads around the world, but nowhere more than in the United States; the total bond value reached about $ 3 billion by 1914. However, in 1914–1917, the British liquidated their American assets to pay for war supplies.
2097:
are special inter-city trains that operate at much higher speeds than conventional railways, the limit being regarded at 200 to 350 kilometres per hour (120 to 220 mph). High-speed trains are used mostly for long-haul service and most systems are in Western Europe and East Asia.
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The use of different track gauges in different regions of the world, and sometimes within the same country, can impede the movement of passengers and freight. Often elaborate transfer mechanisms are installed where two lines of different gauge meet to facilitate movement across the
2760:, operate as tenants on the freight lines. Consequently, operations must be closely synchronized and coordinated between freight and passenger railroads, with passenger trains often being dispatched by the host freight railroad. Due to this shared system, both are regulated by the
2444:
The track guides the conical, flanged wheels, keeping the cars on the track without active steering and therefore allowing trains to be much longer than road vehicles. The rails and ties are usually placed on a foundation made of compressed earth on top of which is placed a bed of
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to separate the platform from train tracks. These prevent unauthorised incursion on to the train tracks which can result in accidents that cause serious harm or death, as well as providing other benefits such as preventing litter build up on the tracks which can pose a fire risk.
1604:
in Switzerland, but was not a commercial success. The locomotive weight was 95 tonnes and the power was 883 kW with a maximum speed of 100 km/h (62 mph). Small numbers of prototype diesel locomotives were produced in a number of countries through the mid-1920s. The
1301:
in September of the following year, but the limited power from batteries prevented its general use. It was destroyed by railway workers, who saw it as a threat to their job security. By the middle of the nineteenth century most european countries had military uses for railways.
2119:
and tunnelling requirements). Since lateral forces act on curves, curvatures are designed with the highest possible radius. All these features are dramatically different from freight operations, thus justifying exclusive high-speed rail lines if it is economically feasible.
2862:(jumping the track) and collisions with another train or a road vehicle, or with pedestrians at level crossings, which account for the majority of all rail accidents and casualties. To minimize the risk, the most important safety measures are strict operating rules, e.g.
1367:
through a series of tunnels around the edges of Baltimore's downtown. Electricity quickly became the power supply of choice for subways, abetted by the Sprague's invention of multiple-unit train control in 1897. By the early 1900s most street railways were electrified.
928:
These two systems of constructing iron railways, the "L" plate-rail and the smooth edge-rail, continued to exist side by side until well into the early 19th century. The flanged wheel and edge-rail eventually proved its superiority and became the standard for railways.
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surface, have much shorter braking distances. Most forms of train control involve movement authority being passed from those responsible for each section of a rail network to the train crew. Not all methods require the use of signals, and some systems are specific to
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in the early 19th century also was crucial for the development and operation of railroad networks. If bad weather disrupted the system, telegraphers relayed immediate corrections and updates throughout the system. Additionally, most railroads were single-track, with
1753:. The construction of many of these lines has resulted in the dramatic decline of short-haul flights and automotive traffic between connected cities, such as the London–Paris–Brussels corridor, Madrid–Barcelona, Milan–Rome–Naples, as well as many other major lines.
1233:. This success led to Stephenson establishing his company as the pre-eminent builder of steam locomotives for railways in Great Britain and Ireland, the United States, and much of Europe. The first public railway which used only steam locomotives, all the time, was
3417:
In 2010, annual rail spending in China was ¥840 billion (US$ 173 billion in 2019), from 2014 to 2017 China had an annual target of ¥800 billion (US$ 164 billion in 2019) and planned to spend ¥3.5 trillion (US$ 30 trillion in 2019) over 2016–2020.
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Railroad management designed complex systems that could handle far more complicated simultaneous relationships than those common in other industries at the time. Civil engineers became the senior management of railroads. The leading American innovators were the
1575:
examined it in 1888 and described it as a "Priestman oil engine mounted upon a truck which is worked on a temporary line of rails to show the adaptation of a petroleum engine for locomotive purposes." In 1894, a 20 hp (15 kW) two axle machine built by
3045:, due to increased preference of other modes, particularly automobiles and airplanes. However, implementing new and improved ways such as making it easily accessible within neighborhoods can aid in reducing commuters from using private vehicles and airplanes.
1068:. Nevertheless, as the construction of boilers improved, Watt investigated the use of high-pressure steam acting directly upon a piston, raising the possibility of a smaller engine that might be used to power a vehicle. Following his patent, Watt's employee
3053:, in Tibet, partly running over permafrost territory. Western Europe has the highest railway density in the world and many individual trains there operate through several countries despite technical and organizational differences in each national network.
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translates to higher horsepower-to-ton ratios (e.g. 20 horsepower per short ton or 16 kilowatts per tonne); this allows trains to accelerate and maintain higher speeds and negotiate steep grades as momentum builds up and recovered in downgrades (reducing
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Rail corrugation is a common issue with transit systems due to the high number of light-axle, wheel passages which result in grinding of the wheel/rail interface. Since maintenance may overlap with operations, maintenance windows (nighttime hours,
3137:. Construction of railroads was far more expensive than factories: in 1860, the combined total of railroad stocks and bonds was $ 1.8 billion; in 1897, it reached $ 10.6 billion (compared to a total national debt of $ 1.2 billion).
940:
in 1820 replaced cast iron. Wrought iron, usually simply referred to as "iron", was a ductile material that could undergo considerable deformation before breaking, making it more suitable for iron rails. But iron was expensive to produce until
2695:
is a yard which is exclusively used for loading and unloading cargo. Large passenger stations have at least one building providing conveniences for passengers, such as purchasing tickets and food. Smaller stations typically only consist of a
2150:
is a driverless, grade-separated train that serves only a few stations, as a shuttle. Due to the lack of uniformity of rapid transit systems, route alignment varies, with diverse rights-of-way (private land, side of road, street median) and
921:, Loughborough, Leicestershire in 1789. In 1790, Jessop and his partner Outram began to manufacture edge rails. Jessop became a partner in the Butterley Company in 1790. The first public edgeway (thus also first public railway) built was
2471:. This reduces the forces tending to displace the track and makes for a more comfortable ride for standing livestock and standing or seated passengers. A given amount of superelevation is most effective over a limited range of speeds.
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motors. Under certain conditions, electric locomotives are the most powerful traction. They are also the cheapest to run and provide less noise and no local air pollution. However, they require high capital investments both for the
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in 1807. Horses remained the preferable mode for tram transport even after the arrival of steam engines until the end of the 19th century, because they were cleaner compared to steam-driven trams which caused smoke in city streets.
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asset, railways must keep up with periodic inspection and maintenance to minimise the effect of infrastructure failures that can disrupt freight revenue operations and passenger services. Because passengers are considered the most
977:
began to replace the Bessemer process near the end of the 19th century, improving the quality of steel and further reducing costs. Thus steel completely replaced the use of iron in rails, becoming standard for all railways.
750:) using wooden rails, hauled by horses, started appearing in the 1550s to facilitate the transport of ore tubs to and from mines and soon became popular in Europe. Such an operation was illustrated in Germany in 1556 by
4852:
781:, sometime around 1600, possibly as early as 1594. Owned by Philip Layton, the line carried coal from a pit near Prescot Hall to a terminus about one-half mile (800 m) away. A funicular railway was also made at
1966:
and the supporting infrastructure, as well as the generating station that is needed to produce electricity. Accordingly, electric traction is used on urban systems, lines with high traffic and for high-speed rail.
1526:, enabling electric locomotives to use three-phase motors whilst supplied via a single overhead wire, carrying the simple industrial frequency (50 Hz) single phase AC of the high-voltage national networks.
758:. This line used "Hund" carts with unflanged wheels running on wooden planks and a vertical pin on the truck fitting into the gap between the planks to keep it going the right way. The miners called the wagons
5095:
In one sense a dock authority was the earliest user of an oil-engined locomotive, for it was at the Hull docks of the North Eastern Railway that the Priestman locomotive put in its short period of service in
2133:
is an intracity system built in large cities and has the highest capacity of any passenger transport system. It is usually grade-separated and commonly built underground or elevated. At street level, smaller
6534:"ANNEX to Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council amending Regulation (EC) No 1370/2007 concerning the opening of the market for domestic passenger transport services by rail"
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machine. Stephenson played a pivotal role in the development and widespread adoption of the steam locomotive. His designs considerably improved on the work of the earlier pioneers. He built the locomotive
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to even out the action of the piston rod. On 21 February 1804, the world's first steam-powered railway journey took place when Trevithick's unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway of the
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signalling operations to regional control rooms. This has been facilitated by the increased use of computers, allowing vast sections of track to be monitored from a single location. The common method of
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prevent streambank erosion during times of high water. Bridges require inspection and maintenance, since they are subject to large surges of stress in a short period of time when a heavy train crosses.
953:, which was 15 times faster at consolidating and shaping iron than hammering. These processes greatly lowered the cost of producing iron and rails. The next important development in iron production was
6271:
Lytton, Henry D (1 April 1983). "Bombing Policy in the Rome and Pre-Normandy Invasion Aerial Campaigns of World War II: Bridge-Bombing Strategy Vindicated – and Railyard-Bombing Strategy Invalidated".
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transport, functioning at speeds up to and above 300 km/h (190 mph), has been built in Japan, Spain, France, Germany, Italy, the People's Republic of China, Taiwan (Republic of China), the
6363:
Puentes, R. (2008). A Bridge to Somewhere: Rethinking American Transportation for the 21st Century. Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Report: Blueprint for American Prosperity series report.
5078:
A small double cylinder engine has been mounted upon a truck, which is worked on a temporary line of rails, in order to show the adaptation of a petroleum engine for locomotive purposes, on tramways
1223:
in the northeast of England, which became the first public steam railway in the world in 1825, although it used both horse power and steam power on different runs. In 1829, he built the locomotive
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1491:. Each 30-tonne locomotive had two 110 kW (150 hp) motors run by three-phase 750 V 40 Hz fed from double overhead lines. Three-phase motors run at a constant speed and provide
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1522:
line was opened on 4 September 1902, designed by Kandó and a team from the Ganz works. The electrical system was three-phase at 3 kV 15 Hz. In 1918, Kandó invented and developed the
824:, which was built in 1758, later became the world's oldest operational railway (other than funiculars), albeit now in an upgraded form. In 1764, the first railway in the Americas was built in
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1060:, powering cotton mills and a variety of machinery; the state of boiler technology necessitated the use of low-pressure steam acting upon a vacuum in the cylinder, which required a separate
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2970:
In addition, the presence of track guiding the wheels allows for very long trains to be pulled by one or a few engines and driven by a single operator, even around curves, which allows for
2482:(common crossing), check rails and two switch rails. The switch rails may be moved left or right, under the control of the signalling system, to determine which path the train will follow.
1628:
electrical control system (subsequent improvements were also patented by Lemp). Lemp's design used a single lever to control both engine and generator in a coordinated fashion, and was the
6589:
2719:, with trains only operating out from one direction. Smaller stations normally serve local residential areas, and may have connection to feeder bus services. Large stations, in particular
1480:
developed a new type 3-phase asynchronous electric drive motors and generators for electric locomotives. Kandó's early 1894 designs were first applied in a short three-phase AC tramway in
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5265:
American Railway Engineering and Maintenance of Way Association Committee 24 – Education and Training. (2003). Practical Guide to Railway Engineering. AREMA, 2nd Ed.
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are private railroad companies chartered by their respective national governments. As private passenger services declined because of competition from cars and airlines, they became
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integrated national market comparable in size to that of Europe, but free of internal barriers or tariffs, and supported by a common language, financial system, and legal system.
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The ballast also serves as a means of drainage. Some more modern track in special areas is attached directly without ballast. Track may be prefabricated or assembled in place. By
3399:
have argued that the existence of modern rail infrastructure is a significant indicator of a country's economic advancement: this perspective is illustrated notably through the
2765:
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1848:
A multiple unit has powered wheels throughout the whole train. These are used for rapid transit and tram systems, as well as many both short- and long-haul passenger trains. A
2653:(AC). The most common DC voltages are 600 and 750 V for tram and rapid transit systems, and 1,500 and 3,000 V for mainlines. The two dominant AC systems are
2623:
divides the track into zones guarded by combinations of block signals, operating rules, and automatic-control devices so that only one train may be in a block at any time.
3049:
addition to the previously existing east–west transcontinental line in Australia, a line from north to south has been constructed. The highest railway in the world is the
4808:
Jean Denis G.G Lepage, Military Trains and Railways: an illustrated history, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers, 2017. Print. pp. 9-11.
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new scale and suit the new conditions. The generation between 1865 and 1895 was already mortgaged to the railways, and no one knew it better than the generation itself.
2854:, the fatality risk for passengers and occupants on European railways is 28 times lower when compared with car usage (based on data by EU-27 member nations, 2008–2010).
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on a driving axle. Steam locomotives have been phased out in most parts of the world for economical and safety reasons, although many are preserved in working order by
6637:
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high-speed rail tend to have broader curves than conventional railways, but may have steeper grades that are more easily climbed by trains with large kinetic energy.
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and wheel than in road transport, leading to greater energy efficiency. Trains have a smaller frontal area in relation to the load they are carrying, which reduces
2952:
means of mechanized land transport. The tracks provide smooth and hard surfaces on which the wheels of the train can roll with a relatively low level of friction.
2265:
represents a key advantage for rail transport. Low or even zero transshipment costs combined with energy efficiency and low inventory costs allow trains to handle
1110:, but never got beyond the experimental stage with railway locomotives, not least because his engines were too heavy for the cast-iron plateway track then in use.
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Some trains travel faster than road vehicles. They are heavy and unable to deviate from the track, and have longer stopping distances. Possible accidents include
2792:). Freight revenue may be sold per container slot or for a whole train. Sometimes, the shipper owns the cars and only rents the haulage. For passenger transport,
6912:"Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and Consolidated Financial Statements With Report of Independent Auditors"
6879:
2464:, additional wear and tear on rolling stock caused by the small surface gap at the joints between rails can be counteracted; this also makes for a quieter ride.
1340:
opened near Vienna in Austria. It was the first tram line in the world in regular service powered from an overhead line. Five years later, in the U.S. electric
4558:
3277:, allowing for the quick and efficient transport of large numbers of reservists to their mustering-points, and infantry soldiers to the front lines. So-called
3211:" and as such developed their franchised bus system and road infrastructure in comprehensive alignment with their rail services. China's large cities such as
1832:
Traditionally, trains are pulled using a locomotive. This involves one or more powered vehicles being located at the front of the train, providing sufficient
1518:
Italian railways were the first in the world to introduce electric traction for the entire length of a main line rather than a short section. The 106 km
1696:
Although steam and diesel services reaching speeds up to 200 km/h (120 mph) were started before the 1960s in Europe, they were not very successful.
1297:. It hauled a load of six tons at four miles per hour (6 kilometers per hour) for a distance of one and a half miles (2.4 kilometres). It was tested on the
2050:
are medium distance trains that connect cities with outlying, surrounding areas, or provide a regional service, making more stops and having lower speeds.
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warn of the presence of a train, while trackside signals maintain the distances between trains. Another method used to increase safety is the addition of
6563:
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Rail transport can be important for military activity. During the 1860s, railways provided a means for rapid movement of troops and supplies during the
2907:
and usually operate at higher speeds, steeper grades, and higher capacity/frequency, their lines are especially important. Inspection practices include
2422:. Other variations are also possible, such as "slab track", in which the rails are fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface.
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of Amtrak either with a cash entrance fee or relinquishing their locomotives and rolling stock. The government subsidises Amtrak by supplying start-up
1320:, Germany, in 1881. It was built by Siemens. The tram ran on 180 volts DC, which was supplied by running rails. In 1891 the track was equipped with an
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2441:
which defines the maximum height and width for railway vehicles and their loads to ensure safe passage through bridges, tunnels and other structures.
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6197:
Christopher R. Gabel, "Railroad Generalship: Foundations of Civil War Strategy" (Army Command And General Staff College, Combat Studies Inst, 1997)
1500:
1495:, and are well suited to steeply graded routes, and the first main-line three-phase locomotives were supplied by Brown (by then in partnership with
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revenue (for passenger transport) and shipment fees for cargo. Discounts and monthly passes are sometimes available for frequent travellers (e.g.
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5767:
1660:
1469:, were simpler to manufacture and maintain. However, they were much larger than the DC motors of the time and could not be mounted in underfloor
676:
from around 600 BC. The Diolkos was in use for over 650 years, until at least the 1st century AD. Paved trackways were also later built in
575:
3759:
3400:
562:
Precursors of railways driven by human or animal power have existed since antiquity, but modern rail transport began with the invention of the
5789:
4722:
1860:
and other engines small enough to fit under the coach. There are only a few freight multiple units, most of which are high-speed post trains.
6472:
5638:
6330:
6857:
6620:
4662:
4595:
2741:
train operator to any portion of the European railway network. In the UK, the railway track is state owned, with a public controlled body (
4818:
6826:
6724:
6533:
3841:
3183:
at each level. Being very hard to replace, they were virtually guaranteed permanent jobs and provided with insurance and medical care.
