History of Crimea - Knowledge

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of Scythia, just as seas are boundaries of Attica; and the Tauri inhabit a part of Scythia like Attica, as though some other people, not Attic, were to inhabit the heights of Sunium from Thoricus to the town of Anaphlystus, if Sunium jutted farther out into the sea. I mean, so to speak, to compare small things with great. Such a land is the Tauric country. But those who have not sailed along that part of Attica may understand from this other analogy: it is as though in Calabria some other people, not Calabrian, were to live on the promontory within a line drawn from the harbor of Brundisium to Tarentum. I am speaking of these two countries, but there are many others of a similar kind that Tauris resembles." (trans. A. D. Godley)

5991: 688: 37: 2581:, a land improvement canal for irrigation and watering of Kherson Oblast in southern Ukraine, and the Crimean peninsula, was started in 1957 soon after the transfer of Crimea. The canal also has multiple branches throughout Kherson Oblast and the Crimean peninsula. The main project works took place between 1961 and 1971 and had three stages. The construction was conducted by the Komsomol members sent by the Komsomol travel ticket (Komsomolskaya putyovka) as part of shock construction projects and accounted for some 10,000 "volunteer" workers. 1780: 1643: 522: 1169: 1155: 1881: 1336: 6410: 2689: 2544: 1760:

the expansion of the Russian Empire in the preceding Russo-Turkish Wars, and the British and French preference to preserve the Ottoman Empire to maintain the balance of power in the Concert of Europe. It has widely been noted that the causes, in one case involving an argument over a key, had never revealed a "greater confusion of purpose" but led to a war that stood out for its "notoriously incompetent international butchery".

2157: 510: 2636: 1695: 2387:. The so-called "City of Russian Glory" once known for its beautiful architecture was entirely destroyed and had to be rebuilt stone by stone. Due to its enormous historical and symbolic meaning for the Russians, it became a priority for Stalin and the Soviet government to have it restored to its former glory within the shortest time possible. 2164: 1350: 3302:

4.99 "Beyond this place , the country fronting the same sea is hilly and projects into the Pontus; it is inhabited by the Tauric nation as far as what is called the Rough Peninsula; and this ends in the eastern sea. For the sea to the south and the sea to the east are two of the four boundary lines

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The immediate cause of the war involved the rights of Christian minorities in Palestine, which was part of the Ottoman Empire. The French promoted the rights of Roman Catholics, and Russia promoted those of the Eastern Orthodox Church. Longer-term causes involved the decline of the Ottoman Empire,

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Before dawn on Feb. 27, at least two dozen heavily armed men stormed the Crimean parliament building and the nearby headquarters of the regional government, bringing with them a cache of assault rifles and rocket propelled grenades. A few hours later, Aksyonov walked into the parliament and,

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Orestes, a curly-haired young man in a Greek robe, is seated before a small group of trees, clasping the right hand of another Greek man, who is standing with his left hand on the seated man's arm. Standing to their left but in the right of the painting is a tall, robed woman of elegant bearing.

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in 1783 from the defeated Ottoman Empire into the Russian Empire increased Russia's power in the Black Sea area. The Crimea was the first Muslim territory to slip from the sultan's suzerainty. The Ottoman Empire's frontiers would gradually shrink, and Russia would proceed to push her frontier

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of Crimea was complete. In 1967, the Crimean Tatars were rehabilitated, but they were banned from legally returning to their homeland until the last days of the Soviet Union. The deportation was formally recognized as a genocide by Ukraine and three other countries between 2015 and 2019.

