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driven away, as some zealots want to make us believe; but I wish to see them all, especially music, in the service of Him Who gave and created them." Again he says: "I have myself heard those who oppose pictures, read from my German Bible.... But this contains many pictures of God, of the angels, of men, and of animals, especially in the
Revelation of St. John, in the books of Moses, and in the book of Joshua. We therefore kindly beg these fanatics to permit us also to paint these pictures on the wall that they may be remembered and better understood, inasmuch as they can harm as little on the walls as in books. Would to God that I could persuade those who can afford it to paint the whole Bible on their houses, inside and outside, so that all might see; this would indeed be a Christian work. For I am convinced that it is God's will that we should hear and learn what He has done, especially what Christ suffered. But when I hear these things and meditate upon them, I find it impossible not to picture them in my heart. Whether I want to or not, when I hear, of Christ, a human form hanging upon a cross rises up in my heart: just as I see my natural face reflected when I look into water. Now if it is not sinful for me to have Christ's picture in my heart, why should it be sinful to have it before my eyes?
1926:... as also the ruins of 200 Idol Temples which the Vice-Roy Antonio Norogna totally demolisht, that no memory might remain, or monuments continue, of such gross Idolatry. For not only there, but at Salsette also were two Temples or places of prophane Worship; one of them (by incredible toil cut out of the hard Rock) was divided into three Iles or Galleries, in which were figured many of their deformed Pagotha's, and of which an Indian (if to be credited) reports that there were in that Temple 300 of those narrow Galleries, and the Idols so exceeding ugly as would affright an European Spectator; nevertheless this was a celebrated place, and so abundantly frequented by Idolaters, as induced the Portuguise in zeal with a considerable force to master the Town and to demolish the Temples, breaking in pieces all that monstrous brood of mishapen Pagods. In Goa nothing is more observable now than the fortifications, the Vice-Roy and Arch-bishops Palaces, and the Churches. ...
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1261:. The act generated worldwide protests and was not supported by other Muslim governments and organizations. It was widely perceived in the Western media as a result of the Muslim prohibition against figural decoration. Such an account overlooks "the coexistence between the Buddhas and the Muslim population that marveled at them for over a millennium" before their destruction. According to art historian F. B. Flood, analysis of the Taliban's statements regarding the Buddhas suggest that their destruction was motivated more by political than by theological concerns. Taliban spokesmen have given many different
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661:, a vast number of his followers viewed themselves as being involved in a spiritual community that in matters of faith should obey neither the visible Church nor lay authorities. According to Peter George Wallace "Zwingli's attack on images, at the first debate, triggered iconoclastic incidents in Zürich and the villages under civic jurisdiction that the reformer was unwilling to condone." Due to this action of protest against authority, "Zwingli responded with a carefully reasoned treatise that men could not live in society without laws and constraint".
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3947:(Koerner 2004, 58). In fact, in the 16th century some of the strongest opposition to destruction of images came not from Catholics but from Lutherans against Calvinists: "You black Calvinist, you give permission to smash our pictures and hack our crosses; we are going to smash you and your Calvinist priests in return" (Koerner 2004, 58). Works of art continued to be displayed in Lutheran churches, often including an imposing large crucifix in the sanctuary, a clear reference to Luther's
3094:, theorised that this was an act of revenge from white supremacists. Carvin Eison, who led the project that brought the Douglass statues to Rochester, thought it was unlikely that the Douglass statue was toppled by someone who was upset about monuments honoring Confederate figures, and added that "it's only logical that it was some kind of retaliation event in someone's mind". Police did not find evidence that supported or refuted either claim, and the vandalism case remains unsolved.
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2365:, a bronze classical equestrian monument dating back to Classical times. The Jacobins considered it a symbol of Royal authority, but it had been a prominent Pavia landmark for nearly a thousand years and its destruction aroused much indignation and precipitated a revolt by inhabitants of Pavia against the French, which was quelled by Napoleon after a furious urban fight.
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what a hideous triumph in the market-place before all the country, when all the mangled organ pipes, vestments, both copes and surplices, together with the leaden cross which had newly been sawn down from the Green-yard pulpit and the service-books and singing books that could be carried to the fire in the public market-place were heaped together.
2667:, UK, was pulled down by demonstrators who then jumped on it. They daubed it in red and blue paint, and one protester placed his knee on the statue's neck to allude to Floyd's murder by a white policeman who knelt on Floyd's neck for over nine minutes. The statue was then rolled down Anchor Road and pushed into
907:
Lord what work was here! What clattering of glasses! What beating down of walls! What tearing up of monuments! What pulling down of seats! What wresting out of irons and brass from the windows! What defacing of arms! What demolishing of curious stonework! What tooting and piping upon organ pipes! And
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opine that the council did not pronounce as to the liceity or non-liceity of the use of images, but as an administrative measure simply forbade them, lest new and weak converts from paganism should incur thereby any danger of relapse into idolatry, or be scandalized by certain superstitious excesses
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Luther's view was that biblical images could be used as teaching aids, and thus had didactic value. Hence Luther stood against the destruction of images whereas several other reformers (Karlstadt, Zwingli, Calvin) promoted these actions. In the following passage, Luther harshly rebukes
Karlstadt on
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one after the other in quick succession, and in less than a year and a half, the far-flung Hindu kingdom was crushed ... There was a fearful outbreak of religious bigotry in several places and temples were wantonly desecrated. At Debal, the Nairun and Aror temples were demolished and converted
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Zwingli and others for the sake of saving the Word rejected all plastic art; Luther, with an equal concern for the Word, but far more conservative, would have all the arts to be the servants of the Gospel. "I am not of the opinion" said , "that through the Gospel all the arts should be banished and
397:
appeared to endorse iconoclasm; Canon 36 states, "Pictures are not to be placed in churches, so that they do not become objects of worship and adoration." A possible translation is also: "There shall be no pictures in the church, lest what is worshipped and adored should be depicted on the walls."
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was not uniformly hostile to the use of religious images. Martin Luther taught the "importance of images as tools for instruction and aids to devotion," stating: "If it is not a sin but good to have the image of Christ in my heart, why should it be a sin to have it in my eyes?" Lutheran churches
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of images. The religious conflict created political and economic divisions in
Byzantine society; iconoclasm was generally supported by the Eastern, poorer, non-Greek peoples of the Empire who had to frequently deal with raids from the new Muslim Empire. On the other hand, the wealthier Greeks of
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has noted that
Lutherans, seeing themselves in the tradition of the ancient, apostolic church, sought to defend as well as reform the use of images. "An empty, white-washed church proclaimed a wholly spiritualized cult, at odds with Luther's doctrine of Christ's real presence in the sacraments"
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Lutherans continued to worship in pre-Reformation churches, generally with few alterations to the interior. It has even been suggested that in
Germany to this day one finds more ancient Marian altarpieces in Lutheran than in Catholic churches. Thus in Germany and in Scandinavia many pieces of
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Muslim in the mid-1300s. He was reportedly outraged by local
Muslims making offerings to the Great Sphinx in the hope of controlling the flood cycle, and he was later executed for vandalism. However, whether this was actually the cause of the missing nose has been debated by historians.
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Iconoclastic incidents during the
Calvinist 'Second Reformation' in Germany provoked reactive riots by Lutheran mobs, while Protestant image-breaking in the Baltic region deeply antagonized the neighbouring Eastern Orthodox, a group with whom reformers might have hoped to make common
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As it developed in north-eastern
Germany, Lutheran worship became a complex ritual choreography set in a richly furnished church interior. This much is evident from the background of an epitaph pained in 1615 by Martin Schulz, destined for the Nikolaikirche in Berlin (see Figure
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3951:. ... In contrast, Reformed (Calvinist) churches are strikingly different. Usually unadorned and somewhat lacking in aesthetic appeal, pictures, sculptures, and ornate altar-pieces are largely absent; there are few or no candles; and crucifixes or crosses are also mostly absent.
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Revolutions and changes of regime, whether through uprising of the local population, foreign invasion, or a combination of both, are often accompanied by the public destruction of statues and monuments identified with the previous regime. This may also be known as
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have been destroyed or damaged by fire by
Christian fundamentalists. More recently, Buddhist statues have been identified as idols, and attacked and decapitated in the name of Jesus. Arrests are hard to effect, as the arsonists and vandals work by stealth of
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The
Beeldenstorm, or Iconoclastic Fury, involved roving bands of radical Calvinists who were utterly opposed to all religious images and decorations in churches and who acted on their beliefs by storming into Catholic churches and destroying all artwork and
2645:. White paint was sprayed on it; threats and hateful messages towards Zlatan were written on the statue, and it was burned. In a second attack the nose was sawed off and the statue was sprinkled with chrome paint. On 5 January 2020 it was finally toppled.
2213:, the ancient Roman practice of official obliteration of the memory of a specific individual. Stricter definitions of "iconoclasm" exclude both types of action, reserving the term for religious or more widely cultural destruction. In many cases, such as
1511:
1212:), which was converted into a mosque in 1453. Most icons were desecrated and the rest were covered with plaster. In 1934 the government of Turkey decided to convert the Hagia Sophia into a museum and the restoration of the mosaics was undertaken by the
254:, Akhenaten ordered the eradication of all of Egypt's traditional gods. He sent royal officials to chisel out and destroy every reference to Amun and the names of other deities on tombs, temple walls, and cartouches to instill in the people that the
4314:
7291:"#FrederickDouglass's statue was ripped from the ground. Some may call this REVENGE – remove our #WhiteSupremacists and we remove your #Abolitionist. I call this DESECRATION. Listen to his words and know why his truth is admired and feared"
2587:, a U.S. military-staged event on 9 April 2003 where a prominent statue of Saddam Hussein was pulled down. Subsequently, statues and murals of Saddam Hussein all over Iraq were destroyed by US occupation forces as well as Iraqi citizens.
1130:. Most Christians under Muslim rule, for example, continued to produce icons and to decorate their churches as they wished. A major exception to this pattern of tolerance in early Islamic history was the "Edict of Yazīd", issued by the
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In an episode known as the Great Iconoclasm, bands of Calvinists visited Catholic churches in the Netherlands in 1566, shattering stained-glass windows, smashing statues, and destroying paintings and other artworks they perceived as
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evidence shows the removal of images from the mosaic floors of some, although not all, of the churches that stood at this time. But Yazīd's iconoclastic policies were not continued by his successors, and Christian communities of the
4199:
Devoutly Catholic but opposed to Inquisition tactics, they backed William of Orange in subduing the Calvinist uprising of the Dutch beeldenstorm on behalf of regent Margaret of Parma, and had come willingly to the council at her
1765:, pursued four violent campaigns into south India, between 1309 and 1311, against the Hindu kingdoms of Devgiri (Maharashtra), Warangal (Telangana), Dwarasamudra (Karnataka) and Madurai (Tamil Nadu). Many Temples were plundered;
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617:, who then, concealed under the pen-name of 'Junker Jörg', intervened to calm things down. Luther argued that the mental picturing of Christ when reading the Scriptures was similar in character to artistic renderings of Christ.
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2283:, iconoclasm was supported by members of the government as well as the citizenry. Numerous monuments, religious works, and other historically significant pieces were destroyed in an attempt to eradicate any memory of the
1491:
2314:
in Paris. Some were directly sanctioned by the Republican government, including the Saint-Denis exhumations. Nonetheless, the Republican government also took steps to preserve historic artworks, notably by founding the
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in 1798–1800; a few of these were subsequently replaced by British coats of arms in the early 19th century. Some British symbols were also removed by the government after Malta became a republic in 1974. These include
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has demonstrated that iconoclastic vandalism often entails subtle expressions of ambiguous remembrance and that, rather than effacing memory, such acts of de-commemorating effectively preserve memory in obscure forms.
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the record of the person and so, in an oblique way, to confirm memory," and was in effect a spectacular display of "pantomime forgetfulness." Examining cases of political monument destruction in modern Irish history,
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pronounced him guilty of "blasphemy against God and avowed atheism, at the same time as leading a frightful and pernicious lifestyle. At the court's order his paintings were burned, and only a few of them survive."
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in 722–723. This edict ordered the destruction of crosses and Christian images within the territory of the caliphate. Researchers have discovered evidence that the order was followed, particularly in present-day
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1946:
on a pyre in a specially dug pit. Manusmriti, one of the sacred Hindu texts, is the religious basis of casteist laws and values of Hinduism and hence was/is the reason of social and economic plight of crores of
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reviled). The Cultural Revolution included widespread destruction of historic artworks in public places and private collections, whether religious or secular. Objects in state museums were mostly left intact.
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2506:, destroying statues of nobility and symbols of Christianity. In the 19th century, the place was renovated and many new statues added. In 1911, a marble commemoration for the Spanish freethinker and educator
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Quraysh had put pictures in the Ka'ba including two of Jesus son of Mary and Mary (on both of whom be peace!). ... The apostle ordered that the pictures should be erased except those of Jesus and Mary.
2419:
Five days after the Declaration of Independence was signed in Philadelphia, a pro-revolutionary group known as the New York Sons of Liberty tore down a statue of George III standing at Broadway and Bowling
2179:. Many of the Buddhist images were destroyed by Jayavarman VIII, who reestablished previously Hindu shrines that had been converted to Buddhism by his predecessor. Carvings of the Buddha at temples such as
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because of the sheer scale of desecration and destruction of Hindu and Buddhist temples, shrines, ashrams, hermitages, and other holy places in what is now known as Kashmir and its neighboring territories.
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also involved the repulsion of non-Christian religious structures, including Buddhist temples and Shinto shrines and figures. At times of conflict with rivals or some time after the conversion of several
2858:. Similar acts have accompanied the independence of most ex-colonial territories. Sometimes relatively intact monuments are moved to a collected display in a less prominent place, as in India and also
523:, written before 726 to two iconoclast bishops, says that "now whole towns and multitudes of people are in considerable agitation over this matter," but there is little written evidence of the debate.
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in the iconoclasm of civil wars before any European encounter. Other instances of iconoclasm may have occurred throughout Eastern Polynesia during its conversion to Christianity in the 19th century.
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museum to house and display the former royal art collection. This allowed the physical objects and national heritage to be preserved while stripping them of their association with the monarchy.
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924:. As such, "Lutheran worship became a complex ritual choreography set in a richly furnished church interior." For Lutherans, "the Reformation renewed rather than removed the religious image."
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Exact data on the nature and number of Hindu temples destroyed by the Christian missionaries and Portuguese government are unavailable. Some 160 temples were allegedly razed to the ground in
6501:
168:. Outside of the religious context, iconoclasm can refer to movements for widespread destruction in symbols of an ideology or cause, such as the destruction of monarchist symbols during the
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by Portuguese authorities. A 1569 royal letter in Portuguese archives records that all Hindu temples in its colonies in India had been burnt and razed to the ground. The English traveller
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1793:, Sikundur ordered all the temples in Kashmeer to be thrown down." He destroyed vast majority of Hindu and Buddhist temples in his reach in Kashmir region (north and northwest India).
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led his troops in destroying Buddhist temples and smashing Buddhist images, turning the temples into schools and Kuomintang party headquarters. It was reported that almost all of the
112:, a term that has come to be figuratively applied to any individual who challenges "cherished beliefs or venerated institutions on the grounds that they are erroneous or pernicious."
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Although some reformers, such as John Calvin and Ulrich Zwingli, rejected all images, Martin Luther defended the importance of images as tools for instruction and aids to devotion.
2255:
in the Classical world was an act of erasing memory has been challenged by scholars who have argued that it "did not negate historical traces, but created gestures which served to
1296:, a former member of Ansar Dine, to nine years in prison for this destruction of cultural world heritage. This was the first time that the ICC convicted a person for such a crime.
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were removed. Bai also led a wave of anti-foreignism in Guangxi, attacking Americans, Europeans, and other foreigners, and generally making the province unsafe for foreigners and
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in Gujarat was repeatedly destroyed by Islamic armies and rebuilt by Hindus. It was destroyed by Delhi Sultanate's army in 1299 CE. The present temple was reconstructed in
6548:
Avrich, Paul (1980). "The Martyrdom of Ferrer". The Modern School Movement: Anarchism and Education in the United States. Princeton: Princeton University Press. pp. 3–33.
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was bound with ropes and gradually beaten to the ground. After a considerable amount of time, the statue was decapitated and its remaining parts were broken into rubble.
