Regulatory capture

342: 1068:. By purchasing these contracts, the banks received a "back-door bailout" of 100 cents on the dollar for the contracts. Had the New York Fed allowed AIG to fail, the contracts would have been worth much less, resulting in much lower costs for any taxpayer-funded bailout. Geithner defended his use of unprecedented amounts of taxpayer funds to save the banks from their own mistakes, saying the financial system would have been threatened. At the January 2010 congressional hearing into the AIG bailout, the New York Fed initially refused to identify the 1277:(AP) investigation showed that the NRC, working with the industry, has relaxed regulations so that aging reactors can remain in operation. The AP found that wear and tear of plants, such as clogged lines, cracked parts, leaky seals, rust and other deterioration resulted in 26 alerts about emerging safety problems and may have been a factor in 113 of the 226 alerts issued by the NRC between 2005 and June 2011. The NRC repeatedly granted the industry permission to delay repairs and problems often grew worse before they were fixed. 1001:) showing concerns for the composition of the FCC's Communications Security, Reliability and Interoperability Council (CSRIC), questioning whether it could effectively serve the public interest if the majority of its members were representatives of the private sector. They wrote that "having the FCC's policy-making process rely on input from individuals employed by, or affiliated with, the corporations that it is tasked with overseeing is the very definition of regulatory capture". 1790: 540:

developed in the direction of favoring producers, and regulation increased the profits of manufacturers within the industry. In potentially competitive industries such as trucking and taxis, regulations allow higher prices and prevent entrants. In monopoly industries such as electric power generation, there is evidence that regulation has little effect on prices, so the industry can earn excess profits. Evidence shows that regulation is beneficial to producers.

6095: 6085: 1500:, and popularly called "Amway '79", made the FTC a captive regulator of the nascent multi-level marketing industry. The situation came to a head in December 2012, when hedge fund Pershing Square Capital management announced a $ 1-billion short position against the company, and evidently expected the FTC to act, which, to date, it has not. From a forensic accounting standpoint, there is no difference between a Ponzi-scheme like the Madoff scandal, and a 31: 479: 851:, former chairman of the committee said its investigation uncovered a pattern of regulatory abuse and widespread regulatory lapses, allowing 117 aircraft to be operated commercially although not in compliance with FAA safety rules. Oberstar said there was a "culture of coziness" between senior FAA officials and the airlines and "a systematic breakdown" in the FAA's culture that resulted in "malfeasance, bordering on corruption". 2400:, a strange gap in the Interstate System... no ramps join at their crossing. Instead, drivers travel... blocks with traffic lights and dense bazaar of gas stations, fast-food restaurants and motels... for a bypass to be considered, essentially Breezewood's own Bedford County must propose it... "It's just not an issue that really appears on the radar for us", said Donald Schwartz, the Bedford County planning director. 606:, in which the regulator begins to think like the regulated industry. This can result from interest groups lobbying the industry. Highly specialized technical industries can pose a risk of cultural capture because the regulating agency typically needs to employ experts in the regulated area, and the pool of such experts typically consists largely of existing or former employees from the regulated industry. 1504:, except that in the latter the money is laundered through product sales, not investment. The press has widely reported on why the FTC won't act, e.g. Forbes though legal opinion has been very supportive in some quarters, such as William K. Black, who was instrumental in bringing thousands of criminal prosecutions in the S&L scandal, which was also rife with problems of regulatory capture. 353:, regulatory capture occurs because groups or individuals with high-stakes interests in the outcome of policy or regulatory decisions can be expected to focus their resources and energies to gain the policy outcomes they prefer, while members of the public, each with only a tiny individual stake in the outcome, will ignore it altogether. Regulatory capture refers to the actions by 407:

regulation, because it wields the authority of government. However, increased transparency of the agency may mitigate the effects of capture. Recent evidence suggests that, even in mature democracies with high levels of transparency and media freedom, more extensive and complex regulatory environments are associated with higher levels of corruption (including regulatory capture).

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All these models reflect that regulators and legislators are trying to maximize private, not public, interests. They use "private interest" theory to explain the origin and purpose of regulation. Aton (1986) argues that Stigler's theoretical logic is clearer and more central than the previous "capture theory" hypothesis, but it is difficult to distinguish between the two.

362:... as a rule, regulation is acquired by the industry and is designed and operated primarily for its benefit... We propose the general hypothesis: every industry or occupation that has enough political power to utilize the state will seek to control entry. In addition, the regulatory policy will often be so fashioned as to retard the rate of growth of new firms. 762:, said "Salazar has a disturbingly weak conservation record, particularly on energy development, global warming, endangered wildlife and protecting scientific integrity. It's no surprise oil and gas, mining, agribusiness and other polluting industries that have dominated Interior are supporting rancher Salazar – he's their friend". Indeed, a spokesman for the 1458:, an SEC lawyer, the whistleblower who exposed this case also revealed that for 20 years, the SEC had been routinely destroying all documents related to thousands of preliminary inquiries that were closed rather than proceeding to formal investigation. The SEC is legally required to keep files for 25 years and destruction is supposed to be done by the 1726:(composed of the largest local cigarette producers and distributors). In a 2015 Philippine Supreme Court case, the Court ruled that the IACT as the "exclusive authority" in regulating various aspects tobacco control including access restrictions and tobacco advertisement, promotion, and sponsorships. In this case, the 1439:(POGO) released a report on May 13, 2011, which found that between 2006 and 2010, 219 former SEC employees sought to represent clients before the SEC. Former employees filed 789 statements notifying the SEC of their intent to represent outside clients before the commission, some filing within days of leaving the SEC. 552:

Stigler used standard economic analysis methods to analyze the regulation behavior, then created a new regulatory theory – regulatory economic theory. Of course, different divisions depend on the criteria for division, and they essentially depend on the researchers' different understanding of specific concepts.

1234:(UCS) released a study critical of the NRC's 2010 performance as a regulator. The UCS said that through the years, it had found the NRC's enforcement of safety rules has not been "timely, consistent, or effective" and it cited 14 "near-misses" at U.S. plants in 2010 alone. Tyson Slocum, an energy expert at 978:. Four months later, she announced her resignation from the FCC to join Comcast's Washington, D.C. lobbying office. Legally, she is prevented from lobbying anyone at the FCC for two years and an agreement made by Comcast with the FCC as a condition of approving the merger will ban her from lobbying any 1905:

now promotes nuclear energy. Over the course of his 20 years in government, he received $ 1.25 million in political contributions connected with the energy sector. From 2000 to 2010, the nuclear industry and people who work in it, contributed $ 4.6 million to members of Congress, in addition to the $

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Nuclear power is a textbook example of the problem of "regulatory capture" – in which an industry gains control of an agency meant to regulate it. Regulatory capture can be countered only by vigorous public scrutiny and Congressional oversight, but in the 32 years since Three Mile Island, interest in

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However, a paper by Stanford University economics professors John B. Taylor and Frank A. Wolak compared the financial services and nuclear industries. While acknowledging both are susceptible in principle to regulatory capture, they concluded regulatory failure – including through regulatory capture

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These observations led to the emergence and development of regulatory capture theory. Contrary to regulatory public interest theory, this holds that the provision of regulation adapts to the industry's needs, that is, both the legislator and regulator are controlled and captured by the industry. The

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Stigler framed the problem of regulatory capture as "the problem of discovering when and why an industry is able to use the state for its purposes". He focuses on whole industries. But, it is never a whole industry which is ‘capturing’ its regulators, but only the big companies which, using the tool

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Likelihood of regulatory capture is a risk to which an agency is exposed by its very nature. This suggests that a regulator should be protected from outside influence as much as possible. Alternatively, it may be better to not create a given agency at all. A captured regulator is often worse than no

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The Commission… is, or can be made, of great use to the railroads. It satisfies the popular clamor for a government supervision of the railroads, at the same time that supervision is almost entirely nominal. Further, the older such a commission gets to be, the more inclined it will be found to take

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asserted that "the testing standards now used to certify motorcycle riding kit have reduced protection levels by as much as 90%" because of regulatory capture as industry representatives accounted for half the standards committee members including its chair, noting "Few will be aware of the intense

651:'s procedures, the tip was partly based on ground from which water springs were known to emerge. After three weeks of rain the tip became saturated and 140,000 cubic yards (110,000 m) of spoil and tailings slipped down the side of the hill, engulfing Pantglas Junior School and a row of houses. 547:

This was essentially a purely capture theory in the early days, that is, the regulators and legislators were captured and controlled by the industry. Later regulatory models, such as those by Stigler, Pelzmann, or Becker, follow the regulatory capture theory in the eyes of Posner (1974) and others.

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contains the assumption that the market is fragile, and that if left unchecked, it will tend to be unfair and inefficient, and government regulation is a costless and effective way to meet the needs of social justice and efficiency. Mimik states that government regulation is a public administration

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Jon Hanson and his co-authors argue that the phenomenon extends beyond political agencies and organizations. Businesses have an incentive to control anything that has power over them, including the media, academia and popular culture, and will try to capture them too. This is called "deep capture".

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Regulatory capture has an economic basis: vested interests in an industry have the greatest financial stake in regulations affecting them, and so are more likely to try to influence the regulator than relatively dispersed individual consumers, each with little incentive. When regulators form expert

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that year. In 2008 the FAA proposed to fine Southwest $ 10.2 million for failing to inspect older planes for cracks, and in 2009 Southwest and the FAA agreed that Southwest would pay a $ 7.5 million penalty and would adapt new safety procedures, with the fine doubling if Southwest failed to follow

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As of 2023, aviation in the United States, the field in which the FAA is tasked to regulate, has had an unparalleled safety streak. Because of this, U.S. regulatory policy in this sector is regarded as one of the best in world. With an estimated 29,000 flights daily, the United States hasn't had a

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One of those interviewed by the NRC Inspector General was Dale Klein, Chairman of the NRC at the time. Klein commented that "Merrifield generally was a staunch advocate of his chosen positions and was reluctant to change his mind." The interview notes also indicated that "other Commissioners also

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to tighten regulations concerning airplane maintenance procedures, including the establishment of a whistleblower office and a two-year "cooling off" period that FAA inspectors or supervisors of inspectors must wait before they can work for those they regulated. The bill also required rotation of

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There is substantial academic literature suggesting that smaller government units are easier for small, concentrated industries to capture than large ones. For example, a group of states or provinces with a large timber industry might have their legislature and/or their delegation to the national

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The NRC Inspector General's report detailed that Merrifield had voted twice on matters involving companies he had contacted about job prospects. In addition, the report noted that Merrifield called a senior executive at another utility to request that he encourage other companies to return calls

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Another distinction can be made between capture retained by big firms and by small firms. While Stigler mainly referred to large firms capturing regulators by bartering their vast resources (materialist capture), small firms are more prone to retain non-materialist capture via a special underdog

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Regulatory capture theory has a specific meaning, that is, an experience statement that regulations are beneficial for producers in real life. So it is essentially not a true regulatory theory. Although the analysis results are similar to the Stigler model, the methods are completely different.

