266:
483:
44:
496:
1668:
1624:
462:. Finally, he would travel to Rome and be crowned Emperor by the Pope. Because it was rarely possible for the elected King to proceed immediately to Rome for his crowning, several years might elapse between election and coronation, and some Kings never completed the journey to Rome at all. As a suitable title for the King between his election and his coronation as Emperor,
109:. The title was also used to designate the successor to the throne elected during the lifetime of a sitting Emperor. From the 16th century onwards, as German kings adopted the title of Emperor-elect and ceased to be crowned by the Pope, the title continued to be used solely for an elected successor to the throne during his predecessor's lifetime.
473:
Not all Kings of the Romans made this step, sometimes because of hostile relations with the Pope, or because either the pressure of business at home or warfare in
Germany or Italy made it impossible for the King to make the journey. In such cases, the king might retain the title "King of the Romans"
277:. As these units broke up, rulers of smaller principalities and even non-Germanic rulers were considered for the position. The only requirements generally observed were that the candidate be an adult male, a Catholic Christian, and not in holy orders. The kings were elected by several
549:, the rulers of the Empire no longer sought the Imperial coronation by the Pope and styled themselves "Emperors" without Papal approval, taking the title as soon as they were crowned in Germany or, if crowned in their predecessor's lifetime, upon the death of a sitting Emperor.
581:). This practice continued from the 16th century onwards as the rulers of the Empire assumed the title "Emperor elect" without Imperial coronation by the Pope. The title of a King of the Romans now exclusively refers to the elected successor during his predecessor's lifetime.
572:
During the Middle Ages, a junior King of the Romans was normally chosen only when the senior ruler bore the title of
Emperor, so as to avoid having two, theoretically equal kings. Only on one occasion (1147–1150) was there both a ruling King of the Romans (King
565:. No person had an automatic legal right to the succession simply because he was related to the current Emperor. However, the Emperor could, and often did, have a relative (usually a son) elected to succeed him after his death. This elected
635:
The following list shows all individuals bearing the title "Kings of the Romans". The regnal dates given are those between a king's election as "King of the Romans" and either becoming
Emperor or ending their reign by deposition or death.
584:
The election was in the same form as that of the senior ruler. In practice, however, the actual administration of the Empire was always managed by the
Emperor (or Emperor elect), with at most certain duties delegated to the heir.
71:
640:
are coloured in yellow, while those whose claim to the throne failed to achieve widespread support are coloured in pink. Individuals that bore the title "Kings of the Romans" solely as
265:
609:), styling his son as such at birth. The boy was often known colloquially by this title throughout his short life. However, from 1818 onward, he was styled officially as the
306:
Originally all noblemen present could vote by unanimous acclamation, but later a franchise was granted to only the most eminent bishops and noblemen, and according to the
241:("King of the Germans") in order to imply that Henry's authority was merely local and did not extend over the whole Empire. Henry continued to regularly use the title
540:
Maximilian von Gots genaden erwelter
Romischer Romischer kayser, zu allen zeiten merer des Reichs, in Germanien zu Hungern, Dalmatien, Croatien etc. kunig
1777:
Heinrich Schütz (1585–1672). Kulturpatriotismus und deutsche weltliche
Vokalmusik. "Zum Auffnehmen der Music, auch Vermehrung unserer Nation Ruhm"
1801:
Neue Beiträge zur geschichtlichen
Landeskunde Tirols. Festschrift für Univ. Prof. Dr. Franz Huter anlässlich der Vollendung des 70. Lebensjahres.
393:
by the
Archbishop of Cologne in a solemnly celebrated ceremony. The details of Otto's coronation in 936 are described by the medieval chronicler
1873:
399:
2454:
2449:
487:
213:
by contemporary sources until the 11th century. During this time, the king's claim to coronation was increasingly contested by the
1732:
504:
404:
1704:
1829:
542:("Maximilian, by God's grace Elected Roman Emperor, always Augustus, in Germany, of Hungary, Dalamatia, Croatia etc King "
1711:
1685:
1062:
2464:
2236:
2216:
2196:
1866:
1751:
1558:
1519:
1477:
1407:
1235:
371:
1718:
2241:
2231:
2201:
2088:
1534:
1426:
1001:
940:
516:
363:
2261:
2211:
2053:
1453:
900:
829:
546:
2319:
2281:
2276:
2256:
2157:
1700:
1689:
1498:
1268:
614:
311:
2408:
2334:
2271:
2266:
2246:
2221:
2206:
2186:
2142:
2019:
2014:
1605:
1590:
1581:
1468:
1347:
1195:
1100:
702:
683:
500:
482:
408:
375:
367:
17:
644:
are coloured in silver. '* ' indicates that the king in question was elected in his predecessor's lifetime.