765:
There are many references to their use in central Europe in the 16th century. Such a transport system was later used by German miners at
5073:
3223:
recognize rail transit lines as the framework and bus lines as the main body to their metropolitan transportation systems. The Japanese
3041:
America, freight rail transport is widespread and heavily used, but intercity passenger rail transport is relatively scarce outside the
7104:
6132:
Hu, Hua; Gao, Yun-Feng; Liu, Zhi-Gang; Yang, Xiao-Guang (2010). "Effect of integrated multi-modal transit information on modal shift".
5305:
4372:
4462:
2911:
or walking inspection. Curve maintenance especially for transit services includes gauging, fastener tightening, and rail replacement.
2478:– are the means of directing a train onto a diverging section of track. Laid similar to normal track, a point typically consists of a
1775:
in its design. While high-speed rail is most often designed for passenger travel, some high-speed systems also offer freight service.
5698:
5025:
3826:
3008:) of fuel, the average car in Europe has an occupancy of around 1.2 passengers per automobile (occupation ratio around 24%) and that
1836:
to haul the weight of the full train. This arrangement remains dominant for freight trains and is often used for passenger trains. A
4156:
3425:
are subsidized by around ₹260 billion (US$ 5 billion in 2019), of which around 60% goes to commuter rail and short-haul trips.
6201:
1675:" switcher was introduced in 1940) Westinghouse Electric and Baldwin collaborated to build switching locomotives starting in 1929.
1403:
559:
and less flexible than road transport, it can carry heavy loads of passengers and cargo with greater energy efficiency and safety.
474:
466:
5814:
Schivelbusch, G. (1986) The Railway Journey: Industrialization and Perception of Time and Space in the 19th Century. Oxford: Berg.
4621:
3243:
5887:
3765:
2379:
2359:
2991:
1336:, England. The railway is still operational, thus making it the oldest operational electric railway in the world. Also in 1883,
887:
colliery manager, invented this flanged rail in 1787, though the exact date of this is disputed. The plate rail was taken up by
6539:(Commission Staff Working Document: Impact Assessment). Brussels: European Commission. 2013. pp. 6, 44, 45. Archived from
6076:
Alfred D. Chandler and Stephen Salsbury. "The railroads: Innovators in modern business administration." in Bruce Mazlish, ed.,
3291:
3187:
what their rank and pay would be. By the 1880s, career railroaders began retiring, and pension systems were invented for them.
2375:
2363:
617:. Following some decline due to competition from cars and airplanes, rail transport has had a revival in recent decades due to
520:
5110:
From Steam to Diesel: Managerial Customs and Organizational Capabilities in the Twentieth-Century American Locomotive Industry
4975:
8792:
8081:
6962:
6948:
6182:
6149:
5542:
5342:
5219:
5175:
5150:
5125:
4943:
4915:
4765:
4538:
4507:
4442:
4403:
4356:
4331:
4263:
3295:
2371:
1682:
became the first North American railway to use diesels in mainline service with two units, 9000 and 9001, from Westinghouse.
470:
6644:
4133:
4043:
4007:
2018:
8073:
5720:
5275:
3896:
3886:
3195:
Railways contribute to social vibrancy and economic competitiveness by transporting multitudes of customers and workers to
2026:
A passenger train stops at stations where passengers may embark and disembark. The oversight of the train is the duty of a
614:
462:
5597:
9300:
8464:
3974:
Heilmann evaluated both AC and DC electric transmission for his locomotives, but eventually settled on a design based on
6673:
4066:
5238:
1278:(batteries). Thus it was also the earliest battery-electric locomotive. Davidson later built a larger locomotive named
3354:
There has also been some opposition to the development of railway networks. For instance, the arrival of railways and
655:
since prehistoric times. In some cases, they were narrow and in pairs to support only the wheels. That is, they were
6373:
Bryant, Chad (April 2009). "Into an Uncertain Future: Railroads and Vormärz Liberalism in Brno, Vienna, and Prague".
6107:
4554:
3155:
2769:
2554:
are in use on the world's railroads. These devices use technologies that vary from a simplistic paddle and switch to
1601:
1337:
5411:
3772:
was around US$ 1.4 billion. By 2018, appropriated funding had increased to approximately US$ 1.9 billion.
9265:
8286:
8205:
7251:
7000:
3314:
expansion, indicative of the U.S. transportation policy post-World War II, which instead encourages development of
2658:
2654:
1985:
are built to run as diesel–electric on unelectrified sections and as electric locomotives on electrified sections.
1345:
1325:
1234:
458:
17:
4396:
The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present
1087:. This used high-pressure steam to drive the engine by one power stroke. The transmission system employed a large
6791:
5368:
3881:
3871:
2761:
2043:
1610:
1220:
571:
1856:. Multiple units have a driver's cab at each end of the unit, and were developed following the ability to build
586:
costs compared to water transport, leading to "national markets" in which prices varied less from city to city.
8457:
7097:
3116:
The impact can be examined through five aspects: shipping, finance, management, careers, and popular reaction.
2945:
2632:
2303:
1978:
1954:
1633:
1283:
1253:
849:
310:
150:
90:
6983:
5574:
2202:
Authorities often encourage the use of cargo rail transport due to its efficiency and to reduce road traffic.
7890:
7258:
6354:
Squires, G. Ed. (2002) Urban Sprawl: Causes, Consequences, & Policy Responses. The Urban Institute Press.
2996:
Considering only the energy spent to move the means of transport, and using the example of the urban area of
2809:
2746:
2727:
for the city, and have transfer available between rail services, and to rapid transit, tram or bus services.
2401:
2269:
much cheaper than by road. Typical bulk cargo includes coal, ore, grains and liquids. Bulk is transported in
1768:
1426:
1392:
1298:
403:
3227:
was built to meet the growing traffic demand in the "heart of Japan's industry and economy" situated on the
2585:
box dating from 1899, although the original mechanical lever frame has been replaced by electrical switches.
1664:
1240:
Steam power continued to be the dominant power system in railways around the world for more than a century.
8873:
8749:
8314:
8276:
7208:
7121:
6792:"The evolution of public funding to the rail sector in 5 European countries – a comparison"
4434:
Recent Economic Changes and Their Effect on Production and Distribution of Wealth and Well-Being of Society
2745:) running, maintaining and developing the track, while Train Operating Companies have run the trains since
2598:
is a system used to control railway traffic safely to prevent trains from colliding. Being guided by fixed
2212:
reduces costs. Containers can easily be transshipped between other modes, such as ships and trucks, and at
2034:
are long-haul trains that operate with few stops between cities. Trains typically have amenities such as a
1772:
1387:, the world's oldest underground railway, opened in 1863, and it began operating electric services using a
6021:
Jenks, Leland H. (1951). "Capital Movement and Transportation: Britain and American Railway Development".
2142:
are upgraded trams that have step-free access, their own right-of-way and sometimes sections underground.
875:
A system was introduced in which unflanged wheels ran on L-shaped metal plates, which came to be known as
844:
743:. The line is still operational, although in updated form and is possibly the oldest operational railway.
593:
began with tramways and rapid transit systems. Starting in the 1940s, steam locomotives were replaced by
8360:
7452:
7350:
5495:
4039:
3926:
3287:
3159:
2467:
On curves, the outer rail may be at a higher level than the inner rail. This is called superelevation or
2209:
2164:
1360:
990:
903:, a double track plateway, erroneously sometimes cited as world's first public railway, in south London.
258:
253:
8802:
8683:
8324:
8215:
8138:
8123:
7246:
5194:, Lemp, Hermann, "Controlling mechanism for internal-combustion engines", issued 1915-09-28
5117:
3916:
3141:
2027:
1679:
1641:
1564:
1434:
1329:
1309:
1293:, with fixed electromagnets acting on iron bars attached to a wooden cylinder on each axle, and simple
1267:
1156:
1025:
513:
305:
5747:
5519:
5517:
5191:
1949:
in the locomotive converts the high-voltage low-current power to low-voltage high current used in the
932:
Cast iron used in rails proved unsatisfactory because it was brittle and broke under heavy loads. The
8988:
8785:
8256:
8246:
8092:
7983:
7090:
6175:
The Shinkansen High-Speed Rail Network of Japan: Proceedings of an IIASA Conference, June 27–30, 1977
3921:
3911:
3891:
3836:
3133:
Financing of railroads provided the basis for a dramatic expansion of the private (non-governmental)
2805:
2351:
1982:
1609:
operated three experimental units of different designs since late 1925, though only one of them (the
1454:
1061:
872:
could be used for turning, but later, movable points were taken into use that allowed for switching.
642:
606:
418:
413:
408:
270:
127:
35:
3428:
2220:(wagon-load), where the cargo had to be loaded and unloaded into the train manually. The intermodal
1371:
1258:
9222:
8281:
5793:
5514:
4449:
RECENT ECONOMIC CHANGES AND THEIR EFFECT ON DISTRIBUTION OF WEALTH AND WELL BEING OF SOCIETY WELLS.
3931:
2310:
1974:
1761:
1430:
1191:, inspired by the early locomotives of Trevithick, Murray and Hedley, persuaded the manager of the
433:
369:
165:
31:
6464:
5634:
1636:
control systems. In 1914, world's first functional diesel–electric railcars were produced for the
574:, opened in 1825. The quick spread of railways throughout Europe and North America, following the
9295:
9290:
9260:
8973:
8814:
8512:
8385:
8345:
8291:
7014:
Imperial Technology and 'Native'Agency: A Social History of Railways in Colonial India, 1850–1920
7005:
Freeman, Michael. "The Railway as Cultural Metaphor: 'What Kind of Railway History?' Revisited."
6315:
4603:
4464:
The Rise and Fall of Infrastructures: Dynamics of Evolution and Technological Change in Transport
2959:. The track distributes the weight of the train evenly, allowing significantly greater loads per
2851:
2530:
2514:
2208:
have become widely used in many places for general freight, particularly in North America, where
2083:
1718:
1181:
925:
in 1796. Although the primary purpose of the line was to carry coal, it also carried passengers.
590:
438:
398:
320:
6853:
6099:
4907:
2550:
The inspection of railway equipment is essential for the safe movement of trains. Many types of
1449:
West, a distance of 280 km (170 mi). Using experience he had gained while working for
1205:
965:
or charcoal needed to produce pig iron. Wrought iron was a soft material that contained slag or
9132:
8956:
8888:
8703:
8043:
8023:
7767:
7762:
7514:
6402:"Can urban rail transit systems alleviate air pollution? Empirical evidence from Beijing: XXXX"
4826:
4164:
3319:
2955:
A typical modern wagon can hold up to 113 tonnes (125 short tons) of freight on two four-wheel
2599:
2461:
2383:
2322:
2262:
2180:
1888:
1649:
1568:
1523:
1496:
1225:
958:
950:
914:
732:
659:
or tracks. Some had grooves or flanges or other mechanical means to keep the wheels on track.
428:
325:
194:
132:
6833:
6540:
3071:. Printed timetables were a convenience for travellers, but more elaborate timetables, called
2620:
1100:. Trevithick later demonstrated a locomotive operating upon a piece of circular rail track in
9112:
9092:
8858:
8400:
8380:
8195:
8028:
7688:
7370:
7176:
6296:
5113:
4530:
4524:
3396:
3343:
3281:
were or are constructed for a primarily military purpose. The Western Front in France during
3208:
3167:
3072:
2879:
2387:
2103:
1938:
1656:
1466:
1458:
1313:
1294:
946:
579:
506:
443:
7024:
6065:
The man who found the money: John Stewart Kennedy and the financing of the western railroads
5309:
4380:
4074:
Early Railways. A Selection of Papers from the First International Early Railways Conference
1543:
9062:
8778:
8517:
8507:
8497:
8375:
8340:
8068:
8038:
7993:
7804:
7683:
7397:
7360:
7181:
4471:
3861:
3248:
3079:
2799:
Governments may choose to give subsidies to rail operation, since rail transport has fewer
2703:
Platforms are used to allow easy access to the trains, and are connected to each other via
2518:
1645:
1349:
1136:
1053:
910:
836:
802:
747:
697:
448:
5694:
5036:
2486:
by specialized machinery and additional ballast tamped under the ties to level the rails.
2418:(ties) of timber, concrete, steel, or plastic to maintain a consistent distance apart, or
2332:
2167:
has similar-sized cars to accommodate curves in the trans-Hudson tunnels. San Francisco's
1671:. General Electric produced several small switching locomotives in the 1930s (the famous "
1477:
1308:
demonstrated an electric railway in 1879 in Berlin. The world's first electric tram line,
8:
9137:
8909:
8688:
8593:
8560:
8415:
8395:
8210:
7905:
7784:
7577:
7572:
7268:
7218:
7166:
6122:
Hong Kong Information Services Department of the Hong Kong SAR Government. Hong Kong 2009
3846:
3714:
3270:
3266:
2975:
2827:
2650:
2604:
2540:
2390:
2232:
1942:
1926:
1837:
1668:
1572:
1450:
1422:
1356:
1249:
974:
922:
900:
798:
549:
423:
221:
177:
6198:
4432:
848:
A cast iron fishbelly edge rail manufactured by Outram at the Butterley Company for the
9245:
9182:
9168:
9122:
9052:
8618:
8169:
7970:
7597:
7402:
7385:
7308:
7044:
7034:
6499:
6288:
6155:
6092:
6046:
6038:
5990:
5982:
5934:
5926:
5393:
5385:
4900:
4111:
3262:
3087:
and signals to allow lower priority trains to be sidetracked and have scheduled meets.
3042:
2971:
2908:
2863:
2753:
2595:
2590:
2559:
2517:, have invested heavily to unify their rail networks. China is developing a modernized
2099:
1989:
1813:
1697:
1577:
1492:
1396:
1384:
1376:
1305:
1080:
825:
789:
some time before 1604. This carried coal for James Clifford from his mines down to the
669:
381:
67:
5879:
5763:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5251:
3961:
According to , railways are the safest on both a per-mile and per-hour basis, whereas
3737:
received 94.9 billion roubles (around US$ 1.4 billion) from the government.
1596:
1481:
1176:
only. This was accomplished by the distribution of weight between a number of wheels.
610:
89:. It is used for about 8% of passenger and freight transport globally, thanks to its
9250:
8995:
8716:
8128:
7794:
7729:
7695:
7320:
7263:
7146:
6958:
6178:
6145:
6103:
6050:
5994:
5938:
5860:
5598:"Intermediate report on the development of railway safety in the European Union 2013"
5548:
5538:
5452:
5397:
5348:
5338:
5215:
5171:
5146:
5121:
4939:
4911:
4761:
4534:
4503:
4497:
4438:
4399:
4352:
4327:
4259:
4206:
3851:
3355:
3278:
2949:
2355:
2156:
2123:
2059:
1970:
1817:
1784:
1702:
1539:
1446:
1442:
1188:
1161:
1128:
1057:
892:
817:
794:
751:
594:
556:
545:
43:
6159:
5573:(statistical database). Eurostat, European Commission. 20 April 2014. Archived from
5470:
3273:
Throughout the 20th century, rail was a key element of war plans for rapid military
801:, has sometimes erroneously been cited as the earliest British railway. It ran from
9207:
9177:
9172:
8843:
8754:
8721:
8678:
8668:
8641:
8439:
8355:
8319:
8309:
8266:
8261:
8241:
8236:
8118:
8063:
8033:
7524:
7484:
7422:
7303:
7288:
7283:
7203:
7161:
7113:
6413:
6382:
6280:
6236:
6231:
Stevenson, D. (1 February 1999). "War by Timetable? The Railway Race Before 1914".
6137:
6030:
5974:
5918:
5909:
Jenks, Leland H. (1944). "Railroads as an Economic Force in American Development".
5850:
5759:
5442:
5377:
5248:
5069:
4979:
4398:. Cambridge, New York: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. p. 91.
4103:
3803:
3734:
3323:
3134:
3050:
2867:
2697:
2562:. Their use has avoided many rail accidents over the 70 years they have been used.
2510:
2468:
2457:
2398:
2367:
2244:
2240:
2221:
2205:
2159:
trains are designed with extremely short cars to negotiate the sharp curves in the
1920:
1892:
1868:
1790:
1765:
1621:
1438:
1290:
1106:
1076:
1041:
1015:
970:
563:
496:
347:
248:
231:
4284:
Early Railways 4: Papers from the 4th International Early Railways Conference 2008
4242:
Early Railways 4: Papers from the 4th International Early Railways Conference 2008
1820:(engineer in North America) controls the locomotive or other power cars, although
1433:, Zürich. In 1891, Brown had demonstrated long-distance power transmission, using
1355:
The first use of electrification on a main line was on a four-mile section of the
720:
9255:
9127:
9082:
9022:
8924:
8848:
8838:
8759:
8744:
8711:
8651:
8613:
8603:
8588:
8578:
8570:
8154:
7988:
7824:
7645:
7529:
7499:
7442:
7330:
7315:
6300:
6205:
5528:
5242:
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3999:
3422:
3331:
3327:
3030:
3009:
2815:
2720:
2688:
2582:
2551:
2475:
2259:
to be driven onto the train, allowing for easy transition between road and rail.