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1225:
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6407:
Greene, Christopher M., "Alexandre Lenoir and the Musée des monuments français during the French Revolution," French Historical Studies 12, no. 2 (1981): pp. 200–222.
1910:(South Goa), approximately another 300 Hindu temples were destroyed by the Christian officials of the Inquisition. Numerous Hindu temples were destroyed elsewhere at
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1860:
Some of the most dramatic cases of iconoclasm by Muslims are found in parts of India where Hindu and Buddhist temples were razed and mosques erected in their place.
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2510:, executed two years earlier and widely considered a martyr, was erected in the Grand-Place. The statue depicted a nude man holding the Torch of Enlightenment. The
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The destruction of the idols of Mecca did not, however, determine the treatment of other religious communities living under Muslim rule after the expansion of the
278:
For Egypt, the greatest horror was the destruction or abduction of the cult images. In the eyes of the Israelites, the erection of images meant the destruction of
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944:(the rebels, like himself, were fighting against Spain) also completely approved of their act of "destroying idols," which accorded well with Muslim teachings.
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2537:. The Vichy authorities disliked the statue, as it was a celebration of freedom of conscience. In 1960, having found the original molds, the municipality of
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carried out iconoclastic attacks such as the destruction of Shia mosques and shrines. Notable incidents include blowing up the Mosque of the Prophet Yunus (
227:, instituted a significant shift in Egyptian artistic styles alongside a campaign of intolerance towards the traditional gods and a new emphasis on a state
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644:
prohibition of idolatry and the manufacture of graven (sculpted) images of God. As a result, individuals attacked statues and images, most famously in the
282:; in the eyes of the Egyptians, this same effect was attained by the destruction of images. In Egypt, iconoclasm was the most terrible religious crime; in
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could so easily avoid the role of the religious criminal. It is more than probable that these traditions evolved under mutual influence. In this respect,
135:
Iconoclasm does not generally encompass the destruction of the images of a specific ruler after his or her death or overthrow, a practice better known as
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interpret this prohibition as directed against the use of images in overground churches only, lest the pagans should caricature sacred scenes and ideas;
1738:
Historical records which were compiled by the Muslim historian Maulana Hakim Saiyid Abdul Hai attest to the religious violence which occurred during the
1192:, having performed an archaeological study, concluded that it was broken with instruments at an earlier unknown time between the 3rd and 10th centuries.
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at Somnath. Mahmud is said to have broken the idol and taken away parts of it as loot and placed so that people would walk on it. In his letters to the
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Thompson, Victoria E. (Fall–Winter 2012). "The Creation, Destruction and Recreation of Henri IV: Seeing Popular Sovereignty in the Statue of a King".
2564:. It was later recovered. In 1984 the head was installed in Plaza Unamuno. In 1999, it was again thrown into the estuary after a political meeting of
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1075:. The prohibition of figuration has not always been extended to the secular sphere, and a robust tradition of figural representation exists within
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1079:. However, Western authors have tended to perceive "a long, culturally determined, and unchanging tradition of violent iconoclastic acts" within
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1723:, Mahmud exaggerated the size, wealth and religious significance of the Somnath temple, receiving grandiose titles from the Caliph in return.
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Some episodes of iconoclasm were carried out spontaneously by crowds of citizens, including the destruction of statues of kings during the
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and other images or monuments, most frequently for religious or political reasons. People who engage in or support iconoclasm are called
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from 726 to 842 AD. Degrees of iconoclasm vary greatly among religions and their branches, but are strongest in religions which oppose
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852:, came to the throne in 1547 and, under Cranmer's guidance, issued injunctions for Religious Reforms in the same year and in 1550, an
715:(now the Netherlands, Belgium, and parts of Northern France) were disrupted by widespread Calvinist iconoclasm in the summer of 1566.
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Stanley J. Idzerda, "Iconoclasm during the French Revolution." In The American Historical Review, Vol. 60, No. 1 (Oct., 1954), p. 25.
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Teodoro Studita, Contro gli avversari delle icone, Emanuela Fogliadini (Prefazione), Antonio Calisi (Traduttore), Jaca Book, 2022,
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2700:, widespread destruction of religious and secular imagery in Russia took place, as well as the destruction of imagery related to
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had during their reigns erected numerous statues of themselves, which were pulled down and destroyed when they were overthrown.
1955:
continue to observe 25 December as "Manusmriti Dahan Divas" (Manusmriti Burning Day) and burn copies of Manusmriti on this day.
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880:
704:(1562). Calvinist iconoclasm in Europe "provoked reactive riots by Lutheran mobs" in Germany and "antagonized the neighbouring
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to stop his earlier adoption of Byzantine coin types. He started a purely Islamic coinage with lettering only. A letter by the
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Temple was made a temple to Shiva, with the central 3.6 meter tall statue of the Buddha cast to the bottom of a nearby well.
497:(527–565) evidently saw a huge increase in the use of images, both in volume and quality, and a gathering aniconic reaction.
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Certain Muslim denominations continue to pursue iconoclastic agendas. There has been much controversy within Islam over the
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7272:"Statue of Frederick Douglass Torn Down in Rochester, via Breitbart News. This shows that these anarchists have no bounds!"
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work of propaganda, the top right depicts men pulling down and smashing icons, while power is shifting from the dying King
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Deleuze, Gilles, and Felix Guattari. A Thousand Plateaus. (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1987): 212–213.
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Wells, Harry L. 2000. "Korean Temple Burnings and Vandalism: The Response of the Society for Buddhist-Christian Studies."
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Mirza Kalichbeg Fredunbeg: The Chachnamah, An Ancient History of Sind, Giving the Hindu period down to the Arab Conquest.
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and lower caste Hindus. One of the greatest iconoclasts for all time, this explosive incident rocked the Hindu society.
1750:" was built with demolished parts of 20 Hindu and Jain temples. This pattern of iconoclasm was common during his reign.
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described the events of 1643 when troops and citizens, encouraged by a Parliamentary ordinance against superstition and
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7673:. Bruxelles, ville d'Art et d'Histoire (in French). Vol. 3. Brussels: Éditions de la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale.
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7191:"Robert E. Lee statue is removed in Richmond, ex-capital of Confederacy, after months of protests and legal resistance"
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Out of the Flames: The Remarkable Story of a Fearless Scholar, a Fatal Heresy, and One of the Rarest Books in the World
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The Iconoclastic Imagination: Image, Catastrophe, and Economy in America from the Kennedy Assassination to September 11
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of 1966–1976, ostensibly because they were a holdover from China's traditional past (which the Communist regime led by
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891:, with a warrant to demolish religious images which were considered to be superstitious or linked with popism. Bishop
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2518:, disliked the monument and destroyed it in 1915. It was restored in 1926 by the International Free Thought Movement.
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Karahan, Anne (2014). "Byzantine Iconoclasm: Ideology and Quest for Power". In Kolrud, Kristine; Prusac, M. (eds.).
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5343:"Gujarat State Portal | All About Gujarat | Gujarat Tourism | Religious Places | Somnath Temple"
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4570:"The Many Meanings of Iconoclasm: Warrior and Christian Temple-Shrine Destruction in Late Sixteenth Century Japan"
4448:
According to Koerner, who dwells on Lutheran art, the Reformation renewed rather than removed the religious image.
1333:, there were numerous recorded instances of temple desecration mostly by Indian Muslim kings against rival Indian
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Balafrej, Lamia (2 September 2015). "Islamic iconoclasm, visual communication and the persistence of the image".
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848:, limited official action was taken against religious images in churches in the late 1530s. Henry's young son,
323:
to "destroy all engraved stones, destroy all molded images, and demolish all high places" of the indigenous
5561:"Indian routes: Some memorable ventures, adventures, and other happenings, in and about south Asia: 1200–1299"
3701:
3373:
1747:
9049:
8485:
8337:
4737:
2911:
2874:
2866:
2851:
2827:
2335:
2291:
in the Paris square which until then bore his name, was pulled down and destroyed. This was a prelude to the
58:
7048:
3819:
The Rise of the Global South: The Decline of Western Christendom and the Rise of Majority World Christianity
1707:, the images of the other goddesses were destroyed in Arabia but the one of Manat was secretly sent away to
2915:
2877:
2748:
2087:, supported Bai's campaign. The anti-religious campaign was agreed upon by all Guangxi Kuomintang members.
1898:(Ilhas de Goa) by 1566. Between 1566 and 1567, a campaign by Franciscan missionaries destroyed another 300
1289:
6975:
3621:"Overview on Iconophile and Iconoclastic Attitudes toward Images in Early Christianity and Late Antiquity"
2963:(renamed in 1899 in honor of Civil War veteran Charles C. Hemming), which were in remembrance of deceased
1482:
8793:
8565:
8298:
8288:
7939:
7503:
6778:
5826:
5590:
Roshen Dalal (2002). The Puffin History of India for Children, 3000 BC – AD 1947. Penguin Books. p. 195.
4310:
2946:
2923:
1801:
1324:
38:
1200:
Certain conquering Muslim armies have used local temples or houses of worship as mosques. An example is
1091:
The first act of Muslim iconoclasm dates to the beginning of Islam, in 630, when the various statues of
8111:
7963:
7407:
6627:
6600:
6309:
6043:
5135:
3293:
3133:
2885:
2760:
2432:
2385:
2124:
697:
4698:
Flood, Finbarr Barry (2002). "Between cult and culture: Bamiyan, Islamic iconoclasm, and the museum".
3446:
This canon has often been urged against the veneration of images as practised in the Catholic Church.
8325:
7549:
I Difensori Dell'icona: La Partecipazione Dei Vescovi Dell'Italia Meridionale Al Concilio Di Nicea II
7455:
6601:"El Ayuntamiento de Bilbao restituye a su columna el busto de Unamuno nueve meses después de su robo"
4000:
The Long European Reformation: Religion, Political Conflict, and the Search for Conformity, 1350–1750
3971:
3780:
3231:
1389:
1377:
1180:
390:
7635:"From Iconoclasm to Arianism: The Construction of Christian Tradition in the Iconoclast Controversy"
4896:
4341:
Kaleidoscope Catechesis: Missionary Catechesis in Africa, Particularly in the Diocese of Wa in Ghana
8662:
7575:
5607:
4867:
4185:
A Century of Giants, A.D. 1500 to 1600: In an Age of Spiritual Genius, Western Christendom Shatters
3752:
3034:
Multiple statues of early European explorers and founders were also vandalized, including those of
2859:
2653:
2576:
2339:
937:
921:
4376:
4017:
3428:
Placuit picturas in ecclesia esse non debere, ne quod colitur et adoratur in parietibus depingatur
3178:
1032:
has a strong tradition of forbidding the depiction of figures, especially religious figures, with
79:
7915:
7275:
5106:
4846:
4093:
3803:
3534:
3423:
2964:
2870:
2770:
The fall of Communism in 1989–1991 was also followed by the destruction or removal of statues of
2725:
2615:
2408:
2304:
1498:
1269:
1262:
705:
516:
7290:
5531:
Welch, Anthony, and Howard Crane. 1983. "The Tughluqs: Master Builders of the Delhi Sultanate."
5202:
4060:
4054:
3968:
Pentecostal Aesthetics: Theological Reflections in a Pentecostal Philosophy of Art and Esthetics
2067:
were also attacked as imperialist agents. The three goals of the movement were anti-foreignism,
9023:
8966:
8413:
7728:
War Damage in Western Europe: The Destruction of Historic Monuments During the Second World War
6125:
Forgetful Remembrance: Social Forgetting and Vernacular Historiography of a Rebellion in Ulster
5867:
5828:
The Portuguese in Goa, in Acompanhando a Lusofonia em Goa: Preocupações e experiências pessoais
5546:
4097:
3173:
3108:
3087:
2709:
2396:
2233:
1739:
1557:
1293:
1108:
1008:
948:
833:
792:
6364:
5977:
5908:
5799:
5262:
4517:
3880:
3874:
1152:
continued to make icons without significant interruption from the sixth century to the ninth.
429:
Among early church theologians, iconoclastic tendencies were supported by theologians such as
8998:
8166:
7783:
5289:
4492:
4480:
3451:
3447:
2957:
2938:
2907:
2595:
2441:
2400:
1959:
1615:
981:
454:
434:
411:
7649:
4368:
4085:
3846:
Reformation and the Visual Arts: The Protestant Image Question in Western and Eastern Europe
3477:"Aniconic Worship and the Apologetic Tradition: A Note on Canon 36 of the Council of Elvira"
2630:
8946:
7544:. Ashgate. (Scholarly studies of the destruction of images from prehistory to the Taliban.)
7169:"San Francisco Archbishop Outraged Over Toppling Of Golden Gate Park Junipero Serra Statue"
5238:
5097:
5034:
4547:
3455:
3289:
From Kavād to al-Ghazālī: Religion, Law and Political Thought in the Near East, c. 600–1100
3050:
3035:
3027:
2950:
2327:
2300:
2214:
2172:
1704:
1176:
1165:
892:
825:
527:
520:
479:
470:
153:
54:
5249:
3558:
Images, Idolatry, and Iconoclasm in Late Medieval England: Textuality and the Visual Image
2910:
of 2020, demonstrators pulled down dozens of statues which they considered symbols of the
418:
under Constantine, Christian groups destroyed the images and sculptures expressive of the
30:
For the absence of representations of the natural world or certain religious figures, see
8:
9044:
8858:
8838:
8627:
8498:
6416:
4460:
4369:
3903:
3188:
3118:
3075:
3023:
3005:
2835:
2803:
2775:
2752:
2744:, in order to discourage religious practice and curb the activities of religious groups.
2717:
2657:
2428:
2377:
2106:
2099:
2036:
1766:
1703:
referring to the goddess Manat. According to him, as well as a later Ghaznavid historian
1635:
1415:
1369:
872:
712:
595:
415:
343:
247:
243:
165:
7870:
Weeraratna, Senaka ' Repression of Buddhism in Sri Lanka by the Portuguese' (1505 -1658)
7869:
7341:
Alloa, Emmanuel (2013). "Visual Studies in Byzantium: A Pictorial Turnavant la lettre".
5672:
5573:
Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, A History of India, 3rd Edition, Routledge, 1998,
5342:
3182:
2525:
took down and melted Clothilde Roch's statue of the 16th-century dissident intellectual
115:
Conversely, one who reveres or venerates religious images is called (by iconoclasts) an
93:
8066:
7808:
7726:
7487:
7439:
7366:
6337:
6255:
6251:
6247:
6190:
6155:
5780:
5648:
5538:
5533:
4929:
4820:
4715:
4599:
4476:
4156:
The Victory of Reason: How Christianity Led to Freedom, Capitalism, and Western Success
4003:
3512:
3504:
3298:
3071:
3016:
2931:
2697:
2567:
2084:
2064:
1776:(1389–1413) began expanding, and unleashed religious violence that earned him the name
1773:
1592:
1522:
1518:
1419:
1056:
1024:
625:
6428:
A Toppled Statue of George III Illuminates the Ongoing Debate Over America’s Monuments
2407:. Erected in 1701, it was destroyed in 1929—one of several memorials installed during
298:, the paragon of idolatry, correspond to each other inversely, and it is strange that
8871:
8798:
8533:
7975:
7882:
7858:
7848:
7828:
7824:
7812:
7800:
7771:
7733:
7712:
7702:
7683:
7619:
7601:
7579:
7556:
7526:
7507:
7491:
7459:
7443:
7431:
7389:
7370:
7358:
6579:
6557:
6549:
6370:
6329:
6290:
6280:
6259:
6159:
6022:
5983:
5947:
5914:
5805:
5784:
5772:
5753:"Aurangzeb as Iconoclast? Vaishnava Accounts of the Krishna images' Exodus from Braj"
5733:
5723:
5700:
5690:
5615:
5591:
5574:
5474:
5449:
5400:
5370:
5322:
5295:
5268:
5182:
5154:
4924:
4871:
4824:
4783:
4743:
4632:
4622:
4603:
4591:
4551:
4523:
4496:
4437:
4408:
4380:
4344:
4293:
4268:
4262:
4242:
4217:
4188:
4159:
4130:
4101:
4086:
4064:
4027:
3975:
3930:
3884:
3850:
3823:
3756:
3728:
3672:
3645:
3594:
3562:
3516:
3496:
3354:
3064:
3056:
3039:
2787:
2741:
2561:
2545:
2489:
2280:
2203:
2167:
went through a period of iconoclasm. At the beginning of the reign of the next king,
2025:
1854:
1743:
1595:
1584:
1502:
1250:
1092:
860:
853:
629:
610:
559:
491:
363:
169:
137:
7841:
Obrazŭt na Nevidimii︠a︡ : ikonopochitanieto i ikonootrit︠s︡anieto prez osmi vek
6956:"The Hammer and Sickle: The Role of Symbolism and Rituals in the Russian Revolution"
5882:
2990:
1876:, turning back on his ancestor Akbar's policy of religious freedom and establishing
1668:, the prominent Turkic-Muslim ruler Mahmud of Ghazni raided Gujarat, plundering the
606:
9003:
8726:
8443:
7792:
7479:
7423:
7350:
6321:
6239:
6182:
6147:
6048:
6014:
5764:
5144:
4812:
4733:
4707:
4581:
3772:
3488:
3329:
3205:(Greek: εἰκοκλάστης). The corresponding Greek word for iconoclasm is εἰκονοκλασία,
3143:
3043:
2994:
2799:
2737:
2701:
2642:
2626:
2572:. It was substituted by a copy in 2000 after the original was located in the water.