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said, "The CRTC's stubbornness in the face of a mass public outcry demonstrates the strength of the Big Telecom lobby's influence. While government officials have recognized the need to protect citizens' communications interests, the CRTC has made it clear that their priorities lie elsewhere".

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In a June 2010 article on regulatory capture, the FAA was cited as an example of "old-style" regulatory capture, "in which the airline industry openly dictates to its regulators its governing rules, arranging for not only beneficial regulation but placing key people to head these regulators".

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while understating the risks and impact of spills and playing down the fact that spills had been increasing. Both current and former MMS staff scientists said their reports were overruled and altered if they found high risk of accident or environmental impact. Kieran Suckling, director of the

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The review of the United States' history of regulation at the end of the 19th century, especially the regulation of railway tariffs by the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) in 1887, revealed that regulations and market failures are not co-relevant. At least until the 1960s, regulation was

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has argued that the FCC is subject to capture by the media industries' leaders and therefore reinforce the operation of corporate cartels in a form of "corporate socialism" that serves to "regressively tax consumers, impoverish small firms, inhibit new entry, stifle innovation, and diminish

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Although the NRC referred the matter to the Justice Department for civil action and to the U.S. Attorney's office for criminal action, neither office pursued the matter. The same U.S. Attorney's Office declined all 20 similar referrals for prosecution during the period from 2004 to 2008.

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bodies to examine policy, these invariably feature current or former industry members, or at the very least, individuals with lives and contacts in the industry. Capture is also facilitated where consumers or taxpayers have a poorer understanding than businesses of underlying issues.

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policy that focuses on private behavior. It is a rule drawn from the public interest. Irving and Brouhingan state that regulation is a way of obeying public needs and weakening the risk of market operations. They also expressed the view that regulation reflects the public interest.

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After the Deepwater accident occurred, Salazar said he would delay granting any further drilling permits. Three weeks later, at least five more permits had been issued by the minerals agency. In March 2011, BOEMRE began issuing more offshore drilling permits in the Gulf of Mexico.

814:, head of BOEMRE, said he was disturbed by the speed at which some oil and gas companies were shrugging off Deepwater Horizon as "a complete aberration, a perfect storm, one in a million", but would nonetheless soon be granting more permits to drill for oil and gas in the gulf. 1072:

that benefited from AIG's bailout, claiming the information would harm AIG. When it became apparent this information would become public, a legal staffer at the New York Fed e-mailed colleagues to warn them, lamenting the difficulty of continuing to keep Congress in the dark.

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legislature captured by lumber companies. These states or provinces then become the voice of the industry, even to the point of blocking national policies that would be preferred by the majority across the whole country. Moore and Giovinazzo (2012) call this "distortion gap".

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and Cariolle (2019) has shown that the connected firms are always the big firms. Indeed, the top 5 financial companies concentrate around 80% of the stock of revolving door movements and regulatory capture. This leads to inequality of influence among firms in the same sector.

797:(NOAA) issued strong warnings about the risks posed by such drilling and in a 2009 letter, accused MMS of understating the likelihood and potential consequences of a major spill in the Gulf of Mexico. The letter further accused MMS of highlighting the safety of 1730:, which is the primary technical agency for disease control and prevention, was held to be without authority to create tobacco control regulations unless the IACT delegates this function. The IACT's organization also limits the Philippines' enforcement of the 1512:

The District of Columbia Taxicab Commission has been criticized for being beholden to taxi companies and drivers rather than ensuring that the district has access to a "safe, comfortable, efficient and affordable taxicab experience in well-equipped vehicles".

1400:(FOIA) case he had against the SEC, seeking an order to force the SEC to turn over Pequot investigation records to him on the grounds that they had not charged anyone. Aguirre had already provided incriminating evidence of Pequot's insider trading involving 1629:, which encourages the development of Japan's nuclear industry. Inadequate inspections are reviewed by expert panels drawn primarily from academia and rarely challenge the agency. Critics say the main weakness in Japan's nuclear industry is weak oversight. 834:

to fly 46 airplanes in 2006 and 2007 that were overdue for safety inspections, ignoring concerns raised by inspectors. Audits of other airlines resulted in two airlines grounding hundreds of planes, causing thousands of flight cancellations. The

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and welfare economics. It holds that regulation is the response of the government to public needs. Its purpose is to make up for market failures, improve the efficiency of resource allocation, and maximize social welfare. Posner states that the

964:, a lobby group, effective April 25, 2011. His role has been the cable industry's leading advocate, spokesman, and representative in its relationship with the U.S. Congress, the Administration, the FCC, and other federal agencies. 1698:

No senior officials were indicted and only one lower-level manager was indicted and convicted. Critics say the major task of the ministry is the protection of industry, rather than of the population. In addition, bureaucrats get

1025:, but its president is selected by and reports to a board dominated by the chief executives of some of the banks it oversees. While the New York Fed has always had a closer relationship with Wall Street, during the years that 1657:

standards, rather nuclear plant operators were left to do their own inspections to ensure their plants were compliant. In 2008, the NISA found all of Japan's reactors to be in compliance with the new earthquake guidelines.

1695:, keeping the Japanese market from being inundated with heat-treated blood from the United States. Because the unheated blood was not taken off the market, 400 people died and over 3,000 people were infected with HIV. 986:, who opposed the merger, complained that "the complete capture of government by industry barely raises any eyebrows" and said public policy would continue to suffer from the "continuously revolving door at the FCC". 2359:, an "anti-war Democratic senator from Washington State" who "voted against the Iraq war resolution and subsequent troop surges". She's spearheading the Senate's efforts to bring the budget in line. Until it gets to 1238:

said the nuclear industry has "embedded itself in the political establishment" through "reliable friends from George Bush to Barack Obama", that the government "has really just become cheerleaders for the industry".

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jobs at related industries in their field upon retirement, a system which serves to inhibit regulators. Moriyo Kimura, a critic who works at MHLW, says the ministry does not look after the interests of the public.

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Natural Resources and Energy Committee, said that when he asked the NRC about the pipes at a hearing in 2009, the NRC didn't know about their existence, much less that they were leaking. On March 17, 2011, the

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basic view of the theory is that the regulator gets captured no matter how the regulatory scheme is designed. The implication is that regulation increases the industry's profits rather than the social welfare.

2203: 439:) can capture national governments, and then use that power to block policies at the national, state or provincial level that the voters may want, although even local interests can thwart national priorities. 2500: 1089:(ICC), a now-defunct federal regulatory body in the United States, as a classic example of regulatory capture. The creation of the ICC was the result of widespread and longstanding anti-railroad agitation. 733:

on the same day the name change was announced. Salazar's appointment was controversial because of his ties to the energy industry. As a senator, Salazar voted against an amendment to repeal tax breaks for

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in the Philippines is largely vested in the Inter-Agency Committee on Tobacco (IACT) under Republic Act No. 9211 (Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003). The IACT's membership includes pro-tobacco groups in the

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According to the AP, of the United States' 104 operating nuclear power plants, 82 are over 25 years old, the NRC has re-licensed 66 for 20 additional years and another 16 renewal applications are under

2537: 1361:, there were repeated warnings of fraud from both inside and outside the SEC for more than a decade. But the agency did not stop the fraud until 2009, after the Madoff scandal became public in 2008. 3515: 2184: 1758:

claims, particularly when inserted in bilateral trade agreements, can facilitate intense lobbying by industry which can result in effective regulatory capture of large areas of governmental policy.

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Hamilton, Alexander (2013), Small is beautiful, at least in high-income democracies: the distribution of policy-making responsibility, electoral accountability, and incentives for rent extraction

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Although warned about HIV contamination of blood products imported from the U.S., the ministry abruptly changed its position on heated and unheated blood products from the U.S., protecting the

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commented that Merrifield was excessively touting his accomplishments within task force, but Klein indicated that this self-promoting tendency by Merrifield was not unique to this issue."

950:". The FCC selectively granted communications licenses to some radio and television stations in a process that excludes other citizens and little stations from having access to the public. 3608: 5380: 1404:

trades to the SEC in a letter on January 2, 2009. The morning after Aguirre's FOIA papers were filed, the SEC announced they had filed charges against Pequot and Pequot had agreed to

702:, the Minerals Management Service (MMS), which had regulatory responsibility for offshore oil drilling, was widely cited as an example of regulatory capture. The MMS then became the 2729: 308:

is co-opted to serve the commercial, ideological, or political interests of a minor constituency, such as a particular geographic area, industry, profession, or ideological group.

899: 1649:, "descent from heaven". A panel responsible for re-writing Japan's nuclear safety rules was dominated by experts and advisers from utility companies, said seismology professor 1525:

legalized marijuana, it did so in a manner that led to a state-run monopoly on legal marijuana stores with prices far above that of the existing medical dispensaries, which the

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and National Tobacco Administration, as well as "a representative from the Tobacco Industry to be nominated by the legitimate and recognized associations of the industry", the

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helped write Japan's nuclear safety rules, later conducted inspections and still in another position at another date, served on a licensing panel, signing off on inspections.

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principal maintenance inspectors and stipulated that the word "customer" properly applies to the flying public, not those entities regulated by the FAA. The bill died in the

806:, said, "MMS has given up any pretense of regulating the offshore oil industry. The agency seems to think its mission is to help the oil industry evade environmental laws". 703: 3099:. President and Trustees of Hofstra University in Long Island, New York, quoting Peter H. Shuck, The Politics of Regulation, 90 YALE L.J. 702, 707-10 (1981) (book review). 3885: 2902: 2343: 4082: 1543: 3740: 2443: 93: 2201: 1182:

said in 2007 that the five-member NRC had become "captive of the industries that it regulates" and Joe Biden indicated he had absolutely no confidence in the agency.

4210: 3889: 2493: 4257: 5675: 3925: 4192: 5614: 1748: 1462:. The lack of files deprives investigators of possible background when investigating cases involving those firms. Documents were destroyed for inquiries into 5472: 5431: 311:

When regulatory capture occurs, a special interest is prioritized over the general interests of the public, leading to a net loss for society. The theory of

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went largely unchallenged by the tribunal, although the two consider that the organisation failed in their duty, falling in line with the interests of the

4016: 4000: 2376: 843:, inspectors Charalambe "Bobby" Boutris and Douglas E. Peters, contacted them. Boutris said he attempted to ground Southwest after finding cracks in the 685:

opposition from within the industry." However, there is a shortage of academic research into regulatory capture regarding motorcyclists' PPE standards.

6098: 3839: 1653:, who quit the panel in protest, saying it was rigged and "unscientific". The new guidelines, established in 2006, did not set stringent industry-wide 1582:

In Japan, the line may be blurred between the goal of solving a problem and the different goal of making it look as if the problem is being addressed.

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is now trying to close down in favor of the recreational stores, where prices are two to five times higher than the product can be obtained elsewhere.

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It should also be noted that regulatory capture in developed country is not anymore related to corruption and illegal behavior, but to abuse of power.

