108:
373:
357:
1772:
646:
310:
When in 62–66 AD the Roman garrisons were installed in
Taurica, Charax became one of their strongholds. The Romans built a fortress and stationed a sub-unit (vexillatio) of the "Ravenna squadron". Charax was a very important strategic point, because it allowed the Romans to establish control over the
258:
The prosperous merchant-towns (of
Taurica), permanently in need of military protection amidst a flux of barbaric peoples, held to Rome as the advanced posts to the main army....(during that century) Roman troops were stationed in the peninsula, perhaps a division of the Pontic fleet, certainly a
275:, who died in 342. Rhescuporis seems to have minted coins as late as 341, indicating that there was some extent of political control over the remnants of the kingdom at this point. The remnants of the Bosporan kingdom were finally swept away with the invasion of the
238:
from the
Caucasus to what is now Romania-Moldova-Ukraine, but his death stopped the project. For this reason, he probably put Taurica under direct Roman rule and created the Charax castrum. He extended the Roman province of Lower
1655:
704:
This enlargement of
Byzantine Taurica resulted in the elevation of the ranks of its governors. In the second half of the 6th century, the military and civil authorities in the region were entrusted to the military deputy,
1648:
191:(8 BC – 38) founded a line of Bosporan Kings which endured with some interruptions until 341. Originally called Aspurgus, he adopted the Roman names "Tiberius Julius" because he received
1641:
1895:
1890:
1875:
1860:
1366:
345:
at the end of the 2nd century. In this century, new stone walls were added to the fortress and a new Roman road was built, connecting Charax to
Chersonesos.
1198:
1885:
844:
254:
Taurica enjoyed a relative golden period under Roman leadership during the 2nd century AD, with huge commerce of wheat, clothing, wine and slaves:
147:. Many Greek colonists settled in Taurica: their most renowned colony was Chersonesos. In 114 BC the Bosporus kingdom accepted the overlordship of
1788:
263:
and
Chersonesos); their presence even in small numbers showed to the barbarians that the dreaded legionary stood behind (the Bosporanum Regnum).
1272:
1502:
940:
For other Roman settlements in the Crimea, see В.М. Зубарь "Таврика и Римская империя: Римские войска и укрепления в Таврике". Kiev, 2004.
697:
In the 6th century, probably at the end of the reign of
Justinian I, the status of Roman Crimea changed. Taurica became the Province of
893:
1191:
822:
1823:
1300:
1472:
1167:
1144:
1125:
1060:
1037:
62:, the eastern part of the Roman Empire that survived the loss of the western part of the empire, later regained Crimea under
107:
1687:
1252:
1865:
1184:
802:
1228:
54:). Rome lost its influence in Taurica in the mid third century AD, when substantial parts of the peninsula fell to the
1309:
1900:
877:
1548:
1492:
143:
In ancient times Crimea was known as "Chersonesus
Taurica", from the name of the Tauri, who were descendants of the
1756:
1538:
1176:
783:
Many series of Roman coins survive from the 1st century BC to about 300, and also some from the
Byzantine period.
1530:
1525:
756:(ruler) was resident at Chersonesos already in 690, despite the fact that this town was nominally subject to the
499:
1880:
1813:
1633:
1327:
769:
571:
517:
511:
272:
1457:
553:
535:
493:
463:
401:
377:
1262:
1818:
1736:
1594:
1462:
1442:
1374:
852:
481:
469:
17:
1839:
1224:
716:
died there in exile in 99 AD, having first preached the Gospel in the region. Another exile, the
Emperor
565:
559:
529:
446:
1553:
1761:
1447:
950:
541:
523:
83:
1512:
1741:
1497:
505:
42:
during the period of 47 BC to c. 340 AD. The territory under Roman control mostly coincided with the
1361:
1798:
1704:
1437:
1414:
773:
674:
547:
475:
431:
419:
188:
1870:
1808:
1803:
1257:
1233:
487:
452:
407:
299:. It was situated on a four-hectare area at the western ridge of "Ai Todor", close to the modern
1482:
173:
When the Romans arrived at Taurica, they set up their camp and built a fortress and a temple of
1314:
1109:
760:. The Byzantine emperors controlled the southern shores of the Crimea peninsula (the theme of
395:
207:. All of the following kings adopted these two Roman names followed by a third name, mostly of
148:
1589:
1477:
1467:
1088:
422:
with Asander 47 BC, then 44 BC – 17 BC, then with Polemon from 16 BC until her death in 14 BC
92:) in the 1st century BC. The initial area of their penetration was mainly in eastern Crimea (
867:
330:. By the end of the 1st century, the Roman forces were evacuated from the Crimea peninsula.