2444:
2434:
2251:
2226:
2147:
2073:
2024:
2009:
2004:
1859:
1566:
1214:
919:
723:
664:
226:
2083:
2048:
1999:
980:
806:
630:
436:
2375:
2291:
2174:
1817:
428:
351:
2163:
1289:
2439:
2403:
2384:
2365:
2132:
1824:. translated and with a preface by Yair Mintzker. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
1156:
382:). The Golden Bull remained effective as constitutional law until the Empire's dissolution in 1806.
2343:
2169:
1844:
1629:
1308:
1785:
466:
would stress the plenitude of his authority over the Empire and his warrant to be future
Emperor (
2459:
1964:
1882:
1678:
1637:
1543:
626:
355:
218:
1725:
527:
attempt to journey to Rome. At this time
Maximilian also took the new title "King in Germania" (
2324:
2093:
1022:
455:
2110:
2058:
2030:
1081:
848:
744:
574:
431:
centuries later), but he had another coronation in Aachen after he had prevailed against his
412:
335:
323:
48:
2356:
2310:
2191:
2121:
2098:
2068:
1389:
1119:
1041:
347:
343:
246:
8:
2137:
2127:
2115:
1953:
1924:
1909:
1895:
1174:
1138:
331:
327:
307:
35:
610:
2152:
2043:
1980:
1944:
1651:
1645:
785:
394:
339:
286:
206:
186:
102:
43:
1985:
1914:
1825:
1641:
1329:
562:
558:
98:
30:
This article is about the title in the Holy Roman Empire. For uses in antiquity, see
1848:(Dictionary of the Middle Ages, 9 vols., Munich-Zürich 1980–98), vol. 7, col. 777 f.
2180:
2078:
1958:
1904:
1370:
959:
416:
390:
234:
196:
113:
91:
52:
233:
as a title to emphasize his sacred entitlement to be crowned Emperor by the Pope.
2037:
1929:
1919:
766:
424:
299:
192:
75:
2063:
1994:
1970:
1036:* elected as son and heir of Emperor Frederick II, later deposed by his father
881:
578:
315:
278:
229:, a six-year-old minor, had been elected to rule the Empire in 1056 he adopted
222:
169:
87:
62:
2428:
2394:
566:
459:
432:
378:
was the last king to receive the Imperial Crown at the hands of the Pope (in
282:
165:
515:
ceased to be used for ruling kings after 1508, when the Pope permitted King
156:) came into use. Finally, modern German historiography established the term
1939:
1890:
294:
202:
83:
31:
2104:
1363:
Elected in opposition to Jobst of Moravia, then unanimously elected again
598:
495:
385:
After his election, the new king would be crowned as King of the Romans (
249:
in 1084. Henry's successors imitated this practice, and were also called
442:
At some time after the ceremony, the king would, if possible, cross the
2413:
274:
1851:
994:
in opposition to Philip until 1208, opposed by Frederick II after 1212
758:
524:
290:
1667:
2300:
594:
319:
895:
elected as son and heir of King Conrad III, predeased his father
379:
273:
Candidates for the kingship were at first the heads of Germanic
214:
129:
1648:, including those using titles other than "King of the Romans"
451:
447:
97:
The title originally referred to any German king between his
443:
269:
Detail of the imperial coronation mantle, drawing from 1857
106:
358:, Charles intended to strengthen the legal status of the
523:("elected Emperor of the Romans") after he failed in a
491:, created when he was still King of the Romans in 1549.
27:
Title used by medieval and early modern German monarchs
535:), but the latter was never used as a primary title.