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on 16 March 2014. Although Russia initially claimed their military was not involved in the events, it later admitted that they were. Russia formally incorporated Crimea on 18 March 2014. Following the annexation, Russia escalated its military presence on the peninsula and made

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from the Russian SFSR to the Ukrainian SSR jurisdiction, on the basis of "the integral character of the economy, the territorial proximity and the close economic and cultural ties between the Crimea Province and the Ukrainian SSR" and to commemorate the 300th anniversary of

630:. In the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, Scythian Neapolis was a city "with a mixed Scythian-Greek population, strong defensive walls and large public buildings constructed using the orders of Greek architecture". The city was eventually destroyed in the mid-3rd century AD by the 466:

in Crimea is not associated with agriculture, but instead with the beginning of pottery production, changes in flint tool-making technologies, and local domestication of pigs. The earliest evidence of domesticated wheat in the Crimean peninsula is from the

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population was also deported to Central Asia, and partially to Ufa and its surroundings in the Ural mountains. A total of more than 230,000 people – about a fifth of the total population of the Crimean Peninsula at that time – were deported, mainly to

1771:, home of the Tsar's Black Sea Fleet and the associated threat of potential Russian penetration into the Mediterranean. After extensive fighting throughout Crimea, the city fell on 9 September 1855. The war ended with a Russian loss in February 1856. 2484:

Nearly 8,000 Crimean Tatars died during the deportation, and tens of thousands perished subsequently due to the harsh exile conditions. The Crimean Tatar deportation resulted in the abandonment of 80,000 households and 360,000 acres of land.

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of 1932–1933. A large Slavic population (mainly Russians and Ukrainians) influx occurred in the 1930s as a result of the Soviet policy of regional development. These demographic changes permanently altered the ethnic balance in the region.

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The Crimea was the first Muslim territory to slip from the sultan's suzerainty. The Ottoman Empire's frontiers would gradually shrink, and Russia would proceed to push her frontier westwards to the Dniester.

2192:, with the Crimean ASSR retaining a degree of nominal autonomy and run as a Crimean Tatar enclave. However, this did not protect the Crimean Tatars, who constituted about 25% of the Crimean population, from 2825: 2596:. In time the peninsula also became a major tourist destination for cruises originating in Greece and Turkey. Crimea's infrastructure and manufacturing also developed, particularly around the sea ports at 652: 5376:

Bezverkha, Anastasia (2017). "Reinstating Social Borders between the Slavic Majority and the Tatar Population of Crimea: Media Representation of the Contested Memory of the Crimean Tatars' Deportation".

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continued to form a slight plurality of Crimea's still largely rural population and were the predominant portion of the population in the mountainous area and about half of the steppe population.

684:. As the Tauri inhabited only the mountainous regions of southern Crimea, the name Taurica was originally used only for this southern part, but was later extended to refer to the whole peninsula. 1866:

settled in the Crimea at the beginning of the 19th century, receiving a large allotment and fertile land and later wealthy colonists began to buy land, mainly in Perekopsky and Evpatoria uyezds.

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Prat, Sandrine; Péan, Stéphane C.; Crépin, Laurent; Drucker, Dorothée G.; Puaud, Simon J.; Valladas, Hélène; Lázničková-Galetová, Martina; van der Plicht, Johannes; et al. (17 June 2011).

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Motuzaite-Matuzeviciute, Giedre; Sergey Telizhenko and Martin K. Jones; Jones, Martin K (2013). "The earliest evidence of domesticated wheat in the Crimea at Chalcolithic Ardych-Burun".

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in 2014, the majority of Crimean residents say they believed the referendum was free and fair (91%) and that the government in Kyiv ought to recognize the results of the vote (88%).

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was started to remove the memory of the Tartars, including a massive name change of the vast majority of toponyms, which were given Slavic and communist names. Very few localities –

2189: 761:, supplying the city with wheat, honey and other commodities. The last of that line of kings, Paerisades V, being hard-pressed by the Scythians, put himself under the protection of 2880: 4648:

Only a week after gunmen planted the Russian flag on the local parliament, Aksyonov and his allies held another vote and declared parliament was appealing to Putin to annex Crimea

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westwards to the Dniester. From 1853 to 1856, the strategic position of the peninsula in controlling the Black Sea meant that it was the site of the principal engagements of the

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were anxious to conquer and colonize the fertile and beautiful peninsula as part of their policy of resettling the Germans in Eastern Europe at the expense of the Slavs. In the

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Taurians intermixed with the Scythians starting from the end of 3rd century BC were mentioned as "Tauroscythians" and "Scythotaurians" in the works of ancient Greek writers. In

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troops, the Crimean mountains remained an unconquered stronghold of the native resistance (the partisans) until the day when the peninsula was freed from the occupying force.