1793:
1404:
1323:
1238:
901:
607:
440:
59:
8:
1577:
1378:
1351:
963:
916:
Albania caucasica: ethnos, storia, territorio attraverso le fonti greche, latine e armene
765:
713:
589:
425:
323:
219:
origin. Bosporan kings struck coinage throughout the kingdom period, which included gold
101:
830:
734:
there - after he returned to power (in 705) he allegedly destroyed the city in revenge.
1751:
1608:
1417:
1408:
869:
Cassio Dione e l'impero romano da Nerva ad Anotonino Pio: alla luce dei nuovi documenti
712:
Furthermore, the city of Chersonnesos was used by the Romans as a place of banishment:
174:
1697:
1567:
1247:
1163:
1156:
1140:
1121:
1056:
1033:
873:
792:
304:
212:
208:
192:
31:
1746:
1682:
1616:
1347:
1281:
1212:
1206:
757:
680:
388:
381:
365:
342:
124:
93:
71:
43:
234:
prepared a military expedition to conquer for Rome all the northern shores of the
1714:
1562:
1507:
1392:
1383:
1355:
1295:
1027:
797:
761:
670:
338:
51:
1663:
1422:
683:(Eastern Roman Empire) re-established Roman control of the region under Emperor
372:
1604:
1598:
1580:
1533:
1425:
1400:
1277:
1267:
777:
296:
224:
170:
probably built around 60–65, and the main naval Roman base was in Chersonesos.
163:
97:
1854:
1726:
1692:
1584:
1333:
1286:
1243:
745:
315:
196:
1434:
356:
1709:
1665:
1612:
1543:
1487:
1396:
1343:
1305:
1291:
1208:
717:
361:
260:
248:
132:
128:
120:
39:
1721:
1622:
1572:
1520:
1452:
1388:
1137:
Das Bosporanische Reich: der Nordosten des Schwarzen Meeres in der Antike
698:
684:
594:
155:. For nearly five centuries after the defeat of Mithridates by the Roman
63:
1429:
1319:
1115:
413:
334:
216:
144:
894:"Symbolon Limen - Ancient period - Outlying areas - About Chersonesos"
1515:
1153:
1120:. University of Texas at Austin. Institute of Classical Archaeology.
327:
319:
235:
178:
152:
67:
58:, but at least nominally the kingdom survived until the 340s AD. The
50:, from 62 to 68 AD; it was briefly attached to the Roman Province of
1771:
348:
The camp was abandoned by the Romans at the end of the 3rd century.
1731:
1558:
1371:
1338:
617:
204:
200:
701:, which also included Bosporos and the southern coast of Crimea.
634:
629:
612:
292:
167:
116:
768:, one of the successor states to the Byzantine Empire after the
271:
in 250. The last client king of the Roman Empire in Taurica was
749:
738:
650:
645:
639:
623:
288:
240:
220:
156:
136:
112:
964:"Charax - Ancient period - Outlying areas - About Chersonesos"
601:
300:
268:
244:
55:
1158:
The provinces of the Roman Empire, from Caesar to Diocletian
744:
In the mid-8th century, the Khazars put down the rebellious
649:
The "Regnum Bosporanum" during the conquests of the Emperor
276:
231:
88:
Rome started to dominate the Crimea peninsula (then called
47:
823:"Ancient period - History - About Chersonesos, Sevastopol"
70:
Empire controlled portions of the peninsula well into the
1896:
States and territories disestablished in the 4th century
1891:
States and territories established in the 1st century BC
1116:
Joseph Coleman Carter; Glenn Randall Mack, eds. (2003).