3077: 1486:. The SEC has since changed its policy on destroying those documents and as of August 2011 the SEC investigator general was investigating the matter. 1446:

calls the SEC a classic case of regulatory capture. On August 17, 2011, Taibbi reported that in July 2001, a preliminary fraud investigation against

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The list of officials who have left the SEC for highly lucrative jobs in the private sector and who sometimes have returned to the SEC includes

1093:, a prominent railroad lawyer, was asked by a railroad president if he could do something to get rid of the ICC. Olney, who later was appointed 5780: 5449: 4388:"Comments by Fukushima Prefecture Governor Eisaku Sato Concerning Japan's Pluthermal (MOX fuel utilization) Program and the Nuclear Fuel Cycle" 4387: 1673: 1021:(New York Fed) is the most influential of the Federal Reserve Banking System. Part of the New York Fed's responsibilities is the regulation of 715: 2120: 5582: 2526: 1906:

54 million spent by electric utilities, trade groups and other supporters to hire lobbyists, including some former members of Congress. (See

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about his job search. The report also noted that Merrifield failed to report certain reimbursed travel expenses for himself and his family.

5685: 5665: 3122:. President and Trustees of Hofstra University in Long Island, New York, citing Red Lion Broad. Co. v. FCC, 395 U.S. 367, 389, 396 (1969). 1459: 1041: 2703: 5723: 5558: 5402: 4306: 2726: 2578: 1731: 2143: 1985: 383:; economists in this specialty are critical of conceptualizations of governmental regulatory intervention as being motivated to protect 5570: 5466: 4066: 1526: 1397: 1625:

from 1988 to 2006, said a conflict of interest is responsible for NISA's lack of effectiveness as a watchdog. The agency is under the

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Levine, Michael E.; Forrence, Jennifer L. (1990). "Regulatory Capture, Public Interest, and the Public Agenda: Toward a Synthesis".

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Brezis, Elise; Cariolle, Joel (2019). "The revolving door, state connections, and inequality of influence in the financial sector".

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Moore, Ryan T.; Giovinazzo, Christopher T. (2012). "The Distortion Gap: Policymaking under Federalism and Interest Group Capture".

2038: 847:, but was prevented by supervisors he said were friendly with the airline. The committee subsequently held hearings in April 2008. 755: 707: 671: 4619:. Office of Trade Negotiations of the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved April 17, 2011 5542: 5407: 1809: 1755: 1719: 1626: 730: 4816:

Mintz, Joel A. (2005). "Has Industry Captured The EPA?: Appraising Marver Bernstein's Captive Agency Theory After Fifty Years".

4079: 3415: 3140: 2865: 2333: 6016: 5630: 5547: 1281:– has been much more of a problem in the financial industry and even suggested the financial industry create an analog to the 1189:

nuclear policy analyst Jim Riccio to refer to the agency approval process as a "rubber stamp". In Vermont, ten days after the

5494: 5436: 5365: 3034: 2751: 2153: 1282: 1139: 3595: 2363:... "Champion for the Boeing Co.", is how Boeing spokesman Doug Kennett endorsed her during her reelection campaign in 2010. 1603: 1190: 325:; client politics "occurs when most or all of the benefits of a program go to some single, reasonably small interest (e.g., 5713: 5708: 5489: 5419: 4950: 4293: 2656: 1591: 1570: 1115: 4728:

Laffont, Jean-Jacques; Tirole, Jean (1991). "The Politics of Government Decision-Making: A Theory of Regulatory Capture".

4678: 4144: 557: 5953: 5635: 5530: 5524: 4613:"Non Violation Nullification of Benefit Claims: Opportunities and Dilemmas in a Rule-Based WTO Dispute Settlement System" 4278: 3467: 1135: 711: 500: 4171: 3922: 3650: 3060: 2996: 2974: 5978: 5773: 5360: 3864: 3158: 1727: 1202: 1194: 5536: 5460: 3932: 3449: 1677: 934: 827: 719: 706:(BOEMRE) and on October 1, 2010, the collection of mineral leases was split off from the agency and placed under the 526: 240: 3456:

Letter by Richard Olney to Charles Perkins, President, Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, December 28, 1892.

1392:, once one of the world's largest hedge funds. After more than four years of legal battles, former SEC investigator 508: 329:, profession, or locality) but most or all of the costs will be borne by a large number of people (for example, all 6124: 5728: 5718: 5625: 3822: 1775: 1365: 1226: 1018: 759: 2444:"The Situation: An Introduction to the Situational Character, Critical Realism, Power Economics, and Deep Capture" 1106:

the business and railroad view of things.… The part of wisdom is not to destroy the Commission, but to utilize it.

5738: 5425: 3007: 1436: 998: 823: 803: 580:, in which the captured regulator's motive is based on its material self-interest. This can result from bribery, 436: 3763: 3118:

Travis, Hannibal (2007). "Of Blogs, eBooks, and Broadband: Access to Digital Media as a First Amendment Right".

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Travis, Hannibal (2007). "Of Blogs, eBooks, and Broadband: Access to Digital Media as a First Amendment Right".

1558:, igniting protest from both the wholesalers and consumers, who claimed that the CRTC was "kow-towing to Bell". 5743: 5512: 5506: 4978: 4668: 4051: 2016: 1483: 1306: 1094: 1086: 1034: 790: 504: 78: 4207: 3578: 1077:

calls the bailout a crime and says "the regulatory system has become captive to the banks and the non-banks".

766:, which lobbies for the mining industry, praised Salazar, saying that he was not doctrinaire about the use of 6139: 6134: 6119: 6088: 6062: 5766: 5620: 5518: 5478: 4812:(PDF) International Institute for Public Ethics. Paper given October 4, 2002 conference, Brisbane, Australia. 4629:

McLean, Iain; Johnes, Martin (2000). "'Regulation run mad': The Board of Trade and the loss of the Titanic".

4281: 3777: 3296: 2749:"Salazar Swears-In Michael R. Bromwich to Lead Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement" 1231: 1166: 1123: 903: 264: 183: 3722: 5931: 5680: 5670: 5564: 5454: 5009: 4456: 2881: 1723: 1376:

to have illegally dismissed an employee in September 2005 who was critical of superiors' refusal to pursue

1049: 4358: 1408:$ 18 million in illegal gains and pay $ 10 million in penalties. A month later, the SEC settled Aguirre's 876:

issued a directive mandating that the agency use the term "customers" only to refer to the flying public.

4228: 2792: 1834: 1454:, then SEC enforcement director, who began working as general counsel for Deutsche Bank in October 2001. 1301:, who have banded together to penalize banks and reform the mortgage modification process, following the 983: 763: 699: 3779:

13: A Comparison of Government Regulation of Risk in the Financial Services and Nuclear Power Industries

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forbade "undue and unreasonable prejudice" against interstate passengers, in the sixty-six years before

5375: 2920: 1595: 1369: 1169:(NRC) has often been too timid in ensuring that America's 104 commercial reactors are operated safely: 1162: 1065: 588:, or the regulator's desire to maintain its government funding. These forms of capture often amount to 345:

Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) as Barrier-to-Competition: Applications-to-Operate vs In-Operation

112: 47: 4118: 3468:"Making History in a Segregated Washington: Dovey Johnson Roundtree and her 45-year Fight for Justice" 2758:

Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (June 21, 2010). Retrieved April 8, 2011

2191:

ICE Australia, International Conferences and Events (PDF) (October 24, 2007). Retrieved April 14, 2011

1770:

and its investigation illustrate an early example of regulatory failure and regulatory capture of the

725:

The three-stage reorganization, including the name change to BOEMRE, was part of a re-organization by

5973: 5879: 5828: 5703: 5180: 4547: 2256: 1522: 1389: 1243: 1206: 1029:

was president, he became unusually close with the scions of Wall Street banks, a time when banks and

826:(FAA) charter was amended in 1996, its sole focus has been the regulation of safety. A report by the 581: 412: 5396: 4878: 4839:"Resistance and Co-optation: the Japanese Federation of the Deaf and its Relations with State Power" 4395: 4307:"Resistance and Co-optation: the Japanese Federation of the Deaf and its Relations with State Power" 3803: 2606: 2112: 2072: 6055: 5948: 5848: 5133: 4943: 3975:

U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Press Release (February 19, 2009) Retrieved January 9, 2011

3705: 3676: 2775: 2397: 1829: 1752: 1302: 489: 257: 4367:

The National Diet of Japan Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission (NAIIC)

5995: 5894: 5014: 4920: 4580: 3582: 2819: 2708: 2688: 2412: 1692: 1562: 1111: 957: 884: 493: 384: 3741:"IG Investigation Spurred by POGO Found Former NRC Commissioner Merrifield Violated Ethics Laws" 6048: 5145: 4873: 4334: 3538: 2601: 2396:

Millions of people who travel between the Mid-Atlantic and the Midwest each year fight through

2067: 1839: 1767: 1618: 1373: 1298: 1040:

During the crisis, several major banks that were on the verge of collapse were rescued via the

967: 956:, who served on the FCC for eight years and was chairman for four, was appointed president and 856: 561:(1972) describes concern that regulators become too favorable with their regulated industries. 461: 157: 5645: 3957: 3439: 3375: 3127: 3104: 3024: 2566: 395:(1991), and Levine & Forrence (1990). The theory of regulatory capture is associated with 5370: 5150: 5113: 4426: 3947:

U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission press release (May 27, 2010). Retrieved March 3, 2011

3516:"Building "The Beloved Community" The Roundtree Residences and the Vision of Dovey Roundtree" 3201:"Mechanisms of regulatory capture: Testing claims of industry influence in the case of Vioxx" 2159: 1975: 1849: 1424: 743: 245: 4595: 4145:"Why The FTC Won't Take Bill Ackman's Advice To Prosecute Herbalife (Even Though It Should)" 3904: 379:

Regulatory capture theory is a core focus of the branch of public choice referred to as the

5789: 5068: 4993: 4519: 4493: 4032: 1622: 1409: 1246:. Jeffrey Merrifield, who was on the NRC from 1997 to 2008 and was appointed by presidents 1198: 589: 380: 350: 326: 297: 200: 195: 83: 2950: 8: 5938: 5175: 4936: 3200: 2962: 1878: 1688: 1650: 1551: 1158: 1045: 938: 863: 659: 648: 357:

when this is successful at influencing the staff or commission members of the regulator.

4768: 2671:

Motorcycle News (2019) 'The Man Who Invented Our Kit Standards', 27 November, pp. 28–29.

