824:
842:
451:. That place is so thoroughly covered with thick forest that it is the perfect spot for an ambush. army was forced by the narrow terrain to proceed in a long line and , high on the mountain, that the Basques set their ambush. The Basques had the advantage in this skirmish because of the lightness of their weapons and the nature of the terrain, whereas the Franks were disadvantaged by the heaviness of their arms and the unevenness of the land. Eggihard, the overseer of the king's table, Anselm, the count of the palace, and Roland, the lord of the
806:
149:
22:
455:, along with many others died in that skirmish. But this deed could not be avenged at that time, because the enemy had so dispersed after the attack that there was no indication as to where they could be found.
446:
and received the surrender of all the towns and fortified places he encountered. He was returning with his army safe and intact, but high in the
Pyrenees on that return trip he briefly experienced the
841:
823:
559:
contains a highly romanticized account of the Battle of
Roncevaux Pass and Roland's death, setting the tone for later fantastical depiction of Charlemagne's court.
935:
in Brazil. The city was established by German immigrants, many of them refugees from Nazi
Germany, who named their new home after Roland to represent freedom.
760:, Roland gradually became a symbol of the independence of the growing cities from the local nobility. In the late Middle Ages many cities featured defiant
727:
then waxed satirical about the "cult of personality" of
Orlando the hero. The Orlando narrative inspired several composers, amongst whom were
1800:
805:
1272:
1302:
898:
turns up in numerous legends and place-names associated with a mighty giant, usually a heathen, capable of launching huge stones. The
2035:
890:, as it is rendered in Catalan) became a legendary giant. Numerous places in Catalonia (both North and South) have a name related to
691:
From the 15th century onwards, Roland appears as a central character in a sequence of
Italian verse romances as "Orlando", including
1154:
Roland und Rolândia im
Nordosten von Paranà: Gründungs- und Frühgeschichte einer deutschen Kolonie in Brasilien (1932– 1944/45)
1110:
2005:
129:
1161:
471:
dynasty had not previously pursued any specific relationship with the
Bretons. Their frontier castle districts such as
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105:
86:
1793:
58:
479:, are now divided between Normandy and Brittany. The distinctive culture of this region preserves the present-day
1844:
1717:
2000:
1295:
438:, almost without a break, and after he had placed garrisons at selected points along the border, marched into
43:
65:
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who is only vulnerable at his navel. The story was later adapted in the anonymous Franco-Venetian epic
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It was adapted and modified throughout the Middle Ages, including an influential Latin prose version
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2015:
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54:
2020:
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221:
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39:
32:
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588:, attributed to the Florentine Sostegno di Zanobi and likely composed between 1350 and 1360.
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128:"Orlando (character)" redirects here. For Shakespeare's, Woolf's and other characters, see
551:(a signaling horn) and an unbreakable sword, enchanted by various Christian relics, named
8:
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there are several placenames related to Roldán or
Rolando, including the mountain pass
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1466:
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671:, a 14th-century Franco-Venetian chanson de geste (in which he is transformed into a
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402:("Roland, prefect of the borders of Brittany"), indicating that he presided over the
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The
English expression "to give a Roland for an Oliver", meaning either to offer a
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330:
253:
233:
894:. In step with the trace left by the character in the whole Pyrenean area, Basque
591:
Other texts give further legendary accounts of Roland's life. His friendship with
278:, which notes he was part of the Frankish rearguard killed in retribution by the
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Roland was evidently the first official appointed to direct
Frankish policy in
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290:
518:
Roland was turned into a popular and iconic figure of medieval Europe and its
1984:
1597:
1276:. Vol. 23 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 464–465.
1261:
792:
773:
672:
647:
488:
1230:
Susan P. Millinger, "Epic Values: The Song of Roland", in Jason Glenn (ed),
1934:
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403:
257:
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who became one of the principal figures in the literary cycle known as the
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respectively), are even further detached from history than the earlier
302:
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1607:
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1567:
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The Middle Ages in Texts and Texture: Reflections on Medieval Sources
883:
684:
442:
with as large a force as he could mount. His army passed through the
430:, "country") was among those killed in the Battle of Roncevaux Pass:
1084:, pp. 21–22. Peterborough, Ontario, Canada: Broadview Press, 1998.
868:
21:
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and has been translated into many languages for literary purposes:
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944:, portrayed as a faithful servant to God and a righteous paladin.