2526:
2507:
2320:
2068:
1958:
The most high-profile case of Independent India was in 1992. Hindu mob, led by the
1939:
1696:
1688:
1661:
1649:
1599:
1561:
1542:
1041:
989:, Christian converts would often destroy Buddhist and Shinto religious structures.
658:
641:
633:
501:
475:
157:
104:, 'to break') is the social belief in the importance of the destruction of
7427:
6734:"Zlatan Ibrahimovic's Malmo Statue Set on Fire After Becoming Hammarby Part Owner"
6692:
2331:
262:
Public references to Akhenaten were destroyed soon after his death. Comparing the
8704:
8694:
8418:
7876:
7537:
7383:
6962:
6018:
5501:
5497:
5364:
5316:
5243:
5208:
5102:
4773:
4519:
Muslims and the Gospel: Bridging the Gap : a Reflection on Christian Sharing
3284:
2839:
2819:
2668:
2511:
2452:
2168:
2010:
2006:
1889:
1825:
1797:
1762:
1754:
1681:
1619:
1385:
1172:
1080:
888:
884:
543:
and the peoples of the Balkan and Italian provinces strongly opposed iconoclasm.
483:
394:
279:
8484:
7961:
7470:
Beiner, Guy (2021). "When Monuments Fall: The Significance of Decommemorating".
6926:"Black Lives Matter protesters pull down statue of 17th century UK slave trader"
6800:"Protesters in England topple statue of slave trader Edward Colston into harbor"
6138:
Beiner, Guy (2021). "When Monuments Fall: The Significance of Decommemorating".
2556:, Spain. It was withdrawn in 1936 when Unamuno showed temporary support for the
2476:
2440:
being ground off from post boxes, and British coats of arms such as that on the
8961:
8938:
8768:
8731:
8615:
8595:
8560:
8553:
8308:
8231:
7522:
7379:
6506:
3943:
3459:
3273:
3198:
2881:
2771:
2713:
2660:
2602:
2580:
2549:
2448:
2347:
2160:
2080:
1948:
1935:
1865:
1669:
1653:
1588:
1478:
1330:
1209:
1144:
951:
was arrested and tortured, charged with being a religious non-conformist and a
845:
551:
540:
359:
351:
204:
6706:
5768:
5264:
Hindu culture during and after Muslim rule: survival and subsequent challenges
4816:
4586:
4569:
3393:
2724:
In front of a Moscow Cathedral, crowds cheered as the enormous statue of Tsar
1680:. The attack may have been inspired by the belief that an idol of the goddess
1676:
despite pleas by Brahmins not to break it. He took away a booty of 20 million
9038:
8901:
8866:
8711:
8674:
8669:
8652:
8632:
8526:
8433:
8303:
8146:
7862:
7845:
Image of the Invisible. Image Veneration and Iconoclasm in the Eighth Century
7804:
7759:
7716:
7435:
7362:
7354:
7026:"Deadly rally accelerates ongoing removal of Confederate statues across U.S."
6486:
6333:
5863:
5776:
5445:
5437:
5158:
4974:"Timbuktu's Destruction: Why Islamists Are Wrecking Mali's Cultural Heritage"
4803:
King, G. R. D. (1985). "Islam, iconoclasm, and the declaration of doctrine".
4636:
4595:
3720:
3500:
3138:
3086:, but he did not substantiate his claim nor did he offer a theory on motive.
3001:
2756:
2494:
2464:
2460:
2343:
2334:, Paris was also the target of iconoclasm several times: destroyed after the
2288:
2218:
2072:
1817:
997:
912:
879:, which in turn financed a substantial and significant military force. After
821:
761:
614:
446:
403:
328:
263:
216:
207:, Egypt. Local Christians engaged in campaigns of proselytism and iconoclasm.
152:
disputes between factions of the same religion. The term originates from the
73:
7616:
The Destruction of Art: Iconoclasm and Vandalism since the French Revolution
7247:"Protesters tore down a George Washington statue and set a fire on its head"
6294:
6243:
5737:
5704:
1564:
in ruins; one of the many temple complexes destroyed by the Delhi Sultanate.
8991:
8876:
8778:
8721:
8684:
8647:
8590:
8511:
8423:
8380:
7755:
7572:
Iconoclasm: Papers Given at the Ninth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies
6573:
6439:
Pulling down statues? It’s a tradition that dates back to U.S. independence
5149:
5130:
4861:
4484:
3079:
3067:
2979:
2960:
2779:
2733:
2680:
2522:
2456:
2437:
2164:
2076:
2060:
2018:
1967:
1899:
1845:
1829:
1821:
1239:
1201:
1012:
941:
883:
was appointed the commanding officer of these forces, in turn he appointed
841:
646:
590:
584:
575:
505:
419:
399:
383:
316:
156:, the struggles between proponents and opponents of religious icons in the
149:
7483:
7099:"Crew heard cheers as Confederate general's statue toppled in Monroe Park"
6561:
6320:(1). Translated by Miskowiec, Jay. Johns Hopkins University Press: 22–27.
6151:
6052:
5467:
The Shade of Swords: Jihad and the Conflict between Islam and Christianity
4059:. Cambridge, UK: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge. pp.
3751:, edited by Bryer & Herrin. Birmingham: Centre for Byzantine Studies,
2855:
2323:
saved many royal monuments by diverting them to preservation in a museum.
2303:). Later that year, the bodies of many French kings were exhumed from the
624:
who favoured certain types of sacred art in their churches and homes, the
215:, the most significant episode of iconoclasm occurred in Egypt during the
8981:
8921:
8911:
8891:
8881:
8848:
8750:
8699:
8689:
8585:
8521:
8506:
7552:
7219:"Statues of Christopher Columbus are being dismounted across the country"
6894:
6080:
History and Silence: Purge and Rehabilitation of Memory in Late Antiquity
5846:
5219:
Sindhi Culture by U. T. Thakkur, Univ. of Bombay Publications, 1959.
4214:
The King's Bedpost: Reformation and Iconography in a Tudor Group Portrait
3795:
3744:
3342:
2641:
supporters after he announced he had become part-owner of Swedish rivals
2619:
2534:
2503:
2048:
1963:
1952:
1809:
1758:
1673:
1657:
1576:
1538:
1361:
1349:
1341:
1258:
1189:
1076:
1033:
868:
813:
776:
701:
637:
555:
295:
271:
62:
7145:"These confederate statues have been removed since George Floyd's death"
7120:"Photos: The Statues Brought Down Since the George Floyd Protests Began"
6276:
From Royal to National: The Louvre Museum and the Bibliothèque Nationale
6110:
Remembering the Year of the French: Irish Folk History and Social Memory
2902:
List of monuments and memorials removed during the George Floyd protests
2638:
2391:
1684:
had been secretly transferred to the temple. According to the Ghaznavid
1406:
record the destruction of temples during the early 8th century when the
1059:
of living beings (both animals and humans) within such sacred spaces as
406:
only began as Christianity increasingly spread among Gentiles after the
374:
8906:
8818:
8813:
8788:
8783:
8763:
8758:
8657:
8642:
8637:
8610:
8580:
8438:
7763:
6194:
6173:
Idzerda, Stanley J. (1954). "Iconoclasm during the French Revolution".
5542:
5470:
5396:
4719:
3508:
3128:
3113:
2292:
2284:
2261:
2224:
Among Roman emperors and other political figures subject to decrees of
2180:
2110:
2044:
1975:
1943:
1837:
1685:
1402:
1357:
1334:
1273:
1120:
1037:
837:
817:
755:
673:
602:
535:
442:
430:
423:
324:
320:
267:
212:
117:
8986:
7900:(in French). Vol. 1B: Pentagone E-M. Liège: Pierre Mardaga. 1993.
6341:
5514:
4671:"Hetzendorf and the Iconoclasm in the Second Half of the 20th Century"
4619:
Island at the end of the world: The turbulent history of Easter Island
3245:
3078:, by being torn from its base and left close to a nearby river gorge.
3053:
was removed in Virginia, Minnesota, Chicago and beheaded in Boston MA.
2028:, there was widespread destruction of religious and secular images in
1160:
677:
238:, the Sun disk—many temples and monuments were destroyed as a result:
8976:
8956:
8916:
8896:
8886:
8843:
8833:
8828:
8803:
8773:
8679:
8600:
8570:
8538:
8041:
7680:
Symbol and Icon: Dionysius the Areopagite and the Iconoclastic Crisis
6834:"BLM protesters topple statue of Bristol slave trader Edward Colston"
5291:
The Hindu nationalist movement and Indian politics: 1925 to the 1990s
3476:
3148:
3103:
3083:
2538:
2296:
1861:
1850:
1781:
1720:
1712:
1708:
1430:
1381:
1373:
1127:
1068:
968:
952:
864:
849:
494:
355:
347:
228:
224:
220:
186:
127:
122:
31:
7768:
Hindu Temples – What Happened to Them Vol. I, (A Preliminary Survey)
7593:", (Second Horst Gerson Memorial Lecture, University of Groningen).
6186:
5979:
Region and nation: the Kwangsi clique in Chinese politics, 1925–1937
5910:
Region and nation: the Kwangsi clique in Chinese politics, 1925–1937
4711:
3620:
3492:
2423:
There have been several cases of removing symbols of past rulers in
2090:
There was extensive destruction of religious and secular imagery in
1711:(in modern Gujarat) for safekeeping. Since the idol of Manat was an
1660:. The temple was first raided in 725, when Junayad, the governor of
1242:
authorities, prompted by the fear they could become the subject of "
1071:, instead, it is based on traditions which are described within the
731:
669:
566:
from 817 until his death. He is most noted for teaching iconoclasm.
44:
9018:
8823:
8808:
8575:
8548:
8543:
8516:
7796:
7049:"War over Confederate statues reveals simple thinking on all sides"
6325:
5632:
4371:
Lucas Cranach the Elder: Art and Devotion of the German Reformation
2764:
2755:, protesters often attacked and took down sculptures and images of
2499:
2468:
2381:
2362:
2354:
2245:
2241:
2237:
1915:
1869:
1833:
1805:
1786:
1638:. The temple was twice sacked and plundered by the Delhi Sultanate.
1580:
1411:
1281:
1243:
1205:
1135:
1116:
1104:
1064:
1045:
964:
917:
900:
796:
689:
685:
621:
450:
339:
291:
287:
161:
145:
8271:
List of buildings damaged or destroyed in the September 11 attacks
8157:
Damage to heritage sites in the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip
6693:"Protesting UCT Students Burn Historic Paintings, Refuse To Leave"
6217:
Center for the Study of Material & Visual Cultures of Religion
6009:
Karan, P. P. (2015). "Suppression of Tibetan Religious Heritage".
5864:
India politics by other means: Attacks Against Christians in India
5848:
Some years travels into divers parts of Africa, and Asia the Great
4951:
4739:
The Life of Muhammad. A translation of Ishaq's "Sirat Rasul Allah"
2794:'s headquarters. Another statue of Dzerzhinsky was destroyed in a
2634:
1175:, writing in the 15th century, attributes the missing nose on the
8605:
7967:
7103:
4237:
Loach, Jennifer (1999), Bernard, George; Williams, Penry (eds.),
2971:
2843:
2664:
2606:
2229:
2056:
2040:
1971:
1911:
1907:
1895:
1873:
1813:
1790:
1665:
1407:
1365:
1353:
1337:, which involved conflicts between Hindus, Buddhists, and Jains.
1254:
1249:
A recent act of iconoclasm was the 2001 destruction of the giant
1131:
960:
896:
876:
856:"for the abolition and putting away of divers books and images."
747:
509:
335:
232:
5549:
was built with the remains of demolished Hindu and Jain temples.
4127:
Gardner's Art through the Ages: A Concise History of Western Art
2704:. The Revolution was accompanied by destruction of monuments of
2373:
1715:
image of black stone, it could have been easily confused with a
144:
While iconoclasm may be carried out by adherents of a different
7847:] (in Bosnian). Veliko Tarnovo: Veliko Tarnovo University.
7001:"SEE IT: Crowd pulls down Confederate statue in North Carolina"
6452:"Art and Architecture in Malta in the Early Nineteenth Century"
6417:
The Destruction of the Royal Statue at New York on July 9, 1776
4322:
Proceedings of the Suffolk Institute of Archaeology and History
2795:
2689:
2591:
2553:
2530:
2404:
2316:
2299:
in the same site, renamed "Place de la Révolution" (at present
2147:
2052:
2013:
and images. One of the most notable of these campaigns was the
1903:
1877:
1716:
1454:
1442:
1426:
1345:
1277:
1149:
1140:
1072:
1060:
986:
956:
920:, reflecting their high view of the real presence of Christ in
681:
654:
513:
438:
379:
283:
8249:
Churches destroyed in the Great Fire of London and not rebuilt
6895:"George Floyd death: Protesters tear down slave trader statue"
4491:. Armenian Research Center collection. Leiden: Brill. p.
4489:
The Ottoman State and Its Place in World History: Introduction
4021:
Fortress of the soul: violence, metaphysics, and material life
3987:
his stance on iconoclasm and his disorderly conduct in reform.
2618:, South Africa, were burned in student protests as symbols of
2384:, Malta, which had its marble coat of arms defaced during the
1664:, sent his armies to destroy it. In 1024, during the reign of
1648:
Perhaps the most notorious episode of iconoclasm in India was
1052:
has great symbolic and historic importance for all believers.
1011:
in the late 20th century, some Roman Catholic parish churches
808:
799:, Netherlands, were attacked and defaced by Calvinists in the
5722:. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. pp. 146–147.
4952:"Afghan Taliban leader orders destruction of ancient statues"
3091:
2424:
2358:
2184:
2176:
2132:
Over the course of the last decade a fairly large number of
2091:
2029:
1677:
1446:
1438:
1312:
1304:
1112:
1100:
1096:
1049:
1029:
875:
of counties. This covered some of the wealthiest counties in
693:
665:
640:, encouraged the removal of religious images by invoking the
531:
303:
299:
196:
6707:"Zlatan Ibrahimovic statue: Vandals try to saw through feet"
3872:
2541:
had it recast and returned the statue to its previous place.
2105:
Many religious and secular images were destroyed during the
1236:
recent and apparently on-going destruction of historic sites
967:. The 25 January 1628 judgment from five noted advocates of
7074:"Protesters pull down Confederate statue in North Carolina"
5851:. London : R. Everingham for R. Scot, etc. p. 40.
4264:
Dynasties: Painting in Tudor and Jacobean England 1530–1630
3555:
Dimmick, Jeremy; Simpson, James; Zeeman, Nicolette (2002).
3347:
From Akhenaten to Moses: Ancient Egypt and Religious Change
3123:
2782:
countries. Particularly well-known was the destruction of "
2705:
2415:
Other examples of political destruction of images include:
1450:
1437:
Muhammad triumphantly marched into the country, conquering
1308:
1285:
1226:
Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia
1184:
993:
775:
Remains of Calvinist iconoclasm, Clocher Saint-Barthélémy,
751:
255:
251:
235:
200:
105:
99:
85:
7749:
The Ayodhya Temple Mosque Dispute: Focus on Muslim Sources
7500:
The Forbidden Image: An Intellectual History of Iconoclasm
6865:"UK slave trader's statue toppled in anti-racism protests"
5667:
Elliot and Dowson. "The Muhammadan Period." pp. 457–59 in
5625:
3876:
The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd edition
1643:
1525:
in the early 15th century, with demolition lasting a year.
