150:
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32:
551:, and in each state or territory. The various electoral acts require the population of each seat to be equal, within certain strictly limited variations. The longest period between two redistributions can be no greater than seven years. Many other triggers can force redistribution before the chronological limit is reached. The redistribution is drafted by civil servants.
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after every quinquennial census is published. However, Congress has never passed a general redistricting act, and instead redistricts provinces or cities piecemeal, or creates new provinces or cities with legislative districts. The last general redistricting law was via the ordinance in the 1987
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occur "on the completion of each decennial census." The number of seats amongst the ten provinces is set by several related constitutional provisions. District boundaries within provinces are based on electoral quotients for that province. Independent boundary commissions issue reports with new
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740:(CEC) as accordance with Articles 12 and 22 of the Constitutional Law "On Elections". Under the guidelines of the CEC, the redistribution cycle for legislative elections takes place at least six months prior to the expiration of the term of elected deputies.
623:), that boundaries must be revised at least every twelve years, and that the ratio of TDs to inhabitants (not voters or citizens) be between 20,000 and 30,000 on average and "so far as it is practicable" equal between constituencies.
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Japan does not have an established process to redistribute its legislative districts. The frequency of redistributions is irregular and not triggered a particular event. Redistributions are approved by the national legislature.
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had less than 50% support, four-seat constituencies were used, so that Fianna Fáil would win two of four seats; where it had more than 50% support, three- or five-seat constituencies would give it two of three, or three of
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In the United
Kingdom, there are four Boundary Commissions (one each for England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland) responsible for reviewing the boundaries of Parliamentary constituencies. These are established by
758:, redraws congressional districts according to an objective scoring function and optimization algorithm. Although political parties can propose maps, the process is largely influenced by redistricting algorithms.
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Once the reports are produced, they are then submitted to
Parliament, MPs may offer objections to the boundaries, but the boundary commissions are not compelled to make any changes as a result of the objections.
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The
Supreme Court allowed the 1961 Act, ruling that the Oireachtas had wide latitude to decide what degree of divergence was "practicable" and what factors could be considered, but reserved the right to
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869:
Large counties may be split into multiple constituencies, and small counties paired in a single constituency, but combining part of one county with part or all of another causes controversy.
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647:) recommends boundaries, which the Oireachtas usually accepts. The terms of reference of the Commission have set five seats as the maximum and discourage constituencies crossing
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judge, therefore leads the commission with support from two other independent commissioners whose appointments are made following an open public appointments selection process.
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was in force but its 158 seats breached the 30,000 population average; jurists wondered whether the courts would have permitted a general election in the interim before the
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New
Zealand has a fixed process to determine how its legislative districts are redistributed. Redistribution in New Zealand happens every five years following the census.
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In the United States, redistribution occurs after each decennial census. Most states' legislative district redistributions are approved by the state legislature.
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712:
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in the United States and in the
Philippines) is the process by which electoral districts are added, removed, or otherwise changed. Redistribution is a form of
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679:
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Before 1977, boundary drawing was often partisan in favour of the government of the day. The
Electoral (Amendment) Act 1959 was struck out in 1961 by the
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boundaries, usually in response to periodic census results. Redistribution is required by law or constitution at least every decade in most
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585:
India has an established process to redistribute its legislative districts. Redistributions are approved by political appointees to the
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68:
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constitution, which was based from the 1980 census. The creation of a new province or city needs the approval of the public via a
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rejected by referendum would have specified one-sixth as the maximum constituency divergence from the average population per TD.
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695:, rejected simultaneously, would have established a constituency commission (ancillary to replacing STV with
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Constituency
Commission (2017). "Appendix 2: Statistics relating to recommended Dáil constituencies".
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In
Australia, redistributions are carried out by independent and non-partisan commissioners in the
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would replace both the
Constituency Commission and the Local Electoral Area Boundary Committee.
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International
Electoral Standards: Guidelines for reviewing the legal framework of elections
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attempted a manipulation similar to the 1961 act, but backfired when a larger than expected
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372:
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529:. The act of manipulation of electoral districts to favour a candidate or party is called
8:
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183:
1122:. Department of the Environment, Community and Local Government (DECLG). 27 January 2015
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1021:
963:
958:. House of Commons Procedure and Practice Second Edition, 2009: Parliament of Canada.