572:), which also includes Roland's battle with a Saracen giant named
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and legends of local heroes such as Roland. Roland's successor in
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780:(1404) has been listed together with the city hall itself on the
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460:
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411:
407:
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1208:
Lojek, A. – Adamová, K.: "About Statues of Rolands in Bohemia",
502:
According to legend, Roland was laid to rest in the basilica at
121:
This article is about the legendary figure. For other uses, see
1954:
1939:
1679:
1628:
1531:
1501:
1345:
1245:
920:, a Marshal of the First French Empire, was given the nickname
781:
633:
491:, who like Roland, was unable to exert Frankish expansion over
464:
245:
541:
The tale of Roland's death is retold in the 11th-century poem
1310:
1212:, Vol. 3/2012, No. 1, s. 136–138. (ISSN 2042-6402).
765:
744:
651:
503:
439:
301:. The first and most famous of these epic treatments was the
659:
534:
killed by hostile forces, which forms part of the medieval
384:
The only historical mention of the actual Roland is in the
154:
719:. (See below for his later history in Italian verse.) The
414:. The passage, which appears in Chapter 9, mentions that
856:
D'or au lion de gueules, à la bordure engrêlées de sable
256:. The historical Roland was military governor of the
1105:(in French). Paris: éditions du Seuil. p. 197.
658:
as is usual in Italian literature, in the Heaven of
313:
Two masterpieces of Italian Renaissance poetry, the
130:
Orlando (disambiguation) § Fictional characters
636:, the tales of Roland are part of the 13th-century
609:. Roland's youth and the acquisition of his horse
46:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
584: 1320) and in the 14th-century Italian epic
347:. Roland is poetically associated with his sword
1982:
662:together with others who fought for the faith.
495:and merely sustained a Breton presence in the
1794:
1296:
1195:. Vol. 2. Clarendon Press. p. 2618.
376:, based on the story of the title character.
1082:Charlemagne's Courtier: The Complete Einhard
768:was erected in 1450 as symbol of market and
948:
1801:
1787:
1303:
1289:
1219:. Europski dom Dubrovnik, Dubrovnik 2006 (
1097:
400:Hruodlandus Brittannici limitis praefectus
147:
118:Frankish military leader under Charlemagne
1193:The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary
931:A statue of Roland stands in the city of
595:and his engagement with Olivier's sister
522:culture. Many tales made him a nephew of
106:Learn how and when to remove this message
1260:
829:Composed in 1098, the first page of the
797:"Runtsivalstríðið" (Battle of Roncevaux)
268:. His only historical attestation is in
1234:(Toronto, University of Toronto, 2012).
1983:
1808:
1151:
1782:
1284:
1190:
764:in their marketplaces. The Roland in
629:against whom he occasionally fights.
434:While he was vigorously pursuing the
207:
1080:Dutton, Paul Edward, ed. and trans.
44:adding citations to reliable sources
15:
743:, who composed an Italian-language
13:
1210:Journal on European History of Law
1103:L'Art de l'héraldique au Moyen Âge
795:, Roland appears in the ballad of
14:
2047:
1238:
1215:Adriana Kremenjas-Danicic (Ed.):
910:, as pointed out by the linguist
362:In the late 17th century, French
2036:Characters in The Song of Roland
938:Roland is a servant in the game
928:, for his bravery and charisma.
840:
822:
804:
547:, where he is equipped with the
513:
418:(a Latinization of the Frankish
410:'s border territory against the
20:
1845:Orlando e i Paladini di Francia
688:, a 14th-century Italian epic.
289:The story of Roland's death at
31:needs additional citations for
1184:
1170:
1145:
1119:
1091:
1074:
974:
625:, where he is contrasted with
510:, on the site of the citadel.
1:
1872:Carmen de Prodicione Guenonis
1152:Mainka, Peter Johann (2008).
968:
675:, similar to heroes from the
581:
1718:Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne
1086:Einhard at the Latin Library
995:. It was later Latinised as
526:and turned his life into an
260:, responsible for defending
244:; died 15 August 778) was a
7:
2006:8th-century Frankish people
1191:Brown, Lesley, ed. (1993).