1521:. The temple was destroyed on the orders of Muslim Sultan
1015:
much of their traditional imagery, art, and architecture.
580:
Iconophobia § Iconophobia and the English Reformation
7971:
6530:
6481:
4782:]. Champs (in French). Flammarion. pp. 155–156.
4303:
2791:
1942:
strongly criticised, condemned and then burned copies of
1067:. This ban on figural representation is not based on the
191:
7182:
6477:"Letter boxes: The red heart of the British streetscape"
4481:"The Turkish Impact on the Development of Modern Europe"
2444:
building being temporarily obscured (but not destroyed).
1280:
shrines from the 15th and 16th centuries in the city of
402:
ceased after the destruction of pagan temples. However,
6827:
6825:
6779:"Zlatanstatyn vandaliserad igen – avsågad vid fötterna"
6518:
4315:"The Journal of William Dowsing, Parliamentary Visitor"
2560:
side. During the Spanish Civil War, it was thrown into
1485:
of Hindu temple architecture and completed in May 1951.
526:
Government-led iconoclasm began with Byzantine Emperor
508:'s government added a full-face image of Christ on the
7375:(On the conceptual background of Byzantine iconoclasm)
6574:
Goldstone, Nancy Bazelon; Goldstone, Lawrence (2003).
5689:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 26–28.
5179:
Temple desecration and Muslim states in medieval India
4805:
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies
4459:
Ohl, Jeremiah F. 1906. "Art in Worship." pp. 83–99 in
3327:." Encyclopedia of World Biography. 20 June 2020. via
2411:
which were destroyed after Ireland became independent.
1691:, who claimed to have accompanied Mahmud on his raid,
1537:
The armies of Delhi Sultanate led by Muslim Commander
1395:
1380:
king Herambapala looted an image from a temple in the
8486:
Beliefs condemned as heretical by the Catholic Church
8294:
Destruction of cultural heritage by the Islamic State
7189:
Schneider, Gregory S.; Vozzella, Laura (2021-09-08).
6976:"Ukraine says blowing up Stalin statue was terrorism"
6095:
Statues in Roman Society: Representation and Response
4999:"Nine Years for the Cultural Destruction of Timbuktu"
4893:"Independent Newspaper on-line, London, Jan 19, 2007"
4241:, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, p. 187,
1501:
was repeatedly destroyed by Islamic invaders such as
1340:
In the 8th century, Bengali troops from the Buddhist
836:, which started during the reign of Anglican monarch
8266:
Artworks lost or damaged in the September 11 attacks
8217:
Damage to heritage sites during the Russian invasion
8202:
Damage to heritage sites during the Syrian civil war
8022:
Artworks lost or damaged in the 2023 Congress attack
6917:
6822:
6654:"Victorio Macho y Unamuno: notas para un centenario"
6457:. Melitensia Historica. pp. 4–5. Archived from
6366:
Rethinking Architecture: A Reader in Cultural Theory
5824:
5612:
E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913–1936
5410:
4650:
Wellington, Victoria University of (April 4, 2014).
3929:. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 138.
3554:
2471:, Turkey) to commemorate the Russian victory in the
1425:
Historian Upendra Thakur records the persecution of
362:. His reforms were reversed in the reign of his son
5669:
The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians
5641:
History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in India
4920:"The Destruction of Holy Sites in Mecca and Medina"
4652:"New view of Polynesian conversion to Christianity"
3463:
in no way approved by the ecclesiastical authority.
2475:. The demolition was filmed by former army officer
2431:coats of arms on buildings were defaced during the
1730:(r. 1143–72), who rebuilt the temple out of stone.
1598:between 1200 and 1210, and it was destroyed by the
730:Destruction of religious images by the Reformed in
91:
77:
8401:Library damage in the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake
8137:Damage to heritage sites in 21st-century conflicts
7894:Le Patrimoine monumental de la Belgique: Bruxelles
7725:
7568:The Structure of Byzantine and European Iconoclasm
5024:
3394:"2 Kings 21 / Hebrew–English Bible / Mechon-Mamre"
3278:Islam, Judeo-Christianity and Byzantine Iconoclasm
2459:destroyed the Russian victory monument erected in
1974:which is claimed to be built after destroying the
916:retained ornate church interiors with a prominent
657:. In 1523, specifically due to the Swiss reformer
369:
7927:Hindu temples destroyed by Muslim rulers in India
7188:
6777:Wikén, Johan; Erberth, Nellie (January 5, 2020).
6760:"Zlatans staty vandaliserad igen – näsan avsågad"
6213:"The Revolutionary Exhumations at St-Denis, 1793"
5943:Toward a modern Chinese Buddhism: Taixu's reforms
5939:
3927:Encyclopedia of Martin Luther and the Reformation
3625:Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies
1733:
947:A bit later in Dutch history, in 1627 the artist
653:The belief of iconoclasm caused havoc throughout
306:and Akhenaten became, after all, closely related.
37:"Iconoclast" redirects here. For other uses, see
9036:
8316:Landmarks destroyed or damaged by climate change
7142:
6794:
6792:
5335:
5314:
5308:
5026:"Iraq jihadists blow up 'Jonah's tomb' in Mosul"
4775:L'iconoclasme byzantin: le dossier archéologique
3725:Writing in Gold, Byzantine Society and its Icons
2873:" was pulled down from its pedestal in front of
2544:A sculpture of the head of Spanish intellectual
1843:A regional tradition, along with the Hindu text
1418:, mobilized an expedition of 6000 cavalry under
7821:Idolatry & Infinity: Of Art, Math & God
7600:Original print: Maarssen: Gary Schwartz. 1985.
7314:"Who Tore Down This Frederick Douglass Statue?"
5750:
5063:. Al Arabiya News. 26 July 2014. Archived from
4780:Byzantine iconoclasm: The archaeological record
4544:A New and Authentic History of the Rosicrucians
3030:, leaving the monument's base empty but intact.
2884:by protesters. This followed the events at the
2268:
1816:delta in the course of wars of conquest in the
1115:. This act was intended to bring an end to the
7519:The Destruction of Memory: Architecture at War
5866:(Report). Vol. 11. Human Rights Watch. §
5791:
4536:
4466:. Pittsburgh: Lutheran Liturgical Association.
4462:Memoirs of the Lutheran Liturgical Association
4158:. Random House Publishing Group. p. 176.
3920:
3918:
3747:. 1977. "Historical Introduction." pp. 2–3 in
2736:actively destroyed religious sites, including
2075:. Bai led the anti-religious movement against
1938:and his supporters on 25 December 1927 in the
512:of imperial gold coins. The change caused the
57:" over iconoclasm under the Byzantine empress
8470:
8237:Demolished buildings and structures in London
7947:
7542:Striking Images, Iconoclasms Past and Present
7240:
7238:
6789:
6112:. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 305.
6082:. University of Texas Press. pp. 88–130.
5797:
5720:Brownstudy on heathenland: A book on Indology
5294:. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. p. 84.
5246:. p. 73 – via Columbia University,
5172:
5170:
5168:
5061:"ISIS destroys Prophet Sheth shrine in Mosul"
4398:
4396:
3873:F. L. Cross; E. A. Livingstone, eds. (1997).
2063:. Westerners fled from the province and some
1883:
664:Significant iconoclastic riots took place in
175:
7791:(3). Cambridge University Press: 1007–1022.
7212:
7210:
6887:
6776:
6127:. Oxford University Press. pp. 369–384.
6097:. Oxford University Press. pp. 279–283.
5643:]. Translated by John Briggs. New Delhi.
5124:
5122:
5120:
5118:
5116:
5086:
5084:
5082:
4693:
4691:
4689:
4687:
4309:
4077:
3961:
3959:
3777:A History of the Byzantine State and Society
3637:
2565:
795:. Relief statues in St. Stevenskerk in
8182:Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites
7701:. Burlington, VT: Ashgate. pp. 75–94.
6358:"Of Other Spaces: Utopias and Heterotopias"
6211:Lindsay, Suzanne Glover (18 October 2014).
6206:
6204:
5946:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 146.
5267:. M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd. p. 148.
5231:"Temple desecration and Indo-Muslim states"
5222:
5131:"Temple Desecration and Indo-Muslim States"
4859:
4176:
4118:
3915:
3235:; see also "Iconoclasm" and "Iconoclastic."
2516:occupied Belgium during the First World War
2183:were destroyed, and during this period the
1857:in 1568, as well as many others in Orissa.
1465:Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent
940:, who had pragmatic reasons to support the
719:Calvinist iconoclasm during the Reformation
554:opposed the usage of religious images, the
378:Saint Benedict's monks destroy an image of
350:and all figures were also destroyed in the
8477:
8463:
8227:20th-century destruction of country houses
8112:Destruction of the Shrine of Husayn's Head
7954:
7940:
7385:England's Iconoclasts: Laws against images
7235:
6691:Meintjies, Ilze-Marie (16 February 2016).
5982:. Cambridge University Press. p. 99.
5913:. Cambridge University Press. p. 98.
5804:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 309–311.
5653:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
5392:Yagnik, Achyut, and Suchitra Sheth. 2005.
5260:
5165:
4649:
4393:
4332:
4187:. Christian History Project. p. 297.
2937:Further demonstrations in the wake of the
2890:remove Confederate monuments and memorials
1981:
1832:temple in Udayagiri in 1514, and looted a
1400:Records from the campaign recorded in the
1103:were destroyed. There is a tradition that
980:In Japan during the early modern age, the
7723:
7207:
7143:Ebrahimji, Alisha; Moshtaghian, Artemis.
6690:
6502:"Mysteries of the Main Guard inscription"
6013:. Springer, Dordrecht. pp. 461–476.
5971:
5969:
5834:. Lisbon: Grupo Lusofona. pp. 28–30.
5801:Parish Churches in the Early Modern World
5751:Pauwels, Heidi; Bachrach, Emilia (2018).
5684:
5315:Bradnock, Robert; Bradnock, Roma (2000).
5287:
5148:
5113:
5079:
4732:
4684:
4585:
4567:
4425:
4360:
4216:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
4147:
3956:
3842:
3664:
2976:Confederate Soldiers and Sailors Monument
1614:Artistic rendition of the Kirtistambh at
1119:which, in the Muslim view, characterized
294:alias Akhenaten, the iconoclast, and the
8343:Tallest voluntarily demolished buildings
8102:Destruction of country houses, 1919–1923
7677:
7413:
7244:
7216:
6923:
6831:
6578:. New York: Broadway. pp. 313–316.
6474:
6355:
6347:
6307:
6229:
6201:
5631:
5093:"Temple desecration in pre-modern India"
4991:
4895:. News.independent.co.uk. Archived from
4742:. Oxford University Press. p. 552.
4405:Lutheran Churches in Early Modern Europe
4375:. University Press of America. pp.
4083:
3942:medieval art and architecture survived.
3879:. US: Oxford University Press. pp.
3618:
2813:
2679:
2590:
2482:Ayastefanos'taki Rus Abidesinin Yıkılışı
2390:
2372:
2221:, this distinction can be hard to make.
1868:, destroyed the famous Hindu temples at
1746:. The first mosque built in Delhi, the "
1230:Destruction of cultural heritage by ISIL
1159:
1086:
840:, and was urged on by reformers such as
807:
601:The first iconoclastic wave happened in
583:
474:
373:
286:, the most terrible religious crime was
190:
43:
8057:Iconoclasm during the French Revolution
7891:
7838:
7696:
7666:
7613:
7452:Icon: Studies in the History of an Idea
7404:Broken Idols of the English Reformation
7071:
6973:
6757:
6646:
6625:
6592:
6536:
6524:
6499:
6210:
6172:
6092:
6077:
5855:
5844:
5442:Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History
5366:Somanatha: The Many Voices of a History
5213:
5143:(3). Oxford University Press: 283–319.
4971:
4616:
4475:
4182:
4124:
3924:
3868:
3866:
3269:
3267:
3059:statue was toppled in Portland, Oregon.
2809:
2798:square that was named after him during
2275:Iconoclasm during the French Revolution
2190:
1644:The Somnath temple and Mahmud of Ghazni
404:widespread use of Christian iconography
327:population as soon as they entered the
14:
9037:
7780:
7746:
7699:Iconoclasm from antiquity to modernity
7469:
7305:
7288:
6598:
6272:
6137:
6122:
6107:
5966:
5868:The Context of Anti-Christian Violence
5861:
5717:
5362:
5129:Eaton, Richard M. (1 September 2000).
4890:
4853:
4771:
4515:
4436:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 146.
4402:
4338:
4052:
3586:
3312:Encyclopedia of Anthropology, Volume 1
2895:
2675:
2529:, who had been burned at the stake in
1922:who visited Goa in the 1600s writes:
1769:and others were ruthlessly destroyed.
1318:
1219:
8458:
8092:Destruction of Mosul Museum artifacts
7935:
7781:Spicer, Andrew (2017). "Iconoclasm".
7632:
7378:
7340:
7269:
7096:
6758:Erberth, Nellie (December 22, 2019).
6699:
6500:Bonello, Giovanni (14 January 2018).
6475:Westcott, Kathryn (18 January 2013).
6449:
6352:(in French) (5): 46–49. October 1984.
6008:
5880:
5558:
5515:"Qutb Minar and its Monuments, Delhi"
5433:
5431:
5388:
5386:
5228:
5176:
5128:
5091:Eaton, Richard M. (9 December 2000).
5090:
4917:
4839:"What happened to the Sphinx's nose?"
4697:
4431:
4407:. Taylor & Francis. p. 237.
4366:
4267:, New York: Rizzoli, pp. 75–76,
4260:
4236:
4211:
4153:
4015:
3965:
3791:
3789:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3474:
3314:, Sage Publications, US, 2006, p. 802
2824:George III of the United Kingdom
2361:, local Pavia Jacobins destroyed the
1966:, destroyed the 430-year-old Islamic
1789:states, "After the emigration of the
1726:The wooden structure was replaced by
1044:, the act of removing idols from the
927:Lutheran scholar Jeremiah Ohl writes:
8952:Community of the Lady of All Nations
7574:, edited by A. Bryer and J. Herrin.
7311:
7278:on 10 July 2020 – via Twitter.
6862:
6223:
5975:
5906:
5757:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
5229:Eaton, Richard M. (5 January 2001).
5181:. Gurgaon: Hope India Publications.
4802:
4668:
3863:
3264:
2485:—the oldest known Turkish-made film.
2279:Throughout the radical phase of the
2195:
1780:, or 'idol-breaker'. He earned this
1301:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
1195:
1168:'s profile in 2010, without its nose
1018:
398:The date of this canon is disputed.
148:, it is more commonly the result of
125:context, such a person is called an
8077:Disappeared statues in Tehran, 2010
7642:Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies
7023:
6974:Auyezov, Olzhas (January 5, 2011).
6731:
6659:(in Spanish). Real Fundación Toledo
6354:Alternate translation available in
6350:Architecture, Mouvement, Continuité
6279:. Lexington Books. pp. 21–22.
5633:Firishta, Muhammad Qāsim Hindū Shāh
4863:Sphinx : history of a monument
4311:Evelyn White, Parliamentary Visitor
4084:Marshall, Peter (22 October 2009).
3815:
3668:A Companion to Byzantine Iconoclasm
2774:and other Communist leaders in the
2003:a number of anti-Buddhist campaigns
1993:Four Buddhist Persecutions in China
1396:During the Muslim conquest of Sindh
1356:. In the early 9th century, Indian
820:at left, pointing to his staunchly
628:(Calvinist) leaders, in particular
605:in the early 1520s under reformers
24:
8012:Bangabandhu Memorial Museum attack
7334:
7117:
7072:Jackson, Amanda (15 August 2017).
5428:
5383:
4673:. The Society of St. Hugh of Cluny
4289:Reformation in Britain and Ireland
3786:
3714:
3607:
3575:
3351:American University in Cairo Press
2854:, melting it down to be recast as
2552:was installed in the City Hall of
2083:, also a Kuomintang member of the
2055:in Guangxi were destroyed and the
1930:
1055:In general, Muslim societies have
975:
867:reorganised the administration of
650:across the Low Countries in 1566.