1089:"Bosporos, Kings - Ancient Greek Coins - WildWinds.com"
1118:
Crimean Chersonesos: city, chora, museum, and environs
776:, endured from the 14th century until 1475, when the
764:) until the 13th century. Control then passed to the
1029:
The Ancient & Classical World, 600 B.C.-A.D. 650
259:
detachment of the Moesian army, (other garrisons in
104:. The interior was only nominally under Roman rule.
1876:
1st-century BC establishments in the Roman Republic
1155:
1861:Roman history of modern countries and territories
333:Several decades later the camp was restored by a
151:, king of Pontus, as a protection from tribes of
1852:
1154:Theodor Mommsen; William Purdie Dickson (1996).
1134:
1649:
1192:
1135:Fornasier, Jochen; Böttger, Burkhard (2002).
326:and other Bosporean trade emporiums from the
772:in 1204. Another offshoot, the Crimea-based
267:The region was temporarily conquered by the
195:and enjoyed the patronage of the first two
159:, Crimea was under the suzerainty of Rome.
1886:340s disestablishments in the Roman Empire
1656:
1642:
1199:
1185:
872:(in Italian). Vita e Pensiero. p. 6.
865:
1025:
752:(modern Mangup), was occupied. A Khazar
1072:
644:
387:These are the Roman client kings of the
371:
355:
106:
251:and Taurica (the peninsula of Crimea).
14:
1853:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
741:overlordship in the late 7th century.
1637:
1180:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
977:
351:
1508:Palestine (Classical ~ Late Antique)
1032:. Hawkins Publications. p. 69.
311:navigation along the Crimean coast.
223:bearing portraits of the respective
803:List of Kings of Cimmerian Bosporus
664:
38:) was under partial control of the
24:
1448:Lebanon (Classical ~ Late Antique)
974:
25:
1912:
1384:Israel (Classical ~ Late Antique)
1055:(Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013
929:The Provinces of the Roman Empire
578:
322:with the intention of protecting
27:Roman Crimea (47 BC to c. 340 AD)
1770:
1573:Syria (Classical ~ Late Antique)
1315:Egypt (Classical ~ Late Antique)
1063:), "Sedi titolari", pp. 819–1013
737:Most of Roman Crimea fell under
583:Ancient episcopal sees of Roman
341:: it hosted a detachment of the
1103:
1081:
1066:
1046:
689:
655:
77:
956:
943:
934:
921:
908:
886:
859:
837:
815:
273:Tiberius Julius Rhescuporis VI
177:on the coast of the harbor of
162:The main Roman settlement was
13:
1:
728:
721:
378:Tiberius Julius Sauromates II
845:"Romans in Taurus mountains"
626:(Stary Krym), ?Archbishopric
7:
1840:Borders of the Roman Empire
1026:Mitchiner, Michael (1978).
949:Article on "Харакс" in the
786:
10:
1917:
1866:Ancient history of Ukraine
1107:
951:Great Soviet Encyclopaedia
866:Migliorati, Guido (2003).
668:
604:, Byzantine? Archbishopric
318:was fully developed under
84:Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea
81:
1832:
1779:
1768:
1673:
1664:Territories with limited
1220:
410:47 BC, then 44 BC – 17 BC
289:Roman military settlement
282:
1901:Ukraine in the Roman era
1676:partially or temporarily
1053:Annuario Pontificio 2013
808:
774:Principality of Theodoro
675:Principality of Theodoro
437:Rhescuporis I 14 – 42 AD
189:Tiberius Julius Aspurgus
1075:The Goths in the Crimea
1073:Vasiliev, A.A. (1936).