1619:
1365:
effective rule: 10 September 1410 – 9 December 1437
843:
Effective rule: 13 September 1125 – 4 December 1137
1692:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1188:
Originally elected in opposition to Adolf of Nassau
1816:
1609:Effective rule: 18 August 1765 – 20 February 1790
1514:Effective rule: 12 October 1576 – 20 January 1612
1512:* elected as son and heir of Emperor Maximilian II
1440:* elected as son and heir of Emperor Frederick III
1324:Effective rule: 29 November 1378 – 20 August 1400
1230:Effective rule: 20 October 1314 – 11 October 1347
1209:Effective rule: 27 November 1308 – 24 August 1313
739:effective rule: 5 October 1056 – 31 December 1105
1421:Effective rule: 2 February 1440 – 19 August 1493
1055:* elected as son and heir of Emperor Frederick II
935:effective rule: 10 June 1190 – 28 September 1197
2426:
1538:Effective rule: 15 February 1637 – 2 April 1657
1491:* elected as son and heir of Emperor Ferdinand I
1442:Effective rule: 19 August 1493 – 12 January 1519
1284:Effective rule: 11 July 1346 – 29 November 1378
933:* elected as son and heir of Emperor Frederick I
876:Effective rule: 7 March 1138 — 15 February 1152
374:were still crowned Emperors in Rome and in 1530
1493:Effective rule: 25 July 1564 – 12 October 1576
1322:* elected as son and heir of Emperor Charles IV
1057:effective rule: 26 December 1250 – 21 May 1254
1017:effective rule: 5 July 1215 – 26 December 1250
824:effective rule: 31 December 1105 – 23 May 1125
470:) without infringing upon the Papal privilege.
1472:Effective rule: 27 August 1556 – 25 July 1564
1114:Elected in opposition to Alfonso X of Castile
954:* elected as son and heir of Emperor Henry VI
737:* elected as son and heir of Emperor Henry III
716:* elected as son and heir of Emperor Conrad II
164:) to differentiate it both from the classical
112:The actual title varied over time. During the
1867:
1133:Elected in opposition to Richard of Cornwall
820:* elected as son and heir of Emperor Henry IV
799:* elected as son and heir of Emperor Henry IV
718:effective rule: 4 June 1039 – 5 October 1056
1788:, Schriftgeschichte, Siegel- und Wappenkunde
1282:Originally elected in opposition to Louis IV
975:effective rule: 8 March 1198 – 21 June 1208
914:Effective rule: 4 March 1152 – 10 June 1190
1585:Effective rule: 5 May 1705 – 17 April 1711
1228:Elected in opposition to Frederick the Fair
1874:
1860:
1771:
1769:
996:effective rule: 9 June 1198 – 5 July 1215
366:. Consequently, among his successors only
101:and royal coronation until he was crowned
1752:Learn how and when to remove this message
1467:* elected as brother and heir of Emperor
1190:Effective rule: 2 July 1298 – 1 May 1308
407:from at least 1024, at the coronation of
494:
488:Armor of Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor
481:
264:
245:until he finally was crowned Emperor by
42:
1881:
1766:
822:rebelled in 1105 and deposed his father
505:Imperial Cathedral of Saint Bartholomew
14:
2427:
1822:The Holy Roman Empire: a Short History
1799:Ernest Troger, Georg Zwanowetz (ed.):
601:(1811–32), he introduced the title as
389:), usually at Charlemagne's throne in
326:. They were the Prince-Archbishops of
237:insisted on using the derogatory term
1855:
1604:* elected as son and heir of Emperor
1580:* elected as son and heir of Emperor
1557:* elected as son and heir of Emperor
1533:* elected as son and heir of Emperor
613:by his maternal grandfather, Emperor
569:bore the title "King of the Romans".