955:to give as good as one gets
922:Roland de l'Armée d'Italie,
613:and sword are described in
398:. Einhard refers to him as
394:'s courtier and biographer
10:
2052:
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1836:
1818:
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1621:
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1364:
1323:
1267:"Roland, Legend of"
926:Roland de la Grande Armée
862:
619:. Roland also appears in
337:, similarly to the later
293:was embellished in later
190:
180:
172:
166:
162:
146:
139:
1827:Battle of Roncevaux Pass
1622:Swords and other objects
1551:Horses and other animals
607:Bertrand de Bar-sur-Aube
284:Battle of Roncevaux Pass
264:'s frontier against the
157:railway station, France.
1273:Encyclopædia Britannica
1253:The American Cyclopædia
1217:Roland's European Paths
961:and Roland's companion
875:and the rock formation
570:Pseudo-Turpin Chronicle
568:(latterly known as the
426:, "praise"/"fame" and *
217:
123:Roland (disambiguation)
1739:The Four Sons of Aymon
949:
741:George Frideric Handel
473:Vitré, Ille-et-Vilaine
457:
370:wrote an opera titled
299:Renaissance literature
248:military leader under
237:
225:
153:A statue of Roland at
2001:Anglo-Norman folklore
1879:Historia Caroli Magni
1156:. Cultura Acadêmica.
565:Historia Caroli Magni
432:
310:of the 11th century.
205:French pronunciation:
1725:Chanson de Guillaume
1472:Girart de Roussillon
1127:"Mintzoaren memoria"
811:The eight phases of
786:World Heritage Sites
707:Matteo Maria Boiardo
327:Matteo Maria Boiardo
40:improve this article
1732:Gormond et Isembart
1685:La Brèche de Roland
1356:Renaud de Montauban
1133:. 13 September 2004
924:which later became
906:(giant) stems from
733:Jean-Baptiste Lully
654:sees Roland, named
627:Renaud de Montauban
368:Jean-Baptiste Lully
1853:The Song of Roland
1811:The Song of Roland
1753:Orlando Innamorato
1711:The Song of Roland
1537:William of Gellone
1099:Pastoureau, Michel
814:The Song of Roland
729:Claudio Monteverdi
702:Orlando Innamorato
665:Roland appears in
578:L'Entrée d'Espagne
544:The Song of Roland
497:Carolingian Empire
463:affairs, as local
316:Orlando Innamorato
2011:Frankish warriors
1978:
1977:
1776:
1775:
1700:Chansons de geste
1467:Garin de Monglane
1112:978-2-02-098984-8
959:Chanson de Roland
852:Michel Pastoureau
832:Chanson de Roland
772:justice, and the
762:statues of Roland
622:Quatre Fils Aymon
477:Mont Saint-Michel
387:Vita Karoli Magni
307:Chanson de Roland
282:in Iberia at the
275:Vita Karoli Magni
198:
197:
116:
115:
108:
90:
2043:
2031:Medieval legends
2026:Matter of France
1886:Karlamagnús saga
1803:
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1746:Karlamagnús saga
1477:Huon of Bordeaux
1370:other characters
1317:Matter of France
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983:is the earliest
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941:Fate/Grand Order
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835:(Song of Roland)
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778:Bremen City Hall
717:Ludovico Ariosto
668:Entrée d'Espagne
639:Karlamagnús saga
602:Girart de Vienne
583:
536:Matter of France
331:Ludovico Ariosto
254:Matter of France
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1262:Chisholm, Hugh
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514:Medieval icon
511:
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489:Guy of Nantes
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57: –
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51:Find sources:
45:
41:
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29:This article
27:
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18:
17:
1949:
1935:King Marsile
1891:
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1135:. Retrieved
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987:form of his
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788:since 2004.