953:, 3rd edition, 1969–78.
587:that are listed in the
1668:occupation and contact
1430:Late Antique/Medieval)
1273:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1110:Bibliography of Crimea
770:sack of Constantinople
661:
458:Roman Province 63 – 68
384:
380:(d. 210 AD), from the
369:
265:
149:Mithridates VI Eupator
140:
115:depicting the goddess
34:(at the time known as
1881:340 disestablishments
1215:in modern territories
648:
608:Chersonesus in Zechia
375:
359:
256:
110:
96:) and in the western
82:Further information:
60:Eastern Roman Empire
1405:Sardinia (Classical
1278:Bulgaria (Classical
968:www.chersonesos.org
898:www.chersonesos.org
827:www.chersonesos.org
766:Empire of Trebizond
714:St. Clement of Rome
590:Annuario Pontificio
364:, main city of the
135:), 1st century AD,
1819:Sub-Saharan Africa
1324:Corsica (Classical
1244:Armenia (Classical
1225:Albania (Classical
720:, spent the years
662:
385:
370:
368:during Roman times
352:Roman client kings
175:Jupiter Dolichenus
141:
1848:
1847:
1824:Equatorial Africa
1698:Byzantine Armenia
1688:Caucasian Albania
1631:
1630:
1613:Thrace (Classical
1605:Turkey (Classical
1397:Sicily (Classical
1344:Greece (Classical
1306:Cyprus (Classical
1292:Crimea (Classical
1287:Britain (England)
1169:978-0-7607-0145-4
1146:978-3-8053-2895-1
1127:978-0-9708879-2-4
1093:www.wildwinds.com
1061:978-88-209-9070-1
1039:978-0-904173-16-1
793:History of Crimea
193:Roman citizenship
46:(although under
32:Crimean Peninsula
16:(Redirected from
1908:
1774:
1658:
1651:
1644:
1635:
1634:
1559:Spain (Classical
1389:Italy (Classical
1352:Crete (Classical
1213:Byzantine Empire
1201:
1194:
1187:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1161:
1150:
1131:
1097:
1096:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1070:
1064:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1023:
972:
971:
960:
954:
947:
941:
938:
932:
925:
919:
912:
906:
905:
900:. Archived from
890:
884:
883:
863:
857:
856:
851:. Archived from
841:
835:
834:
829:. Archived from
819:
758:Byzantine Empire
748:and their city,
733:
730:
726:
723:
693:
691:
681:Byzantine Empire
665:Byzantine Empire
659:
657:
389:Bosporan Kingdom
382:Acropolis Museum
366:Bosporan Kingdom
343:Legio XI Claudia
125:Bosporan Kingdom
94:Bosporus kingdom
72:Late Middle Ages
44:Bosporan Kingdom
21:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1906:
1905:
1851:
1850:
1849:
1844:
1828:
1781:
1775:
1766:
1675:
1669:
1662:
1632:
1627:
1585:Early Medieval)
1498:The Netherlands
1409:Early Medieval)
1328:Early Medieval)
1216:
1207:History of the
1205:
1170:
1147:
1128:
1112:
1106:
1101:
1100:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1071:
1067:
1051:
1047:
1040:
1024:
975:
962:
961:
957:
948:
944:
939:
935:
926:
922:
913:
909:
892:
891:
887:
880:
864:
860:
843:
842:
838:
821:
820:
816:
811:
798:Strait of Kerch
789:
731:
724:
688:
677:
671:Cherson (theme)
667:
654:
585:Crimea (Zechia)
581:
500:Rhescuporis III
354:
339:Legio I Italica
285:
230:In 67, Emperor
123:in the ancient
86:
80:
52:Moesia Inferior
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1914:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1871:Ancient Crimea
1868:
1863:
1846:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1827:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1789:Canary Islands
1785:
1783:
1780:Contacts &
1777:
1776:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1700:
1690:
1685:
1679:
1677:
1671:
1670:
1661:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1602:
1599:Roman Carthage
1592:
1587:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1432:
1420:
1412:
1386:
1381:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1317:
1312:
1303:
1298:
1289:
1284:
1282:High Medieval)
1275:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1189:
1181:
1175:
1174:
1168:
1151:
1145:
1132:
1126:
1108:Main article:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1080:
1065:
1045:
1038:
973:
955:
942:
933:
920:
907:
904:on 2022-04-07.