2035: 5576: 5118: 5063: 4899: 4891: 4825: 4797: 4793: 4755: 4716: 4686: 4612: 3272: 3239: 2779: 2627: 2619: 2474: 2466: 2314: 2237: 2093: 2085: 1957: 1844: 1643:. Some former ministry officials have been offered lucrative jobs in a practice called 1405: 1311: 1131: 1119: 831: 782: 767: 141: 3047: 2849: 654:

Iain McLean and Martin Johnes, in a 2000 study of the Aberfan disaster, observed that

6129: 6041: 5958: 5306: 5253: 5081: 5076: 4988: 4664: 3860: 3625: 3445: 3349: 3341: 3277: 3259: 3220: 3123: 3100: 3030: 2924: 2652: 2478: 2241: 2149: 2012: 1824: 1814: 1599: 1496: 1451: 1428: 1385: 1142: 953: 798: 435:

The opposite is possible. Very large and powerful industries (e.g., energy, banking,

322: 305: 205: 190: 73: 61: 4903: 3985: 2868:: Categorical Exclusion Policy Remains Unchanged". Ecology L. Currents 37 (2010): 1. 2684: 2631: 2097: 1209:

had voted overwhelmingly to deny such an extension. The Vermont plant uses the same

758:

coziness with the industries it regulates" but Daniel R. Patterson, a member of the

6069: 5963: 5911: 5640: 5350: 5321: 5208: 5138: 5128: 5108: 4883: 4850: 4789: 4745: 4737: 4706: 4698: 4638: 4234: 3945:"SEC Charges Pequot Capital Management and CEO Arthur Samberg With Insider Trading" 3333: 3267: 3251: 3240:"Alosetron: a case study in regulatory capture, or a victory for patients' rights?" 3212: 2983: 2611: 2458: 2338: 2306: 2279: 2271: 2229: 2077: 1949: 1819: 1804: 1607: 1344: 1274: 1185:

The NRC has given a license to "every single reactor requesting one", according to

1098: 1026: 990: 979: 918: 811: 680: 644: 630: 585: 388: 214: 168: 164: 66: 4642: 3972: 3944: 3482: 2748: 785:, as required by law. BP and other companies were also given a blanket exemption ( 5889: 5823: 5597: 5301: 5296: 4973: 4687:"The Marasmus of the ICC: The Commission, the Railroads, and the Public Interest" 4214: 4086: 3929: 3422: 2799: 2755: 2733: 2646: 2275: 2207: 2188: 2042: 1795: 1714: 1639:

Both the ministry and the agency have ties with nuclear plant operators, such as

1479: 1471: 1393: 1340: 1315:

as evidence that the OCC is "a captive of the banks it is supposed to regulate".

1009:

The Food and Drug Administration is considered to suffer from regulatory capture

994: 947: 942: 933:

Legal scholars have pointed to the possibility that federal agencies such as the

313: 173: 152: 98: 22: 2113:"Regulatory Capture 101: Impressionable journalists finally meet George Stigler" 693: 5968: 5926: 5355: 5311: 5228: 4461: 4330: 4294:"CRTC Chair Defends UBB Decision at Industry Committee Meeting amidst Backlash" 1771: 1640: 1501: 1463: 1420: 1355: 1335:

and of dragging its feet or refusing to investigate cases or bring charges for

1255: 1251: 1235: 1186: 1146: 911: 848: 778: 751: 456: 400: 367: 354: 121: 103: 4711: 2233: 1537: 6113: 5853: 5275: 5218: 4911: 3826: 3609:"Democrats step up pressure on nuclear regulators over disaster preparedness" 3345: 3263: 3255: 3224: 2938:"Airlines, including Southwest, are so safe it's hard to rank them by safety" 2310: 1898: 1859: 1611: 1467: 1447: 1416: 1348: 1090: 1061: 1057: 1053: 971: 970:

was one of the FCC commissioners who approved a controversial merger between

915: 873: 862:

On July 22, 2008, a bill was unanimously approved in the Democrat-controlled

840: 210: 178: 6003:

R v Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex parte Pinochet (No 2)

3321: 5943: 5916: 5843: 5818: 5803: 5316: 5268: 5263: 5223: 5123: 5093: 5044: 4915: 4855: 4838: 3905:"Pequot Capital and Its Chief Agree to Settle S.E.C. Suit for $ 28 Million" 3353: 3281: 2978: 2680: 2356: 1980: 1953: 1902: 1872: 1854: 1381: 1358: 1247: 1179: 1074: 1069: 640: 416: 318: 224: 137: 88: 3677:"Alleged conflict of interest by former NRC commissioner (Case No. 07-63)" 2377:"As Trump Vows Building Splurge, Famed Traffic Choke Point Offers Warning" 5280: 5238: 5233: 5198: 5165: 5048: 3818: 1681: 1547: 1443: 1377: 1328: 1214: 1022: 726: 396: 392: 147: 4829: 4750: 2318: 2283: 1961: 1789: 714:(ONRR). On October 1, 2011, BOEMRE was then split into two bureaus, the 6034: 5899: 5758: 5733: 5554:

Commission for the Prevention of Corruption of the Republic of Slovenia

5248: 5203: 5160: 4959: 4895: 4759: 3857:

Political Sticky Wicket: The Untouchable Ponzi Scheme of Allen Stanford

3216: 2623: 2470: 2089: 1654: 1630: 1614:'s report on Fukushima attributed this directly to regulatory capture. 1567:

House of Commons Standing Committee on Industry, Science and Technology

1516: 1432: 1332: 1213:

as the Fukushima Daiichi plant. The plant had been found to be leaking

1030: 869:

United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation

735: 301: 4801: 4720: 4069:

Project on Government Oversight (May 13, 2011). Retrieved May 23, 2011

4067:"Revolving Regulators: SEC Faces Ethic Challenges with Revolving Door" 3337: 1222: 925:

was tasked with the investigation of the FAA's certification process.

5874: 5170: 5098: 5058: 5039: 3029:

Google Books. Thomson South-Western, 8th edition (2008) p. 497.

2567:"Too Small to Fail: State Bailouts and Capture by Industry Underdogs" 1701: 1645: 1555: 1475: 1401: 1085:

Historians, political scientists, and economists have often used the

1044:. Geithner engineered the New York Fed's purchase of $ 30 billion of 888: 739: 636: 126: 56: 30: 4887: 4741: 3785:. Nuclear Enterprise Conference (Draft). Hoover Inst., Stanford Univ 2615: 2462: 2081: 1676:(now combined with the Ministry of Labour) came under fire over the 478: 6009: 5921: 5905: 5833: 5243: 5213: 4983: 4702: 1118:(1955) the ICC had ruled against every black petitioner bringing a 907: 898:

That the FAA was a victim of regulatory capture was one focus of a

844: 675: 285: 52: 4119:"Pyramid Schemes & MLM – Fraud Files Forensic Accounting Blog" 3626:"Lobbyists' Long Effort to Revive Nuclear Industry Faces New Test" 2334:"The Military Industrial Complex Is Too Strong Is Too Many States" 645:

killing 116 children and 28 adults in the Welsh village of Aberfan

5155: 5053: 4457:"Japan Nuclear Energy Drive Compromised by Conflicts of Interest" 1732:

World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control

1636:

said, "The regulators just rubber-stamp the utilities' reports".

1218: 975: 747: 4864:

Stigler, George J. (1971). "The Theory of Economic Regulation".

4494:

Mental Castration, the HIV Scandal, and the Japanese Bureaucracy

3143:

Robert Paterson, blog (March 15, 2011). Retrieved April 12, 2011

2921:"FAA's 'culture of coziness' targeted in airline safety hearing" 2592:

Stigler, George J. (1971). "The Theory of Economic Regulation".

2058:

Stigler, George J. (1971). "The Theory of Economic Regulation".

1667: 1590:

Despite warnings about its safety, Japanese regulators from the

900:

United States Senate Commerce Subcommittee on Aviation and Space

5483: 4149: 2951:

Bill Summary & Status 110th Congress (2007 - 2008) H.R.6493

2360: 1482:

and other major Wall Street firms that played key roles in the

665: 132: 2997:

Southwest Air Agrees to $ 7.5 Million Fine, FAA Says (Update2)

2818:(Report). League of Conservation Voters. 2006 . Archived from 2145:

Regulating Development: Evidence from Africa and Latin America

1594:(NISA) approved a 10-year extension for the oldest of the six 1351:, called the agency "nonfunctional, captive to the industry". 914:

platform that crashed had been subjected to only an "amended"

742:

companies and in 2006, he voted to end protections that limit

5858: 5443: 5103: 4928: 2963:

Bill Summary & Status 110th Congress (2007 - 2008) S.3440

2704:"The Gulf Spill, the Financial Crisis and Government Failure" 1336: 704:

Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement

694:

Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement

4617:

Ten Years of WTO Dispute Settlement: Australian Perspectives

4577:"Department of Health v. Philip Morris Manufacturing (2015)" 4052:"DJ Compliance Watch: SEC Plan To Catch Big Fish Questioned" 3501:

Journey from Jim Crow: The Desegregation of Southern Transit

3078:"Boeing 737 Max raises questions about plane safety process" 2903:"Bill proposes distance between airlines and FAA regulators" 1288: 5884: 5088: 4679:"A Crime Not a Crisis: Why Health Insurance Costs So Much"' 3723:"Nuclear Agency Is Criticized as Too Close to Its Industry" 2905:

AINonline.com (September 1, 2008). Retrieved April 11, 2011

2413:"Thin Political Markets: The Soft Underbelly of Capitalism" 2009:

Bureaucracy: what government agencies do and why they do it

1544:

Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission

1538:

Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission

1347:, who spent ten years trying to get the SEC to investigate 922: 5479:

Special Investigation Service of the Republic of Lithuania

3475:

Journal of the Bar Association of the District of Columbia

3425:

King World News (December 7, 2010). Retrieved May 14, 2011

1507: 1327:(SEC) has also been accused of acting in the interests of 1201:, the NRC approved a 20-year extension for the license of 1122:

complaint, earning the nickname "The Supreme Court of the

4258:"Washington now has the worst recreational marijuana law" 4054:

Dow Jones Newswire (May 16, 2011). Retrieved May 23, 2011

3890:

United States District Court for the District of Columbia

2180:

Gary Adams, Sharon Hayes, Stuart Weierter and John Boyd,

1225:

even existed. Representative Tony Klein, who chaired the

330: 5676:

International Association of Anti-Corruption Authorities

4561: 4296:

OpenMedia.ca (February 3, 2011). Retrieved April 4, 2011

3503:. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 168–169. 3176:"Warren, Jayapal question FCC over industry's influence" 1940:

Dal Bó, Ernesto (2006). "Regulatory capture: A review".

1217:

materials through a network of underground pipes, which

3651:"Nuclear regulator broke rules, says inspector general" 1585: 1242:

Although the exception, there have been instances of a

774: 3596:"Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Station-License Renewal" 3579:"Is the Government's Nuclear Regulator Up to the Job?" 3405:

Bloomberg (January 29, 2010). Retrieved April 11, 2011

2940:

USAToday.com (April 20, 2018). Retrieved March 3, 2023

1384:. Mack was suspected of giving insider information to 662:

whose activities they were supposed to be overseeing.