569:
546:
65:, late 14th to early 15th century.
25:
9076:
7921:Design as Social Agent at the ICA
7905:
7762:, Harsh Narain, Jay Dubashi, and
6681:. Rotterdam: Post Editions, 2010.
6628:"La cabeza perdida de don Miguel"
5718:Behera, Mahendra Narayan (2003).
4891:Howden, Daniel (August 6, 2005).
4656:Victoria University of Wellington
4129:. Cengage Learning. p. 254.
4056:Voracious Idols and Violent Hands
3590:Understanding Early Christian Art
2941:have resulted in the removal of:
2928:statue of Williams Carter Wickham
2368:
1376:. In the early 10th century, the
558:were also possibly iconoclastic.
9017:
8740:
8212:Demolition of monuments to Lenin
8122:Destruction of Albanian heritage
8047:Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum
7578:, Centre for Byzantine Studies.
7388:. Vol. 1. Clarendon Press.
7282:
7263:
7245:Williams, David (19 June 2020).
7161:
7136:
7111:
7090:
7065:
7041:
7017:
6993:
6967:
6948:
6936:from the original on 7 June 2020
6905:from the original on 7 June 2020
6875:from the original on 8 June 2020
6856:
6844:from the original on 7 June 2020
6832:Siddique, Haroon (7 June 2020).
6810:from the original on 8 June 2020
6770:
6751:
6725:
6684:
6671:
6619:
6599:Uriona, Alberto (6 March 2000).
6567:
6542:
6493:
6468:
6443:
6432:
6421:
6410:
6401:
6392:
6383:
6301:
6266:
6166:
6131:
6116:
6101:
6086:
6071:
6058:
6035:
6002:
5933:
5900:
5563:– via Columbia University.
4860:Zivie-Coche, Christiane (2004).
4621:. London: Reaktion. p. 64.
3531:"The Council of Elvira, ca. 306"
2888:in response to growing calls to
2848:George III of the United Kingdom
2712:at various locations throughout
2708:, as well as the destruction of
2585:Firdos Square statue destruction
1627:
1607:
1569:
1550:
1530:
1510:
1490:
1470:
1388:, which was later looted by the
784:
768:
739:
723:
534:between 726 and 730 against the
460:
50:Icon of the Triumph of Orthodoxy
8127:Destruction of Serbian heritage
7540:, and Richard Clay, eds. 2014.
7289:Brooks, Cornell (6 July 2020).
7217:Asmelash, Leah (10 June 2020).
6626:Camacho, Isabel (9 June 1999).
6369:. Routledge. pp. 330–336.
6011:The Changing World Religion Map
5883:"Tearing down the Babri Masjid"
5881:Tully, Mark (5 December 2002).
5874:
5838:
5818:
5744:
5711:
5678:
5661:
5601:
5584:
5567:
5552:
5525:
5507:
5484:
5459:
5356:
5281:
5254:
5195:
5053:
5041:from the original on 2022-01-12
5017:
4965:
4944:
4911:
4884:
4831:
4796:
4765:
4726:
4662:
4643:
4610:
4574:Journal of Early Modern History
4561:
4509:
4469:
4453:
4280:
4254:
4230:
4205:
4046:
4009:
3992:
3897:
3836:
3809:
3800:The Oxford History of Byzantium
3766:
3738:
3694:
3685:
3658:
3644:. University of Chicago Press.
3631:
3587:Jensen, Robin Margaret (2013).
3548:
3523:
3468:
3434:
3410:
3154:Council of Constantinople (843)
2686:Cathedral of Christ the Saviour
2134:Buddhist temples in South Korea
2015:Great Anti-Buddhist Persecution
2009:that led to the destruction of
1997:Anti-Western sentiment in China
1920:Sir Thomas Herbert, 1st Baronet
1545:and looted it of its valuables.
1307:) and destroying the Shrine to
1272:, the radical Islamist militia
1002:toppled during the 18th century
791:16th-century iconoclasm in the
467:Council of Constantinople (843)
416:the process of Christianisation
391:opposition to the use of images
370:Iconoclasm in Christian history
27:Destruction of religious images
8242:Churches in the City of London
8032:Monuments removed in 2020–2022
7732:. Edinburgh University Press.
7274:. Donald Trump. Archived from
7097:Fultz, Matthew (7 June 2020).
6924:Sullivan, Rory (7 June 2020).
6175:The American Historical Review
5862:Narula, Smita (October 1999).
5288:Jaffrelot, Christophe (1996).
4972:Tharoor, Ishaan (2012-07-02).
4617:Fischer, Steven Roger (2006).
3909:History of Protestant Theology
3619:Strezova, Anita (2013-11-25).
3386:
3364:
3336:
3317:
3304:
3238:
3223:
3166:
2984:Linn Park, Birmingham, Alabama
2865:In August 2017, a statue of a
2842:pulled down and destroyed the
2473:Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878
2357:conquered the Italian city of
2312:insurrection of 10 August 1792
2117:
1734:From the Mamluk dynasty onward
1618:. The temple was destroyed by
500:One notable change within the
490:The period after the reign of
223:, based in his new capital of
180:
13:
1:
8338:Stolen and missing Moon rocks
8254:Public art formerly in London
7923:by Kerry Skemp, April 5, 2009
7591:Iconoclasts and their Motives
7428:10.1080/20419112.2015.1125659
7312:Gold, Michael (7 July 2020).
7270:Trump, Donald (6 July 2020).
5825:Teotonio R. De Souza (2016).
5242:. Vol. 17, no. 26.
5101:. Vol. 17, no. 25.
4928:. No. 15. Archived from
4880:– via Internet Archive.
3998:Wallace, Peter George. 2004.
3822:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
3816:Kim, Elijah Jong Fil (2012).
3216:
2852:Bowling Green (New York City)
2828:Bowling Green (New York City)
2153:
1560:(Warangal Gate) built by the
8042:Destruction of the Four Olds
6863:Zaks, Dmitry (8 June 2020).
6078:Hedrick, Charles W. (2000).
6019:10.1007/978-94-017-9376-6_23
5845:Herbert, Sir Thomas (1677).
5519:UNESCO World Heritage Centre
5321:. McGraw-Hill. p. 959.
3843:Michalski, Sergiusz (2013).
3475:Grigg, Robert (1976-12-01).
3197:may also be considered as a
2749:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
2637:, Sweden, was vandalized by
2614:In 2016, paintings from the
2583:symbolically ended with the
2307:and dumped in a mass grave.
2269:During the French Revolution
2240:. Several Emperors, such as
1290:International Criminal Court
1214:American Byzantine Institute
408:legalization of Christianity
100:
86:
7:
7751:. Delhi: Penman Publishers.
7670:La Grand-Place de Bruxelles
7504:University of Chicago Press
5614:, Volume 4. Leiden: Brill.
4343:. Peter Lang. p. 114.
4339:Naaeke, Anthony Y. (2006).
4292:, Oxford University Press,
4053:Wandel, Lee Palmer (1995).
3691:Kitzinger, 92–93, 92 quoted
3097:
2947:John Breckenridge Castleman
2822:pulling down the statue of
2658:trans-Atlantic slave trader
2648:On 7 June 2020, during the
2171:, the Kingdom went back to
2122:According to an article in
1802:Suryavamsi Gajapati dynasty
1699:) was a garbled version of
1372:looted Buddhist temples in
1325:Religious violence in India
1263:explanations of the motives
90:, 'figure, icon' +
39:Iconoclast (disambiguation)
10:
9081:
9024:Catholic Church portal
7724:Lambourne, Nicola (2001).
7422:(3). Informa UK: 351–366.
7408:Cambridge University Press
6273:Oliver, Bette Wyn (2007).
6066:The Civilization of Angkor
6044:Buddhist-Christian Studies
5940:Don Alvin Pittman (2001).
5685:Donaldson, Thomas (2003).
5394:Shaping of Modern Gujarat.
5177:Eaton, Richard M. (2004).
5136:Journal of Islamic Studies
4516:Miller, Roland E. (2006).
4434:Contesting the Reformation
3193:'image-breaking'.
3177:
3134:List of destroyed heritage
3090:, former president of the
2899:
2886:2017 Unite the Right rally
2871:the boys who wore the gray
2802:, but which is now called
2523:Vichy Government of France
2488:In the late 18th century,
2433:French occupation of Malta
2386:French occupation of Malta
2272:
2201:
2145:
2125:Buddhist-Christian Studies
2024:During and after the 1911
1990:
1887:
1884:During the Goa Inquisition
1322:
1223:
1022:
573:
464:
310:
184:
176:Early religious iconoclasm
92:
78:
36:
29:
9012:
8937:
8857:
8749:
8738:
8497:
8409:
8393:
8369:Works by Vincent van Gogh
8351:
8281:
7991:
7982:
7839:Velikov, Yuliyan (2011).
7648:: 225–251. Archived from
7566:Freedberg, David. 1977. "
7456:New York University Press
7343:Journal of Visual Culture
6356:Leach, Neil, ed. (1997).
6308:Foucault, Michel (1986).
5769:10.1017/S1356186318000019
5608:Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor
5379:– via Google Books.
4817:10.1017/s0041977x00033346
4587:10.1163/15700658-bja10023
4532:– via Google Books.
4522:. Kirk House Publishers.
4125:Kleiner, Fred S. (2010).
3972:Brill Academic Publishers
3925:Lamport, Mark A. (2017).
3781:Stanford University Press
3727:. London: George Philip.
3442:The Catholic Encyclopedia
3252:. Oxford University Press
3232:Oxford English Dictionary
3013:monument to Robert E. Lee
2692:, Russia, 5 December 1931
2141:
1853:attacked and damaged the
1634:Exterior wall reliefs at
1591:; the city was sacked by
530:, who issued a series of
414:(c. 312 AD). During
389:Scattered expressions of
8321:Museums destroyed by war
7678:Ivanovic, Filip (2010).
7576:University of Birmingham
7355:10.1177/1470412912468704
7293:. Cornell William Brooks
6871:. Agence France-Presse.
4868:Cornell University Press
4568:Strathern, Alan (2020).
4542:Wittemans, Frank. 1996.
4432:Dixon, C. Scott (2012).
4212:Aston, Margaret (1993),
3753:University of Birmingham
3665:Humphreys, Mike (2021).
3159:
3000:a statue of Confederate
2860:post-Communist countries
1986:
1270:Tuareg rebellion of 2012
1155:
1036:forbidding it more than
938:Suleiman the Magnificent
708:" in the Baltic region.
588:Extent (in blue) of the
393:have been reported: the
8172:Looting in World War II
7916:Holy Cross College (UK)
7633:Gwynn, David M (2007).
7614:Gamboni, Dario (1997).
7547:Calisi, Antonio. 2017.
7498:Besançon, Alain. 2000.
6785:– via www.svt.se.
6766:– via www.svt.se.
6450:Ellul, Michael (1982).
6252:10.2979/histmemo.24.2.5
6244:10.2979/histmemo.24.2.5
6093:Stewart, Peter (2003).
5363:Thapar, Romila (2005).
4847:Smithsonian Institution
4772:Grabar, André (1984) .
4403:Spicer, Andrew (2016).
4286:Heal, Felicity (2005),
4094:Oxford University Press
3804:Oxford University Press
2958:Jacksonville, Florida's
2616:University of Cape Town
2342:, destroyed during the
2305:Basilica of Saint-Denis
1982:Iconoclasm in East Asia
1757:, a Muslim army led by
1499:Kashi Vishwanath Temple
913:Protestant Christianity
9055:Protestant Reformation
8414:Archaeological looting
8087:Archaeological looting
7747:Narain, Harsh (1993).
7667:Hennaut, Eric (2000).
7570:." Pp. 165–77 in
7450:Barasch, Moshe. 1992.
5798:Andrew Spicer (2016).
5559:Pritchett, Frances W.
5418:"Leaves from the past"
5248:item 16 of the Table.
4367:Noble, Bonnie (2009).
4154:Stark, Rodney (2007).
3966:Félix, Steven (2015).
3702:"Byzantine iconoclasm"
3638:O'Gorman, Ned (2016).
3109:Censorship by religion
3088:Cornell William Brooks
3082:attributed the act to
2869:soldier dedicated to "
2831:
2730:
2693:
2629:of Swedish footballer
2610:
2566:
2533:at the instigation of
2521:In 1942, the pro-Nazi
2490:French revolutionaries
2447:With the entry of the
2412:
2388:
2234:Publius Septimius Geta
2139:
1928:
1558:Kakatiya Kala Thoranam
1463:Iconoclasm during the
1460:
1294:Ahmad al-Faqi al-Mahdi
1181:Muhammad Sa'im al-Dahr
1169:
1009:Second Vatican Council
949:Johannes van der Beeck
934:
910:
834:Reformation in England
829:
793:Protestant Reformation
598:
487:
386:
308:
260:
208:
66:
18:Reformation iconoclasm
9065:Christian terminology
9060:Religious persecution
8999:Positive Christianity
8359:Art theft and looting
8167:Destruction of Warsaw
7912:Iconoclasm in England
7784:Renaissance Quarterly
7517:Bevan, Robert. 2006.
7484:10.1353/eir.2021.0001
6954:Christopher Wharton,
6721:– via BBC News.
6348:"Des Espace Autres".
6152:10.1353/eir.2021.0001
6053:10.1353/bcs.2000.0035
4918:Ahmed, Irfan (2006).
4328:(Part 2): 236 to 295.
4261:Hearn, Karen (1995),
4183:Byfield, Ted (2002).
3422:, Cua, archived from
2939:George Floyd protests
2908:George Floyd protests
2817:
2722:
2696:During and after the
2683:
2650:George Floyd protests
2609:, Iraq, 9 April 2003.
2605:on Firdos Square, in
2596:United States Marines
2594:
2394:
2376:
2146:Further information:
2130:
1991:Further information:
1960:Vishva Hindu Parishad
1924:
1616:Rudra Mahalaya Temple
1435:
1348:, the state deity of
1323:Further information:
1265:for the destruction.
1224:Further information:
1163:
1087:Early Islam in Arabia
1057:avoided the depiction
1023:Further information:
982:spread of Catholicism
929:
905:
811:
587:
574:Further information:
478:
465:Further information:
435:Clement of Alexandria
377:
358:, as recorded in the
319:, God instructed the
276:
258:was the one true god.
242:In rebellion against
240:
194:
47:
9050:Byzantine Iconoclasm
7301:– via Twitter.
6489:on 26 November 2016.
6123:Beiner, Guy (2018).
6108:Beiner, Guy (2007).
5976:Lary, Diana (1974).
5907:Lary, Diana (1974).
5150:10.1093/jis/11.3.283
5109:on 11 December 2013.
5067:on 16 September 2016
5035:Agence France-Presse
4899:on September 8, 2008
4843:Smithsonian Journeys
4548:Kessinger Publishing
4016:Kamil, Neil (2005).
3912:. Edinburgh. p. 146.
3904:Dorner, Isaak August
3246:"icono-, comb. form"
3051:Christopher Columbus
3036:Christopher Columbus
3028:Alexandria, Virginia
2951:Louisville, Kentucky
2810:In the United States
2625:In November 2019, a
2399:formerly located on
2301:Place de la Concorde
2215:Revolutionary Russia
2191:Political iconoclasm
1177:Great Sphinx of Giza
1166:Great Sphinx of Giza
613:, in the absence of
480:Byzantine Iconoclasm
471:Byzantine Iconoclasm
360:Second Book of Kings
248:the powerful priests
154:Byzantine Iconoclasm
55:Triumph of Orthodoxy
8967:Jehovah's Witnesses
8839:Spanish Adoptionism
8299:Destroyed libraries
8192:Destroyed landmarks
6514:on 14 January 2018.
6464:on 11 October 2016.
5465:Akbar, M. J. 2003.
5446:Penguin Books India
5261:Gopal, Ram (1994).
4849:. December 8, 2009.
4002:. Basingstoke, UK:
3783:. pp. 350, 352–353.
3119:Cultural Revolution
3076:Rochester, New York
3006:Montgomery, Alabama
2896:2020 demonstrations
2836:American Revolution
2776:former Soviet Union
2753:Revolutions of 1989
2718:Christopher Wharton
2702:the Imperial family
2676:In the Soviet Union
2336:Bourbon Restoration
2175:and the worship of
2157: 1243 AD
2107:Cultural Revolution
2037:Northern Expedition
1880:across his empire.