477:
1690:adding citations to reliable sources
1661:
1303:Elected in opposition to Charles IV
641:
577:) and a King of the Romans as heir (
538:Maximilian's titles read, in part: "
260:
180:
82:) was the title used by the king of
1384:Elected in opposition to Sigismund
697:Effective rule: 1024 – 4 June 1039
144:). In the Modern Period, the title
24:
1249:Elected in opposition to Louis IV
552:
318:had the right to participate in a
25:
2476:
801:rebelled in 1093 and was deposed
637:
595:Napoleon I, Emperor of the French
322:voting as determined by the 1338
2455:Royalty of the Holy Roman Empire
1666:
1622:
1015:elected in opposition to Otto IV
973:elected in opposition to Otto IV
2450:Holy Roman Empire-related lists
1803:Wagner, Innsbruck 1969, p. 269.
1677:needs additional citations for
588:
547:Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor
257:after their Roman coronations.
175:
1793:
1437:assumed title of Emperor elect
86:following his election by the
13:
1:
1810:
503:as King of the Romans in the
1263:Ruled jointly with Louis IV
1095:Anti-king until 21 May 1254
281:(secular princes as well as
217:, culminating in the fierce
7:
1818:Stollberg-Rilinger, Barbara
1790:4 (1994), 441–513 (p. 449).
1779:, 2004, p. 79; H. Weisert:
1652:List of Holy Roman Emperors
1615:
1601:succeeded as Emperor elect
1577:succeeded as Emperor elect
631:List of Holy Roman Emperors
521:Electus Romanorum Imperator
446:, to receive coronation in
344:Count Palatine of the Rhine
205:was not referred to as the
168:as well as from the modern
10:
2481:
2376:North German Confederation
2292:Confederation of the Rhine
1530:succeeded as Emperor elect
1509:succeeded as Emperor elect
1488:succeeded as Emperor elect
1464:succeeded as Emperor elect
678:Effective rule: 1002–1024
624:
507:in Frankfurt, 3 April 1764
190:
184:
29:
2393:
2374:
2355:
2333:
2309:
2290:
1979:
1938:
1889:
1561:, predeceased his father
1234:
1076:Anti-king to Fredrick II
862:Anti-king to Lothair III
847:
658:
655:
652:
649:
403:. The kings received the
2465:Medieval German nobility
2344:Archduke John of Austria
1845:Lexikon des Mittelalters
1781:Der Reichstitel bis 1806
1657:
1630:Holy Roman Empire portal
1638:List of German monarchs
1290:Günther von Schwarzburg
627:List of German monarchs
620:
356:Investiture Controversy
352:Margrave of Brandenburg
219:Investiture Controversy
162:Römisch-deutscher König
901:Frederick I Barbarossa
780:Anti-king to Henry IV
597:, had a son and heir,
508:
492:
474:for his entire reign.
456:Iron Crown of Lombardy
270:
79:
66:
55:
1786:Archiv für Diplomatik
1444:introduced the title
745:Rudolf of Rheinfelden
625:Further information:
498:
485:
324:Declaration of Rhense
268:
191:Further information:
49:Throne of Charlemagne
46:
2357:German Confederation
2311:German Confederation
1775:Elisabeth Rothmund:
1701:"King of the Romans"
1686:improve this article
1330:Rupert of Palatinate
1120:Alfonso X of Castile
615:Francis I of Austria
519:to use the title of
400:Res gestae saxonicae
303:code in about 1275.
247:Antipope Clement III
94:(1002–1024) onward.