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711:. There was a lacuna after the publication of the 2016 census results in which the
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to revise boundaries in light of the most recent census. In constituencies for the
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Constituency Commission Report 2017: Dáil and European Parliament Constituencies
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1117:"Consultation Paper on the Establishment of an Electoral Commission in Ireland"
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In Kazakhstan, the redistribution of legislative districts is conducted by the
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1332:"Calculating future Māori and General Electorates | Electoral Commission"
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principle) require that legislative districts have roughly equal populations.
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223:
1210:"In re Art. 26 of the Constitution and the Electoral (Amendment) Bill, 1961"
930:"The Constitution Act, 1867 (UK), 30 & 31 Victoria, c 3, Section 51 (1)"
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that operate outside of direct ministerial control. They are chaired by the
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In Canada, the Constitution mandates that redistribution in the federal
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628:
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Similar processes are followed in each province, under provincial law.
427:
306:
1072:"Electoral (Amendment) (Dáil Constituencies) Bill 2017: Second Stage"
635:, the 2016 population per TD averages 29,762, varying from 28,199 in
228:
31:
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U.S. House of Representatives — District apportionment 1790 to 2000
316:
141:
1141:
Parker, A. J. (1986). "Geography and the Irish Electoral System".
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1384:
1255:"Not Just a Christmas Election – An Unconstitutional Election?"
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1236:"Next Dáil 'unconstitutional' if number of TDs not increased"
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783:, while piecemeal redistricting does not need a plebiscite.
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as being repugnant to the Constitution because of excessive
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In Mexico, an independent administrative body, called the
643:. Since 1977, an independent body (since 1997 a permanent
1399:
Boundary Delimitation in the Legal Framework of Elections
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1402:
1091:"Electoral (Amendment) (Dáil Constituencies) Act 2017"
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Electoral district (Canada) § Boundary adjustment
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O'Mahony, Conor; Ó Conaill, Seán (27 November 2017).
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In the Philippines, redistricting is carried out by
717:
Electoral (Amendment) (Dáil Constituencies) Act 2017
713:
Electoral (Amendment) (Dáil Constituencies) Act 2013
525:or similar electoral systems to prevent geographic
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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707:created a tipping point favouring the opposition
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1180:Elections and voters: a comparative introduction
1176:Harrop, Martin; Miller, William Lockley (1987).
1358:boundarycommissionforengland.independent.gov.uk
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1020:(3rd ed.). A&C Black. §§21.05–21.08.
1390:Reapportionment and Redistricting in the U.S.
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1354:"About us | Boundary Commission for England"
1281:"On Elections in the Republic of Kazakhstan"
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1057:. Dublin: Stationery Office. p. 66.
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1014:Forde, Michael; Leonard, David (2013).
653:Local Electoral Area Boundary Committee
570:district boundaries for each province.
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910:. ACE: The Electoral Knowledge Network
16:Reallocation of seats in a legislature
793:Boundary Commissions (United Kingdom)
607:states that general elections to the
934:Canadian Legal Information Institute
619:must return at least three members (
54:adding citations to reliable sources
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1234:Carolan, Mary (28 November 2017).
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824:Redistricting in the United States
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1411:Redistribution Overview from the
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1381:A guide to Boundary Delimitation
908:"Boundary Delimitation Glossary"
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1184:. Macmillan Education. p.
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808:Speaker of the House of Commons
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1078:. Oireachtas. 15 December 2017
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968:: CS1 maint: location (
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511:boundary delimitation
272:Boundary delimitation
21:Boundary delimitation
1259:Constitution Project
719:resolved the issue.
661:Electoral Commission
657:local electoral area
373:Elections by country
50:improve this article
884:the then government
674:. The replacement
523:first-past-the-post
466:Politics portal
1403:International IDEA
1334:. 18 November 2013
1097:. 23 December 2017
804:arms-length bodies
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1363:17 September
1361:. Retrieved
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986:. Article 16
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48:Please help
43:verification
40:
1401:— from the
1394:ACE Project
1392:— from the
1385:ACE Project
1312:(in Kazakh)
1219:2 September
1149:(1): 1–14.
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383:Most recent
267:Competition
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159:Basic types
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