1767:Hoysaleswara Temple
1636:Hoysaleswara Temple
1416:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf
1370:Srimara Srivallabha
1319:Iconoclasm in India
1220:Contemporary events
1216:beginning in 1932.
1107:spared a fresco of
936:The Ottoman Sultan
873:Eastern Association
750:of the Churches of
734:, Switzerland, 1524
713:Seventeen Provinces
620:In contrast to the
596:Spanish Netherlands
382:, worshiped in the
166:Abrahamic religions
8534:Antidicomarianites
8364:Restitution claims
8326:Napoleonic looting
8289:Attacks on museums
8067:Bombing of Dresden
8002:Destruction of art
7875:2021-03-09 at the
7618:. Reaktion Books.
7318:The New York Times
7029:chicagotribune.com
7024:Holland, Jesse J.
6961:2010-05-28 at the
6713:. 12 December 2019
6695:. Eyewitness News.
6344:– via JSTOR.
6232:History and Memory
6219:. Yale University.
5671:, Vol. 6. London:
5496:2015-09-24 at the
5345:. Gujaratindia.com
5207:2017-10-19 at the
4932:on 5 February 2006
4669:Chessman, Stuart.
4004:Palgrave Macmillan
3299:Ashgate Publishing
3283:2018-11-11 at the
3074:was vandalised in
3072:Frederick Douglass
3017:Richmond, Virginia
3002:Gen. Robert E. Lee
2932:Richmond, Virginia
2832:
2726:Alexander III
2698:October Revolution
2694:
2684:Demolition of the
2631:Zlatan Ibrahimović
2611:
2579:and the regime of
2568:Euskal Herritarrok
2413:
2389:
2251:The perception of
2159:with the death of
2085:New Guangxi clique
2065:Chinese Christians
1774:Sikandar Shah Miri
1523:Sikandar Butshikan
1519:Martand Sun Temple
1420:Muhammad bin Qasim
1392:king Yashovarman.
1344:looted temples of
1276:destroyed various
1170:
1025:Aniconism in Islam
881:Earl of Manchester
830:
824:son, the boy-king
599:
521:Patriarch Germanus
504:came in 695, when
488:
387:
290:. In this respect
233:focused on the god
209:
195:Defaced relief of
67:
9032:
9031:
8872:Consubstantiation
8452:
8451:
8389:
8388:
7976:cultural heritage
7854:978-954-524-779-8
7833:978-1-62734-506-4
7819:Topper, David R.
7739:978-0-7486-1285-7
7708:978-1-4094-7033-5
7689:978-1-60899-335-2
7625:978-1-86189-316-1
7606:978-90-6179-056-3
7584:978-0-7044-0226-3
7536:Boldrick, Stacy,
7531:978-1-86189-319-2
7512:978-0-226-04414-9
7464:978-0-8147-1172-9
7395:978-0-19-822438-9
7349:(1). Sage: 3–29.
6677:Göttke, Florian.
6585:978-0-7679-0837-5
6554:978-0-691-04669-3
6376:978-0-415-12826-1
6310:"Of Other Spaces"
6286:978-0-7391-1861-0
5989:978-0-521-20204-6
5953:978-0-8248-2231-6
5920:978-0-521-20204-6
5811:978-1-351-91276-1
5729:978-0-7618-2652-1
5696:978-0-19-567591-7
5673:Trubner & Co.
5637:Tārīkh-i-Firishta
5596:978-0-14-333544-3
5328:978-0-658-01151-1
4925:Islamica Magazine
4789:978-2-08-012603-0
4749:978-0-19-636033-1
4734:Guillaume, Alfred
4546:. Whitefish, MT:
4502:978-90-04-03945-2
4298:978-0-19-928015-5
4274:978-0-8478-1940-9
4248:978-0-300-07992-0
4223:978-0-521-48457-2
4070:978-0-521-47222-7
3856:978-1-134-92102-7
3829:978-1-61097-970-2
3773:Treadgold, Warren
3678:978-90-04-46200-7
3651:978-0-226-31023-7
3600:978-1-135-95170-2
3568:978-0-19-154196-4
3229:"Iconoclast, 2,"
3192:
3057:George Washington
3040:George Washington
2788:Felix Dzerzhinsky
2786:", the statue of
2742:Jewish cemeteries
2577:Battle of Baghdad
2546:Miguel de Unamuno
2427:'s history. Many
2397:William of Orange
2330:on the column at
2295:of his successor
2281:French Revolution
2253:damnatio memoriae
2226:damnatio memoriae
2211:damnatio memoriae
2204:damnatio memoriae
2197:Damnatio memoriae
2026:Xinhai Revolution
1855:Konark Sun Temple
1800:, founder of the
1744:Qutb-ud-din Aybak
1705:Abu Sa'id Gardezi
1672:and breaking its
1652:'s attack on the
1596:Qutb-ud-din Aybak
1585:Chaulukya dynasty
1503:Qutb al-Din Aibak
1449:, Brahmanadabad,
1251:Buddhas of Bamyan
1196:Ottoman conquests
1179:to iconoclasm by
1019:Muslim iconoclasm
861:English Civil War
854:Act of Parliament
630:Andreas Karlstadt
611:Andreas Karlstadt
560:Claudius of Turin
492:Byzantine Emperor
410:by Roman Emperor
315:According to the
264:ancient Egyptians
170:French Revolution
138:damnatio memoriae
16:(Redirected from
9072:
9022:
9021:
9004:Reincarnationism
8744:
8727:Subordinationism
8712:Pneumatomachians
8643:Melchisedechians
8479:
8472:
8465:
8456:
8455:
8444:Vandalism of art
7989:
7988:
7956:
7949:
7942:
7933:
7932:
7901:
7899:
7866:
7816:
7752:
7743:
7731:
7720:
7693:
7674:
7663:
7661:
7660:
7654:
7639:
7629:
7495:
7447:
7399:
7374:
7328:
7327:
7325:
7324:
7309:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7298:
7286:
7280:
7279:
7267:
7261:
7260:
7258:
7257:
7242:
7233:
7232:
7230:
7229:
7214:
7205:
7204:
7202:
7201:
7186:
7180:
7179:
7177:
7176:
7165:
7159:
7158:
7156:
7155:
7140:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7130:
7115:
7109:
7108:
7094:
7088:
7087:
7085:
7084:
7069:
7063:
7062:
7060:
7059:
7045:
7039:
7038:
7036:
7035:
7021:
7015:
7014:
7012:
7011:
6997:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6986:
6971:
6965:
6952:
6946:
6945:
6943:
6941:
6921:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6910:
6891:
6885:
6884:
6882:
6880:
6869:The Jakarta Post
6860:
6854:
6853:
6851:
6849:
6829:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6815:
6796:
6787:
6786:
6774:
6768:
6767:
6755:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6744:
6729:
6723:
6722:
6720:
6718:
6703:
6697:
6696:
6688:
6682:
6675:
6669:
6668:
6666:
6664:
6658:
6650:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6639:
6623:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6612:
6596:
6590:
6589:
6571:
6565:
6546:
6540:
6539:, p. 34–36.
6534:
6528:
6522:
6516:
6515:
6510:. Archived from
6497:
6491:
6490:
6485:. Archived from
6472:
6466:
6465:
6463:
6456:
6447:
6441:
6436:
6430:
6425:
6419:
6414:
6408:
6405:
6399:
6396:
6390:
6387:
6381:
6380:
6362:
6353:
6346:Translated from
6345:
6305:
6299:
6298:
6270:
6264:
6263:
6227:
6221:
6220:
6208:
6199:
6198:
6170:
6164:
6163:
6135:
6129:
6128:
6120:
6114:
6113:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6090:
6084:
6083:
6075:
6069:
6062:
6056:
6039:
6033:
6032:
6006:
6000:
5999:
5997:
5996:
5973:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5960:
5937:
5931:
5930:
5928:
5927:
5904:
5898:
5897:
5895:
5893:
5878:
5872:
5871:
5859:
5853:
5852:
5842:
5836:
5835:
5833:
5822:
5816:
5815:
5795:
5789:
5788:
5748:
5742:
5741:
5715:
5709:
5708:
5682:
5676:
5665:
5659:
5658:
5652:
5644:
5629:
5623:
5605:
5599:
5588:
5582:
5571:
5565:
5564:
5556:
5550:
5529:
5523:
5522:
5511:
5505:
5488:
5482:
5463:
5457:
5435:
5426:
5425:
5420:. Archived from
5414:
5408:
5390:
5381:
5380:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5350:
5339:
5333:
5332:
5312:
5306:
5305:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5258:
5252:
5250:Issue 26 online.
5247:
5235:
5226:
5220:
5217:
5211:
5199:
5193:
5192:
5174:
5163:
5162:
5152:
5126:
5111:
5110:
5105:. Archived from
5088:
5077:
5076:
5074:
5072:
5057:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5037:. 25 July 2014.
5028:
5021:
5015:
5014:
5012:
5010:
4995:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4984:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4948:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4937:
4915:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4904:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4866:. Ithaca :
4857:
4851:
4850:
4835:
4829:
4828:
4800:
4794:
4793:
4769:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4756:
4730:
4724:
4723:
4700:The Art Bulletin
4695:
4682:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4666:
4660:
4659:
4647:
4641:
4640:
4614:
4608:
4607:
4589:
4565:
4559:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4473:
4467:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4429:
4423:
4422:
4400:
4391:
4390:
4374:
4364:
4358:
4357:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4319:
4307:
4301:
4284:
4278:
4277:
4258:
4252:
4251:
4234:
4228:
4226:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4091:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4013:
4007:
3996:
3990:
3989:
3963:
3954:
3953:
3949:theologia crucis
3922:
3913:
3901:
3895:
3894:
3870:
3861:
3860:
3840:
3834:
3833:
3813:
3807:
3793:
3784:
3770:
3764:
3742:
3736:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3698:
3692:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3635:
3629:
3628:
3616:
3605:
3604:
3584:
3573:
3572:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3533:. Archived from
3527:
3521:
3520:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3450:, De Rossi, and
3438:
3432:
3430:
3414:
3408:
3407:
3405:
3404:
3398:mechon-mamre.org
3390:
3384:
3368:
3362:
3340:
3334:
3330:Encyclopedia.com
3321:
3315:
3308:
3302:
3287:." pp. 59–96 in
3271:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3242:
3236:
3227:
3210:
3187:
3185:
3170:
3144:Natural theology
3065:African-American
3063:A statue of the
3044:Thomas Jefferson
2997:, San Francisco;
2995:Golden Gate Park
2978:and a statue of
2926:, including the
2892:across the U.S.
2738:Russian Orthodox
2656:of merchant and
2599:destroy a statue
2571:
2527:Michael Servetus
2514:military, which
2508:Francisco Ferrer
2378:St. Helen's Gate
2346:and restored by
2321:Alexandre Lenoir
2158:
2155:
2069:anti-imperialism
2011:Buddhist temples
2001:There have been
1940:Mahad Satyagraha
1906:(North Goa). In
1695:(as rendered in
1689:Farrukhi Sistani
1656:from across the
1650:Mahmud of Ghazni
1631:
1611:
1600:Allauddin Khilji
1573:
1562:Kakatiya dynasty
1554:
1543:Meenakshi Temple
1534:
1514:
1494:
1474:
1292:(ICC) sentenced
1042:history of Islam
903:, behaved thus:
865:Parliamentarians
788:
772:
743:
727:
706:Eastern Orthodox
659:Huldrych Zwingli
634:Huldrych Zwingli
502:Byzantine Empire
426:state religion.
354:, including the
344:Solomon's Temple
244:the old religion
164:, including the
158:Byzantine Empire
103:
97:
96:
89:
83:
82:
63:Michael III
21:
9080:
9079:
9075:
9074:
9073:
9071:
9070:
9069:
9035:
9034:
9033:
9028:
9016:
9008:
8933:
8859:Early modernity
8853:
8745:
8736:
8705:Semipelagianism
8695:Patripassianism
8493:
8483:
8453:
8448:
8419:Art destruction
8405:
8385:
8347:
8277:
8223:United Kingdom
7984:
7978:
7960:
7908:
7897:
7877:Wayback Machine
7855:
7740:
7709:
7690:
7658:
7656:
7652:
7637:
7626:
7538:Leslie Brubaker
7396:
7380:Aston, Margaret
7337:
7335:Further reading
7332:
7331:
7322:
7320:
7310:
7306:
7296:
7294:
7287:
7283:
7268:
7264:
7255:
7253:
7243:
7236:
7227:
7225:
7215:
7208:
7199:
7197:
7195:Washington Post
7187:
7183:
7174:
7172:
7167:
7166:
7162:
7153:
7151:
7141:
7137:
7128:
7126:
7116:
7112:
7095:
7091:
7082:
7080:
7070:
7066:
7057:
7055:
7047:
7046:
7042:
7033:
7031:
7022:
7018:
7009:
7007:
6999:
6998:
6994:
6984:
6982:
6972:
6968:
6963:Wayback Machine
6953:
6949:
6939:
6937:
6930:The Independent
6922:
6918:
6908:
6906:
6901:. 7 June 2020.
6893:
6892:
6888:
6878:
6876:
6861:
6857:
6847:
6845:
6830:
6823:
6813:
6811:
6806:. 7 June 2020.