2094:
2031:
2013:
1852:
is a single, self-powered car, and may be electrically propelled or powered by a
1730:
1715:
1691:
1488:
1230:
1215:
1069:
1049:
937:
888:
755:
652:
618:
598:
300:
295:
280:
94:
5724:
5607:(report). Safety Unit, European Railway Agency & European Union. p. 1.
4129:
3095:
Scholars have linked railroads to successful nation-building efforts by states.
3021:
2700:. Early stations were sometimes built with both passenger and goods facilities.
2453:
as the ground settles over time under the weight of the vehicles passing above.
1363:(B&O) in 1895 connecting the main portion of the B&O to the new line to
711:
9117:
9102:
9027:
9000:
8929:
8731:
8693:
8661:
8623:
8583:
8370:
8271:
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8008:
7799:
7724:
7653:
7447:
5534:
4617:
3866:
3567:
3412:
3307:
2974:
in both manpower and energy use; by contrast, in road transport, more than two
2964:
2916:
2899:
2712:
2646:
2506:
2499:
2426:
2270:
2213:
2160:
2152:
2111:
1963:
1958:
1950:
1930:
1904:
1857:
1833:
1794:
1757:
1734:
1625:
1462:
1407:
1165:
1114:
906:
896:
622:
567:
315:
189:
86:
82:
6386:
6141:
6034:
5965:
Chandler, Alfred D. (1954). "Patterns of American Railroad Finance, 1830–50".
5922:
5855:
5838:
5664:"What is Rail Transport? Definition of Rail Transport, Rail Transport Meaning"
5352:
3755:
2842:
2808:
tender may be held, and a time-limited contract awarded to the lowest bidder.
1487:
In 1896, Oerlikon installed the first commercial example of the system on the
540:
than rubber-tyred road vehicles, allowing rail cars to be coupled into longer
9284:
9217:
9212:
9202:
9163:
9107:
9015:
9010:
8978:
8961:
8828:
8810:
8656:
8633:
8550:
8527:
8489:
8420:
8365:
7960:
7945:
7925:
7920:
7663:
7549:
7432:
7392:
7380:
7273:
7139:
7058:
The Development of Railway Technology in East Asia in Comparative Perspective
6240:
5864:
5552:
5456:
4077:
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3789:
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3368:
3200:
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2800:
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2724:
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2570:
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2438:
2411:
2130:
2051:
2047:
1912:
1853:
1588:
1399:
1364:
1321:
1275:
1173:
1147:
using teeth cast on the side of one of the rails. Thus it was also the first
1140:
1123:
857:
626:
533:
364:
290:
285:
263:
212:
172:
160:
116:
78:
71:
6094:
Working for the Railroad: The Organization of Work in the Nineteenth Century
5235:
2675:
9147:
9097:
9077:
9037:
8939:
8919:
8904:
8883:
8878:
8868:
8673:
8646:
8545:
8535:
8502:
8434:
8405:
8390:
8190:
8174:
8164:
8133:
8113:
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8058:
8018:
8013:
7998:
7955:
7678:
7457:
7365:
7278:
7193:
7156:
5524:
5332:
4210:
3906:
3901:
3817:
3797:
3274:
3084:
3026:
2927:
2781:
2742:
2437:. In addition to the rail gauge, the tracks will be laid to conform with a
2434:
2415:
2256:
2225:
2147:
2116:
2074:
2039:
1899:
before leaving via the chimney or smoke stack. In the process, it powers a
1872:
1842:
1821:
1797:
to preserve and maintain old railway lines for services of tourist trains.
1617:
1606:
1411:
1287:
1199:
1192:
1148:
1118:
1045:
933:
869:
790:
648:
491:
453:
243:
6219:
Railroads and Rifles: soldiers, technology, and the unification of Germany
5276:"Rail freight in the next decade: Potential for performance improvements?"
1072:
produced a working model of a self-propelled steam carriage in that year.
9072:
9032:
8944:
8739:
8598:
8410:
8048:
7910:
7880:
7870:
7658:
7625:
7605:
7462:
7223:
5447:
5430:
5415:
3936:
3609:
3525:
3282:
3196:
3104:
2979:
2831:
2823:
2615:
2574:
2479:
2430:
2198:
2001:
1981:, diesel-mechanical or diesel–hydraulic but diesel–electric is dominant.
1946:
1750:
1742:
1738:
1653:
1592:
1552:
1506:
1388:
1195:
1135:
in 1812. This twin-cylinder locomotive was light enough to not break the
1097:
962:
677:
184:
8449:
6134:
13th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems
4723:"First in the world: The making of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway"
2752:
In the U.S., virtually all rail networks and infrastructure outside the
2289:
9229:
9195:
9190:
9142:
9067:
9042:
8983:
8949:
8833:
8608:
8350:
8220:
7940:
7935:
7855:
7757:
7635:
7615:
7567:
7534:
7504:
7469:
7412:
7340:
7335:
7298:
7228:
7213:
7188:
7171:
7134:
6418:
6401:
6292:
6042:
5986:
5930:
5389:
4115:
3831:
3224:
2887:
2875:
2859:
2716:
2708:
2691:
serves as an area where passengers can board and alight from trains. A
2639:
2611:
2419:
2394:
2274:
2266:
2252:
2139:
2035:
1997:
1934:
1916:
1707:
1581:
1519:
1511:
1101:
1093:
1040:, a Scottish inventor and mechanical engineer, patented a design for a
1037:
942:
865:
810:
786:
740:
570:
at the beginning of the 19th century. The first passenger railway, the
552:
359:
354:
226:
199:
8770:
6798:
864:
to the upper surface of the wooden rails. This allowed a variation of
840:
A replica of a "Little Eaton Tramway" wagon; the tracks are plateways.
8968:
8934:
8914:
8863:
8853:
8555:
8540:
8053:
8003:
7950:
7865:
7819:
7789:
7779:
7719:
7673:
7630:
7620:
7539:
7509:
7494:
7437:
7293:
7151:
5429:
Guan, Xueyi; Qin, Jin; Mao, Chenghui; Zhou, Wenliang (January 2023).
4499:
Railroads and American Economic Growth: Essays in Econometric History
3251:
on the way to the front in August 1914. The message on the car reads
3220:
3204:
3068:
2789:
2704:
2236:
2228:
2078:
2055:
1993:
1880:
1789:
Since 1980, rail transport has changed dramatically, but a number of
1672:
1629:
1415:
1144:
954:
918:
884:
880:
861:
778:
728:
715:
A 16th-century minecart, an early example of unpowered rail transport
689:
155:
52:
7474:
6284:
5978:
5953:
Industry comes of age: Business, labor, and public policy, 1860–1897
5431:"A Literature Review of Railway Pricing Based on Revenue Management"
5381:
4107:
3371:
caused a reduction in "most of the air pollutants concentrations (PM
2341:
1559:
co-production: world's first functional diesel–electric railcar 1914
1548:
1020:
9005:
8823:
7885:
7875:
7860:
7850:
7829:
7809:
7774:
7752:
7714:
7705:
7668:
7582:
7355:
7325:
7082:
6990:
The world's railways: the history and development of rail transport
6841:
Includes both "Railway subsidies" and "Public Service Obligations".
6434:
3962:
3941:
3216:
2923:
2847:
2555:
2450:
2449:
to distribute the load from the ties and to prevent the track from
2429:(used on approximately 70% of the world's existing railway lines),
2278:
2248:
2155:(sharp or broad curves, steep or gentle grades). For instance, the
2143:
1908:
1896:
1845:
is a vehicle used for the haulage of either passengers or freight.
1333:
1271:
1088:
1084:
1065:
982:
876:
806:
782:
766:
724:
701:
693:
656:
583:
537:
480:
5837:
Cermeño, Alexandra L.; Enflo, Kerstin; Lindvall, Johannes (2021).
5723:. American Public Transportation Association. 2007. Archived from
3318:
at the periphery of metropolitan areas, contributing to increased
2069:
1406:. The world's first deep-level electric railway, it runs from the
739:
haulage rope and was operated by human or animal power, through a
8200:
8077:
7915:
7845:
7747:
7587:
7559:
7489:
7479:
7375:
6548:
2008 data is not provided for Italy, so 2007 data is used instead
5748:"The effects of new public projects to expand urban rail transit"
3651:
3630:
3588:
3462:
3315:
3311:
3212:
2756:
are privately owned by freight lines. Passenger lines, primarily
2680:
2578:
2544:
2087:
2063:
2022:
Interior view of a high-speed bullet train, manufactured in China
1849:
1746:
1556:
1266:
The first known electric locomotive was built in 1837 by chemist
1029:
998:
994:
774:
770:
664:
6495:"Govt defends fare hike, says rail subsidy burden was too heavy"
6465:"China plans to spend $ 115 billion on railways in 2017: Xinhua"
5839:"Railroads and Reform: How Trains Strengthened the Nation State"
5692:
5168:
Soviet Locomotive Technology During Industrialization, 1928—1952
3390:
2251:
for road vehicles. When rail is combined with road transport, a
2231:
industry, reducing shipping costs significantly. In Europe, the
1710:, introduced in 1964, triggered the intercity train travel boom.
9087:
7900:
7895:
7814:
7519:
7345:
7198:
5658:
5656:
5060:
Thomson, William (4 May 1888), "Priestmans' Petroleum Engine",
3769:
3693:
3672:
3483:
3034:
2997:
2819:
2757:
2217:
1900:
1317:
1210:
673:
376:
48:
7072:
Blood, iron, and gold: How the railroads transformed the world
6323:
International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology
6098:. Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press. pp.
4663:"'Puffing Billy' locomotive | Science Museum Group Collection"
7610:
5632:
4902:
Made in Hungary: Hungarian Contributions to Universal Culture
3546:
3504:
3339:
3335:
3228:
2956:
2194:
2185:
1806:
1726:
1722:
1470:
1172:
Colliery Railway, the first successful locomotive running by
1169:
1132:
1002:
852:
in 1831; these are smooth edge rails for wheels with flanges.
821:
793:
to be loaded onto barges and carried to riverside towns. The
662:
For example, evidence indicates that a 6 to 8.5 km long
602:
541:
275:
238:
75:
5653:
4094:
Fraser, P. M. (December 1961). "The ΔΙΟΛΚΟΣ of Alexandria".
1213:-wheel adhesion locomotive. In 1825 he built the locomotive
1052:, hitherto used to pump water out of mines, and developed a
891:
for wagonways serving his canals, manufacturing them at his
30:"Railway" and "Railroad" redirect here. For other uses, see
7975:
7930:
7544:
7407:
6083:
5035:, vol. 202, p. 254, 24 April 1956, archived from
4822:
4785:. Vol. 2. London: Frederick Warne and Co. p. 156.
4529:. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. p.
3232:
2960:
2638:
line. Grade-separated rapid transit sometimes use a ground
2168:
2135:
1895:
to create pressurized steam. The steam travels through the
1884:
1876:
1667:). The first regular used diesel–electric locomotives were
1341:
986:
773:, England, perhaps from the 1560s. A wagonway was built at
736:
605:
in 1964, and high-speed rail lines now connect many cities
342:
6980:
Railway Empire: How the British Gave Railways to the World
6699:"Spanish railways battle profit loss with more investment"
6435:"Transportation Infrastructure and Country Attractiveness"
4256:
Lancashire Railways – The History of Steam
3783:
3432:
European rail subsidies in euros per passenger-km for 2008
2535:
1453:
on steam–electric locomotive designs, Brown observed that
961:(patented 1828), which considerably reduced the amount of
7129:
6670:"Facts and arguments in favour of Swiss public transport"
4470:. Heidelberg and New York: Physica-Verlag. Archived from
4058:
3857:
History of tram and light rail transit systems by country
2610:
The signalling process is traditionally carried out in a
4952:
2886:
On many high-speed inter-city networks, such as Japan's
2780:
The main source of income for railway companies is from
913:
and flanged wheels successfully for an extension to the
735:
in Austria. The line originally used wooden rails and a
6821:
6819:
5523:
3029:-pulled lumber train crossing the drawbridge along the
2934:
1624:
electrical engineer, developed and patented a reliable
1484:(France), which was constructed between 1896 and 1898.
1473:: they could only be carried within locomotive bodies.
1113:
The first commercially successful steam locomotive was
5746:
Baum-Snow, Nathaniel; Kahn, Matthew E. (August 2000).
5308:. The Environmental Blog. 3 April 2007. Archived from
4867:
4297:"Huntingdon Beaumont's Wollaton to Strelley Waggonway"
1184:
in London, and is the oldest locomotive in existence.
1056:
in 1769 capable of powering a wheel. This was a large
4201:
Lee, Charles E. (1943). "The Evolution of Railways".
3387:, and CO) but had little effect on ozone pollution."
3013:
per passenger-km, 20 times less than the automobile.
2410:
Track consists of two parallel steel rails, anchored
1824:
and some rapid transits are under automatic control.
6816:
6257:(London: Blandford Press, 1972); Bishop and Davies,
5836:
5792:. Xinhua News Agency. 24 August 2005. Archived from
5006:
4994:
4879:
4781:
Gordon, William (1910). "The Underground Electric".
4758:
Biographical dictionary of the history of technology
4130:"Der Reiszug: Part 1 – Presentation"
3779:
1698:
https://www.lococarriage.org.uk/high_speed_rail.html
81:. Rail transport is one of the two primary means of
4973:
2038:. Some lines also provide over-night services with
6091:
5143:Deutsches Lok-Archiv: Diesellokomotiven 4. Auflage
4899:
3119:
1953:that power the wheels. Modern locomotives may use
1941:. In locomotives that are powered by high-voltage
1616:A significant breakthrough occurred in 1914, when
1286:Exhibition in 1841. The seven-ton vehicle had two
4933:
4502:. Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins Press.
4236:Warren Allison, Samuel Murphy and Richard Smith,
2992:Energy efficiency in transportation § Trains
2509:. Countries with multiple gauges in use, such as
2146:systems are elevated, medium-capacity systems. A
1567:for railway use included a prototype designed by
762:("dogs") from the noise they made on the tracks.
9282:
7065:The Historical Guide to North American Railroads
6725:"GB rail industry financial information 2014–15"
5366:"The Inception of the English Railway Station".
4969:
4967:
4851:. Transport for London.gov.uk. 15 October 2017.
4238:An Early Railway in the German Mines of Caldbeck
3877:List of countries by rail transport network size
3334:. These arrangements revalue city spaces, local
3098:
2054:serve suburbs of urban areas, providing a daily
1510:A prototype of a Ganz AC electric locomotive in
1375:Passengers waiting to board a tube train on the
5530:The Complete Book of North American Railroading
4897:
4584:. London: Frederick Warne and Co. pp. 7–9.
4379:. Stephenson Locomotive Society. Archived from
621:and rising fuel prices, as well as governments
5595:
5471:"Shipping Tariffs | Old Dominion Freight Line"
5428:
4696:. The Hamlyn Publishing Group. pp. 20–22.
4691:
4646:
4526:Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics
3401:Basic Rail Transportation Infrastructure Index
3310:and along their arteries. This contrasts with
576:1830 opening of the first intercity connection
8786:
8465:
7098:
7049:Pirie, Gordon. "Tracking railway histories."
6614:"Efficiency indicators of Railways in France"
6564:"the 2017 European Railway Performance Index"
5790:"New height of world's railway born in Tibet"
5745:
5337:(Fifth ed.). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.
5214:. Milwaukee WI: Kalmbach Books. p. 409.
4964:
4936:Hungarian Contributions to World Civilization
3391:Modern rail as economic development indicator
3056:
1595:and the steam and diesel engine manufacturer
1379:in the early 1900s (sketch by unknown artist)
514:
6558:
6556:
6131:
5721:"Public Transportation Ridership Statistics"
4373:"Surrey Iron Railway 200th – 26th July 2003"
3252:
3207:has recognized rail as "the backbone of the
1988:Alternative methods of motive power include
1243:
1154:This was followed in 1813 by the locomotive
668:paved trackway transported boats across the
6872:
6784:
6662:
6528:
6526:
6524:
6522:
6313:
6307:
4454:
4346:
4299:. Nottingham Hidden History. 30 July 2013.
3842:Environmental design in rail transportation
3367:A 2018 study found that the opening of the
3306:Railways channel growth towards dense city
2830:and making up for losses at the end of the
2524:
1929:draw power from a stationary source via an
1079:was built in the United Kingdom in 1804 by
683:
8793:
8779:
8472:
8458:
7105:
7091:
6566:. Boston Consulting Group. 18 April 2017.
6400:Guo, Shihong; Chen, Liqiang (March 2019).