776:in front of
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599:are told in
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453:Breton March
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404:Breton March
399:
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361:
351:, his horse
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258:Breton March
241:
229:
214:Old Frankish
200:
199:
134:
102:
93:
83:
76:
69:
62:
50:
38:Please help
33:verification
30:
1925:Charlemagne
1915:Blancandrin
1437:Brandimarte
1422:Blancandrin
1331:Charlemagne
1313:Charlemagne
981:Hruodlandus
918:Jean Lannes
886:Roland (or
697:Luigi Pulci
524:Charlemagne
475:, south of
469:Merovingian
416:Hroudlandus
392:Charlemagne
345:Luigi Pulci
250:Charlemagne
230:Rotholandus
226:Hruodlandus
163:Native name
96:August 2023
1996:778 deaths
1985:Categories
1920:Bramimonde
1903:Characters
1644:Hauteclere
1613:Veillantif
1573:Hippogriff
1527:Sacripante
1432:Bramimonde
1427:Bradamante
1324:Key people
1041:Portuguese
969:References
908:Errol(d)an
611:Veillantif
574:Ferracutus
467:under the
420:*Hrōþiland
355:, and his
353:Veillantif
303:Old French
191:Allegiance
66:newspapers
1664:Précieuse
1608:Tencendur
1603:Tachëbrun
1593:Sautperdu
1583:Passecerf
1568:Gramimond
1517:Rodomonte
1462:Fierabras
993:Hruodland
985:Latinised
884:Catalonia
770:Hanseatic
721:Orlandino
685:La Spagna
677:Arthurian
616:Aspremont
586:La Spagna
532:Christian
528:epic tale
436:Saxon war
366:composer
218:Hrōþiland
167:Hrōþiland
1910:Baligant
1767:Morgante
1654:Murgleys
1639:Durendal
1588:Rabicano
1578:Marmorie
1522:Ruggiero
1457:Ferragut
1442:Brunello
1417:Baligant
1402:Atlantes
1392:Angelica
1387:Albracca
1366:Paladins
1315:and the
1178:"Roland"
1101:(2009).
1065:Rotllant
997:Rolandus
989:Frankish
933:Rolândia
904:erraldoi
784:list of
693:Morgante
680:romances
553:Durendal
520:minstrel
508:Bordeaux
493:Brittany
444:Pyrenees
357:oliphant
349:Durendal
340:Morgante
335:Chansons
295:medieval
246:Frankish
194:Frankish
55:"Roland"
1970:Pinabel
1930:Ganelon
1659:Olifant
1649:Joyeuse
1634:Curtana
1563:Gaignun
1542:Zerbino
1512:Pinabel
1497:Melissa
1492:Maugris
1487:Marsile
1482:Marfisa
1447:Charlot
1397:Astolfo
1382:Agrican
1377:Agolant
1341:Ganelon
1256:. 1879.
1203:Sources
1137:31 July
1131:El País
1061:Catalan
1057:Rotland
1053:Occitan
1049:Rolando
1037:Errolan
1029:Rolando
1021:Spanish
1017:Roeland
1009:Rolando
1005:Orlando
1001:Italian
896:Errolan
791:In the
758:Germany
750:Orlando
656:Orlando
645:In the
593:Olivier
549:olifant
506:, near
449:Basques
422:, from
412:Bretons
408:Francia
396:Einhard
380:History
364:Baroque
280:Basques
270:Einhard
266:Bretons
262:Francia
242:Rolando
238:Orlando
234:Italian
216:: *
80:scholar
1991:Roland
1955:Turpin
1950:Roland
1945:Oliver
1940:Naimon
1856:(1978)
1848:(1959)
1819:Source
1680:Aachen
1673:Places
1629:Almace
1558:Bayard
1532:Turpin
1502:Oberon
1351:Oliver
1346:Naimon
1336:Roland
1223:
1160:
1109:
1069:Rotllà
1045:Roldão
1033:Basque
1025:Roldán
963:Oliver
900:Basque
892:Rotllà
888:Rotllà
869:Aragón
863:Legacy
782:UNESCO
709:, and
682:) and
634:Norway
555:. The
465:Franks
461:Breton
424:*hrōþi
373:Roland
359:horn.
201:Roland
181:Buried
141:Roland
82:
75:
68:
61:
53:
1965:Ogier
1837:Films
1598:Sorel
1412:Aymon
1311:King
1013:Dutch
991:name
902:word
766:Wedel
747:with
745:opera
652:Dante
504:Blaye
440:Spain
185:Blaye
87:JSTOR
73:books
1960:Aude
1407:Aude
1221:ISBN
1158:ISBN
1139:2014
1107:ISBN
739:and
660:Mars
597:Aude
557:Song
487:was
428:land
329:and
325:(by
319:and
297:and
173:Died
155:Metz
59:news
1368:and
1067:or
1047:or
1027:or
1007:or
953:or
882:In
867:In
756:In
723:of
715:by
705:by
695:by
632:In
605:by
390:by
343:by
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240:or
228:or
42:by
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