2445:Heirs to the throne
2435:Kings of the Romans
1896:Carolingian dynasty
1883:Monarchs of Germany
1101:Richard of Cornwall
308:Golden Bull of 1356
255:Romanorum Imperator
36:Kingdom of Soissons
1981:Kingdom of Germany
1945:Kingdom of Germany
1236:Frederick the Fair
1082:William of Holland
948:28 September 1197
834:13 September 1125
774:28 September 1088
611:Duke of Reichstadt
533:König in Germanien
509:
493:
478:Later developments
395:Widukind of Corvey
310:issued by Emperor
271:
207:Kingdom of Germany
187:History of Germany
150:König in Germanien
134:King of the Romans
118:King of the Franks
103:Holy Roman Emperor
90:from the reign of
59:King of the Romans
56:
2422:
2421:
2348:
2347:(Imperial Regent)
1986:Holy Roman Empire
1915:Louis the Younger
1831:978-1-4008-9026-2
1762:
1761:
1754:
1736:
1642:Holy Roman Empire
1613:
1612:
1524:22 December 1636*
1482:28 November 1562*
1431:16 February 1486*
1352:10 September 1410
1243:28 September 1322
1143:29 September 1273
1070:16 February 1247
1009:22 November 1220
870:15 February 1152
777:killed in battle
755:killed in battle
563:elective monarchy
559:Holy Roman Empire
468:Imperator futurus
261:Medieval practice
211:Regnum Teutonicum
201:The territory of
181:History and usage
158:Roman-German King
128:), from the late
122:König der Franken
16:(Redirected from
2472:
2440:Kings in Germany
2346:
1905:Louis the German
1876:
1869:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1835:
1804:
1797:
1791:
1773:
1757:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1694:
1670:
1662:
1640:, rulers of the
1632:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1571:23 January 1690
1527:15 February 1637
1503:27 October 1575*
1371:Jobst of Moravia
1254:5 September 1325
1200:27 November 1308
1167:killed in battle
1157:Adolph of Nassau
1130:renounced claim
1105:13 January 1257
1089:28 January 1256
1012:crowned Emperor
1006:5 December 1212
991:crowned Emperor
988:21 October 1209
960:Philip of Swabia
930:crowned Emperor
924:15 August 1169*
911:crowned Emperor
859:renounced claim
840:crowned Emperor
817:crowned Emperor
811:6 January 1099*
752:15 October 1080
734:crowned Emperor
713:crowned Emperor
694:crowned Emperor
675:crowned Emperor
653:Kingship begins
647:
646:
417:Philip of Swabia
391:Aachen Cathedral
297:recorded in the
285:), often in the
279:Imperial Estates
239:Teutonicorum Rex
235:Pope Gregory VII
197:Germanic peoples
146:King in Germania
74:
53:Aachen Cathedral
21:
2480:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2470:
2469:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2418:
2389:
2370:
2351:
2329:
2305:
2286:
2153:Frederick (III)
1984:
1975:
1943:
1934:
1930:Louis the Child
1920:Charles the Fat
1894:
1885:
1880:
1832:
1813:
1808:
1807:
1798:
1794:
1774:
1767:
1758:
1747:
1741:
1738:
1695:
1693:
1683:
1671:
1660:
1628:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1608:
1598:18 August 1765
1584:
1537:
1513:
1506:12 October 1576
1492:
1471:
1458:5 January 1531*
1446:Rex in Germania
1443:
1441:
1434:4 February 1508
1418:crowned Emperor
1412:2 February 1440
1397:27 October 1439
1364:
1360:crowned Emperor
1353:
1323:
1294:30 January 1349
1283:
1279:crowned Emperor
1240:19 October 1314
1229:
1225:crowned Emperor
1222:17 January 1328
1219:20 October 1314
1206:crowned Emperor
1189:
1086:3 October 1247
1056:
1046:February 1237*
1016:
995:
974:
934:
823:
821:
800:
767:Hermann of Salm
738:
717:
642:heirs designate
633:
623:
591:
555:
553:Heirs designate
545:Beginning with
501:Archduke Joseph
480:
425:Mainz Cathedral
340:King of Bohemia
338:as well as the
316:Prince-electors
314:only the seven
300:Schwabenspiegel
263:
199:
193:Frankish Empire
189:
183:
178:
138:König der Römer
114:Ottonian period
80:König der Römer
70:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2478:
2468:
2467:
2462:
2460:Lists of heirs
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2400:
2398:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2387:
2381:
2379:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2366:Franz Joseph I
2362:
2360:
2353:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2340:
2338:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2303:
2297:
2295:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2054:Lothair II/III
2051:
2046:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1989:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1961:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1856:
1850:
1849:
1836:
1830:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1792:
1764:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1674:
1672:
1665:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1634:
1633:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1610:
1602:
1599:
1596:
1595:27 March 1764
1593:
1587:
1586:
1578:
1575:
1572:
1569:
1563:
1562:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1540:
1539:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1465:
1462:
1461:27 August 1556
1459:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1378:8 January 1411
1376:
1375:1 October 1410
1373:
1367:
1366:
1361:
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927:15 April 1191
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622:
619:
590:
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579:Henry Berengar
554:
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499:Coronation of
479:
476:
411:. In 1198 the
405:Imperial Crown
293:after 1147, a
283:Prince-Bishops
262:
259:
225:heir apparent
185:Main article:
182:
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174:
170:German Emperor
132:period it was
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2409:Frederick III
2407:
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2399:
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2395:German Empire
2392:
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2240:
2238:
2237:Ferdinand III
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2217:Maximilian II
2215:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2197:Frederick III
2195:
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2018:
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2011:
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1840:Rex Romanorum
1837:
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1675:This article
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1559:Ferdinand III
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1520:Ferdinand III
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1415:16 March 1452
1414:
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1408:Frederick III
1406:
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1394:18 March 1438
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1313:10 June 1376*
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1123:
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1108:2 April 1272
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987:
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967:21 June 1208
966:
964:8 March 1198
963:
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908:18 June 1155
907:
905:4 March 1152
904:
902:
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898:
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891:
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883:
880:
879:
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869:
867:7 March 1138
866:
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839:
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831:
828:
827:
819:
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795:
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790:30 May 1087*
789:
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567:heir apparent
564:
560:
550:
548:
543:
541:
536:
534:
530:
529:Germaniae rex
526:
522:
518:
514:
513:Romanorum Rex
506:
502:
497:
490:
489:
484:
475:
471:
469:
465:
464:Romanorum Rex
461:
460:King of Italy
457:
453:
449:
445:
440:
438:
434:
430:
427:(as was King
426:
422:
421:Rex Romanorum
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:
396:
392:
388:
387:Romanorum Rex
383:
381:
377:
373:
372:Frederick III
369:
365:
362:beyond Papal
361:
360:Rex Romanorum
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
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304:
302:
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287:imperial city
284:
280:
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267:
258:
256:
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251:Romanorum Rex
248:
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243:Romanorum Rex
240:
236:
232:
231:Romanorum Rex
228:
224:
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216:
212:
208:
204:
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194:
188:
173:
171:
167:
166:Roman Emperor
163:
159:
155:
154:Germaniae Rex
151:
147:
143:
142:Rex Romanorum
139:
135:
131:
127:
126:Rex Francorum
123:
119:
115:
110:
108:
104:
100:
95:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