6798:
6797:
6790:
6775:
6771:
6756:
6752:
6742:
6740:
6738:Bleacher Report
6730:
6726:
6716:
6714:
6705:
6704:
6700:
6689:
6685:
6676:
6672:
6662:
6660:
6656:
6652:
6651:
6647:
6637:
6635:
6624:
6620:
6610:
6608:
6597:
6593:
6586:
6572:
6568:
6547:
6543:
6535:
6531:
6523:
6519:
6498:
6494:
6473:
6469:
6461:
6454:
6448:
6444:
6437:
6433:
6426:
6422:
6415:
6411:
6406:
6402:
6397:
6393:
6388:
6384:
6377:
6360:
6306:
6302:
6287:
6271:
6267:
6228:
6224:
6209:
6202:
6187:10.2307/1842743
6171:
6167:
6136:
6132:
6121:
6117:
6106:
6102:
6091:
6087:
6076:
6072:
6063:
6059:
6040:
6036:
6029:
6007:
6003:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5974:
5967:
5958:
5956:
5954:
5938:
5934:
5925:
5923:
5921:
5905:
5901:
5891:
5889:
5879:
5875:
5860:
5856:
5843:
5839:
5831:
5823:
5819:
5812:
5796:
5792:
5749:
5745:
5730:
5716:
5712:
5697:
5683:
5679:
5666:
5662:
5646:
5645:
5630:
5626:
5606:
5602:
5589:
5585:
5572:
5568:
5557:
5553:
5547:Quwwatu'l-Islam
5530:
5526:
5513:
5512:
5508:
5502:British Library
5498:Wayback Machine
5489:
5485:
5464:
5460:
5436:
5429:
5416:
5415:
5411:
5391:
5384:
5377:
5361:
5357:
5348:
5346:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5329:
5313:
5309:
5302:
5286:
5282:
5275:
5259:
5255:
5244:The Hindu Group
5233:
5227:
5223:
5218:
5214:
5209:Wayback Machine
5200:
5196:
5189:
5175:
5166:
5127:
5114:
5103:The Hindu Group
5089:
5080:
5070:
5068:
5059:
5058:
5054:
5044:
5042:
5023:
5022:
5018:
5008:
5006:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4982:
4980:
4970:
4966:
4957:
4955:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4935:
4933:
4916:
4912:
4902:
4900:
4889:
4885:
4878:
4858:
4854:
4837:
4836:
4832:
4801:
4797:
4790:
4770:
4766:
4754:
4752:
4750:
4731:
4727:
4712:10.2307/3177288
4696:
4685:
4676:
4674:
4667:
4663:
4648:
4644:
4629:
4615:
4611:
4566:
4562:
4541:
4537:
4530:
4514:
4510:
4503:
4474:
4470:
4458:
4454:
4444:
4430:
4426:
4415:
4401:
4394:
4387:
4365:
4361:
4351:
4337:
4333:
4317:
4308:
4304:
4285:
4281:
4275:
4259:
4255:
4249:
4235:
4231:
4224:
4210:
4206:
4195:
4181:
4177:
4166:
4152:
4148:
4137:
4123:
4119:
4108:
4088:The Reformation
4082:
4078:
4071:
4051:
4047:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4014:
4010:
3997:
3993:
3982:
3964:
3957:
3937:
3923:
3916:
3902:
3898:
3891:
3871:
3864:
3857:
3841:
3837:
3830:
3814:
3810:
3794:
3787:
3771:
3767:
3743:
3739:
3719:
3715:
3706:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3679:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3636:
3632:
3617:
3608:
3601:
3585:
3576:
3569:
3553:
3549:
3540:
3538:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3493:10.2307/3164346
3473:
3469:
3440:
3439:
3435:
3426:on 2012-07-16,
3416:
3415:
3411:
3402:
3400:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3382:Deuteronomy 7:5
3369:
3365:
3341:
3337:
3322:
3318:
3310:H. James Birx,
3309:
3305:
3285:Wayback Machine
3274:Crone, Patricia
3272:
3265:
3255:
3253:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3213:
3171:
3167:
3162:
3100:
2970:the monumental
2904:
2898:
2846:lead statue of
2840:Sons of Liberty
2820:Sons of Liberty
2812:
2761:Stalin Monument
2751:and during the
2716:. According to
2710:imperial eagles
2678:
2669:Bristol Harbour
2512:Imperial German
2453:First World War
2371:
2277:
2271:
2206:
2200:
2193:
2169:Jayavarman VIII
2156:
2150:
2144:
2120:
2007:Chinese history
1999:
1989:
1984:
1933:
1931:In modern India
1892:
1890:Goa Inquisition
1886:
1826:Krishnadevaraya
1812:temples in the
1763:Alauddin Khalji
1761:, a general of
1755:Delhi Sultanate
1748:Quwwat al-Islam
1736:
1646:
1639:
1632:
1623:
1620:Alauddin Khalji
1612:
1603:
1593:Sultan of Delhi
1583:, built by the
1574:
1565:
1555:
1546:
1535:
1526:
1515:
1506:
1495:
1486:
1483:Chalukyan style
1475:
1398:
1327:
1321:
1288:. In 2016, the
1232:
1222:
1198:
1158:
1093:Arabian deities
1089:
1081:Islamic society
1027:
1021:
978:
976:Other instances
889:Provost Marshal
885:Smasher Dowsing
804:
789:
780:
773:
764:
744:
735:
728:
582:
572:
570:Reformation era
564:bishop of Turin
549:
547:Pre-Reformation
484:Chludov Psalter
473:
463:
395:Synod of Elvira
372:
313:
280:divine presence
189:
183:
178:
53:depicting the "
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9078:
9068:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9030:
9029:
9027:
9026:
9013:
9010:
9009:
9007:
9006:
9001:
8996:
8995:
8994:
8989:
8979:
8974:
8969:
8964:
8962:Indifferentism
8959:
8954:
8949:
8943:
8941:
8935:
8934:
8932:
8931:
8926:
8925:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8909:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8863:
8861:
8855:
8854:
8852:
8851:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8769:Bosnian Church
8766:
8761:
8755:
8753:
8747:
8746:
8739:
8737:
8735:
8734:
8732:Valentinianism
8729:
8724:
8719:
8717:Psilanthropism
8714:
8709:
8708:
8707:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8666:
8665:
8660:
8650:
8645:
8640:
8635:
8630:
8625:
8620:
8619:
8618:
8616:Valentinianism
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8596:Priscillianism
8593:
8588:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8561:Collyridianism
8558:
8557:
8556:
8554:Circumcellions
8546:
8541:
8536:
8531:
8530:
8529:
8524:
8514:
8509:
8503:
8501:
8495:
8494:
8482:
8481:
8474:
8467:
8459:
8450:
8449:
8447:
8446:
8441:
8436:
8431:
8426:
8421:
8416:
8410:
8407:
8406:
8404:
8403:
8397:
8395:
8391:
8390:
8387:
8386:
8384:
8383:
8378:
8373:
8372:
8371:
8366:
8355:
8353:
8349:
8348:
8346:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8334:
8333:
8323:
8318:
8313:
8312:
8311:
8309:Body snatching
8301:
8296:
8291:
8285:
8283:
8279:
8278:
8276:
8275:
8274:
8273:
8268:
8258:
8257:
8256:
8251:
8246:
8245:
8244:
8234:
8232:Baedeker Blitz
8229:
8221:
8220:
8219:
8214:
8206:
8205:
8204:
8196:
8195:
8194:
8186:
8185:
8184:
8176:
8175:
8174:
8169:
8161:
8160:
8159:
8151:
8150:
8149:
8141:
8140:
8139:
8131:
8130:
8129:
8124:
8116:
8115:
8114:
8106:
8105:
8104:
8096:
8095:
8094:
8089:
8081:
8080:
8079:
8071:
8070:
8069:
8061:
8060:
8059:
8051:
8050:
8049:
8044:
8036:
8035:
8034:
8026:
8025:
8024:
8016:
8015:
8014:
8006:
8005:
8004:
7995:
7993:
7986:
7980:
7979:
7959:
7958:
7951:
7944:
7936:
7930:
7929:
7924:
7918:
7907:
7906:External links
7904:
7903:
7902:
7889:
7887:978-8816417557
7879:
7867:
7853:
7836:
7817:
7797:10.1086/693887
7778:
7753:
7744:
7738:
7721:
7707:
7694:
7688:
7675:
7664:
7630:
7624:
7611:
7610:
7609:
7587:
7564:
7561:978-1978401099
7545:
7534:
7523:Reaktion Books
7515:
7496:
7467:
7448:
7411:
7400:
7394:
7376:
7336:
7333:
7330:
7329:
7304:
7281:
7262:
7234:
7206:
7181:
7160:
7135:
7118:Taylor, Alan.
7110:
7089:
7064:
7040:
7016:
6992:
6966:
6947:
6916:
6886:
6855:
6821:
6788:
6769:
6750:
6732:Daniels, Tim.
6724:
6698:
6683:
6670:
6645:
6618:
6591:
6584:
6566:
6541:
6529:
6527:, p. 121.
6517:
6507:Times of Malta
6492:
6467:
6442:
6431:
6420:
6409:
6400:
6391:
6382:
6375:
6326:10.2307/464648
6300:
6285:
6265:
6222:
6200:
6165:
6130:
6115:
6100:
6085:
6070:
6057:
6034:
6028:978-9401793759
6027:
6001:
5988:
5965:
5952:
5932:
5919:
5899:
5873:
5854:
5837:
5817:
5810:
5790:
5763:(3): 485–508.
5743:
5728:
5710:
5695:
5677:
5660:
5624:
5600:
5583:
5566:
5551:
5524:
5506:
5491:Somnath Temple
5483:
5479:978-9351940944
5458:
5438:Thapar, Romila
5427:
5424:on 2007-01-10.
5409:
5382:
5376:978-1844670208
5375:
5355:
5334:
5327:
5318:India Handbook
5307:
5300:
5280:
5273:
5253:
5221:
5212:
5194:
5188:978-8178710273
5187:
5164:
5112:
5078:
5052:
5016:
4990:
4964:
4943:
4910:
4883:
4877:978-0801489549
4876:
4852:
4830:
4811:(2): 276–277.
4795:
4788:
4764:
4748:
4725:
4706:(4): 641–659.
4683:
4661:
4642:
4627:
4609:
4580:(3): 163–193.
4560:
4535:
4529:978-1932688078
4528:
4508:
4501:
4477:İnalcık, Halil
4468:
4452:
4443:978-1118272305
4442:
4424:
4414:978-1351921169
4413:
4392:
4386:978-0761843375
4385:
4359:
4350:978-0820486857
4349:
4331:
4302:
4279:
4273:
4253:
4247:
4229:
4222:
4204:
4194:978-0968987391
4193:
4175:
4165:978-1588365002
4164:
4146:
4136:978-1424069224
4135:
4117:
4107:978-0191578885
4106:
4076:
4069:
4045:
4033:978-0801873904
4032:
4008:
3991:
3981:978-9004291621
3980:
3974:. p. 22.
3955:
3944:Joseph Koerner
3936:978-1442271593
3935:
3914:
3896:
3889:
3862:
3855:
3835:
3828:
3808:
3785:
3765:
3737:
3721:Cormack, Robin
3713:
3693:
3684:
3677:
3657:
3650:
3630:
3606:
3599:
3574:
3567:
3561:. OUP Oxford.
3547:
3522:
3487:(4): 428–433.
3481:Church History
3467:
3460:Henri Leclercq
3458:, Termel, and
3433:
3409:
3385:
3376:and similarly
3363:
3335:
3316:
3303:
3263:
3237:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3199:back-formation
3164:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3099:
3096:
3061:
3060:
3054:
3032:
3031:
3020:
3009:
2998:
2991:Junípero Serra
2987:
2968:
2954:
2900:Main article:
2897:
2894:
2882:North Carolina
2811:
2808:
2800:communist rule
2772:Vladimir Lenin
2759:, such as the
2677:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2661:Edward Colston
2646:
2623:
2603:Saddam Hussein
2589:
2588:
2581:Saddam Hussein
2573:
2550:Victorio Macho
2542:
2519:
2486:
2449:Ottoman Empire
2445:
2421:
2370:
2369:Other examples
2367:
2348:Adolphe Thiers
2340:Louis-Philippe
2338:, restored by
2326:The statue of
2287:. A statue of
2273:Main article:
2270:
2267:
2202:Main article:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2161:Indravarman II
2143:
2140:
2119:
2116:
2081:Huang Shaohong
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1932:
1929:
1888:Main article:
1885:
1882:
1866:Mughal Emperor
1849:, states that
1796:In the 1460s,
1740:Mamluk dynasty
1735:
1732:
1670:Somnath Temple
1654:Somnath Temple
1645:
1642:
1641:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1624:
1613:
1606:
1604:
1575:
1568:
1566:
1556:
1549:
1547:
1541:plundered the
1536:
1529:
1527:
1516:
1509:
1507:
1496:
1489:
1487:
1479:Somnath Temple
1476:
1469:
1467:
1397:
1394:
1352:'s kingdom in
1335:Hindu kingdoms
1331:Medieval India
1320:
1317:
1257:government of
1221:
1218:
1210:Constantinople
1197:
1194:
1157:
1154:
1145:archaeological
1095:housed in the
1088:
1085:
1020:
1017:
977:
974:
846:Thomas Cranmer
806:
805:
790:
783:
781:
774:
767:
765:
745:
738:
736:
729:
722:
720:
607:Thomas Müntzer
571:
568:
552:Peter of Bruys
548:
545:
541:Constantinople
462:
459:
371:
368:
352:Land of Israel
312:
309:
205:Temple of Edfu
185:Main article:
182:
179:
177:
174:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9077:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9042:
9040:
9025:
9020:
9015:
9014:
9011:
9005:
9002:
9000:
8997:
8993:
8990:
8988:
8985:
8984:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8968:
8965:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8953:
8950:
8948:
8945:
8944:
8942:
8940:
8936:
8930:
8927:
8923:
8920:
8918:
8915:
8913:
8910:
8908:
8905:
8904:
8903:
8902:Protestantism
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8867:Antinomianism
8865:
8864:
8862:
8860:
8856:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8830:
8827:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8756:
8754:
8752:
8748:
8743:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8718:
8715:
8713:
8710:
8706:
8703:
8702:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8675:Monothelitism
8673:
8671:
8670:Monophysitism
8668:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8655:
8654:
8653:Monarchianism
8651:
8649:
8646:
8644:
8641:
8639:
8636:
8634:
8633:Macedonianism
8631:
8629:
8628:Luciferianism
8626:
8624:
8621:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8583:
8582:
8579:
8577:
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8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8555:
8552:
8551:
8550:
8547:
8545:
8542:
8540:
8537:
8535:
8532:
8528:
8527:Semi-Arianism
8525:
8523:
8520:
8519:
8518:
8515:
8513:
8510:
8508:
8505:
8504:
8502:
8500:
8496:
8491:
8487:
8480:
8475:
8473:
8468:
8466:
8461:
8460:
8457:
8445:
8442:
8440:
8437:
8435:
8434:Lost artworks
8432:
8430:
8427:
8425:
8422:
8420:
8417:
8415:
8412:
8411:
8408:
8402:
8399:
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8396:
8392:
8382:
8379:
8377:
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8370:
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8365:
8362:
8361:
8360:
8357:
8356:
8354:
8350:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8332:
8329:
8328:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8317:
8314:
8310:
8307:
8306:
8305:
8304:Grave robbery
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8287:
8286:
8284:
8280:
8272:
8269:
8267:
8264:
8263:
8262:
8261:United States
8259:
8255:
8252:
8250:
8247:
8243:
8240:
8239:
8238:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8228:
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8222:
8218:
8215:
8213:
8210:
8209:
8207:
8203:
8200:
8199:
8197:
8193:
8190:
8189:
8187:
8183:
8180:
8179:
8178:Saudi Arabia
8177:
8173:
8170:
8168:
8165:
8164:
8162:
8158:
8155:
8154:
8152:
8148:
8147:Benin Bronzes
8145:
8144:
8142:
8138:
8135:
8134:
8132:
8128:
8125:
8123:
8120:
8119:
8117:
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8107:
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7994:
7990:
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7909:
7896:
7895:
7890:
7888:
7884:
7880:
7878:
7874:
7871:
7868:
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7860:
7856:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7837:
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7822:
7818:
7814:
7810:
7806:
7802:
7798:
7794:
7790:
7786:
7785:
7779:
7777:
7776:81-85990-49-2
7773:
7769:
7765:
7761:
7760:Sita Ram Goel
7757:
7756:Shourie, Arun
7754:
7750:
7745:
7741:
7735:
7730:
7729:
7722:
7718:
7714:
7710:
7704:
7700:
7695:
7691:
7685:
7681:
7676:
7672:
7671:
7665:
7655:on 2012-09-16
7651:
7647:
7643:
7636:
7631:
7627:
7621:
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7612:
7607:
7603:
7599:
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7409:
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7352:
7348:
7344:
7339:
7338:
7319:
7315:
7308:
7292:
7285:
7277:
7273:
7266:
7252:
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7241:
7239:
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7211:
7196:
7192:
7185:
7170:
7164:
7150:
7146:
7139:
7125:
7121:
7114:
7106:
7105:
7100:
7093:
7079:
7075:
7068:
7054:
7053:NY Daily News
7050:
7044:
7030:
7027:
7020:
7006:
7005:NY Daily News
7002:
6996:
6981:
6977:
6970:
6964:
6960:
6957:
6951:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6920:
6904:
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6896:
6890:
6874:
6870:
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6859:
6843:
6839:
6835:
6828:
6826:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6795:
6793:
6784:
6780:
6773:
6765:
6761:
6754:
6739:
6735:
6728:
6712:
6708:
6702:
6694:
6687:
6680:
6674:
6655:
6649:
6633:
6629:
6622:
6606:
6602:
6595:
6587:
6581:
6577:
6570:
6563:
6559:
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6513:
6509:
6508:
6503:
6496:
6488:
6484:
6483:
6478:
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6453:
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6440:
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6424:
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6413:
6404:
6395:
6386:
6378:
6372:
6368:
6367:
6359:
6351:
6343:
6339:
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6311:
6304:
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6288:
6282:
6278:
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6269:
6261:
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6104:
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6016:
6012:
6005:
5991:
5985:
5981:
5980:
5972:
5970:
5955:
5949:
5945:
5944:
5936:
5922:
5916:
5912:
5911:
5903:
5888:
5884:
5877:
5869:
5865:
5858:
5850:
5849:
5841:
5830:
5829:
5821:
5813:
5807:
5803:
5802:
5794:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5774:
5770:
5766:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5747:
5739:
5735:
5731:
5725:
5721:
5714:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5692:
5688:
5681:
5674:
5670:
5664:
5656:
5650:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5628:
5621:
5617:
5613:
5609:
5604:
5597:
5593:
5587:
5581:, pp. 160–161
5580:
5579:0-415-15482-0
5576:
5570:
5562:
5555:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5535:
5528:
5520:
5516:
5510:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5492:
5487:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5462:
5455:
5454:1-84467-020-1
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5434:
5432:
5423:
5419:
5413:
5406:
5402:
5398:
5395:
5389:
5387:
5378:
5372:
5368:
5367:
5359:
5344:
5338:
5330:
5324:
5320:
5319:
5311:
5303:
5301:1-85065-170-1
5297:
5293:
5292:
5284:
5276:
5274:81-85880-26-3
5270:
5266:
5265:
5257:
5251:
5245:
5241:
5240:
5232:
5225:
5216:
5210:
5206:
5203:
5198:
5190:
5184:
5180:
5173:
5171:
5169:
5160:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5125:
5123:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5087:
5085:
5083:
5066:
5062:
5056:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5031:The Telegraph
5027:
5020:
5004:
5000:
4994:
4979:
4975:
4968:
4953:
4947:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4921:
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4898:
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4856:
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4814:
4810:
4806:
4799:
4791:
4785:
4781:
4777:
4776:
4768:
4761:
4751:
4745:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4729:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4688:
4672:
4665:
4657:
4653:
4646:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4628:1-86189-282-9
4624:
4620:
4613:
4605:
4601:
4597:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4564:
4557:
4556:1-56459-972-8
4553:
4550:. pp. 54–55.