6316:"New coefficients of rail transport usage"
5713:
5635:"Railroad Fuel Efficiency Sets New Record"
5245:, abbreviations.com, accessed 19 July 2020
4789:
4651:. The Hamlyn Publishing Group. p. 12.
4154:
2062:provide quick access from city centres to
2042:. Some long-haul trains have been given a
1533:
1402:. This was the first major railway to use
706:
521:
507:
8479:
6854:"Government support for Russian Railways"
6553:
6417:
6230:
5854:
5446:
5209:
4751:
4522:
4424:
4286:(Six Martlets, Sudbury, 2010), pp. 70–84.
4258:. Newbury: Countryside Books. p. 5.
4244:(Six Martlets, Sudbury, 2010), pp. 52–69.
3827:Combined cycle powered railway locomotive
2768:recommended practices for track work and
2521:to move goods by rail to Western Europe.
1009:
831:
582:. The adoption of rail transport lowered
6519:
6314:Lewandowski, Krzysztof (December 2015).
6172:
5964:
5330:
5165:
5107:
3427:
3242:
3020:
2841:
2674:
2569:
2534:
2493:
2288:
2184:
2068:
2017:
1977:. The energy transmission may be either
1903:that transmits power directly through a
1701:
1547:
1505:
1465:motors and, because of the absence of a
1370:
1257:
1198:where he worked to allow him to build a
1024:A replica of Trevithick's engine at the
1019:
949:in 1784. In 1783 Cort also patented the
843:
835:
710:
74:, which usually consist of two parallel
42:
8800:
6917:. Amtrak. 28 January 2019. p. 33.
6399:
5825:When the Facts Change: Essays 1995–2010
5059:
4596:"Richard Trevithick's steam locomotive"
4460:
4067:"Railways in the Greek and Roman world"
3298:also influenced the course of the war.
2425:Rail gauges are usually categorized as
2293:Map of world railway network as of 2022
578:in England, was a key component of the
14:
9283:
7021:Railways then and now: a world history
6432:
6372:
6270:
5693:Publicada por João Pimentel Ferreira.
5140:
4780:
4709:The Pictorial Encyclopedia of Railways
4694:The Pictorial Encyclopedia of Railways
4649:The Pictorial Encyclopedia of Railways
4579:
4418:
4393:
4321:
4315:
4093:
2812:amounted to €73 billion in 2005.
1756:High-speed trains normally operate on
1638:Königlich-Sächsische Staatseisenbahnen
8774:
8453:
7086:
6946:
6860:from the original on 26 November 2018
6705:from the original on 24 November 2020
6445:from the original on 4 September 2015
6433:Firzli, M. Nicolas J. (1 July 2013).
6089:
6020:
5908:
5877:
5641:from the original on 26 November 2013
5012:
5000:
4958:
4885:
4873:
4706:
4700:
4495:
4430:
4303:from the original on 27 November 2022
4253:
4064:
4046:from the original on 17 November 2023
1075:The first full-scale working railway
7112:
6924:from the original on 3 November 2019
6892:from the original on 4 February 2016
6606:
6336:from the original on 31 October 2020
5843:British Journal of Political Science
5567:"Statistics database for transports"
5502:from the original on 23 January 2018
5286:from the original on 1 February 2021
5190:
4849:"A brief history of the Underground"
4667:collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk
4205:(2nd ed.). London. p. 16.
4155:Kriechbaum, Reinhard (15 May 2004).
4136:from the original on 20 October 2021
4027:
4025:
3897:List of railway industry occupations
3887:List of railroad-related periodicals
3148:
3140:Funding came from financiers in the
2985:
2935:Social, economic, and energy aspects
2474:Points and switches – also known as
1425:electric locomotive was designed by
909:had earlier used a form of all-iron
536:on rails generally encounters lower
5633:American Association of Railroads.
5614:from the original on 29 August 2017
5026:"Motive power for British Railways"
4200:
4096:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
4031:
4010:from the original on 1 October 2023
3349:
3301:
3128:
2715:. Some large stations are built as
2614:, a small building that houses the
2171:operates large cars on its routes.
2007:
1544:Dieselisation § Rail transport
1274:in Scotland, and it was powered by
24:
8277:Transit-oriented development (TOD)
6972:
6475:from the original on 23 March 2023
6253:Denis Bishop and W. J. K. Davies,
6078:The Railroad and the Space Program
5890:from the original on 18 March 2017
5770:from the original on 14 March 2022
5674:from the original on 13 April 2021
5596:Vojtech Eksler, ed. (5 May 2013).
5334:The geography of transport systems
5093:, vol. 17, 1963, p. 25,
4938:. Alpha Publications. p. 67.
4819:"Richmond Union Passenger Railway"
4561:from the original on 27 March 2009
4185:Georgius Agricola (trans Hoover),
4122:
3257:("From Munich via Metz to Paris").
3090:
2626:
2460:rails together to form lengths of
1685:
1096:ironworks, near Merthyr Tydfil in
70:using wheeled vehicles running in
25:
9312:
7078:
6880:"FY15 Budget, Business Plan 2015"
6832:. pp. 44, 45. Archived from
6737:from the original on 9 March 2016
5701:from the original on 8 April 2015
5212:The Second Diesel Spotter's Guide
4855:from the original on 12 June 2018
4324:Landmarks of the Niagara Frontier
4022:
4000:"History, Invention, & Facts"
3965:is safe only on a per-mile basis.
3190:
3156:Western Railroad of Massachusetts
2284:
2189:Bulk cargo of minerals on a train
2174:
1563:Earliest recorded examples of an
8433:
8287:Transportation demand management
6904:
6846:
6752:
6717:
6691:
6630:
6582:
6570:from the original on 31 May 2020
6507:from the original on 9 July 2023
6487:
6457:
6426:
4752:Day, Lance; McNeil, Ian (1966).
4673:from the original on 19 May 2023
4624:from the original on 3 June 2020
4618:"Steam train anniversary begins"
4437:. New York: D. Appleton and Co.
3810:
3796:
3782:
3745:
3740:
3707:
3686:
3665:
3644:
3623:
3602:
3581:
3560:
3539:
3518:
3497:
3476:
3455:
3254:Von München über Metz nach Paris
3238:
3061:
2340:
2331:
2224:of cargo has revolutionized the
2216:. Containers have succeeded the
1346:Richmond Union Passenger Railway
1326:Berlin-Lichterfelde West station
1235:Liverpool and Manchester Railway
1139:track and solved the problem of
490:
115:
7041:150 years of main line railways
6393:
6366:
6357:
6348:
6264:
6247:
6224:
6211:
6191:
6166:
6125:
6116:
6070:
6057:
6023:The Journal of Economic History
6014:
6001:
5958:
5945:
5911:The Journal of Economic History
5902:
5871:
5830:
5817:
5808:
5782:
5739:
5686:
5626:
5589:
5559:
5488:
5463:
5422:
5404:
5359:
5324:
5298:
5268:
5228:
5203:
5184:
5159:
5134:
5101:
5083:
5053:
5018:
4927:
4891:
4841:
4811:
4802:
4774:
4745:
4733:from the original on 2 May 2020
4715:
4685:
4655:
4640:
4610:
4588:
4573:
4555:"Early Days of Mumbles Railway"
4547:
4516:
4489:
4412:
4387:
4365:
4340:
4289:
4272:
4247:
4230:
4217:
4076:. pp. 8–19. Archived from
4072:. In Guy, A.; Rees, J. (eds.).
3968:
3882:List of countries by rail usage
3872:International Union of Railways
3292:sabotage of railways in Belarus
3173:
3120:Shipping freight and passengers
2762:Federal Railroad Administration
2350:Left: Railway turnouts; Right:
2297:
1955:three-phase AC induction motors
1863:
1793:continue to operate as part of
1778:
1721:was introduced in 1964 between
1229:, which entered in and won the
1221:Stockton and Darlington Railway
860:Company began to fix plates of
572:Stockton and Darlington Railway
544:. Power is usually provided by
4906:. Simon Publications. p.
4349:Railwaymen, Politics and Money
4194:
4179:
4157:"Die große Reise auf den Berg"
4148:
4087:
3992:
3955:
2982:and makes the vehicle unsafe.
2893:
2818:and US passenger rail service
2633:Railway electrification system
2304:Right-of-way (property access)
2239:. Other types of cars include
1669:switcher (shunter) locomotives
1348:, using equipment designed by
1344:were pioneered in 1888 on the
1284:Royal Scottish Society of Arts
1254:Railway electrification system
850:Cromford and High Peak Railway
13:
1:
7259:Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit
7016:(Taylor & Francis, 2018).
6080:(MIT Press, 1965) pp. 127–162
5764:10.1016/S0047-2727(99)00085-7
4582:Our Home Railways, volume one
4280:The First Shropshire Railways
3985:
3446:Subsidy in billions of Euros
3247:German soldiers in a railway
3107:, a railroad network needed:
3099:Model of corporate management
2730:
2565:
2558:and laser scanning, and even
2028:guard/train manager/conductor
1937:. Some also or instead use a
1648:with electric equipment from
1613:) proved technically viable.
1602:Winterthur–Romanshorn railway
1530:main-lines across the world.
1393:City and South London Railway
1324:and the line was extended to
1299:Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway
1083:, a British engineer born in
555:. While railway transport is
306:Passenger traffic terminology
8315:Passenger information system
7051:Journal of Transport History
7007:Journal of Transport History
6827:"European rail study report"
6765:. p. 30. Archived from
6672:. p. 24. Archived from
6255:Railways and War Before 1918
5884:The Education of Henry Adams
5331:Rodrigue, Jean-Paul (2020).
5210:Pinkepank, Jerry A. (1973).
5108:Churella, Albert J. (1998).
3406:
3362:
2775:
2735:
2354:control box guides elevated
1499:) in 1899 on the 40 km
1476:In 1894, Hungarian engineer
1338:Mödling and Hinterbrühl Tram
7:
7453:Demand-responsive transport
7351:Medium-capacity rail system
6997:The World the Railways Made
6950:Electric Railways 1880–1990
6797:. p. 6. Archived from
6595:. p. 2. Archived from
6259:Railways and War Since 1917
5967:The Business History Review
5752:Journal of Public Economics
4727:Science and Industry Museum
4163:(in German). Archived from
4040:International Energy Agency
3927:Railway systems engineering
3775:
3288:Russian invasion of Ukraine
3160:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
2796:income can be significant.
2664:
2235:has largely superseded the
1973:use a diesel engine as the
1361:Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
991:Swansea and Mumbles Railway
723:wrote a description of the
10:
9317:
9301:Transportation engineering
9001:Transfer table (traverser)
8684:Cross-platform interchange
8216:Public transport timetable
7247:Passenger rail terminology
6947:Duffy, Michael C. (2003).
6940:
6590:"German Railway Financing"
5496:"EU Technical Report 2007"
5118:Princeton University Press
5076:– via Haithi Trust,
4976:"Kálmán Kandó (1869–1931)"
4934:Francis S. Wagner (1977).
4711:. Hamlyn Publishing Group.
4523:Rosenberg, Nathan (1982).
4394:Landes, David. S. (1969).
3917:Passenger rail terminology
3764:In 2015, funding from the
3750:For rail subsidies in the
3749:
3410:
3142:Northeastern United States
3057:Social and economic impact
2989:
2747:privatization in the 1990s
2668:
2630:
2588:
2528:
2497:
2320:
2301:
2178:
2011:
1983:Electro-diesel locomotives
1827:
1804:
1782:
1771:that incorporates a large
1689:
1680:Canadian National Railways
1659:. They were classified as
1642:Royal Saxon State Railways
1634:diesel–electric locomotive
1565:internal combustion engine
1537:
1310:Gross-Lichterfelde Tramway
1247:
1026:National Waterfront Museum
1013:
868:to be used. At first only
687:
640:
636:
29:
9238:
9156:
9051:
8989:ground-level power supply
8897:
8809:
8730:
8702:
8632:
8614:Switch / turnout / points
8604:Grand circle / roundabout
8569:
8526:
8488:
8429:
8333:
8300:
8247:Green transport hierarchy
8229:
8183:
8147:
8106:
7984:Automated fare collection
7969:
7838:
7738:
7704:
7644:
7596:
7558:
7421:
7237:
7120:
7012:Mukhopadhyay, Aparajita.
6387:10.1017/S0067237809000150
6375:Austrian History Yearbook
6142:10.1109/ITSC.2010.5625187
6035:10.1017/S0022050700085119
5923:10.1017/S002205070008400X
5856:10.1017/S0007123420000654
5571:epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu
5141:Glatte, Wolfgang (1993).
4978:. mszh.hu. Archived from
4974:Hungarian Patent Office.
4620:. BBC. 21 February 2004.
4557:. BBC. 15 February 2007.
4496:Fogel, Robert W. (1964).
3922:Rail transport by country
3912:Outline of rail transport
3892:List of railway companies
3837:Electric-steam locomotive
3728:
3342:values, and promotion of
3330:spaces, and depletion of
2939:
2837:
2806:public service obligation
2764:(FRA) and may follow the
2581:(seen here in 2009) is a
2560:ultrasonic audio analysis
2352:Chicago Transit Authority
2153:geometric characteristics
1915:(US main driver) or to a
1800:
1244:Electric power introduced
1180:is now on display in the
643:History of rail transport
615:the eastern United States
599:high-speed railway system
419:List of high-speed trains
36:Railroad (disambiguation)
8282:Transportation authority
6992:(Chartwell Books, 2001).
6686:6.3 billion Swiss francs
6439:Revue Analyse Financière
5166:Westwood, J. N. (1982).
4898:Andrew L. Simon (1998).
4707:Ellis, Hamilton (1968).
4635:iron master's tram rails
4461:Grübler, Arnulf (1990).
4431:Wells, David A. (1891).
4065:Lewis, M. J. T. (2001).
3948:
3932:Steam turbine locomotive
3016:
2944:Transport by rail is an
2772:standards for vehicles.
2525:Train inspection systems
2370:with east and westbound
2316:
2082:high-speed train at the
1875:that provides adhesion.
1762:continuously welded rail
1652:and diesel engines from
1044:. Watt had improved the
684:Pre-steam modern systems
32:Railway (disambiguation)
8974:Railway electrification
8346:Bus rapid transit creep
8292:Transportation planning
7074:(Public Affairs, 2011).
7031:World atlas of railways
6279:(2). Lexington: 53–58.
5091:Diesel Railway Traction
5074:2027/mdp.39015084630964
4692:Hamilton Ellis (1968).
4647:Hamilton Ellis (1968).
4351:. London: John Murray.
3766:U.S. federal government
3403:(known as BRTI Index).
3320:vehicle miles travelled
3103:According to historian
2967:and thus energy usage.
2852:European Railway Agency
2810:Total EU rail subsidies
2541:dragging equipment unit
2531:Train inspection system
2237:ordinary covered wagons
2084:Central Railway Station
1891:, boiling water in the
1871:are locomotives with a
1650:Brown, Boveri & Cie
1534:Diesel power introduced
1330:Volk's Electric Railway
1262:Lichterfelde tram, 1882
856:In the late 1760s, the
797:, completed in 1604 by
707:Wooden rails introduced
625:as a means of reducing
591:railway electrification
321:Railway nationalization
8044:Manual fare collection
8024:Farebox recovery ratio
7515:Personal rapid transit
6638:"The age of the train"
6241:10.1093/past/162.1.163
6136:. pp. 1753–1757.
6090:Licht, Walter (1983).
5527:; et al. (2009).
5306:"Environmental Issues"
5145:. Berlin: Transpress.
4922:Evian-les-Bains kando.
4580:Gordon, W. J. (1910).
4322:Porter, Peter (1914).
3760:Modern US rail history
3433:
3397:development economists
3258:
3253:
3166:in the 1850s, and the
3037:
2855:
2684:
2586:
2547:
2462:continuous welded rail
2378:lines and the looping
2294:
2190:
2181:Rail freight transport
2091:
2023:
1911:(US: wristpin) on the
1714:The first electrified
1711:
1569:William Dent Priestman
1560:
1524:rotary phase converter
1515:
1391:system in 1890 on the
1380:
1263:
1033:
1010:Steam power introduced
959:James Beaumont Neilson
915:Charnwood Forest Canal
853:
841:
832:Metal rails introduced
733:Hohensalzburg Fortress
721:Cardinal Matthäus Lang
716:
429:Longest train services
311:Named passenger trains
56:
9113:Platform screen doors
8401:Sustainable transport
8381:Passenger load factor
8196:Clock-face scheduling
8029:Free public transport
7881:Bus turnout (bus bay)
7578:Real-time ridesharing
7371:Platform screen doors
7053:35.2 (2014): 242–248.
7009:20.2 (1999): 160–167.
6760:"ProRail report 2015"
6701:. 17 September 2015.
6217:Dennis E. Showalter,
6204:7 August 2019 at the
6173:Straszak, A. (1977).
6009:Industry comes of age
5955:(1961) pp. 52, 68–74.
5878:Adams, Henry (1918).
5369:Architectural History
5280:Global Railway Review
5114:Princeton, New Jersey
5062:The Electrical Review
4760:. London: Routledge.