885:
878:
858:
855:on 2018-07-17.
836:
833:on 2004-08-12.
813:
812:
810:
807:
806:
805:
800:
795:
788:
785:
780:conquered it.
778:Ottoman Empire
707:doux Chersonos
692: 527–565
666:
663:
643:
642:
637:
632:
627:
621:
615:
610:
605:
580:
579:Episcopal sees
577:
576:
575:
572:Rhescuporis VI
569:
563:
557:
551:
545:
539:
533:
527:
521:
518:Rhescuporis IV
515:
512:Sauromates III
509:
503:
497:
491:
485:
479:
473:
467:
464:Rhescuporis II
461:
460:
459:
450:
447:Mithridates II
444:
438:
435:
429:
423:
417:
411:
405:
399:
353:
350:
305:Swallow's Nest
284:
281:
225:Roman Emperors
197:Roman Emperors
183:Symbolon Limen
181:, then called
79:
76:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1913:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1856:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1778:
1773:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1694:
1693:Roman Armenia
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1678:
1672:
1667:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1563:Late Antique)
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1519:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1458:Liechtenstein
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1357:
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747:
746:Crimean Goths
742:
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719:
715:
710:
708:
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695:
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658: 98–117
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554:Sauromates IV
552:
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540:
537:
536:Rhescuporis V
534:
531:
528:
526:233 – 234 (?)
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
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494:Sauromates II
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457:
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436:
433:
430:
427:
424:
421:
418:
416:17 BC – 16 BC
415:
412:
409:
406:
404:47 BC – 44 BC
403:
402:Mithridates I
400:
398:64 BC – 47 BC
397:
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367:
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316:military camp
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37:
33:
19:
1782:explorations
1710:Roman Crimea
1666:Roman Empire
1578:Vatican City
1531:Saudi Arabia
1503:North Africa
1157:
1136:
1117:
1104:Bibliography
1092:
1083:
1074:
1068:
1052:
1048:
1028:
967:
958:
945:
936:
928:
923:
915:
914:Marco Bais.
910:
902:the original
897:
888:
868:
861:
853:the original
848:
839:
831:the original
826:
817:
782:
753:
743:
736:
718:Justinian II
711:
706:
703:
696:
678:
595:titular sees
588:
584:
582:
482:Rhoemetalces
470:Sauromates I
434:8 BC – 38 AD
428:16 BC – 8 BC
386:
362:Panticapaeum
347:
332:
313:
309:
287:The largest
286:
266:
261:Panticapaeum
257:
253:
229:
187:
182:
172:
161:
142:
133:Roman Empire
129:client state
121:Panticapaeum
89:
87:
78:Roman Empire
40:Roman Empire
35:
29:
18:Roman Crimea
1809:Scandinavia
1742:Netherlands
1737:Mesopotamia
1568:Switzerland
1534:(Classical)
1516:(Classical)
1438:(Classical)
1418:(Classical)
699:Chersonesos
685:Justinian I
566:Rhadamsades
560:Theothorses
530:Ininthimeus
324:Chersonesos
102:Chersonesos
64:Justinian I
1855:Categories
1581:(Classical
1526:San Marino
1488:Montenegro
1463:Luxembourg
1426:(Classical
1375:(Classical
1253:Azerbaijan
732: 703
725: 695
669:See also:
542:Pharsanzes
524:Chedosbios
449:42 – 46 AD
443:38 – 41 AD
441:Polemon II
414:Scribonius
335:vexillatio
303:castle of
279:in 375/6.