68:
67:Rex Romanorum
64:
60:
54:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
18:Rex Romanorum
2242:Ferdinand IV
2232:Ferdinand II
2202:Maximilian I
2179:
2162:
2120:
2105:Henry (VIII)
2103:
2089:Frederick II
2044:Conrad (III)
2036:
2029:
1963:
1940:East Francia
1891:East Francia
1843:
1839:
1838:H. Beumann:
1821:
1800:
1795:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1748:
1739:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1696:
1684:Please help
1679:verification
1676:
1544:Ferdinand IV
1535:Ferdinand II
1485:25 July 1564
1445:
1427:Maximilian I
1354:21 July 1411
1276:5 April 1355
1273:11 July 1346
1203:29 June 1312
1179:24 June 1298
1146:15 July 1291
1067:22 May 1246
1049:21 May 1254
1030:2 July 1235
1027:April 1220*
1002:Frederick II
985:9 June 1198
941:Frederick II
837:4 June 1133
786:Conrad (III)
761:to Henry IV
749:25 May 1077
638:Ruling kings
634:
606:
603:King of Rome
602:
592:
589:King of Rome
583:
571:
556:
544:
539:
537:
532:
528:
520:
517:Maximilian I
512:
510:
486:
472:
467:
463:
441:
420:
419:was crowned
413:Hohenstaufen
398:
386:
384:
359:
354:. After the
305:
298:
275:stem duchies
272:
254:
250:
242:
238:
230:
221:. After the
210:
203:East Francia
200:
176:Ruling kings
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
125:
121:
117:
111:
96:
84:East Francia
58:
57:
40:
32:King of Rome
2397:(1871–1918)
2378:(1867–1871)
2359:(1850–1866)
2337:(1848/1849)
2325:Ferdinand I
2313:(1815–1848)
2294:(1806–1813)
2262:Charles VII
2212:Ferdinand I
2094:Henry (VII)
2069:Frederick I
1574:5 May 1705
1551:9 July 1654
1548:31 May 1653
1454:Ferdinand I
1337:18 May 1410
1297:24 May 1349
1164:2 July 1298
1063:Henry Raspe
1023:Henry (VII)
830:Lothair III
607:Roi de Rome
599:Napoleon II
364:approbation
253:before and
2429:Categories
2414:William II
2301:Napoleon I
2282:Francis II
2277:Leopold II
2257:Charles VI
2170:Wenceslaus
2158:Charles IV
2064:Henry (VI)
2059:Conrad III
1988:(962–1806)
1983:within the
1893:during the
1811:References
1712:newspapers
1499:Rudolph II
1357:3 May 1433
1309:Wenceslaus
1269:Charles IV
1182:1 May 1308
1161:5 May 1292
849:Conrad III
575:Conrad III
525:good-faith
511:The title
415:candidate
350:, and the
348:Saxon duke
312:Charles IV
47:The royal
2404:William I
2385:William I
2320:Francis I
2272:Joseph II
2267:Francis I
2247:Leopold I
2222:Rudolf II
2207:Charles V
2192:Albert II
2187:Sigismund
2143:Henry VII
2099:Conrad IV
2020:Henry III
2015:Conrad II
1947:(919–962)
1942:(911–919)
1898:(843–911)
1606:Francis I
1591:Joseph II
1582:Leopold I
1469:Charles V
1390:Albert II
1348:Sigismund
1196:Henry VII
1042:Conrad IV
970:murdered
759:Anti-king
703:Henry III
684:Conrad II
454:with the
409:Conrad II
376:Charles V
368:Sigismund
291:Frankfurt
148:(German:
136:(German:
124:, Latin:
120:(German:
116:, it was
72:‹See Tfd›
2252:Joseph I
2227:Matthias
2148:Louis IV
2138:Albert I
2128:Rudolf I
2074:Henry VI
2025:Henry IV
2010:Henry II
2005:Otto III
1954:Conrad I
1910:Carloman
1820:(2018).
1742:May 2010
1616:See also
1567:Joseph I
1246:captured
1215:Louis IV
1185:murdered
1175:Albert I
1139:Rudolf I
1033:deposed
920:Henry VI
796:deposed
724:Henry IV
665:Henry II
320:majority
227:Henry IV
152:, Lat.:
140:, Lat.:
99:election
92:Henry II
2164:Günther
2122:Alfonso
2116:Richard
2111:William
2084:Otto IV
2049:Henry V
2038:Hermann
2000:Otto II
1959:Henry I
1726:scholar
1646:Germany
1319:deposed
981:Otto IV
807:Henry V
561:was an
437:Otto IV
397:in his
380:Bologna
336:Cologne
105:by the
88:princes
2175:Rupert
2079:Philip
2031:Rudolf
1995:Otto I
1971:Otto I
1965:Arnulf
1925:Arnulf
1842:, in:
1828:
1783:. In:
1728:
1721:
1714:
1707:
1699:
945:1196*
707:1028*
659:Notes
435:rival
429:Rupert
346:, the
342:, the
295:custom
223:Salian
215:papacy
130:Salian
76:German
2181:Jobst
2133:Adolf
1733:JSTOR
1719:books
1658:Notes
1127:1275
1111:died
1092:died
1073:died
1052:died
892:died
889:1150
873:died
856:1135
853:1127
793:1098
731:1084
710:1046
691:1027
688:1024
672:1014
669:1002
650:King
593:When
452:Milan
448:Pavia
332:Trier
328:Mainz
63:Latin
1826:ISBN
1705:news
1644:and
1554:died
1400:died
1381:died
1340:died
1300:died
1260:died
1149:died
629:and
621:List
557:The
444:Alps
433:Welf
370:and
334:and
195:and
107:Pope
34:and
1688:by
458:as
450:or
423:at
289:of
209:or
51:in
2431::
1768:^
1448:.
617:.
531:,
439:.
330:,
172:.
78::
69:;
65::
1875:e
1868:t
1861:v
1834:.
1755:)
1749:(
1744:)
1740:(
1730:·
1723:·
1716:·
1709:·
1682:.
605:(
160:(
61:(
38:.
20:)
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