4600:National Museum Wales
4225:Early wooden railways
3756:Amtrak public funding
3431:
3344:mixed use development
3246:
3209:public transit system
3168:Pennsylvania Railroad
3078:The invention of the
3024:
2880:platform screen doors
2845:
2678:
2573:
2538:
2494:Gauge incompatibility
2358:north and southbound
2292:
2193:Freight trains carry
2188:
2104:Shanghai maglev train
2072:
2021:
1907:(US: main rod) and a
1729:in Japan. Since then
1705:
1551:
1509:
1459:power-to-weight ratio
1374:
1261:
1023:
993:, was opened between
847:
839:
714:
580:Industrial Revolution
538:frictional resistance
444:Platform screen doors
46:
9063:Anti-trespass panels
8750:Minimum curve radius
8717:Zig Zag / Switchback
8440:Transport portal
8376:Outline of transport
8069:Reduced fare program
8039:Integrated ticketing
7994:Contract of carriage
7805:Personal transporter
7361:Narrow-gauge railway
7209:Rail replacement bus
6988:Chant, Christopher.
6626:on 17 November 2015.
5951:Edward C. Kirkland,
5796:on 13 September 2005
5448:10.3390/math11040857
5241:19 July 2020 at the
4347:Vaughan, A. (1997).
4254:Jones, Mark (2012).
3862:History of transport
3271:Franco-Prussian Wars
3265:, as well as in the
3080:electrical telegraph
2725:public transport hub
2723:, serve as the main
2645:Power may be fed as
2545:hot bearing detector
2519:Eurasian Land Bridge
1927:Electric locomotives
1646:Waggonfabrik Rastatt
1493:regenerative braking
1439:hydro-electric plant
1421:The first practical
1209:, also a successful
1162:Christopher Blackett
1054:reciprocating engine
981:The first passenger
698:Tramway (industrial)
497:Transport portal
449:Railway speed record
8910:Classification yard
8689:Interchange station
8594:Facing and trailing
8561:Classification yard
8416:Transport economics
8211:On-time performance
8206:Night (owl) service
7906:Interchange station
7785:Horse-drawn vehicle
7573:Flexible carpooling
7381:Metro/Rapid Transit
7070:Wolmar, Christian.
7056:Sawai, Minoru, ed.
6650:on 17 November 2015
5827:(2015) pp. 287–288.
5695:"Carro ou comboio?"
5234:STANDS4 LLC, 2020,
5170:. Macmillan Press.
4823:IEEE History Center
4799:, De Agostini, 2003
4282:in G. Boyes (ed.),
4240:in G. Boyes (ed.),
3847:Ground-effect train
2909:track geometry cars
2651:alternating current
2102:trains such as the
2100:Magnetic levitation
1990:magnetic levitation
1943:alternating current
1573:Sir William Thomson
1429:, then working for
1357:Baltimore Belt Line
1282:, exhibited at the
1250:Electric locomotive
975:open hearth furnace
923:Lake Lock Rail Road
901:Surrey Iron Railway
893:Butterley ironworks
799:Huntingdon Beaumont
651:have been made for
424:List of train songs
301:High-speed railways
254:Couplers by country
103:Part of a series on
9169:Motive power depot
9123:Signalling control
8619:Swingnose crossing
8170:Standing passenger
7433:Auto rickshaw taxi
7403:Suspension railway
7386:Rubber-tyred metro
7309:Heritage streetcar
7214:Share taxi/Taxibus
6676:on 26 October 2014
6500:The Times of India
6471:. 4 January 2017.
6419:10.1111/grow.12266
6233:Past & Present
5880:"The Press (1868)"
5697:. Veraveritas.eu.
5668:The Economic Times
5418:on 9 October 2014.
5312:on 11 January 2012
4961:, p. 120–121.
4829:on 1 December 2008
4754:"Davidson, Robert"
4035:The Future of Rail
3434:
3279:strategic railways
3263:American Civil War
3259:
3162:in the 1840s, the
3043:Northeast Corridor
3038:
2972:economies of scale
2864:railway signalling
2856:
2754:Northeast corridor
2685:
2596:Railway signalling
2591:Railway signalling
2587:
2548:
2414:to members called
2295:
2247:for livestock and
2233:sliding wall wagon
2191:
2127:at higher speeds.
2092:
2060:Airport rail links
2024:
1971:Diesel locomotives
1814:maintenance-of-way
1719:Tōkaidō Shinkansen
1712:
1578:Priestman Brothers
1561:
1516:
1501:Burgdorf–Thun line
1455:three-phase motors
1397:London Underground
1395:, now part of the
1385:London Underground
1381:
1377:London Underground
1332:opened in 1883 in
1306:Werner von Siemens
1264:
1081:Richard Trevithick
1034:
854:
842:
826:Lewiston, New York
717:
670:Isthmus of Corinth
601:was introduced in
595:diesel locomotives
259:Coupler conversion
68:means of transport
57:
9278:
9277:
8996:Railway turntable
8817:
8768:
8767:
8447:
8446:
8139:Transport network
8129:Non-revenue track
7795:Inclined elevator
7730:Inclined elevator
7696:Inclined elevator
7321:Higher-speed rail
7264:Airport rail link
7147:Bus rapid transit
7063:Trains Magazine.
6995:Faith, Nicholas.
6978:Burton, Anthony.
6964:978-0-85296-805-5
6602:on 10 March 2016.
6406:Growth and Change
6184:978-1-4831-8916-1
6151:978-1-4244-7657-2
6063:Saul Engelbourg,
6011:(1961) pp. 57–68.
5727:on 15 August 2007
5605:www.era.europa.eu
5544:978-0-7603-2848-4
5344:978-0-429-34632-3
5221:978-0-89024-026-7
5177:978-1-349-05013-0
5152:978-3-344-70767-5
5127:978-0-691-02776-0
4982:on 8 October 2010
4945:978-0-912404-04-2
4917:978-0-9665734-2-8
4876:, pp. 39–41.
4795:Renzo Pocaterra,
4783:Our Home Railways
4767:978-0-415-06042-4
4606:on 15 April 2011.
4540:978-0-521-27367-1
4509:978-0-8018-1148-7
4444:978-0-543-72474-8
4405:978-0-521-09418-4
4358:978-0-7195-5746-0
4333:978-0-665-78347-0
4265:978-1-84674-298-9
3852:Highway dimension
3726:
3725:
3356:steam locomotives
3326:, development of
3149:Modern management
3010:one litre of fuel
2986:Energy efficiency
2950:capital-intensive
2679:Goods station in
2241:refrigerator cars
2124:Higher-speed rail
1921:heritage railways
1869:Steam locomotives
1791:heritage railways
1785:Heritage railways
1540:Diesel locomotive
1447:Frankfurt am Main
1443:Lauffen am Neckar
1418:in south London.
1404:electric traction
1291:reluctance motors
1237:, built in 1830.
1189:George Stephenson
1129:Middleton Railway
1058:stationary engine
818:Middleton Railway
795:Wollaton Wagonway
752:Georgius Agricola
623:investing in rail
557:capital-intensive
531:
530:
249:Railway couplings
232:Steam locomotives
91:energy efficiency
27:Mode of transport
16:(Redirected from
9308:
9173:Railway workshop
8889:Transition curve
8859:Fastening system
8813:
8795:
8788:
8781:
8772:
8771:
8679:Spanish solution
8669:Terminal station
8642:Railway platform
8474:
8467:
8460:
8451:
8450:
8438:
8437:
8356:Destination sign
8320:Platform display
8310:Destination sign
8267:Transit district
8262:Street hierarchy
8242:Complete streets
8237:Airport security
8119:Cross-city route
8064:Proof-of-payment
8034:Free travel pass
7525:Public light bus
7485:Hackney carriage
7304:Heritage railway
7289:Elevated railway
7284:Cross-city route
7204:Public light bus
7162:Cross-city route
7114:Public transport
7107:
7100:
7093:
7084:
7083:
7060:(#Sringer, 2017)
6968:
6934:
6933:
6931:
6929:
6923:
6916:
6908:
6902:
6901:
6899:
6897:
6891:
6884:
6876:
6870:
6869:
6867:
6865:
6850:
6844:
6843:
6838:
6831:
6823:
6814:
6813:
6811:
6809:
6803:
6796:
6788:
6782:
6781:
6779:
6777:
6771:
6764:
6756:
6750:
6749:
6744:
6742:
6736:
6730:. 9 March 2016.
6729:
6721:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6710:
6695:
6689:
6688:
6683:
6681:
6666:
6660:
6659:
6657:
6655:
6649:
6643:. Archived from
6642:
6634:
6628:
6627:
6625:
6619:. Archived from
6618:
6610:
6604:
6603:
6601:
6594:
6586:
6580:
6579:
6577:
6575:
6560:
6551:
6550:
6545:
6538:
6530:
6517:
6516:
6514:
6512:
6503:. 22 June 2014.
6491:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6480:
6461:
6455:
6454:
6452:
6450:
6430:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6397:
6391:
6390:
6370:
6364:
6361:
6355:
6352:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6341:
6335:
6320:
6311:
6305:
6304:
6273:Military Affairs
6268:
6262:
6251:
6245:
6244:
6235:(162): 163–194.
6228:
6222:
6215:
6209:
6195:
6189:
6188:
6170:
6164:
6163:
6129:
6123:
6120:
6114:
6113:
6097:
6087:
6081:
6074:
6068:
6061:
6055:
6054:
6018:
6012:
6005:
5999:
5998:
5962:
5956:
5949:
5943:
5942:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5897:
5895:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5858:
5834:
5828:
5821:
5815:
5812:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5786:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5775:
5743:
5737:
5736:
5734:
5732:
5717:
5711:
5710:
5708:
5706:
5690:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5660:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5646:
5630:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5619:
5613:
5602:
5593:
5587:
5586:
5584:
5582:
5563:
5557:
5556:
5521:
5512:
5511:
5509:
5507:
5492:
5486:
5485:
5483:
5481:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5450:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5414:. Archived from
5408:
5402:
5401:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5328:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5317:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5293:
5291:
5272:
5266:
5263:
5246:
5232:
5226:
5225:
5207:
5201:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5188:
5182:
5181:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5105:
5099:
5098:
5087:
5081:
5080:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5041:
5030:
5022:
5016:
5010:
5004:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4971:
4962:
4956:
4950:
4949:
4931:
4925:
4924:
4905:
4895:
4889:
4883:
4877:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4862:
4860:
4845:
4839:
4838:
4836:
4834:
4825:. Archived from
4815:
4809:
4806:
4800:
4793:
4787:
4786:
4778:
4772:
4771:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4704:
4698:
4697:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4644:
4638:
4637:
4631:
4629:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4602:. Archived from
4592:
4586:
4585:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4520:
4514:
4513:
4493:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4482:
4476:
4469:
4458:
4452:
4451:
4428:
4422:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4319:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4293:
4287:
4276:
4270:
4269:
4251:
4245:
4234:
4228:
4221:
4215:
4214:
4198:
4192:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4152:
4146:
4145:
4143:
4141:
4126:
4120:
4119:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4083:on 21 July 2011.
4082:
4071:
4062:
4056:
4055:
4053:
4051:
4029:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
3996:
3979:
3972:
3966:
3959:
3820:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3806:
3804:Transport portal
3801:
3800:
3792:
3787:
3786:
3735:Russian Railways
3713:
3711:
3710:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3608:
3606:
3605:
3587:
3585:
3584:
3566:
3564:
3563:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3503:
3501:
3500:
3482:
3480:
3479:
3461:
3459:
3458:
3440:
3439:
3350:Negative impacts
3332:natural reserves
3324:carbon emissions
3302:Positive impacts
3256:
3135:financial system
3129:Financial system
2946:energy-efficient
2868:grade separation
2721:central stations
2621:block signalling
2552:defect detectors
2344:
2335:
2271:open-topped cars
2222:containerization
2206:Container trains
2032:Intercity trains
2008:Passenger trains
1622:General Electric
1580:was used on the
1350:Frank J. Sprague
1107:Catch Me Who Can
1077:steam locomotive
1042:steam locomotive
1016:Steam locomotive
971:Bessemer process
947:puddling process
653:wheeled vehicles
647:Smooth, durable
564:steam locomotive
523:
516:
509:
495:
494:
195:Gauge conversion
119:
100:
99:
93:and potentially
21:
18:Railway industry
9316:
9315:
9311:
9310:
9309:
9307:
9306:
9305:
9281:
9280:
9279:
9274:
9234:
9152:
9128:Structure gauge
9083:Defect detector
9055:
9047:
8893:
8849:Clip and scotch
8839:Breather switch
8805:
8799:
8769:
8764:
8760:Cant deficiency
8745:Ruling gradient
8726:
8712:Horseshoe curve
8698:
8628:
8589:Double junction
8579:Flying junction
8565:
8522:
8513:Quadruple track
8484:
8478:
8448:
8443:
8432:
8425:
8329:
8302:
8296:
8225:
8179:
8155:Checked baggage
8143:
8102:
7989:Bus advertising
7973:
7965:
7834:
7825:Trackless train
7768:Scooter-sharing
7763:Bicycle-sharing
7740:
7734:
7700:
7640:
7592:
7554:
7530:Pulled rickshaw
7500:Motorcycle taxi
7443:Combination bus
7424:
7417:
7331:Inter-city rail
7316:High-speed rail
7233:
7116:
7111:
7081:
6975:
6973:Further reading
6965:
6943:
6938:
6937:
6927:
6925:
6921:
6914:
6910:
6909:
6905:
6895:
6893:
6889:
6882:
6878:
6877:
6873:
6863:
6861:
6852:
6851:
6847:
6839:on 3 May 2013.
6836:
6829:
6825:
6824:
6817:
6807:
6805:
6804:on 4 March 2016
6801:
6794:
6790:
6789:
6785:
6775:
6773:
6772:on 3 March 2016
6769:
6762:
6758:
6757:
6753:
6740:
6738:
6734:
6727:
6723:
6722:
6718:
6708:
6706:
6697:
6696:
6692:
6679:
6677:
6668:
6667:
6663:
6653:
6651:
6647:
6640:
6636:
6635:
6631:
6623:
6616:
6612:
6611:
6607:
6599:
6592:
6588:
6587:
6583:
6573:
6571:
6562:
6561:
6554:
6546:on 3 May 2013.
6543:
6536:
6532:
6531:
6520:
6510:
6508:
6493:
6492:
6488:
6478:
6476:
6463:
6462:
6458:
6448:
6446:
6431:
6427:
6398:
6394:
6371:
6367:
6362:
6358:
6353:
6349:
6339:
6337:
6333:
6318:
6312:
6308:
6285:10.2307/1988491
6269:
6265:
6252:
6248:
6229:
6225:
6216:
6212:
6206:Wayback Machine
6196:
6192:
6185:
6171:
6167:
6152:
6130:
6126:
6121:
6117:
6110:
6088:
6084:
6075:
6071:
6062:
6058:
6019:
6015:
6006:
6002:
5979:10.2307/3111573
5963:
5959:
5950:
5946:
5907:
5903:
5893:
5891:
5886:. p. 240.
5876:
5872:
5835:
5831:
5822:
5818:
5813:
5809:
5799:
5797:
5788:
5787:
5783:
5773:
5771:
5744:
5740:
5730:
5728:
5719:
5718:
5714:
5704:
5702:
5691:
5687:
5677:
5675:
5662:
5661:
5654:
5644:
5642:
5631:
5627:
5617:
5615:
5611:
5600:
5594:
5590:
5580:
5578:
5565:
5564:
5560:
5545:
5533:. Minneapolis:
5522:
5515:
5505:
5503:
5494:
5493:
5489:
5479:
5477:
5469:
5468:
5464:
5427:
5423:
5410:
5409:
5405:
5382:10.2307/1568245
5376:: 63–76. 1961.
5365:
5364:
5360:
5345:
5329:
5325:
5315:
5313:
5304:
5303:
5299:
5289:
5287:
5274:
5273:
5269:
5264:
5249:
5243:Wayback Machine
5233:
5229:
5222:
5208:
5204:
5197:
5189:
5185:
5178:
5164:
5160:
5153:
5139:
5135:
5128:
5106:
5102:
5089:
5088:
5084:
5058:
5054:
5045:
5043:
5042:on 4 March 2014
5039:
5028:
5024:
5023:
5019:
5011:
5007:
4999:
4995:
4985:
4983:
4972:
4965:
4957:
4953:
4946:
4932:
4928:
4918:
4896:
4892:
4884:
4880:
4872:
4868:
4858:
4856:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4832:
4830:
4817:
4816:
4812:
4807:
4803:
4794:
4790:
4779:
4775:
4768:
4750:
4746:
4736:
4734:
4721:
4720:
4716:
4705:
4701:
4690:
4686:
4676:
4674:
4661:
4660:
4656:
4645:
4641:
4627:
4625:
4616:
4615:
4611:
4594:
4593:
4589:
4578:
4574:
4564:
4562:
4553:
4552:
4548:
4541:
4521:
4517:
4510:
4494:
4490:
4480:
4478:
4477:on 1 March 2012
4474:
4467:
4459:
4455:
4445:
4429:
4425:
4417:
4413:
4406:
4392:
4388:
4383:on 12 May 2009.