145:Cimmerians
1617:Medieval)
1609:Medieval)
1473:Macedonia
1401:Medieval)
1393:Medieval)
1379:Medieval)
1356:Medieval)
1348:Medieval)
1310:Medieval)
1296:Medieval)
1229:Medieval)
927:Mommsen.
597:include:
574:314 – 341
568:309 – 322
562:279 – 309
550:276 – 278
544:253 – 254
538:240 – 276
532:234 – 239
520:233 – 234
514:229 – 232
508:228 – 234
506:Cotys III
502:211 – 228
496:172 – 210
490:154 – 170
484:131 – 153
478:123 – 131
426:Polemon I
396:Pharnaces
360:Ruins of
328:Scythians
320:Vespasian
236:Black Sea
217:Sarmatian
179:Balaklava
153:Scythians
68:Byzantine
1833:See also
1757:Scotland
1752:Slovakia
1674:Occupied
1554:Slovenia
1549:Slovakia
1539:Scotland
1513:Portugal
1362:Guernsey
931:, p. 317
787:See also
620:(Tuapse)
618:Nicopsis
602:Bosporus
548:Teiranes
476:Cotys II
472:93 – 123
455:46 – 78
432:Aspurgus
376:Bust of
213:Thracian
205:Tiberius
201:Augustus
111:A Greek
100:city of
1814:Somalia
1804:Ireland
1732:Germany
1727:Georgia
1715:Cherson
1705:Assyria
1595:Tunisia
1590:Ukraine
1521:Romania
1493:Morocco
1478:Moldova
1367:Hungary
1339:Germany
1334:Georgia
1301:Croatia
1268:Belgium
1263:Balkans
1258:Austria
1239:Andorra
1234:Algeria
762:Cherson
635:Sugdaea
630:Soldaia
613:Matrega
488:Eupator
466:78 – 93
453:Cotys I
420:Dynamis
408:Asander
337:of the
293:Taurica
221:staters
168:castrum
131:of the
119:, from
117:Demeter
90:Taurica
36:Taurica
1747:Persia
1683:Arabia
1544:Serbia
1483:Monaco
1443:Kuwait
1435:Kosovo
1423:Jordan
1415:Jersey
1320:France
1166:
1143:
1124:
1059:
1036:
876:
739:Khazar
651:Trajan
640:Tanais
624:Phulli
297:Charax
283:Charax
241:Moesia
209:Pontic
164:Charax
157:Pompey
137:Crimea
113:fresco
66:. The
1799:India
1794:China
1762:Sudan
1722:Dacia
1623:Wales
1468:Malta
1453:Libya
1209:Roman
918:p. 86
809:Notes
754:tudun
750:Doros
301:Yalta
269:Goths
249:Olbia
245:Tyras
98:Greek
56:Goths
1372:Iraq
1211:and
1164:ISBN
1141:ISBN
1122:ISBN
1057:ISBN
1034:ISBN
874:ISBN
694:).
679:The
673:and
314:The
295:was
277:Huns
232:Nero
203:and
166:, a
48:Nero
30:The
727:to
709:".
593:as
556:276
391::
291:in
243:to
215:or
127:(a
1857::
1615:-
1607:-
1583:-
1561:-
1428:-
1407:-
1403:,
1399:-
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1377:-
1354:-
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1326:-
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1294:-
1280:-
1246:-
1227:-
1162:.
1139:.
1091:.
976:^
966:.
896:.
847:.
825:.
729:c.
722:c.
690:r.
656:r.
307:.
247:,
227:.
211:,
199:,
185:.
74:.
1657:e
1650:t
1643:v
1619:)
1611:(
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1597:(
1411:)
1395:(
1358:)
1350:(
1330:)
1322:(
1200:e
1193:t
1186:v
1172:.
1149:.
1130:.
1095:.
1077:.
1042:.
970:.
882:.
705:"
687:(
660:)
653:(
139:.
20:)
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