415:, ‘highjack’ the regulator by offering high salaries. 5473:

Governance and Economic Management Assistance Program

5432:

Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong)

3881:

Gary J. Aguirre v. Securities and Exchange Commission

3322:"Future jobs of FDA's haematology-oncology reviewers" 1881:, promotes government transparency and accountability 1318: 1258:, which has a nuclear division regulated by the NRC. 781:

without first attaining permits to assess threats to

754:

Coast. One of Salazar's immediate tasks was to " the

5414:

Anti-corruption and Economic Malpractice Observatory

4866:

The Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science

4611:

Thomas A. Faunce, Warwick Neville and Anton Wasson,

4574: 4455:

Clenfield, Jason; Sato, Shigeru (12 December 2007).

4103:"S.E.C. Files Were Illegally Destroyed, Lawyer Says" 4017:"Gary Lynch, Defender of Companies, Has His Critics" 3559:

Salon.com (March 17, 2011). Retrieved March 18, 2011

2850:"U.S. Said to Allow Drilling Without Needed Permits" 2594:

The Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science

2060:

The Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science

1785: 1517:

Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board and I-502

1033:

were pursuing investment strategies that caused the

928: 5615:

Citizen's Charter and Grievance Redressal Bill 2011

4333:; Onishi, Norimitsu; Belson, Ken (March 21, 2011). 4329: 3892:

Civil Action No. 06-1260 (ESH) April 28, 2008).

2257:"Legal conflicts of interest of the revolving door" 1012: 962:

National Cable & Telecommunications Association

4425:Onishi, Norimitsu; Fackler, Martin (16 May 2011). 4227: 3973:"Robert Khuzami Named SEC Director of Enforcement" 3766:Salon.com (June 20, 2011). Retrieved June 20, 2011 817: 300:of authority that occurs when a political entity, 4427:"Japanese Officials Ignored or Concealed Dangers" 3374:Becker, Jo; Morgenson, Gretchen (27 April 2009). 3048:"Why are some firms more profitable than others?" 2967: 2776:"Environmentalists Wary of Obama's Interior Pick" 2651:. Cardiff: Welsh Academic Press. p. 48,150. 1297:(OCC) has strongly opposed the efforts of the 50 1080: 837:House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee 569:There are two basic types of regulatory capture: 6111: 4335:"Japan Extended Reactor's Life, Despite Warning" 3900: 3898: 3536: 3014:(September 18, 2009). Retrieved October 17, 2009 2721: 2719: 1325:United States Securities and Exchange Commission 1254:, left the NRC to take an executive position at 1152: 5809:Conflict of interest in the healthcare industry 4450: 4448: 4446: 4313:Vol. 5, No. 1 (April 2002), p 19 (PDF 3 of 20). 4279:"CRTC wants internet pricing answers from Bell" 3598:NRC, official website. Retrieved April 04, 2011 3403:"Secret Banking Cabal Emerges From AIG Shadows" 3397: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3376:"Geithner, Member and Overseer of Finance Club" 3373: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3061:"The Government's Elite and Regulatory Capture" 3053: 3050:econoclass.com (2007). Retrieved April 12, 2011 2995:John Hughes for Bloomberg News. March 2, 2009. 2296: 2110: 1521:Some commentators have acknowledged that while 1134:basis for six years before being forced by the 1004: 795:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 643:Colliery slipped after a period of heavy rain, 426: 5583:Central Steering Committee for Anti-Corruption 5450:Fiji Independent Commission Against Corruption 5381:UNCAC Coalition of Civil Society Organisations 4779: 4615:(PDF) Peace Palace Library. In M. Bray (Ed.), 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4229:"Unchecked pot dispensaries are undoing I-502" 2975:"Southwest Airlines faces $ 10.2 million fine" 2931: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2739:(October 4, 2011). Retrieved February 17, 2012 2701: 2219: 1174:nuclear regulation has declined precipitously. 982:agency for life. Nonetheless, Craig Aaron, of 872:through. In September 2009, FAA Administrator 777:and dozens of other companies to drill in the 716:Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement 6099:Conflicts of interest on Knowledge (category) 5774: 4944: 4910: 4782:Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization 4727: 4661:Regulating Business by Independent Commission 4454: 4424: 4033:"S.E.C. Inquiry on Hedge Fund Draws Scrutiny" 3895: 3764:"U.S. nuclear regulators weaken safety rules" 3499:Barnes, Catherine A. (1983). "Freedom Ride". 3441:Regulating Business by Independent Commission 3159:"F.C.C. Commissioner Leaving to Join Comcast" 2961:Library of Congress, Thomas Official Website 2949:Library of Congress, Thomas Official Website 2844: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2727:"BOEMRE splits – becomes BSEE and BOEM" 2716: 2491: 2441: 1668:Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) 670:With the advent of the European standard for 265: 5686:United Nations Convention against Corruption 5666:Inter-American Convention Against Corruption 4628: 4443: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4108:(August 17, 2011). Retrieved August 19, 2011 4092:(August 17, 2011). Retrieved August 19, 2011 4080:"Is the SEC Covering Up Wall Street Crimes?" 4022:(September 3, 1996). Retrieved March 4, 2011 4001:"Deutsche Bank Hires Former S.E.C. Official" 3991:(April 13, 2009) Retrieved February 26, 2011 3963:(June 29, 2010). Retrieved February 21, 2011 3840:"Madoff Whistleblower Markopolos Blasts SEC" 3830:(February 16, 2011). Retrieved March 3, 2011 3433: 3431: 3386: 3360: 3008:"FAA will stop calling airlines 'customers'" 2897: 2895: 2893: 2876: 2874: 2783:(December 17, 2008). Retrieved April 8, 2011 2644: 1867:North American groups promoting transparency 1460:National Archives and Records Administration 1221:, the company running the plant, had denied 1042:Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 666:Motorcyclists' protective clothing standards 5979:Sponsorship of continuing medical education 5724:Movement for Peace with Justice and Dignity 5559:Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission 5403:Australian Criminal Intelligence Commission 4513: 4511: 4316: 4062: 4060: 3935:(June 29, 2010) Retrieved February 21, 2011 3758: 3756: 3754: 3573: 3571: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3444:. Princeton University Press. p. 265. 3320:Bien, Jeffrey; Prasad, Vinay (2016-09-27). 2908: 1742: 1489: 1101:administration, replied in an 1892 letter: 507:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 5781: 5767: 5571:National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine 5467:Corruption Prevention and Combating Bureau 4951: 4937: 4684: 4284:(August 24, 2009). Retrieved April 5, 2011 4193:"D.C. Taxis – No Zones, No Justice?" 4038:(October 22, 2006) Retrieved March 4, 2011 4006:(October 2, 2001). Retrieved March 4, 2011 3809:(March 18, 2011). Retrieved March 19, 2011 3745:POGO - The Project on Government Oversight 3614:(March 18, 2011). Retrieved March 19, 2011 3586:(March 17, 2011). Retrieved March 18, 2011 3557:"Ex-regulator flacking for pro-nuke lobby" 3319: 3199:Heims, Eva; Moxon, Sophie (January 2024). 3198: 2882:"U.S. to Issue More Gulf Drilling Permits" 2829: 2761: 2534:Harvard Journal of Law & Public Policy 2492:Carpenter, Daniel; Moss, David A. (2014). 1546:(CRTC) provisionally granted a request by 1527:Washington State Liquor and Cannabis Board 906:crash that followed a previous crash of a 272: 258: 4877: 4854: 4749: 4710: 4658: 4496:(Report). Japan Policy Research Institute 4409: 4046: 4044: 3623: 3617: 3437: 3428: 3271: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3066:(June 11, 2010). Retrieved April 11, 2011 2986:(March 6, 2008). Retrieved April 11, 2011 2928:(April 3, 2008). Retrieved April 11, 2011 2890: 2887:(March 22, 2011). Retrieved April 8, 2011 2871: 2674: 2605: 2071: 2048:(August 3, 2006). Retrieved April 1, 2011 2030: 2028: 1907: 1295:Office of the Comptroller of the Currency 1289:Office of the Comptroller of the Currency 1130:, attempting to justify segregation on a 855:major commercial aviation disaster since 527:Learn how and when to remove this message 391:(1955), Huntington (1952), Laffont & 233:Enforcement authorities and organizations 5788: 5501:Independent Corrupt Practices Commission 4836: 4542: 4540: 4508: 4491: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4198:(April 23, 2008). Retrieved July 9, 2012 4057: 3845:(June 5, 2009). Retrieved March 29, 2011 3751: 3601: 3562: 3549: 3237: 2793:"2005 "National Environmental Scorecard" 2692:(June 24, 2010). Retrieved April 5, 2011 1569:to defend the agency's decision. Critic 997:issued a letter (citing a report by the 340: 5543:Sierra Leone Anti-corruption Commission 5408:Anti-Corruption Commission (Bangladesh) 4863: 4172:"OPINION: Thinking outside the pyramid" 4031:Walt Bogdanich and Gretchen Morgenson, 3910:(May 27, 2010). Retrieved March 4, 2011 3775: 2855:(May 13, 2010). Retrieved April 8, 2011 2591: 2331: 2182:"Regulatory Capture: Managing the Risk" 2148:. Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 14. 2057: 1875:, tracks money and politics in the U.S. 1810:Concentrated benefits and diffuse costs 1756:non-violation nullification of benefits 1627:Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry 1508:District of Columbia Taxicab Commission 729:, who was sworn into office as the new 455:Regulatory public interest is based on 6112: 6017:R v Sussex Justices, ex parte McCarthy 5631:Freedom of information laws by country 5548:Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau 4810:Regulatory Capture: Causes and Effects 4041: 3918: 3916: 3854: 3513: 3498: 3465: 3294: 3173: 3164:(May 11, 2011). Retrieved May 12, 2011 3146: 3117: 3094: 2742: 2374: 2254: 2025: 2006: 1939: 1602:just one month before a 9.0 magnitude 839:investigated the matter after two FAA 5762: 5495:Anti-Corruption Commission of Myanmar 5437:Commission Against Corruption (Macau) 5366:International Anti-Corruption Academy 4932: 4815: 4537: 4517: 4476: 3075: 2866:BP's Well Evaded Environmental Review 2645:McLean, Iain; Johnes, Martin (2000). 2564: 2560: 2558: 2543:from the original on October 30, 2020 2451:University of Pennsylvania Law Review 2423:from the original on 27 February 2018 2141: 2123:from the original on October 18, 2014 1283:Institute of Nuclear Power Operations 442: 5714:2012 Indian anti-corruption movement 5709:2011 Indian anti-corruption movement 5490:Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission 5420:National Anti-Corruption Observatory 4596:"House Bill No. 917 (17th Congress)" 3855:Kurdas, Chidem (15 September 2012). 3804:"An Advocate Who Scares Republicans" 3416:Part II, Interview with Jim Rickards 3069: 2524: 2442:Hanson, Jon; Yosifon, David (2003). 2375:Savage, Charlie (February 6, 2017). 1988:from the original on October 3, 2015 1592:Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency 1586:Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency 1116:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company 830:found that FAA managers had allowed 505:adding citations to reliable sources 472: 5954:Pharmaceutical sales representative 5636:The Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 5531:National Anticorruption Directorate 5525:Anti-Corruption General Directorate 4766: 3913: 3537:Frank Von Hippel (March 23, 2011). 3297:"The Regulatory Capture of the FDA" 3120:Hofstra Law Review, Vol. 35, p. 152 3097:Hofstra Law Review, Vol. 35, p. 148 2802:(PDF) League of Conservation Voters 2702:O'Driscoll, Gerald (12 June 2010). 2355:Senate Budget Committee Chairwoman 2332:Richter, Wolf (February 21, 2013). 2111:Editorial Board (October 6, 2014). 1766:McClean and Johnes argued that the 881:deregulation of the US air industry 712:Office of Natural Resources Revenue 656:Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Mines 639:containing spoil and tailings from 624: 13: 5814:Conflicts of interest on Knowledge 5361:Group of States Against Corruption 4730:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 4652: 4518:Otake, Tomoko (November 1, 2009). 4142: 3958:"SEC Settles With a Former Lawyer" 3706:"NRC OIG- Memorandum of Interview" 3624:Lichtblau, Eric (March 24, 2011). 2555: 2506:from the original on July 16, 2015 2299:Publius: The Journal of Federalism 2222:Journal of Institutional Economics 1319:Securities and Exchange Commission 1203:Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant 1191:2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami 1126:". The ICC then failed to enforce 910:flight and claimed 157 lives. The 672:motorcyclists' protective clothing 29: 14: 6151: 5537:Investigative Committee of Russia 4767:Lee, Timothy B. (3 August 2006). 4593: 4562:"National Tobacco Administration" 4394:. 20 August 2002 . Archived from 4208:"About the DC Taxicab Commission" 3986:"Davis Polk Recruits Ex-SEC Aide" 3933:Government Accountability Project 3776:Taylor, John B.; Wolak, Frank A. 2648:Aberfan: Government and Disasters 1761: 1604:earthquake and subsequent tsunami 935:Federal Communications Commission 929:Federal Communications Commission 828:U.S. Department of Transportation 720:Bureau of Ocean Energy Management 372:The Theory of Economic Regulation 241:International Competition Network 6094: 6093: 6084: 6083: 5729:Russian anti-corruption campaign 5719:Anti-austerity movement in Spain 5626:Foreign Extortion Prevention Act 4818:Fordham Environmental Law Review 4794:10.1093/jleo/6.special_issue.167 4622: 4605: 4587: 4568: 4554: 4548:"Tobacco Regulation Act of 2003" 4380: 4351: 4299: 4287: 4272: 4250: 3823:"Why Isn't Wall Street in Jail?" 2813:National Environmental Scorecard 2685:"Obama and 'Regulatory Capture'" 2581:from the original on 2016-06-18. 1942:Oxford Review of Economic Policy 1788: 1737: 1561:On February 2, 2011, CRTC chair 1366:U.S. Senate Committee on Finance 1037:, which the Fed failed to stop. 1019:Federal Reserve Bank of New York 1013:Federal Reserve Bank of New York 902:meeting held in the wake of the 760:Arizona House of Representatives 688: 477: 6089:Conflict of interest (category) 5565:Servicio de Vigilancia Aduanera 5426:National Supervisory Commission 4492:Miyamoto, Masao (August 1996). 4220: 4201: 4185: 4164: 4136: 4111: 4095: 4072: 4025: 4009: 3994: 3978: 3966: 3950: 3938: 3873: 3848: 3833: 3812: 3796: 3769: 3733: 3715: 3698: 3684:Project on Government Oversight 3669: 3643: 3589: 3530: 3507: 3492: 3459: 3408: 3313: 3288: 3231: 3192: 3167: 3134: 3111: 3088: 3076:Olive, David (March 31, 2019). 3040: 3017: 3001: 2989: 2955: 2943: 2858: 2805: 2786: 2695: 2665: 2638: 2585: 2518: 2494:"Preventing Regulatory Capture" 2485: 2435: 2405: 2387:from the original on 2020-10-30 2368: 2346:from the original on 2017-08-08 2325: 2290: 2248: 2213: 1976:"Regulatory Capture Definition" 1913: 1892: 1437:Project on Government Oversight 999:Project On Government Oversight 824:Federal Aviation Administration 818:Federal Aviation Administration 804:Center for Biological Diversity 791:environmental impact statements 403:, one of its major developers. 387:. Often cited articles include 5513:Investigation Task Force Sweep 5507:National Accountability Bureau 4979:Corruption in local government 4967:Corruption in different fields 4958: 4769:"Opinion | Entangling the Web" 4685:Huntington, Samuel P. (1952). 4663:. Princeton University Press. 3141:"Regulatory Capture in Action" 2499:. Cambridge University Press. 2255:Brezis, Elise S. (June 2017). 2194: 2174: 2135: 2104: 2051: 2000: 1968: 1933: 1709: 1674:Ministry of Health and Welfare 1606:damaged reactors and caused a 1364:The SEC has been found by the 1087:Interstate Commerce Commission 1081:Interstate Commerce Commission 468: 246:List of competition regulators 1: 5621:Foreign Corrupt Practices Act 5519:Central Anticorruption Bureau 4643:10.1111/1467-9299.t01-1-00228 4520:"Ministry insider speaks out" 4311:Social Science Japan Journal, 3466:McCabe, Katie (15 May 2011). 