4371:
4370:
4366:
4359:
4345:
4341:
4334:
4320:
4316:
4306:
4304:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4277:
4273:
4266:
4252:
4248:
4235:
4231:
4222:
4218:
4203:Railway Gazette
4199:
4195:
4191:(1913), p. 156.
4188:De re metallica
4184:
4180:
4170:
4168:
4167:on 28 June 2012
4153:
4149:
4139:
4137:
4128:
4127:
4123:
4108:10.2307/3855873
4092:
4088:
4080:
4069:
4063:
4059:
4049:
4047:
4030:
4023:
4013:
4011:
3998:
3997:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3973:
3969:
3960:
3956:
3951:
3946:
3816:
3811:
3809:
3802:
3795:
3788:
3781:
3778:
3762:
3748:
3743:
3731:
3708:
3706:
3687:
3685:
3666:
3664:
3645:
3643:
3624:
3622:
3603:
3601:
3582:
3580:
3561:
3559:
3540:
3538:
3519:
3517:
3498:
3496:
3477:
3475:
3456:
3454:
3423:Indian Railways
3415:
3409:
3393:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3365:
3352:
3304:
3267:Austro-Prussian
3241:
3193:
3176:
3151:
3131:
3122:
3101:
3093:
3091:Nation-building
3064:
3059:
3035:Kuopio, Finland
3031:Savonia railway
3019:
3007:
3003:
2994:
2988:
2942:
2937:
2896:
2866:, and gates or
2840:
2816:Via Rail Canada
2778:
2738:
2733:
2713:level crossings
2689:railway station
2673:
2667:
2635:
2629:
2627:Electrification
2593:
2583:Midland Railway
2568:
2533:
2527:
2502:
2496:
2408:
2407:
2406:
2405:
2347:
2346:
2345:
2337:
2336:
2325:
2319:
2306:
2300:
2287:
2214:breaks of gauge
2210:double stacking
2183:
2177:
2163:. New Jersey's
2095:High-speed rail
2052:Commuter trains
2048:Regional trains
2016:
2014:Passenger train
2010:
1992:, horse-drawn,
1979:diesel–electric
1951:traction motors
1887:is burned in a
1866:
1858:electric motors
1838:push–pull train
1830:
1809:
1803:
1787:
1781:
1766:grade-separated
1731:high-speed rail
1716:high-speed rail
1694:
1692:High-speed rail
1688:
1686:High-speed rail
1661:DET 1 and DET 2
1597:Gebrüder Sulzer
1546:
1536:
1503:, Switzerland.
1482:Évian-les-Bains
1268:Robert Davidson
1256:
1246:
1231:Rainhill Trials
1070:William Murdoch
1050:Thomas Newcomen
1018:
1012:
951:rolling process
938:John Birkinshaw
889:Benjamin Outram
834:
756:De re metallica
731:railway at the
709:
704:
686:
645:
639:
630:
619:road congestion
527:
489:
386:
335:Special systems
330:
296:Inter-city rail
281:Passenger train
206:
161:Railway station
138:
137:
64:train transport
62:(also known as
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9314:
9304:
9303:
9298:
9296:Infrastructure
9293:
9291:Rail transport
9276:
9275:
9273:
9272:
9271:
9270:
9269:
9268:
9253:
9248:
9242:
9240:
9236:
9235:
9233:
9232:
9227:
9226:
9225:
9220:
9215:
9210:
9200:
9199:
9198:
9193:
9185:
9180:
9175:
9166:
9160:
9158:
9154:
9153:
9151:
9150:
9145:
9140:
9135:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9118:Railway signal
9115:
9110:
9105:
9103:Level crossing
9100:
9095:
9090:
9085:
9080:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9059:
9057:
9049:
9048:
9046:
9045:
9040:
9035:
9030:
9028:Track geometry
9025:
9020:
9019:
9018:
9008:
9003:
8998:
8993:
8992:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8979:overhead lines
8971:
8966:
8965:
8964:
8954:
8953:
8952:
8942:
8937:
8932:
8930:Gauntlet track
8927:
8922:
8917:
8912:
8907:
8901:
8899:
8895:
8894:
8892:
8891:
8886:
8881:
8876:
8874:Minimum radius
8871:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8851:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8820:
8818:
8807:
8806:
8803:infrastructure
8798:
8797:
8790:
8783:
8775:
8766:
8765:
8763:
8762:
8757:
8752:
8747:
8742:
8736:
8734:
8732:Track geometry
8728:
8727:
8725:
8724:
8719:
8714:
8708:
8706:
8700:
8699:
8697:
8696:
8694:Infill station
8691:
8686:
8681:
8676:
8671:
8666:
8665:
8664:
8659:
8654:
8649:
8638:
8636:
8630:
8629:
8627:
8626:
8624:Level crossing
8621:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8601:
8596:
8591:
8586:
8584:Level junction
8581:
8575:
8573:
8567:
8566:
8564:
8563:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8543:
8538:
8532:
8530:
8524:
8523:
8521:
8520:
8515:
8510:
8505:
8500:
8494:
8492:
8486:
8485:
8477:
8476:
8469:
8462:
8454:
8445:
8444:
8430:
8427:
8426:
8424:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8371:Land transport
8368:
8363:
8358:
8353:
8348:
8343:
8337:
8335:
8331:
8330:
8328:
8327:
8322:
8317:
8312:
8306:
8304:
8298:
8297:
8295:
8294:
8289:
8284:
8279:
8274:
8272:Transit police
8269:
8264:
8259:
8254:
8252:Rail subsidies
8249:
8244:
8239:
8233:
8231:
8227:
8226:
8224:
8223:
8218:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8198:
8193:
8187:
8185:
8181:
8180:
8178:
8177:
8172:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8151:
8149:
8145:
8144:
8142:
8141:
8136:
8131:
8126:
8124:Network length
8121:
8116:
8110:
8108:
8104:
8103:
8101:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8088:Ticket machine
8085:
8071:
8066:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8009:Fare avoidance
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7980:
7978:
7967:
7966:
7964:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7913:
7908:
7903:
7898:
7893:
7891:Ferry terminal
7888:
7883:
7878:
7873:
7868:
7863:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7842:
7840:
7836:
7835:
7833:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7800:Moving walkway
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7771:
7770:
7765:
7755:
7750:
7744:
7742:
7736:
7735:
7733:
7732:
7727:
7725:Moving walkway
7722:
7717:
7711:
7709:
7702:
7701:
7699:
7698:
7693:
7692:
7691:
7686:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7654:Aerial tramway
7650:
7648:
7642:
7641:
7639:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7618:
7613:
7608:
7602:
7600:
7594:
7593:
7591:
7590:
7585:
7580:
7575:
7570:
7564:
7562:
7556:
7555:
7553:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7537:
7532:
7527:
7522:
7517:
7512:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7487:
7482:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7466:
7465:
7460:
7450:
7448:Cycle rickshaw
7445:
7440:
7435:
7429:
7427:
7419:
7418:
7416:
7415:
7410:
7405:
7400:
7398:Street running
7395:
7390:
7389:
7388:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7312:
7311:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7255:
7254:
7243:
7241:
7235:
7234:
7232:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7185:
7184:
7174:
7169:
7164:
7159:
7154:
7149:
7144:
7143:
7142:
7137:
7126:
7124:
7118:
7117:
7110:
7109:
7102:
7095:
7087:
7080:
7079:External links
7077:
7076:
7075:
7068:
7067:(3rd ed. 2014)
7061:
7054:
7047:
7037:
7027:
7017:
7010:
7003:
6993:
6986:
6974:
6971:
6970:
6969:
6963:
6942:
6939:
6936:
6935:
6903:
6871:
6845:
6815:
6783:
6751:
6716:
6690:
6661:
6629:
6605:
6581:
6552:
6518:
6486:
6456:
6425:
6412:(1): 130–144.
6392:
6365:
6356:
6347:
6306:
6263:
6246:
6223:
6210:
6190:
6183:
6165:
6150:
6124:
6115:
6108:
6082:
6069:
6056:
6029:(4): 375–388.
6013:
6000:
5973:(3): 248–263.
5957:
5944:
5901:
5870:
5849:(2): 715–735.
5829:
5816:
5807:
5781:
5758:(2): 241–263.
5738:
5712:
5685:
5652:
5625:
5588:
5577:on 3 June 2012
5558:
5543:
5535:Voyageur Press
5513:
5487:
5462:
5421:
5403:
5358:
5343:
5323:
5297:
5267:
5247:
5227:
5220:
5202:
5183:
5176:
5158:
5151:
5133:
5126:
5120:. p. 12.
5100:
5082:
5052:
5017:
5015:, p. 273.
5005:
5003:, p. 137.
4993:
4963:
4951:
4944:
4926:
4916:
4890:
4888:, p. 129.
4878:
4866:
4840:
4810:
4801:
4788:
4773:
4766:
4744:
4714:
4699:
4684:
4654:
4639:
4609:
4587:
4572:
4546:
4539:
4515:
4508:
4488:
4453:
4443:
4423:
4411:
4404:
4386:
4377:Early Railways
4364:
4357:
4339:
4332:
4326:. The Author.
4314:
4288:
4271:
4264:
4246:
4229:
4216:
4193:
4178:
4147:
4121:
4086:
4057:
4021:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3967:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3867:Hydrogen train
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3821:
3807:
3793:
3777:
3774:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3703:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3682:
3681:
3678:
3675:
3661:
3660:
3657:
3654:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3612:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3577:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3568:United Kingdom
3556:
3555:
3552:
3549:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3528:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3507:
3493:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3465:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3444:
3413:Rail subsidies
3411:Main article:
3408:
3405:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3364:
3361:
3351:
3348:
3308:agglomerations
3303:
3300:
3240:
3237:
3192:
3191:Transportation
3189:
3175:
3172:
3170:in the 1860s.
3150:
3147:
3130:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3114:
3113:
3100:
3097:
3092:
3089:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3018:
3015:
3005:
3001:
2990:Main article:
2987:
2984:
2965:air resistance
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2917:off-peak hours
2900:infrastructure
2895:
2892:
2872:Train whistles
2870:at crossings.
2839:
2836:
2777:
2774:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2669:Main article:
2666:
2663:
2631:Main article:
2628:
2625:
2589:Main article:
2567:
2564:
2529:Main article:
2526:
2523:
2507:break of gauge
2500:Break of gauge
2498:Main article:
2495:
2492:
2427:standard gauge
2349:
2348:
2339:
2338:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2327:
2326:
2321:Main article:
2318:
2315:
2302:Main article:
2299:
2296:
2286:
2285:Infrastructure
2283:
2179:Main article:
2176:
2175:Freight trains
2173:
2112:kinetic energy
2012:Main article:
2009:
2006:
1964:overhead lines
1959:direct current
1905:connecting rod
1865:
1862:
1834:tractive force
1829:
1826:
1816:purposes. The
1805:Main article:
1802:
1799:
1795:living history
1780:
1777:
1773:turning radius
1758:standard gauge
1735:United Kingdom
1690:Main article:
1687:
1684:
1626:direct current
1535:
1532:
1489:Lugano Tramway
1435:three-phase AC
1408:City of London
1276:galvanic cells
1245:
1242:
1182:Science Museum
1166:William Hedley
1127:built for the
1115:Matthew Murray
1104:, London, the
1011:
1008:
907:William Jessop
897:William Jessop
833:
830:
746:Wagonways (or
708:
705:
685:
682:
641:Main article:
638:
635:
628:
589:In the 1880s,
568:United Kingdom
529:
528:
526:
525:
518:
511:
503:
500:
499:
486:
485:
484:
483:
478:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
393:
392:
388:
387:
385:
384:
379:
374:
373:
372:
362:
357:
352:
351:
350:
337:
336:
332:
331:
329:
328:
323:
318:
316:Rail subsidies
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
267:
266:
261:
256:
246:
241:
236:
235:
234:
224:
216:
215:
208:
207:
205:
204:
203:
202:
197:
192:
190:Variable gauge
182:
181:
180:
170:
169:
168:
158:
153:
145:
144:
143:Infrastructure
140:
139:
136:
135:
130:
124:
121:
120:
112:
111:
109:Rail transport
105:
104:
87:road transport
83:land transport
60:Rail transport
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9313:
9302:
9299:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9289:
9288:
9286:
9267:
9264:
9263:
9262:
9259:
9258:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9243:
9241:
9237:
9231:
9228:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9205:
9204:
9201:
9197:
9194:
9192:
9189:
9188:
9186:
9184:
9181:
9179:
9176:
9174:
9170:
9167:
9165:
9164:Coaling tower
9162:
9161:
9159:
9155:
9149:
9146:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9136:
9134:
9133:Signal bridge
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9108:Loading gauge
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9084:
9081:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9064:
9061:
9060:
9058:
9054:
9050:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9031:
9029:
9026:
9024:
9021:
9017:
9016:refuge siding
9014:
9013:
9012:
9009:
9007:
9004:
9002:
8999:
8997:
8994:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8976:
8975:
8972:
8970:
8967:
8963:
8962:tramway track
8960:
8959:
8958:
8955:
8951:
8948:
8947:
8946:
8943:
8941:
8938:
8936:
8933:
8931:
8928:
8926:
8923:
8921:
8918:
8916:
8913:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8902:
8900:
8896:
8890:
8887:
8885:
8882:
8880:
8877:
8875:
8872:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8860:
8857:
8855:
8852:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8821:
8819:
8816:
8812:
8808:
8804:
8796:
8791:
8789:
8784:
8782:
8777:
8776:
8773:
8761:
8758:
8756:
8753:
8751:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8741:
8738:
8737:
8735:
8733:
8729:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8709:
8707:
8705:
8701:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8663:
8660:
8658:
8655:
8653:
8650:
8648:
8645:
8644:
8643:
8640:
8639:
8637:
8635:
8631:
8625:
8622:
8620:
8617:
8615:
8612:
8610:
8607:
8605:
8602:
8600:
8597:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8577:
8576:
8574:
8572:
8568:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8551:Refuge siding
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8533:
8531:
8529:
8525:
8519:
8516:
8514:
8511:
8509:
8506:
8504:
8501:
8499:
8496:
8495:
8493:
8491:
8490:Railway track
8487:
8483:track layouts
8482:
8475:
8470:
8468:
8463:
8461:
8456:
8455:
8452:
8442:
8441:
8436:
8428:
8422:
8421:Micromobility
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8366:Hail and ride
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8339:
8338:
8336:
8332:
8326:
8323:
8321:
8318:
8316:
8313:
8311:
8308:
8307:
8305:
8299:
8293:
8290:
8288:
8285:
8283:
8280:
8278:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8268:
8265:
8263:
8260:
8258:
8255:
8253:
8250:
8248:
8245:
8243:
8240:
8238:
8235:
8234:
8232:
8228:
8222:
8219:
8217:
8214:
8212:
8209:
8207:
8204:
8202:
8199:
8197:
8194:
8192:
8189:
8188:
8186:
8182:
8176:
8173:
8171:
8168:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8152:
8150:
8146:
8140:
8137:
8135:
8132:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8111:
8109:
8105:
8099:
8096:
8094:
8091:
8089:
8086:
8083:
8079:
8075:
8072:
8070:
8067:
8065:
8062:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7981:
7979:
7977:
7972:
7968:
7962:
7961:Transport hub
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7946:Train station
7944:
7942:
7941:Taxicab stand
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7926:Park and ride
7924:
7922:
7921:Metro station
7919:
7917:
7914:
7912:
7909:
7907:
7904:
7902:
7899:
7897:
7894:
7892:
7889:
7887:
7884:
7882:
7879:
7877:
7874:
7872:
7869:
7867:
7864:
7862:
7859:
7857:
7854:
7852:
7849:
7847:
7844:
7843:
7841:
7837:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7760:
7759:
7756:
7754:
7751:
7749:
7746:
7745:
7743:
7737:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7703:
7697:
7694:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7681:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7664:Cable railway
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7651:
7649:
7647:
7643:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7609:
7607:
7604:
7603:
7601:
7599:
7595:
7589:
7586:
7584:
7581:
7579:
7576:
7574:
7571:
7569:
7566:
7565:
7563:
7561:
7557:
7551:
7548:
7546:
7543:
7541:
7538:
7536:
7533:
7531:
7528:
7526:
7523:
7521:
7518:
7516:
7513:
7511:
7508:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7481:
7478:
7476:
7473:
7471:
7468:
7464:
7461:
7459:
7456:
7455:
7454:
7451:
7449:
7446:
7444:
7441:
7439:
7436:
7434:
7431:
7430:
7428:
7426:
7420:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7404:
7401:
7399:
7396:
7394:
7393:Regional rail
7391:
7387:
7384:
7383:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7310:
7307:
7306:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7274:Commuter rail
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7253:
7250:
7249:
7248:
7245:
7244:
7242:
7240:
7236:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7217:
7215:
7212:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7183:
7180:
7179:
7178:
7177:Intercity bus
7175:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7148:
7145:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7132:
7131:
7128:
7127:
7125:
7123:
7119:
7115:
7108:
7103:
7101:
7096:
7094:
7089:
7088:
7085:
7073:
7069:
7066:
7062:
7059:
7055:
7052:
7048:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7036:
7032:
7028:
7026:
7022:
7018:
7015:
7011:
7008:
7004:
7002:
6998:
6994:
6991:
6987:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6976:
6966:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6951:
6945:
6944:
6920:
6913:
6907:
6888:
6881:
6875:
6859:
6855:
6849:
6842:
6835:
6828:
6822:
6820:
6800:
6793:
6787:
6768:
6761:
6755:
6748:
6733:
6726:
6720:
6704:
6700:
6694:
6687:
6675:
6671:
6665:
6646:
6639:
6633:
6622:
6615:
6609:
6598:
6591:
6585:
6569:
6565:
6559:
6557:
6549:
6542:
6535:
6529:
6527:
6525:
6523:
6506:
6502:
6501:
6496:
6490:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6460:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6429:
6420:
6415:
6411:
6407:
6403:
6396:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6376:
6369:
6360:
6351:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6317:
6310:
6302:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6267:
6260:
6256:
6250:
6242:
6238:
6234:
6227:
6220:
6214:
6207:
6203:
6200:
6194:
6186:
6180:
6176:
6169:
6161:
6157:
6153:
6147:
6143:
6139:
6135:
6128:
6119:
6111:
6109:9780691047003
6105:
6101:
6096:
6095:
6086:
6079:
6073:
6066:
6060:
6052:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6017:
6010:
6004:
5996:
5992:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5968:
5961:
5954:
5948:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5928:
5924:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5905:
5889:
5885:
5881:
5874:
5866:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5833:
5826:
5820:
5811:
5795:
5791:
5785:
5769:
5765:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5749:
5742:
5726:
5722:
5716:
5700:
5696:
5689:
5673:
5669:
5665:
5659:
5657:
5640:
5636:
5629:
5610:
5606:
5599:
5592:
5576:
5572:
5568:
5562:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5531:
5526:
5525:EuDaly, Kevin
5520:
5518:
5501:
5497:
5491:
5476:
5472:
5466:
5458:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5425:
5417:
5413:
5407:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5371:
5370:
5362:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5340:
5336:
5335:
5327:
5311:
5307:
5301:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5271:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5256:
5254:
5252:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5231:
5223:
5217:
5213:
5206:
5193:
5187:
5179:
5173:
5169:
5162:
5154:
5148:
5144:
5137:
5129:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5104:
5097:
5092:
5086:
5079:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5056:
5038:
5034:
5027:
5021:
5014:
5009:
5002:
4997:
4981:
4977:
4970:
4968:
4960:
4955:
4947:
4941:
4937:
4930:
4923:
4919:
4913:
4909:
4904:
4903:
4894:
4887:
4882:
4875:
4870:
4854:
4850:
4844:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4814:
4805:
4798:
4792:
4784:
4777:
4769:
4763:
4759:
4755:
4748:
4732:
4728:
4724:
4718:
4710:
4703:
4695:
4688:
4672:
4668:
4664:
4658:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4623:
4619:
4613:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4591:
4583:
4576:
4560:
4556:
4550:
4542:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4519:
4511:
4505:
4501:
4500:
4492:
4473:
4466:
4465:
4457:
4450:
4446:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4427:
4421:, pp. 92
4420:
4415:
4407:
4401:
4397:
4390:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4368:
4360:
4354:
4350:
4343:
4335:
4329:
4325:
4318:
4302:
4298:
4292:
4285:
4281:
4275:
4267:
4261:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4226:
4220:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4197:
4190:
4189:
4182:
4166:
4162:
4161:der Tagespost
4158:
4151:
4135:
4131:
4125:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4090:
4079:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4036:
4028:
4026:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3991:
3978:'s DC system.