4549:
4545:
4539:
4531:
4525:
4521:
4520:
4512:
4504:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4485:Karpat, K. H.
4482:
4478:
4472:
4465:
4463:
4456:
4449:
4445:
4439:
4435:
4428:
4421:
4416:
4410:
4406:
4399:
4397:
4388:
4382:
4378:
4373:
4372:
4363:
4356:
4352:
4346:
4342:
4335:
4327:
4323:
4316:
4312:
4306:
4300:(pp. 263–264)
4299:
4295:
4291:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4257:
4250:
4244:
4240:
4233:
4225:
4219:
4215:
4208:
4201:
4196:
4190:
4186:
4179:
4172:
4167:
4161:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4138:
4132:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4109:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4089:
4080:
4072:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4057:
4049:
4035:
4029:
4026:. JHU Press.
4025:
4024:
4020:
4012:
4006:. p. 95.
4005:
4001:
3995:
3988:
3983:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3960:
3952:
3950:
3945:
3938:
3932:
3928:
3921:
3919:
3911:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3892:
3890:0-19-211655-X
3886:
3882:
3878:
3877:
3869:
3867:
3858:
3852:
3849:. Routledge.
3848:
3847:
3839:
3831:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3812:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3792:
3790:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3769:
3762:
3761:0-7044-0226-2
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3741:
3734:
3733:0-540-01085-5
3730:
3726:
3722:
3717:
3703:
3697:
3688:
3680:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3661:
3653:
3647:
3643:
3642:
3634:
3626:
3622:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3602:
3596:
3593:. Routledge.
3592:
3591:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3570:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3551:
3537:on 2016-02-29
3536:
3532:
3526:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3464:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3443:
3437:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3419:Elvira canons
3413:
3399:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3374:Numbers 33:52
3372:
3367:
3360:
3359:977-416-631-0
3356:
3352:
3348:
3344:
3339:
3333:
3331:
3326:
3320:
3313:
3307:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3268:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3234:
3233:
3226:
3222:
3208:
3204:
3200:
3196:
3190:
3184:
3180:
3175:
3174:Ancient Greek
3169:
3165:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3139:Lost artworks
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3101:
3095:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3066:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3029:
3025:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2955:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2935:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2903:
2893:
2891:
2887:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2875:Durham County
2872:
2868:
2863:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2816:
2807:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2778:and in other
2777:
2773:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2757:Joseph Stalin
2754:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2740:churches and
2739:
2735:
2729:
2727:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2691:
2687:
2682:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2569:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2495:sans-culottes
2492:known as the
2491:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2438:royal cyphers
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2401:College Green
2398:
2393:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2366:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2351:
2349:
2345:
2344:Paris Commune
2341:
2337:
2333:
2332:Place Vendôme
2329:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2289:King Louis XV
2286:
2282:
2276:
2266:
2263:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2222:
2220:
2219:Ancient Egypt
2216:
2212:
2205:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2149:
2138:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2115:
2112:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2094:after it was
2093:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2073:anti-religion
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1994:
1979:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1900:Hindu temples
1897:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1818:Tamil country
1815:
1811:
1807:
1804:, sacked the
1803:
1799:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1637:
1630:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1590:
1587:, located in
1586:
1582:
1578:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1517:Ruins of the
1513:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1461:
1459:
1458:into mosques.
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1428:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1240:Saudi Arabian
1237:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1167:
1162:
1153:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1016:
1014:
1010:
1005:
1003:
999:
998:Easter Island
995:
990:
988:
983:
973:
970:
966:
962:
958:
954:
950:
945:
943:
939:
933:
928:
925:
923:
919:
914:
909:
904:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
827:
823:
819:
815:
810:
802:
798:
794:
787:
782:
778:
771:
766:
763:
762:Antoine Caron
759:
757:
753:
749:
742:
737:
733:
726:
721:
718:
717:
716:
714:
709:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
662:
660:
656:
651:
649:
648:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
618:
616:
615:Martin Luther
612:
608:
604:
597:
593:
592:
586:
581:
577:
567:
565:
561:
557:
553:
544:
542:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
518:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
493:
486:, 9th century
485:
481:
477:
472:
468:
461:Byzantine era
458:
456:
452:
448:
447:Justin Martyr
444:
440:
436:
432:
427:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
396:
392:
385:
381:
376:
367:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
332:
330:
329:Promised Land
326:
322:
318:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
275:
273:
269:
265:
259:
257:
253:
249:
245:
239:
237:
234:
230:
229:monolatristic
226:
222:
218:
217:Amarna Period
214:
206:
202:
198:
193:
188:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
142:
140:
139:
134:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
113:
111:
107:
102:
95:
88:
81:
75:
71:
64:
60:
56:
52:
51:
46:
40:
33:
19:
8992:Santa Muerte
8982:Narco-saints
8877:Febronianism
8794:Free Spirits
8779:Conciliarism
8722:Sabellianism
8685:Nestorianism
8622:
8591:Paulicianism
8512:Apollinarism
8428:
8424:Book burning
8381:Nazi plunder
8352:World War II
8133:Middle East
7998:Afghanistan
7893:
7844:
7840:
7820:
7788:
7782:
7767:
7748:
7727:
7698:
7682:. Pickwick.
7679:
7669:
7657:. Retrieved
7650:the original
7645:
7641:
7615:
7594:
7571:
7548:
7541:
7518:
7499:
7478:(1): 33–61.
7475:
7472:Éire-Ireland
7471:
7451:
7419:
7415:
7403:
7384:
7346:
7342:
7321:. Retrieved
7317:
7307:
7295:. Retrieved
7284:
7276:the original
7265:
7254:. Retrieved
7250:
7226:. Retrieved
7222:
7198:. Retrieved
7194:
7184:
7173:. Retrieved
7171:. 2020-06-21
7163:
7152:. Retrieved
7148:
7138:
7127:. Retrieved
7124:The Atlantic
7123:
7113:
7102:
7092:
7081:. Retrieved
7077:
7067:
7056:. Retrieved
7052:
7043:
7032:. Retrieved
7028:
7019:
7008:. Retrieved
7004:
6995:
6983:. Retrieved
6979:
6969:
6950:
6938:. Retrieved
6929:
6919:
6907:. Retrieved
6898:
6889:
6877:. Retrieved
6868:
6858:
6846:. Retrieved
6838:The Guardian
6837:
6812:. Retrieved
6803:
6782:
6772:
6763:
6753:
6741:. Retrieved
6737:
6727:
6715:. Retrieved
6710:
6701:
6686:
6678:
6673:
6661:. Retrieved
6648:
6636:. Retrieved
6634:(in Spanish)
6631:
6621:
6609:. Retrieved
6607:(in Spanish)
6604:
6594:
6575:
6569:
6544:
6537:Hennaut 2000
6532:
6525:Mardaga 1993
6520:
6512:the original
6505:
6495:
6487:the original
6480:
6470:
6459:the original
6445:
6434:
6423:
6412:
6403:
6394:
6385:
6365:
6349:
6317:
6313:
6303:
6275:
6268:
6235:
6231:
6225:
6216:
6181:(1): 13–26.
6178:
6174:
6168:
6146:(1): 33–61.
6143:
6140:Éire-Ireland
6139:
6133:
6124:
6118:
6109:
6103:
6094:
6088:
6079:
6073:
6065:
6060:
6047:20:239–240.
6042:
6037:
6010:
6004:
5993:. Retrieved
5978:
5957:. Retrieved
5942:
5935:
5924:. Retrieved
5909:
5902:
5890:. Retrieved
5886:
5876:
5857:
5847:
5840:
5827:
5820:
5800:
5793:
5760:
5756:
5746:
5719:
5713:
5686:
5680:
5668:
5663:
5640:
5636:
5627:
5620:90-04-097902
5611:
5603:
5586:
5569:
5554:
5532:
5527:
5518:
5509:
5486:
5466:
5461:
5441:
5422:the original
5412:
5393:
5365:
5358:
5347:. Retrieved
5337:
5317:
5310:
5290:
5283:
5263:
5256:
5237:
5224:
5215:
5197:
5178:
5140:
5134:
5107:the original
5096:
5069:. Retrieved
5065:the original
5055:
5043:. Retrieved
5030:
5019:
5007:. Retrieved
5005:. 2016-09-27
5003:The Atlantic
5002:
4993:
4981:. Retrieved
4977:
4967:
4956:. Retrieved
4946:
4934:. Retrieved
4930:the original
4923:
4913:
4901:. Retrieved
4897:the original
4886:
4862:
4855:
4842:
4833:
4808:
4804:
4798:
4779:
4774:
4767:
4759:
4753:. Retrieved
4738:
4728:
4703:
4699:
4675:. Retrieved
4664:
4655:
4645:
4618:
4612:
4577:
4573:
4563:
4543:
4538:
4518:
4511:
4488:
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4461:
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4447:
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4362:
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4325:
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4288:
4282:
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4238:
4232:
4213:
4207:
4198:
4184:
4178:
4169:
4155:
4149:
4140:
4126:
4120:
4111:
4087:
4079:
4055:
4048:
4037:. Retrieved
4022:
4019:Neil Kamil,
4018:
4011:
3999:
3994:
3985:
3967:
3948:
3940:
3926:
3908:
3899:
3875:
3845:
3838:
3818:
3811:
3799:
3796:Mango, Cyril
3776:
3768:
3748:
3745:Mango, Cyril
3740:
3724:
3716:
3705:. Retrieved
3696:
3687:
3667:
3660:
3640:
3633:
3624:
3589:
3557:
3550:
3539:. Retrieved
3535:the original
3525:
3484:
3480:
3470:
3445:
3441:
3436:
3427:
3424:the original
3418:
3412:
3401:. Retrieved
3397:
3388:
3377:
3370:
3366:
3346:
3343:Assmann, Jan
3338:
3328:
3319:
3311:
3306:
3292:
3288:
3254:. Retrieved
3249:
3240:
3230:
3225:
3207:eikonoklasia
3206:
3202:
3194:
3168:
3080:Donald Trump
3068:abolitionist
3062:
3033:
2989:a statue of
2980:Charles Linn
2961:Hemming Park
2949:monument in
2936:
2905:
2864:
2833:
2790:outside the
2780:Eastern Bloc
2769:
2746:
2734:Soviet Union
2731:
2723:
2695:
2493:
2480:
2479:, producing
2477:Fuat Uzkınay
2463:(the modern
2457:Ottoman Army
2414:
2409:British rule
2352:
2325:
2309:
2293:guillotining
2278:
2256:
2252:
2250:
2225:
2223:
2210:
2207:
2196:
2165:Khmer Empire
2151:
2131:
2123:
2121:
2104:
2089:
2077:superstition
2061:missionaries
2034:
2023:
2019:Tang dynasty
2000:
1968:Babri Masjid
1957:
1953:Ambedkarites
1949:untouchables
1936:Dr. Ambedkar
1934:
1925:
1893:
1859:
1846:Madala Panji
1844:
1842:
1830:Bala Krishna
1822:Vijayanagara
1795:
1777:
1772:In Kashmir,
1771:
1752:
1737:
1725:
1700:
1692:
1647:
1436:
1424:
1410:governor of
1401:
1399:
1339:
1328:
1298:
1267:
1253:by the then-
1248:
1233:
1202:Hagia Sophia
1199:
1171:
1125:
1090:
1054:
1028:
1006:
992:Many of the
991:
979:
946:
942:Dutch Revolt
935:
930:
926:
911:
906:
858:
842:Hugh Latimer
831:
801:Beeldenstorm
800:
746:
710:
696:(1560), and
663:
652:
647:beeldenstorm
645:
619:
600:
594:through the
591:Beeldenstorm
589:
576:Beeldenstorm
550:
528:Leo III
525:
517:Abd al-Malik
506:Justinian II
499:
489:
428:
420:Roman Empire
400:Proscription
388:
384:Roman Empire
333:
317:Hebrew Bible
314:
277:
261:
241:
210:
143:
136:
132:
126:
116:
114:
109:
69:
68:
61:and her son
48:
8947:Americanism
8922:Lutheranism
8912:Arminianism
8892:Josephinism
8882:Gallicanism
8849:Waldensians
8751:Middle Ages
8700:Pelagianism
8690:Novatianism
8586:Manichaeism
8522:Anomoeanism
8507:Adoptionism
8008:Bangladesh
7992:By location
7964:destruction
7825:BrownWalker
7589:—— 1993. "
7553:CreateSpace
6783:SVT Nyheter
6764:SVT Nyheter
6743:23 December
6717:23 December
6663:14 November
6638:14 November
6611:14 November
6238:(2): 5–40.
5537:1:123–166.
5071:4 September
4936:21 November
4200:invitation.
4142:idolatrous.
2965:Confederate
2956:plaques in
2920:segregation
2912:Confederacy
2906:During the
2867:Confederate
2834:During the
2804:Bank Square
2747:During the
2620:colonialism
2562:the estuary
2558:Nationalist
2504:Grand-Place
2467:quarter of
2461:San Stefano
2429:Hospitaller
2118:South Korea
2049:Bai Chongxi
2035:During the
1964:Bajrang Dal
1759:Malik Kafur
1753:During the
1674:jyotirlinga
1658:Thar Desert
1577:Rani Ki Vav
1539:Malik Kafur
1384:kingdom of
1362:Kanchipuram
1358:Hindu kings
1350:Lalitaditya
1342:Pala Empire
1268:During the
1259:Afghanistan
1190:Mark Lehner
1034:Sunni Islam
893:Joseph Hall
869:East Anglia
859:During the
832:During the
814:Elizabethan
777:La Rochelle
702:La Rochelle
668:(in 1529),
642:Decalogue's
638:John Calvin
556:Strigolniki
412:Constantine
296:Golden Calf
272:Jan Assmann
181:Ancient era
133:iconophile.
110:iconoclasts
9045:Iconoclasm
9039:Categories
8907:Anabaptism
8819:Josephines
8814:Impanation
8799:Henricians
8789:Fraticelli
8784:Dulcinians
8764:Bogomilism
8663:Modalistic
8658:Athinganoi
8638:Marcionism
8623:Iconoclasm
8611:Sethianism
8581:Gnosticism
8439:Looted art
8429:Iconoclasm
8153:Palestine
7764:Ram Swarup
7659:2012-08-06
7323:2022-03-20
7256:2022-03-20
7228:2020-06-11
7200:2021-09-08
7175:2020-07-29
7154:2020-06-11
7129:2020-07-29
7083:2017-08-15
7058:2017-08-28
7034:2017-08-15
7010:2017-08-15
6314:Diacritics
5995:2010-06-28
5959:2010-06-28
5926:2010-06-28
5471:Roli Books
5405:8184751850
5397:Penguin UK
5349:2013-04-30
5009:21 October
4958:2013-04-30
4954:. Rawa.org
4755:2011-12-08
4677:2013-04-30
4096:. p.
4039:2013-04-30
3749:Iconoclasm
3707:2013-04-30
3541:2023-04-17
3403:2022-02-21
3250:OED Online
3217:References
3203:iconoclast
3195:Iconoclasm
3129:Iconolatry
3114:Cult image
3084:anarchists
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1038:Shia Islam
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838:Henry VIII
828:at centre.
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818:Henry VIII
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536:veneration
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443:Lactantius
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268:Israelites
231:tradition
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8957:Feeneyism
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8917:Calvinism
8897:Pantheism
8887:Jansenism
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7873:Archived
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