3438:Bernstein, Marver H. (1955). 3174:Neidig, Harper (2019-07-01). 2571:Capital University Law Review 1927: 1354:Similarly in the case of the 1232:Union of Concerned Scientists 1167:Nuclear Regulatory Commission 1153:Nuclear Regulatory Commission 904:Ethiopian Airlines Flight 302 698:In the aftermath of the 2010 6063:Who Killed the Electric Car? 5681:OECD Anti-Bribery Convention 5671:International asset recovery 5455:Central Vigilance Commission 5010:Corruption Perceptions Index 4843:Social Science Japan Journal 3514:McCabe, Katie (2013-03-07). 3295:Jacobs, Maxim (2021-06-12). 3238:Moynihan, Ray (2002-09-14). 2276:10.1016/j.jmacro.2017.04.006 1724:Philippine Tobacco Institute 1678:scandal of HIV-tainted blood 1309:. This example was cited in 1052:(AIG), which it had sold to 1050:American International Group 1005:Food and Drug Administration 989:In July 2019, congresswomen 555:Justice Douglas' dissent in 427:Relationship with federalism 16:Form of political corruption 7: 5739:2017–2019 Romanian protests 4837:Nakamura, K. (April 2002). 3205:Regulation & Governance 2142:Amann, Edmund, ed. (2006). 1835:Iron triangle (US politics) 1781: 1285:to reduce regulatory risk. 937:(FCC) had been captured by 764:National Mining Association 700:Deepwater Horizon oil spill 614: 10: 6156: 5744:2017–2018 Russian protests 5376:Transparency International 5351:Global Financial Integrity 4575:Philippine Supreme Court. 3923:"SEC Settles with Aguirre" 3886:551 F. Supp. 2d 33 3037:. Retrieved April 12, 2011 1778:by the shipping industry. 1484:2007–2008 financial crisis 1398:Freedom of Information Act 1370:Senate Judiciary Committee 1307:2007–2008 financial crisis 1163:Three Mile Island accident 1145:to act in response to the 1035:2007–2008 financial crisis 708:Department of the Interior 647:. In contravention of the 628: 437:weapon system construction 113:Anti-competitive practices 79:Herfindahl–Hirschman index 48:History of competition law 6079: 6026: 5987: 5867: 5829:Judicial disqualification 5796: 5704:2011 Azerbaijani protests 5694: 5654: 5605: 5596: 5389: 5343: 5334: 5289: 5191: 5181:Offshore financial centre 5032: 5023: 5002: 4984:Interest group corruption 4966: 4659:Bernstein, M. H. (1955). 4217:. Retrieved July 9, 2012 3301:The American Conservative 2525:Engstrom, David Freeman. 2264:Journal of Macroeconomics 2234:10.1017/S1744137418000498 2170:– via Google Books. 2011:. New York: Basic Books. 1720:Department of Agriculture 1532: 1523:Washington Initiative 502 1390:Pequot Capital Management 1207:Vermont state legislature 789:) from having to provide 731:Secretary of the Interior 619: 336: 5949:Pharmaceutical marketing 5646:Whistleblower protection 5134:Cryptocurrency and crime 4362: 3256:10.1136/bmj.325.7364.592 1885: 1830:Inverted totalitarianism 1753:World Trade Organization 1743:World Trade Organization 1610:. The conclusion to the 1577: 1490:Federal Trade Commission 1435:and Paul R. Berger. The 1303:subprime mortgage crisis 1211:GE Mark 1 reactor design 564: 6125:Economics of regulation 5996:Nemo iudex in causa sua 5015:Economics of corruption 4921:100,000,000 Guinea Pigs 4637:(4): 729–730, 746–747. 3989:The Wall Street Journal 3481:(I): 84. Archived from 3244:British Medical Journal 2885:The Wall Street Journal 2737:Oil & Gas Law Brief 2709:The Wall Street Journal 2689:The Wall Street Journal 1693:pharmaceutical industry 1563:Konrad von Finckenstein 1412:lawsuit for $ 755,000. 1299:state attorneys general 1128:Keys vs. Carolina Coach 1112:Interstate Commerce Act 958:chief executive officer 885:Civil Aeronautics Board 596:Non-materialist capture 381:economics of regulation 351:public choice theorists 5880:Arm's length principle 5641:UK Bribery Act of 2010 5397:Oficina Anticorrupción 5146:Noble cause corruption 5003:Measures of corruption 3539:"It Could Happen Here" 2754:June 26, 2010, at the 2565:Yadin, Sharon (2015). 2311:10.1093/publius/pjr037 2007:Wilson, James (2000). 1840:Occupational licensing 1768:sinking of the Titanic 1494:The decision known as 1374:federal district court 1176: 1108: 968:Meredith Attwell Baker 887:served to maintain an 857:Colgan Air Flight 3407 635:On 21 October 1966, a 462:public interest theory 364: 346: 317:is related to that of 158:Occupational licensing 34: 5371:Mo Ibrahim Foundation 5151:Professional courtesy 5114:Honest services fraud 4631:Public Administration 1850:Regulatory capitalism 1565:testified before the 1425:Linda Chatman Thomsen 1193:that damaged Japan's 1171: 1165:in Pennsylvania, the 1136:Department of Justice 1103: 787:categorical exclusion 744:offshore oil drilling 558:Sierra Club v. Morton 360: 344: 33: 6140:Public choice theory 6135:Political corruption 6120:Conflict of interest 5790:Conflict of interest 5335:Institutions dealing 5069:Conflict of interest 4994:Political corruption 4856:10.1093/ssjj/05.1.17 4691:The Yale Law Journal 3956:Gretchen Morgenson, 3686:. September 17, 2009 3059:Steven M. Davidoff, 2527:"Corralling Capture" 2036:"Entangling the Web" 1954:10.1093/oxrep/grj013 1749:Thomas Alured Faunce 1728:Department of Health 1680:being used to treat 1623:Fukushima Prefecture 1542:In August 2009, the 1410:wrongful termination 1343:. Financial analyst 1046:credit default swaps 590:political corruption 501:improve this section 201:Occupational closure 196:Dividing territories 184:Essential facilities 84:Market concentration 5939:Medical ghostwriter 5176:Offshore investment 4238:. November 14, 2014 4196:The Washington Post 4123:www.sequenceinc.com 3655:The Washington Post 3612:The Washington Post 3488:on January 5, 2012. 2117:Wall Street Journal 1879:Sunlight Foundation 1651:Katsuhiko Ishibashi 1552:usage-based billing 1161:, despite the 1979 1159:Frank N. von Hippel 939:media conglomerates 660:National Coal Board 649:National Coal Board 586:political donations 574:Materialist capture 399:laureate economist 5839:Regulatory capture 5577:Warioba Commission 5515:(Papua New Guinea) 5259:Regulatory capture 5064:Commercial bribery 4773:The New York Times 4712:20.500.13051/13870 4431:The New York Times 4339:The New York Times 4213:2012-06-17 at the 4106:The New York Times 4085:2017-08-22 at the 4036:The New York Times 4020:The New York Times 4004:The New York Times 3961:The New York Times 3928:2011-04-17 at the 3908:The New York Times 3807:The New York Times 3747:. 29 October 2009. 3727:The New York Times 3657:. October 29, 2009 3630:The New York Times 3421:2011-03-03 at the 3380:The New York Times 3217:10.1111/rego.12531 3162:The New York Times 3064:The New York Times 2853:The New York Times 2798:2008-12-19 at the 2780:The New York Times 2732:2011-12-11 at the 2381:The New York Times 2206:2016-06-07 at the 2187:2011-07-20 at the 2046:The New York Times 2041:2018-07-06 at the 1845:Regulator shopping 1662:Yoshihiro Kinugasa 1396:filed papers in a 1312:The New York Times 1149:protests of 1961. 1132:separate but equal 1120:racial segregation 941:. Peter Schuck of 859:in February 2009. 832:Southwest Airlines 783:endangered species 443:Economic rationale 347: 290:regulatory capture 220:Regulatory capture 35: 6107: 6106: 5959:Pharmacovigilance 5756: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5592: 5591: 5330: 5329: 5307:Election security 5254:Political scandal 4989:Police corruption 4677:Glover, P. 2007. 4369:]. 2012-10-25 4305:Nakamura, Karen. 4260:. 5 November 2014 3338:10.1136/bmj.i5055 3250:(7364): 592–595. 3035:978-0-324-53801-4 3023:Roger A. Arnold, 2925:Los Angeles Times 2155:978-1-84542-499-2 1825:Gaming the system 1815:Corporate welfare 1691:and the Japanese 1617:Nuclear opponent 1600:Fukushima Daiichi 1497:In re Amway Corp. 1452:Richard H. Walker 1429:Richard H. Walker 1386:Arthur J. Samberg 1143:Robert F. Kennedy 954:Michael K. Powell 799:offshore drilling 600:cognitive capture 578:financial capture 537: 536: 529: 323:political failure 282: 281: 211:Misuse of patents 206:Predatory pricing 191:Exclusive dealing 74:Barriers to entry 62:Coercive monopoly 6147: 6097: 6096: 6087: 6086: 6070:Taken for a Ride 5964:Political ethics 5912:Follow the money 5783: 5776: 5769: 5760: 5759: 5603: 5602: 5341: 5340: 5322:Vote suppression 5209:Crony capitalism 5139:Hawala and crime 5129:Money laundering 5109:Graft (politics) 5089:Confidence trick 5030: 5029: 5024:Forms or aspects 4953: 4946: 4939: 4930: 4929: 4925: 4907: 4881: 4860: 4858: 4833: 4805: 4776: 4763: 4753: 4736:(4): 1089–1127. 4724: 4714: 4674: 4647: 4646: 4626: 4620: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4579:. 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Broder, 2772: 2759: 2746: 2740: 2723: 2714: 2713: 2699: 2693: 2678: 2672: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2658:978-1860-570-339 2642: 2636: 2635: 2609: 2589: 2583: 2582: 2562: 2553: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2542: 2531: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2505: 2498: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2448: 2439: 2433: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2417:cmr.berkeley.edu 2409: 2403: 2402: 2393: 2392: 2372: 2366: 2365: 2352: 2351: 2339:Business Insider 2329: 2323: 2322: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2261: 2252: 2246: 2245: 2217: 2211: 2198: 2192: 2178: 2172: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2158:. Archived from 2139: 2133: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2075: 2055: 2049: 2034:Timothy B. Lee, 2032: 2023: 2022: 2004: 1998: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1972: 1966: 1965: 1937: 1921: 1917: 1911: 1896: 1820:Crony capitalism 1805:Campaign finance 1798: 1793: 1792: 1345:Harry Markopolos 1275:Associated Press 1140:Attorney General 1099:Grover Cleveland 1095:Attorney General 1066:Société Générale 1027:Timothy Geithner 991:Elizabeth Warren 980:executive branch 919:type certificate 891:of US airlines. 812:Michael Bromwich 773:MMS had allowed 738:and other major 681:Motor Cycle News 631:Aberfan disaster 625:Aberfan disaster 604:cultural capture 532: 525: 521: 518: 512: 481: 473: 375: 274: 267: 260: 165:Product bundling 67:Natural monopoly 19: 18: 6155: 6154: 6150: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6145: 6144: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6103: 6075: 6022: 5983: 5890:Business ethics 5863: 5849:Self-regulation 5824:Insider trading 5792: 5787: 5757: 5748: 5696: 5690: 5658: 5656: 5650: 5607: 5598:Anti-corruption 5588: 5385: 5337:with corruption 5336: 5326: 5302:Electoral fraud 5297:Ballot stuffing 5285: 5187: 5025: 5019: 4998: 4974:Corporate crime 4962: 4957: 4888:10.2307/3003160 4879:10.1.1.178.6588 4742:10.2307/2937958 4671: 4655: 4653:Further reading 4650: 4627: 4623: 4610: 4606: 4598: 4592: 4588: 4573: 4569: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4550:. 23 June 2003. 4546: 4545: 4538: 4528: 4526: 4516: 4509: 4499: 4497: 4490: 4477: 4467: 4465: 4453: 4444: 4435: 4433: 4423: 4410: 4401: 4399: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4372: 4370: 4364: 4357: 4356: 4352: 4343: 4341: 4331:Tabuchi, Hiroko 4328: 4317: 4304: 4300: 4292: 4288: 4277: 4273: 4263: 4261: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4226: 4225: 4221: 4215:Wayback Machine 4206: 4202: 4190: 4186: 4176: 4174: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4155: 4153: 4141: 4137: 4127: 4125: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4100: 4096: 4087:Wayback Machine 4077: 4073: 4065: 4058: 4049: 4042: 4030: 4026: 4014: 4010: 3999: 3995: 3984:Kara Scannell, 3983: 3979: 3971: 3967: 3955: 3951: 3943: 3939: 3930:Wayback Machine 3921: 3914: 3903: 3896: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3867: 3859:. 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Hall, 2724: 2717: 2700: 2696: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2659: 2643: 2639: 2616:10.2307/3003160 2607:10.1.1.178.6588 2590: 2586: 2563: 2556: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2529: 2523: 2519: 2509: 2507: 2503: 2496: 2490: 2486: 2463:10.2307/3313062 2446: 2440: 2436: 2426: 2424: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2398:Breezewood, Pa. 2390: 2388: 2373: 2369: 2349: 2347: 2330: 2326: 2295: 2291: 2259: 2253: 2249: 2218: 2214: 2208:Wayback Machine 2199: 2195: 2189:Wayback Machine 2179: 2175: 2165: 2163: 2156: 2140: 2136: 2126: 2124: 2109: 2105: 2082:10.2307/3003160 2073:10.1.1.178.6588 2056: 2052: 2043:Wayback Machine 2033: 2026: 2019: 2005: 2001: 1991: 1989: 1974: 1973: 1969: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1925: 1924: 1918: 1914: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1864: 1796:Politics portal 1794: 1787: 1784: 1764: 1751:has argued the 1745: 1740: 1715:Tobacco control 1712: 1670: 1588: 1580: 1540: 1535: 1519: 1510: 1492: 1480:Bank of America 1472:Lehman Brothers 1450:was stymied by 1394:Gary J. Aguirre 1341:insider trading 1321: 1291: 1205:, although the 1178:Then-candidate 1155: 1083: 1015: 1007: 995:Pramila Jayapal 948:consumer choice 943:Yale Law School 931: 820: 718:(BSEE) and the 696: 691: 668: 633: 627: 622: 617: 582:revolving doors 567: 533: 522: 516: 513: 498: 482: 471: 445: 429: 377: 366: 355:interest groups 339: 314:client politics 296:) is a form of 278: 174:Refusal to deal 153:Tacit collusion 99:Relevant market 23:Competition law 17: 12: 11: 5: 6153: 6143: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6105: 6104: 6102: 6101: 6091: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6074: 6073: 6066: 6059: 6052: 6045: 6038: 6030: 6028: 6024: 6023: 6021: 6020: 6013: 6006: 5999: 5991: 5989: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5974:Revolving door 5971: 5969:Political bias 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5927:Medical ethics 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5871: 5869: 5865: 5864: 5862: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5800: 5798: 5794: 5793: 5786: 5785: 5778: 5771: 5763: 5754: 5753: 5750: 5749: 5747: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5700: 5698: 5692: 5691: 5689: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5662: 5660: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5618: 5611: 5609: 5600: 5594: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5586: 5580: 5574: 5568: 5562: 5556: 5551: 5545: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5516: 5510: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5487: 5481: 5476: 5470: 5464: 5458: 5452: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5439: 5434: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5400: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5356:Global Witness 5353: 5347: 5345: 5338: 5332: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5312:Gerrymandering 5309: 5304: 5299: 5293: 5291: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5272: 5271: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5229:Ghost soldiers 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5188: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5183: 5178: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5136: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5085: 5084: 5079: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5042: 5036: 5034: 5027: 5021: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5006: 5004: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4963: 4956: 4955: 4948: 4941: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4912:Kallet, Arthur 4908: 4861: 4834: 4813: 4808:Greg McMahon, 4806: 4777: 4764: 4725: 4703:10.2307/793586 4697:(4): 467–509. 