3977:
3976:Thomas Edison
3971:
3964:
3963:air transport
3958:
3954:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
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3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3824:
3819:
3808:
3805:
3799:
3794:
3791:
3790:Trains portal
3785:
3780:
3773:
3771:
3767:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3752:United States
3746:United States
3741:North America
3738:
3736:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3705:
3704:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3600:
3599:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3579:
3578:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3558:
3557:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3537:
3536:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3438:
3430:
3426:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3388:
3370:
3369:Beijing Metro
3360:
3357:
3347:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3239:Military role
3236:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3201:inner suburbs
3198:
3188:
3184:
3182:
3181:human capital
3171:
3169:
3165:
3164:Erie Railroad
3161:
3157:
3146:
3143:
3138:
3136:
3126:
3117:
3110:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3096:
3088:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3074:
3070:
3062:Modernization
3054:
3052:
3051:line to Lhasa
3046:
3044:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3014:
3011:
3004:; 39 mpg
2999:
2993:
2983:
2981:
2977:
2976:articulations
2973:
2968:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2951:
2947:
2932:
2929:
2928:road networks
2925:
2920:
2918:
2912:
2910:
2906:
2905:crucial cargo
2901:
2891:
2889:
2884:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2846:According to
2844:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2801:externalities
2797:
2795:
2794:advertisement
2791:
2787:
2786:season ticket
2783:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2728:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2701:
2699:
2694:
2693:goods station
2690:
2683:, Switzerland
2682:
2677:
2672:
2671:Train station
2662:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2643:
2641:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2546:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2501:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2440:
2439:loading gauge
2436:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2412:perpendicular
2403:
2400:
2396:
2392:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2343:
2334:
2324:
2314:
2312:
2305:
2291:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2263:Bulk handling
2260:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2187:
2182:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2138:can be used.
2137:
2132:
2131:Rapid transit
2128:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2044:specific name
2041:
2040:sleeping cars
2037:
2033:
2029:
2020:
2015:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1931:overhead wire
1928:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1913:driving wheel
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1854:diesel engine
1851:
1846:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1822:people movers
1819:
1818:engine driver
1815:
1808:
1798:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1717:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1699:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1678:In 1929, the
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1589:Rudolf Diesel
1585:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1514:, Italy, 1901
1513:
1508:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1497:Walter Boveri
1494:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1457:had a higher
1456:
1452:
1451:Jean Heilmann
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1427:Charles Brown
1424:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1400:Northern line
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1378:
1373:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1322:overhead wire
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1260:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1212:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1200:steam-powered
1197:
1194:
1190:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1178:Puffing Billy
1175:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1157:Puffing Billy
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
979:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
957:developed by
956:
952:
948:
945:patented the
944:
939:
935:
930:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
873:
871:
870:balloon loops
867:
863:
859:
858:Coalbrookdale
851:
846:
838:
829:
827:
823:
819:
814:
812:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
768:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
713:
703:
699:
695:
691:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
666:
660:
658:
654:
650:
649:road surfaces
644:
634:
632:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
560:
558:
554:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
534:Rolling stock
524:
519:
517:
512:
510:
505:
504:
502:
501:
498:
493:
488:
487:
482:
479:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
395:
394:
390:
389:
383:
380:
378:
375:
371:
368:
367:
366:
365:Rapid transit
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
349:
346:
345:
344:
341:
340:
339:
338:
334:
333:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
314:
312:
309:
307:
304:
302:
299:
297:
294:
292:
291:Regional rail
289:
287:
286:Commuter rail
284:
282:
279:
277:
276:Bogie (truck)
274:
272:
269:
265:
264:Dual coupling
262:
260:
257:
255:
252:
251:
250:
247:
245:
244:Railroad cars
242:
240:
237:
233:
230:
229:
228:
225:
223:
220:
219:
218:
217:
214:
213:rolling stock
210:
209:
201:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
187:
186:
183:
179:
176:
175:
174:
173:Railway track
171:
167:
164:
163:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
148:
147:
146:
142:
141:
134:
133:Company types
131:
129:
126:
125:
123:
122:
118:
114:
113:
110:
107:
106:
102:
101:
98:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
55:in March 2006
54:
51:transporting
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
9148:Wayside horn
9098:Interlocking
9078:Catch points
9038:Water trough
8940:Passing loop
8920:Pocket track
8905:Balloon loop
8869:Ladder track
8704:Hillclimbing
8674:Balloon loop
8546:Pocket track
8536:Balloon loop
8528:Rail sidings
8508:Double track
8503:Passing loop
8498:Single track
8480:
8431:
8406:Timing point
8391:Request stop
8334:Other topics
8191:Bus bunching
8175:Travel class
8134:Radial route
8114:Circle route
8098:Transit pass
8059:Penalty fare
8019:Fare evasion
8014:Fare capping
7999:Dead mileage
7956:Transit mall
7679:Gondola lift
7458:Microtransit
7366:People mover
7279:Circle route
7238:
7194:Open top bus
7157:Circle route
7071:
7064:
7057:
7050:
7040:
7039:Nock, O. S.
7030:
7029:Nock, O. S.
7020:
7019:Nock, O. S.
7013:
7006:
6996:
6989:
6979:
6949:
6926:. Retrieved
6906:
6894:. Retrieved
6874:
6862:. Retrieved
6848:
6840:
6834:the original
6806:. Retrieved
6799:the original
6786:
6774:. Retrieved
6767:the original
6754:
6747:£3.5 billion
6746:
6739:. Retrieved
6719:
6707:. Retrieved
6693:
6685:
6678:. Retrieved
6674:the original
6664:
6652:. Retrieved
6645:the original
6632:
6621:the original
6608:
6597:the original
6584:
6572:. Retrieved
6547:
6541:the original
6509:. Retrieved
6498:
6489:
6477:. Retrieved
6468:
6459:
6447:. Retrieved
6438:
6428:
6409:
6405:
6395:
6378:
6374:
6368:
6359:
6350:
6338:. Retrieved
6329:(6): 89–91.
6326:
6322:
6309:
6276:
6272:
6266:
6258:
6254:
6249:
6232:
6226:
6218:
6213:
6193:
6177:. Elsevier.
6174:
6168:
6133:
6127:
6118:
6093:
6085:
6077:
6072:
6064:
6059:
6026:
6022:
6016:
6008:
6003:
5970:
5966:
5960:
5952:
5947:
5914:
5910:
5904:
5892:. Retrieved
5883:
5873:
5846:
5842:
5832:
5824:
5819:
5810:
5798:. Retrieved
5794:the original
5784:
5772:. Retrieved
5755:
5751:
5741:
5731:10 September
5729:. Retrieved
5725:the original
5715:
5703:. Retrieved
5688:
5676:. Retrieved
5667:
5643:. Retrieved
5628:
5616:. Retrieved
5604:
5591:
5579:. Retrieved
5575:the original
5570:
5561:
5529:
5504:. Retrieved
5490:
5478:. Retrieved
5475:www.odfl.com
5474:
5465:
5438:
5434:
5424:
5416:the original
5406:
5373:
5367:
5361:
5333:
5326:
5314:. Retrieved
5310:the original
5300:
5288:. Retrieved
5279:
5270:
5230:
5211:
5205:
5186:
5167:
5161:
5142:
5136:
5109:
5103:
5094:
5090:
5085:
5077:
5065:
5061:
5055:
5044:, retrieved
5037:the original
5033:The Engineer
5032:
5020:
5013:Duffy (2003)
5008:
5001:Duffy (2003)
4996:
4984:. Retrieved
4980:the original
4959:Duffy (2003)
4954:
4935:
4929:
4921:
4901:
4893:
4886:Duffy (2003)
4881:
4874:Duffy (2003)
4869:
4857:. Retrieved
4843:
4831:. Retrieved
4827:the original
4813:
4804:
4796:
4791:
4782:
4776:
4757:
4747:
4735:. Retrieved
4726:
4717:
4708:
4702:
4693:
4687:
4675:. Retrieved
4666:
4657:
4648:
4642:
4633:
4626:. Retrieved
4612:
4604:the original
4599:
4590:
4581:
4575:
4565:19 September
4563:. Retrieved
4549:
4525:
4518:
4498:
4491:
4479:. Retrieved
4472:the original
4463:
4456:
4448:
4433:
4426:
4414:
4395:
4389:
4381:the original
4376:
4367:
4348:
4342:
4323:
4317:
4305:. Retrieved
4291:
4283:
4279:
4278:Peter King,
4274:
4255:
4249:
4241:
4237:
4232:
4224:
4219:
4202:
4196:
4186:
4181:
4169:. Retrieved
4165:the original
4160:
4150:
4138:. Retrieved
4124:
4099:
4095:
4089:
4078:the original
4073:
4060:
4048:. Retrieved
4034:
4032:IEA (2019).
4012:. Retrieved
4003:
3994:
3970:
3957:
3907:Mine railway
3902:Mega project
3818:Lists portal
3763:
3732:
3523:
3435:
3420:
3416:
3394:
3366:
3353:
3305:
3275:mobilization
3260:
3197:city centres
3194:
3185:
3177:
3174:Career paths
3152:
3139:
3132:
3123:
3115:
3102:
3094:
3077:
3073:train orders
3065:
3047:
3039:
2995:
2969:
2954:
2943:
2921:
2913:
2904:
2897:
2885:
2874:, bells, or
2857:
2824:shareholders
2814:
2798:
2779:
2751:
2743:Network Rail
2739:
2702:
2686:
2644:
2636:
2609:
2605:single track
2594:
2549:
2503:
2488:
2484:
2473:
2466:
2455:
2443:
2435:narrow gauge
2424:
2409:
2402:right of way
2391:intersection
2368:intersecting
2307:
2298:Right-of-way
2261:
2226:supply chain
2204:
2199:freight cars
2192:
2148:people mover
2129:
2122:
2117:cut and fill
2109:
2093:
2077:
2075:VR Class Sm3
2025:
1987:
1969:
1925:
1873:steam engine
1867:
1864:Motive power
1847:
1843:railroad car
1831:
1810:
1788:
1779:Preservation
1769:right-of-way
1755:
1713:
1695:
1677:
1637:
1618:Hermann Lemp
1615:
1607:Soviet Union
1586:
1562:
1528:
1517:
1486:
1478:Kálmán Kandó
1475:
1437:, between a
1420:
1412:River Thames
1410:, under the
1382:
1354:
1314:Lichterfelde
1312:, opened in
1304:
1288:direct-drive
1279:
1265:
1239:
1224:
1214:
1204:
1193:Killingworth
1186:
1177:
1155:
1153:
1149:rack railway
1122:
1112:
1105:
1074:
1046:steam engine
1035:
980:
966:
936:invented by
934:wrought iron
931:
927:
905:
874:
855:
815:
791:River Severn
764:
759:
754:in his work
745:
718:
663:
661:
646:
597:. The first
588:
561:
532:
211:Service and
108:
63:
59:
58:
40:
9073:Buffer stop
9033:Water crane
8945:Track gauge
8884:Tie/Sleeper
8740:Track gauge
8599:Grand union
8411:Transit map
8386:Public good
8303:and signage
8160:First class
8074:Smart cards
8049:Money train
7911:Kassel kerb
7871:Bus station
7659:Cable ferry
7626:Ocean liner
7606:Cable ferry
7463:Paratransit
7224:Transit bus
7219:Shuttle bus
7167:Express bus
7122:Bus service
6864:26 November
6776:22 February
6381:: 183–201.
6102:–263, 289.
5917:(1): 1–20.
5823:Tony Judt,
5435:Mathematics
4419:Landes 1969
4227:, pp. 8–10.
4132:. Funimag.
4102:: 134–138.
3937:Track gauge
3610:Netherlands
3526:Switzerland
3283:World War I
3105:Henry Adams
2980:fishtailing
2894:Maintenance
2832:fiscal year
2717:culs-de-sac
2709:footbridges
2705:underpasses
2616:lever frame
2575:Bardon Hill
2431:broad gauge
2388:Lake street
2380:Orange line
2356:Chicago 'L'
2275:hopper cars
2255:will allow
2157:Chicago 'L'
2140:Light rails
2002:gas turbine
1996:, gravity,
1975:prime mover
1947:transformer
1751:Netherlands
1743:Scandinavia
1739:South Korea
1593:Adolf Klose
1389:fourth rail
1295:commutators
1121:locomotive
1098:South Wales
963:coke (fuel)
899:opened the
895:. In 1803,
678:Roman Egypt
553:locomotives
459:Terminology
404:Attractions
391:Miscellanea
227:Locomotives
185:Track gauge
178:Maintenance
47:A train in
9285:Categories
9246:Industrial
9230:Water stop
9191:for trains
9183:Roundhouse
9157:Structures
9143:Train stop
9093:Guard rail
9068:Block post
9056:and safety
9053:Signalling
8984:third rail
8957:Rail track
8950:dual gauge
8834:Baulk road
8361:Dwell time
8351:Crush load
8301:Technology
8221:Short turn
8184:Scheduling
8148:Facilities
7936:Queue jump
7856:Bus garage
7758:Carsharing
7636:Water taxi
7616:Hovercraft
7568:Car jockey
7560:Carpooling
7535:Share taxi
7505:Marshrutka
7470:Dollar van
7413:Tram-train
7341:Light rail
7336:Interurban
7299:Heavy rail
7229:Trolleybus
7189:Marshrutka
7172:Guided bus
6928:3 November
6808:27 January
6654:27 January
6340:27 October
6301:1296644342
6007:Kirkland,
5678:27 January
5506:26 January
5441:(4): 857.