4682: 4675: 4669: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4648: 4621: 4604: 4594:Roque, Harry. 4586: 4583:on 2017-07-04. 4567: 4553: 4536: 4507: 4475: 4462:Bloomberg News 4442: 4408: 4379: 4350: 4315: 4298: 4286: 4271: 4249: 4219: 4200: 4184: 4163: 4143:Stroud, Matt. 4135: 4110: 4101:Edward Wyatt, 4094: 4071: 4056: 4040: 4024: 4015:Reed Abelson, 4008: 3993: 3977: 3965: 3949: 3937: 3912: 3894: 3872: 3866:978-1479257584 3865: 3847: 3843:Bloomberg News 3832: 3811: 3795: 3768: 3750: 3732: 3729:. May 7, 2011. 3714: 3697: 3668: 3642: 3616: 3600: 3588: 3561: 3548: 3543:New York Times 3529: 3526:on 2016-03-06. 3506: 3491: 3458: 3450: 3427: 3407: 3401:David Reilly, 3385: 3359: 3312: 3287: 3230: 3211:(1): 139–157. 3191: 3166: 3157:Edward Wyatt, 3145: 3133: 3110: 3087: 3068: 3052: 3039: 3016: 3000: 2988: 2973:David Koenig, 2966: 2954: 2942: 2930: 2907: 2889: 2870: 2857: 2828: 2825:on 2008-12-18. 2804: 2785: 2760: 2741: 2715: 2694: 2673: 2664: 2657: 2637: 2584: 2554: 2517: 2484: 2457:(1): 129–346. 2434: 2404: 2367: 2324: 2305:(2): 189–210. 2289: 2247: 2228:(4): 595–614. 2212: 2193: 2173: 2154: 2134: 2103: 2050: 2024: 2017: 1999: 1967: 1948:(2): 203–225. 1931: 1929: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1912: 1908:Lichtblau 2011 1890: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1882: 1876: 1869: 1868: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1783: 1780: 1772:Board of Trade 1763: 1762:Other examples 1760: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1711: 1708: 1669: 1666: 1641:Tokyo Electric 1634:Takashi Nakata 1621:, governor of 1587: 1584: 1579: 1576: 1571:Steve Anderson 1539: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1518: 1515: 1509: 1506: 1502:pyramid scheme 1491: 1488: 1464:Bernard Madoff 1421:Robert Khuzami 1356:Allen Stanford 1320: 1317: 1290: 1287: 1256:The Shaw Group 1244:revolving door 1236:Public Citizen 1187:Greenpeace USA 1154: 1151: 1147:Freedom Riders 1082: 1079: 1070:counterparties 1014: 1011: 1006: 1003: 930: 927: 912:Boeing 737 MAX 849:James Oberstar 841:whistleblowers 819: 816: 779:Gulf of Mexico 695: 692: 690: 687: 667: 664: 629:Main article: 626: 623: 621: 618: 616: 613: 608: 607: 598:, also called 593: 576:, also called 566: 563: 535: 534: 485: 483: 476: 470: 467: 457:market failure 444: 441: 428: 425: 413:revolving door 401:George Stigler 368:George Stigler 359: 338: 335: 294:agency capture 280: 279: 277: 276: 269: 262: 254: 251: 250: 249: 248: 243: 235: 234: 230: 229: 228: 227: 222: 217: 208: 203: 198: 193: 188: 187: 186: 181: 171: 162: 161: 160: 155: 150: 145: 135: 124: 122:Monopolization 116: 115: 109: 108: 107: 106: 104:Merger control 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 70: 69: 64: 50: 42: 41: 40:Basic concepts 37: 36: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6152: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6126: 6123: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6100: 6092: 6090: 6082: 6081: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6067: 6065: 6064: 6060: 6058: 6057: 6053: 6051: 6050: 6046: 6044: 6043: 6039: 6037: 6036: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6025: 6019: 6018: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6007: 6005: 6004: 6000: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5990: 5986: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5940: 5937: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5907: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5872: 5870: 5866: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5854:State capture 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5784: 5779: 5777: 5772: 5770: 5765: 5764: 5761: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5693: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5655:International 5653: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5595: 5584: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5572: 5569: 5566: 5563: 5561:(South Korea) 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5538: 5535: 5532: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5505: 5502: 5499: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5465: 5462: 5459: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5412: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5398: 5395: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5344:International 5342: 5339: 5333: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5292: 5288: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5276:State capture 5274: 5270: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5219:Elite capture 5217: 5215: 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5083: 5080: 5078: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5031: 5028: 5026:of corruption 5022: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5007: 5005: 5001: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4954: 4949: 4947: 4942: 4940: 4935: 4934: 4931: 4923: 4922: 4917: 4916:Schlink, F.J. 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4814: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4713: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4666: 4662: 4657: 4656: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4625: 4618: 4614: 4608: 4597: 4590: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4563: 4557: 4549: 4543: 4541: 4525: 4521: 4514: 4512: 4495: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4464: 4463: 4458: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4432: 4428: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4398:on 2011-07-24 4397: 4393: 4389: 4383: 4368: 4363:国会事故調 (NAIIC) 4360: 4354: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4312: 4308: 4302: 4295: 4290: 4283: 4280: 4275: 4259: 4253: 4237: 4236: 4230: 4223: 4216: 4212: 4209: 4204: 4197: 4194: 4191:Marc Fisher, 4188: 4173: 4167: 4152: 4151: 4146: 4139: 4124: 4120: 4114: 4107: 4104: 4098: 4091: 4090:Rolling Stone 4088: 4084: 4081: 4078:Matt Taibbi, 4075: 4068: 4063: 4061: 4053: 4047: 4045: 4037: 4034: 4028: 4021: 4018: 4012: 4005: 4002: 3997: 3990: 3987: 3981: 3974: 3969: 3962: 3959: 3953: 3946: 3941: 3934: 3931: 3927: 3924: 3919: 3917: 3909: 3906: 3901: 3899: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3876: 3868: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3844: 3841: 3836: 3829: 3828: 3827:Rolling Stone 3824: 3820: 3815: 3808: 3805: 3799: 3781: 3780: 3772: 3765: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3728: 3724: 3718: 3707: 3701: 3685: 3678: 3672: 3656: 3652: 3646: 3631: 3627: 3620: 3613: 3610: 3604: 3597: 3592: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3558: 3552: 3544: 3540: 3533: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3510: 3502: 3495: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3469: 3462: 3453: 3451:9781400878789 3447: 3443: 3442: 3434: 3432: 3424: 3420: 3417: 3411: 3404: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3390: 3381: 3377: 3370: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3302: 3298: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3195: 3181: 3177: 3170: 3163: 3160: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3142: 3137: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3114: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3091: 3083: 3079: 3072: 3065: 3062: 3056: 3049: 3043: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3027: 3020: 3013: 3009: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2985: 2981: 2980: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2939: 2934: 2927: 2926: 2922: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2904: 2898: 2896: 2894: 2886: 2883: 2877: 2875: 2867: 2861: 2854: 2851: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2833: 2821: 2814: 2808: 2801: 2797: 2794: 2789: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2757: 2753: 2750: 2745: 2738: 2735: 2731: 2728: 2722: 2720: 2711: 2710: 2705: 2698: 2691: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2668: 2660: 2654: 2650: 2649: 2641: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2561: 2559: 2539: 2535: 2528: 2521: 2502: 2495: 2488: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2445: 2438: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2408: 2401: 2399: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2371: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2345: 2341: 2340: 2335: 2328: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2304: 2300: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2258: 2251: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2216: 2210:, World Bank. 2209: 2205: 2202: 2197: 2190: 2186: 2183: 2177: 2162:on 2016-12-12 2161: 2157: 2151: 2147: 2146: 2138: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2107: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2054: 2047: 2044: 2040: 2037: 2031: 2029: 2020: 2014: 2010: 2003: 1987: 1983: 1982: 1977: 1971: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1936: 1932: 1916: 1909: 1904: 1900: 1899:Pete Domenici 1895: 1891: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1860:State capture 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1797: 1791: 1786: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1759: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1747:The academic 1738:International 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1707: 1704: 1703: 1696: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1672:In 1996, the 1665: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1613: 1612:Diet of Japan 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1583: 1575: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1559: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1514: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1498: 1487: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1468:Goldman Sachs 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1448:Deutsche Bank 1445: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1417:Arthur Levitt 1413: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1362: 1360: 1357: 1352: 1350: 1349:Bernie Madoff 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1316: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1286: 1284: 1278: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1237: 1233: 1228: 1227:Vermont House 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1195:Daiichi plant 1192: 1188: 1183: 1181: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1157:According to 1150: 1148: 1144: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1107: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1091:Richard Olney 1088: 1078: 1076: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1062:Deutsche Bank 1059: 1058:Merrill Lynch 1055: 1054:Goldman Sachs 1051: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1010: 1002: 1000: 996: 992: 987: 985: 981: 977: 973: 972:NBC Universal 969: 965: 963: 959: 955: 951: 949: 944: 940: 936: 926: 924: 920: 917: 916:airworthiness 913: 909: 905: 901: 896: 892: 890: 886: 882: 879:Prior to the 877: 875: 874:Randy Babbitt 870: 865: 860: 858: 852: 850: 846: 842: 838: 833: 829: 825: 815: 813: 807: 805: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 771: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 732: 728: 723: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 689:United States 686: 683: 682: 677: 673: 663: 661: 657: 652: 650: 646: 642: 638: 632: 612: 605: 601: 597: 594: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 572: 571: 570: 562: 560: 559: 553: 549: 545: 541: 531: 528: 520: 517:December 2018 510: 506: 502: 496: 495: 491: 486:This section 484: 480: 475: 474: 466: 463: 458: 453: 449: 440: 438: 433: 424: 421: 418: 414: 408: 404: 402: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 376: 373: 369: 363: 358: 356: 352: 343: 334: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 315: 309: 307: 303: 299: 295: 292:(also called 291: 287: 275: 270: 268: 263: 261: 256: 255: 253: 252: 247: 244: 242: 239: 238: 237: 236: 232: 231: 226: 223: 221: 218: 216: 212: 209: 207: 204: 202: 199: 197: 194: 192: 189: 185: 182: 180: 179:Group boycott 177: 176: 175: 172: 170: 166: 163: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 143: 139: 136: 134: 131:Formation of 130: 129: 128: 125: 123: 120: 119: 118: 117: 114: 111: 110: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 68: 65: 63: 60: 59: 58: 54: 51: 49: 46: 45: 44: 43: 39: 38: 32: 28: 27: 24: 21: 20: 6068: 6061: 6056:Side Effects 6054: 6047: 6040: 6033: 6015: 6008: 6001: 5994: 5944:Moral hazard 5917:Legal ethics 5904: 5844:Self-dealing 5838: 5819:Funding bias 5804:Chinese wall 5486:(Madagascar) 5410:(Bangladesh) 5317:Vote pairing 5269:Rent-setting 5264:Rent-seeking 5258: 5224:Failed state 5124:Match fixing 5094:Embezzlement 5073:Corporation 5045:Black market 4919: 4869: 4865: 4849:(1): 17–35. 4846: 4842: 4821: 4817: 4785: 4781: 4772: 4751:1721.1/64145 4733: 4729: 4694: 4690: 4660: 4634: 4630: 4624: 4616: 4607: 4589: 4581:the original 4570: 4556: 4527:. 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