5412:"About Us"
5353:1133662497
5316:10 October
5290:27 January
5192:US 1154785
5046:11 October
4859:16 October
4833:18 January
4481:11 October
4050:2 December
4014:2 December
4004:Britannica
3986:References
3832:Derailment
3328:greenfield
3225:Shinkansen
3069:time zones
3002:‑imp
2898:As in any
2888:Shinkansen
2860:derailment
2731:Operations
2659:25 kV
2655:15 kV
2640:third rail
2612:signal box
2607:railways.
2566:Signalling
2420:rail gauge
2382:above the
2253:roadrailer
2245:stock cars
2036:dining car
1998:pneumatics
1935:third rail
1783:See also:
1760:tracks of
1708:Shinkansen
1582:Hull Docks
1538:See also:
1520:Valtellina
1512:Valtellina
1467:commutator
1248:See also:
1216:Locomotion
1137:edge-rails
1102:Bloomsbury
1094:Penydarren
1038:James Watt
1014:See also:
943:Henry Cort
811:Nottingham
787:Shropshire
741:treadwheel
688:See also:
550:electrical
409:By country
360:Interurban
355:Light rail
200:Dual gauge
151:Management
95:high speed
85:, next to
9196:for goods
9138:Tell-tale
8969:Rail yard
8935:Guide bar
8915:Headshunt
8898:Trackwork
8864:Fishplate
8854:Date nail
8815:(history)
8571:Junctions
8556:Rail yard
8541:Headshunt
8518:Crossover
8325:Timetable
8054:Paid area
8004:Exit fare
7971:Ticketing
7951:Tram stop
7866:Bus stand
7839:Locations
7820:Slope car
7790:Hyperloop
7780:Escalator
7741:transport
7720:Escalator
7708:transport
7674:Funicular
7631:Vaporetto
7621:Hydrofoil
7540:Songthaew
7510:Nanny van
7495:Limousine
7438:Boda boda
7294:Funicular
7269:Cable car
7152:Charabanc
6574:8 January
6441:. Paris.
6051:153714837
5995:154702721
5939:154883188
5865:0007-1234
5705:3 January
5553:209631579
5457:2227-7390
5398:246043093
4986:10 August
4307:23 August
4038:. Paris:
3733:In 2016,
3407:Subsidies
3395:European
3363:Pollution
3296:in Russia
3286:like the
3221:Guangzhou
3205:Hong Kong
3006:‑US
2790:rail pass
2776:Financing
2736:Ownership
2515:Australia
2279:tank cars
2249:autoracks
2229:logistics
2090:, Finland
2079:Pendolino
2058:service.
2056:commuting
1881:petroleum
1706:0-Series
1673:44-tonner
1657:Sulzer AG
1630:prototype
1587:In 1906,
1416:Stockwell
1187:In 1814,
1160:built by
1145:cog-wheel
1124:Salamanca
1062:condenser
955:hot blast
919:Nanpantan
911:edge rail
885:Sheffield
881:John Curr
877:plateways
862:cast iron
779:Liverpool
729:funicular
719:In 1515,
690:Funicular
657:wagonways
631:emissions
611:East Asia
607:in Europe
434:Modelling
414:Companies
399:Accidents
222:Operating
156:Rail yard
53:crude oil
9251:Military
9208:building
9178:Platform
9088:Derailer
9006:Roll way
8925:Junction
8824:Axe ties
8634:Stations
8341:Boarding
8257:Security
8230:Politics
8093:Transfer
7886:Dry dock
7876:Bus stop
7861:Bus lane
7851:Bus bulb
7830:Vactrain
7810:Robotaxi
7775:Elevator
7753:Airliner
7715:Elevator
7706:Building
7689:tricable
7669:Elevator
7583:Slugging
7425:for hire
7423:Vehicles
7356:Monorail
7326:Horsecar
7252:glossary
6919:Archived
6887:Archived
6858:Archived
6732:Archived
6709:10 March
6703:Archived
6568:Archived
6505:Archived
6479:23 March
6473:Archived
6449:26 April
6443:Archived
6331:Archived
6297:ProQuest
6202:Archived
6160:38806085
5888:Archived
5774:16 March
5768:Archived
5699:Archived
5672:Archived
5645:12 April
5639:Archived
5609:Archived
5500:Archived
5284:Archived
5239:Archived
4853:Archived
4737:15 April
4731:Archived
4671:Archived
4622:Archived
4559:Archived
4301:Archived
4171:22 April
4140:22 April
4134:Archived
4044:Archived
4008:Archived
3942:Vactrain
3776:See also
3443:Country
3290:, where
3217:Shanghai
3158:and the
2924:highways
2850:and the
2848:Eurostat
2698:platform
2665:Stations
2649:(DC) or
2556:infrared
2476:turnouts
2451:buckling
2416:sleepers
2399:elevated
2311:cuttings
2257:trailers
2144:Monorail
2064:airports
1909:crankpin
1897:smokebox
1749:and the
1632:for all
1431:Oerlikon
1365:New York
1342:trolleys
1334:Brighton
1272:Aberdeen
1219:for the
1196:colliery
1174:adhesion
1168:for the
1141:adhesion
1089:flywheel
1085:Cornwall
1066:air pump
1036:In 1784
983:horsecar
807:Wollaton
803:Strelley
783:Broseley
767:Caldbeck
748:tramways
725:Reisszug
702:Plateway
694:Wagonway
584:shipping
481:Vactrain
271:Wheelset
9261:station
9256:Private
9203:Station
8879:Profile
8829:Ballast
8481:Railway
8396:Service
8201:Headway
8165:Sleeper
8107:Routing
8082:Calypso
8078:CIPURSE
7916:Layover
7846:Airport
7748:Airline
7684:bicable
7588:Vanpool
7550:Tuk tuk
7490:Jeepney
7480:Gondola
7376:Railbus
7043:(1980)
7033:(1978)
7023:(1975)
7001:excerpt
6999:(2014)
6984:excerpt
6982:(2018)
6941:Sources
6896:9 March
6741:9 March
6511:30 June
6469:Reuters
6293:1988491
6261:(1974).
6221:(1975).
6067:(1996).
6043:2113694
5987:3111573
5931:2113700
5480:7 April
5390:1568245
5068:: 474,
4628:13 June
4223:Lewis,
4211:1591369
4116:3855873
3715:Ireland
3652:Denmark
3631:Austria
3589:Belgium
3463:Germany
3340:housing
3316:suburbs
3312:highway
3213:Beijing
3085:sidings
2978:causes
2922:Unlike
2828:capital
2681:Lucerne
2579:England
2577:box in
2458:welding
2447:ballast
2393:in the
2088:Tampere
1939:battery
1889:firebox
1850:railcar
1828:Haulage
1747:Belgium
1665:de.wiki
1359:of the
1280:Galvani
1211:flanged
1206:Blücher
1064:and an
1032:, Wales
1030:Swansea
999:Mumbles
995:Swansea
777:, near
775:Prescot
771:Cumbria
665:Diolkos
637:History
566:in the
454:Suicide
439:Museums
370:History
348:History
326:Freight
128:History
66:) is a
9023:Switch
9011:Siding
8811:Tracks
8722:Spiral
8652:Island
7901:Harbor
7896:Hangar
7815:Shweeb
7520:Pesero
7475:Dolmuş
7346:Maglev
7199:Pesero
7182:driver
7135:driver
7045:online
7035:online
7025:online
6961:
6680:3 July
6299:
6291:
6199:online
6181:
6158:
6148:
6106:
6049:
6041:
5993:
5985:
5937:
5929:
5894:11 May
5863:
5618:12 May
5581:12 May
5551:
5541:
5455:
5396:
5388:
5351:
5341:
5218:
5198:
5174:
5149:
5124:
4942:
4914:
4764:
4677:26 May
4537:
4506:
4441:
4402:
4355:
4330:
4262:
4209:
4114:
3770:Amtrak
3754:, see
3729:Russia
3712:
3694:Poland
3691:
3673:Sweden
3670:
3649:
3628:
3607:
3586:
3565:
3544:
3502:
3484:France
3481:
3460:
3235:line.
3219:, and
2998:Lisbon
2957:bogies
2940:Energy
2838:Safety
2820:Amtrak
2782:ticket
2758:Amtrak
2647:direct
2433:, and
2397:at an
2366:lines
2360:Purple
2218:boxcar
2197:using
1901:piston
1893:boiler
1801:Trains
1611:E el-2
1557:German
1555:&
1471:bogies
1328:. The
1318:Berlin
1226:Rocket
700:, and
674:Greece
613:, and
546:diesel
542:trains
377:Maglev
239:Trains
72:tracks
49:Alaska
9239:Types
9218:ghost
9213:clock
9187:Shed
8801:Rail
8662:Split
7976:fares
7739:Other
7646:Cable
7611:Ferry
6922:(PDF)
6915:(PDF)
6890:(PDF)
6883:(PDF)
6837:(PDF)
6830:(PDF)
6802:(PDF)
6795:(PDF)
6770:(PDF)
6763:(PDF)
6735:(PDF)
6728:(PDF)
6648:(PDF)
6641:(PDF)
6624:(PDF)
6617:(PDF)
6600:(PDF)
6593:(PDF)
6544:(PDF)
6537:(PDF)
6334:(PDF)
6319:(PDF)
6289:JSTOR
6156:S2CID
6047:S2CID
6039:JSTOR
5991:S2CID
5983:JSTOR
5935:S2CID
5927:JSTOR
5800:8 May
5612:(PDF)
5601:(PDF)
5394:S2CID
5386:JSTOR
5040:(PDF)
5029:(PDF)
4797:Treni
4475:(PDF)
4468:(PDF)
4112:JSTOR
4081:(PDF)
4070:(PDF)
3949:Notes
3722:2008
3719:0.91
3701:2008
3680:2009
3659:2008
3638:2009
3617:2014
3596:2008
3575:2015
3554:2015
3547:Spain
3533:2012
3512:2009
3505:Italy
3491:2013
3488:13.2
3470:2014
3467:17.0
3449:Year
3336:taxes
3229:Tokyo
3017:Usage
2876:horns
2766:AREMA
2600:rails
2543:with
2511:India
2384:Wells
2376:Green
2364:Brown
2323:Track
2317:Track
2195:cargo
2136:trams
2110:High
1994:cable
1917:crank
1883:, or
1807:Train
1727:Osaka
1723:Tokyo
1654:Swiss
1644:) by
1553:Swiss
1461:than
1414:, to
1316:near
1170:Wylam
1143:by a
1133:Leeds
1003:Wales
967:dross
866:gauge
822:Leeds
809:near
760:Hunde
603:Japan
382:Urban
79:rails
76:steel
9266:list
9223:list
8844:Cant
8755:Cant
8657:Side
7974:and
7931:Port
7598:Ship
7545:Taxi
7408:Tram
7239:Rail
7140:list
6959:ISBN
6930:2019
6898:2016
6866:2018
6810:2016
6778:2016
6743:2016
6711:2016
6682:2016
6656:2016
6576:2021
6513:2016
6481:2023
6451:2014
6342:2020
6179:ISBN
6146:ISBN
6104:ISBN
5896:2017
5861:ISSN
5802:2011
5776:2022
5733:2007
5707:2015
5680:2021
5647:2009
5620:2014
5583:2014
5549:OCLC
5539:ISBN
5508:2016
5482:2024
5453:ISSN
5349:OCLC
5339:ISBN
5318:2010
5292:2021
5216:ISBN
5172:ISBN
5147:ISBN
5122:ISBN
5096:1894
5048:2017
4988:2008
4940:ISBN
4912:ISBN
4861:2017
4835:2008
4762:ISBN
4739:2022
4679:2021
4630:2009
4567:2007
4535:ISBN
4504:ISBN
4483:2017
4439:ISBN
4400:ISBN
4353:ISBN
4328:ISBN
4309:2017
4260:ISBN
4207:OCLC
4173:2009
4142:2009
4052:2023
4016:2023
3768:for
3758:and
3698:1.4
3677:1.6
3656:1.7
3635:2.3
3614:2.5
3593:3.4
3572:4.5
3551:5.1
3530:5.8
3509:8.1
3421:The
3383:, NO
3379:, SO
3375:, PM
3294:and
3269:and
3233:Kobe
3199:and
2961:axle
2948:but
2788:and
2711:and
2657:and
2513:and
2480:frog
2469:cant
2395:loop
2386:and
2374:and
2372:Pink
2362:and
2277:and
2267:bulk
2169:BART
2165:PATH
2161:Loop
2073:The
2000:and
1945:, a
1885:wood
1877:Coal
1725:and
1620:, a
1542:and
1445:and
1383:The
1252:and
1164:and
1119:rack
997:and
987:tram
883:, a
816:The
737:hemp
727:, a
343:Tram
166:list
34:and
9043:Wye
8647:Bay
8609:Wye
7130:Bus
6955:IET
6414:doi
6383:doi
6281:doi
6237:doi
6138:doi
6100:262
6031:doi
5975:doi
5919:doi
5851:doi
5760:doi
5443:doi
5378:doi
5236:TPH
5070:hdl
4908:264
4104:doi
3373:2.5
3249:car
3033:in
3027:Sr1
2926:or
2770:AAR
2086:of
1957:or
1933:or
1764:on
1571:.
1441:at
1270:of
1131:in
1117:'s
1048:of
1028:in
1001:in
985:or
917:at
820:in
805:to
785:in
672:in
548:or
9287::
8080:,
6957:.
6953:.
6885:.
6856:.
6818:^
6745:.
6684:.
6555:^
6521:^
6497:.
6467:.
6437:.
6410:50
6408:.
6404:.
6379:40
6377:.
6325:.
6321:.
6295:.
6287:.
6277:47
6275:.
6154:.
6144:.
6045:.
6037:.
6027:11
6025:.
5989:.
5981:.
5971:28
5969:.
5933:.
5925:.
5913:.
5882:.
5859:.
5847:52
5845:.
5841:.
5766:.
5756:77
5754:.
5750:.
5670:.
5666:.
5655:^
5637:.
5603:.
5569:.
5547:.
5537:.
5516:^
5498:.
5473:.
5451:.
5439:11
5437:.
5433:.
5392:.
5384:.
5372:.
5347:.
5282:.
5278:.
5250:^
5116::
5112:.
5066:22
5064:,
5031:,
4966:^
4920:.
4910:.
4821:.
4756:.
4729:.
4725:.
4669:.
4665:.
4632:.
4598:.
4533:.
4531:60
4447:.
4375:.
4159:.
4110:.
4100:47
4098:.
4042:.
4024:^
4006:.
4002:.
3377:10
3346:.
3338:,
3322:,
3215:,
3203:.
3025:A
2834:.
2749:.
2707:,
2687:A
2661:.
2642:.
2539:A
2281:.
2273:,
2243:,
2066:.
2046:.
2004:.
1923:.
1879:,
1745:,
1741:,
1737:,
1591:,
1584:.
1463:DC
1423:AC
1352:.
1151:.
989:,
879:.
828:.
813:.
769:,
696:,
692:,
680:.
633:.
627:CO
609:,
475:UK
473:,
471:NZ
469:,
467:NA
465:,
463:AU
9171:/
8794:e
8787:t
8780:v
8473:e
8466:t
8459:v
8084:)
8076:(
7106:e
7099:t
7092:v
6967:.
6932:.
6900:.
6868:.
6812:.
6780:.
6713:.
6658:.
6578:.
6515:.
6483:.
6453:.
6422:.
6416::
6389:.
6385::
6344:.
6327:5
6303:.
6283::
6243:.
6239::
6208:.
6187:.
6162:.
6140::
6112:.
6053:.
6033::
5997:.
5977::
5941:.
5921::
5915:4
5898:.
5867:.
5853::
5804:.
5778:.
5762::
5735:.
5709:.
5682:.
5649:.
5622:.
5585:.
5555:.
5510:.
5484:.
5459:.
5445::
5400:.
5380::
5374:4
5355:.
5320:.
5294:.
5224:.
5180:.
5155:.
5130:.
5072::
4990:.
4948:.
4863:.
4837:.
4770:.
4741:.
4681:.
4569:.
4543:.
4512:.
4485:.
4408:.
4361:.
4336:.
4311:.
4268:.
4213:.
4175:.
4144:.
4118:.
4106::
4054:.
4018:.
3385:2
3381:2
3231:-
2404:.
1663:(
1640:(
629:2
522:e
515:t
508:v
477:)
461:(
97:.
38:.
20:)
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