937: 3267: 1919:. Approximately 50,000 White prisoners of war and civilians were summarily executed by shooting or hanging after Wrangel's defeat at the end of 1920, in one of the largest 3710:

The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania. International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th–18th Century). A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents

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with the Crimean authorities pushing for more independence from Ukraine and closer links with Russia. In 1995, the Republic was forcibly abolished by Ukraine with the

1541:(in office: 1550–1557) gathered together groups of Cossacks and constructed a fort designed to obstruct Tatar raids into Ukraine. With this action, he founded the 819: 5893: 2328:

Sevastopol held out from October 1941 until 4 July 1942 when the Germans finally captured the city. From 1 September 1942, the peninsula was administered as the

1823:. Finally, the Russian government decided to stop the process, as agriculture began to suffer due to the unattended fertile farmland. By the late 19th century, 5454:(2005). "The Black Sea and the Slave Trade: The Role of Crimean Maritime Towns in the Trade in Slaves and Captives in the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries". 3002:

Trinkaus, Erik; Blaine Maley and Alexandra P. Buzhilova; Buzhilova, Alexandra P. (2008). "Brief Communication: Paleopathology of the Kiik-Koba 1 Neandertal".

1756:. To stop Russia's conquests, France and Britain entered in March 1854. While some of the war was fought elsewhere, the principal engagements were in Crimea. 2813: 359: 5235: 3653: 5153: 6381: 2841: 1934:

Crimea changed hands several times over the course of the conflict and several political entities were set up on the peninsula, including the following.

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at the end of the 2nd century. The camp was abandoned by the Romans in the mid-3rd century. This de facto province would have been controlled by the

4162: 1811:, forced by the conditions created by the war, persecution, and land expropriations. Those who survived the trip, famine, and disease, resettled in 1677:

established in 1802 with its capital at Simferopol. The governorate included both Crimea as well as larger adjacent areas of the mainland. In 1826

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alike doubled as a result of assimilationist policies, with more than 1.6 million Russians and 626,000 Ukrainians living on the peninsula by 1989.

950: 2922:, the nation's main waterway. Development of new sources of water was undertaken, with huge difficulties, to replace closed Ukrainian sources. In 5908: 1662:

that recognised the loss of Crimea and other territories that had been held by the Khanate. This increased Russia's power in the Black Sea area.

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in their war against his father. In 15 BC, it was once again restored to the king of Pontus, but from then ranked as a tributary state of Rome.

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The peninsula was resettled with other peoples, mainly Russians and Ukrainians. Modern experts say that the deportation was part of the Soviet

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discussed Ukrainian events with security service chiefs remarking that "we must start working on returning Crimea to Russia". On 27 February,

1428:. However, the Crimean Khans still had a large amount of autonomy from the Ottoman Empire, and followed the rules they thought best for them. 2899:

going into official circulation and later to be the sole currency for legal tender with clocks also moved to Moscow time. A revision of the

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who later adopted a Turkic language, formed in the 13th century. It existed among the Muslim Crimean Tatars, primarily in the mountainous

5990: 3996: 2376:. This company participated in anti-Jewish manhunts and murder actions in the rural regions." Around 40,000 Crimean Jews were murdered. 3392: 452:. Human site occupation density was relatively high in the Crimean region and increased as early as c. 16,000 years before the present. 6376: 4578: 2904: 2735:

established firmly under Ukrainian authority. There were also intermittent tensions with Russia over the Soviet Fleet, although a 1997

1637: 1614: 1467: 1321: 234: 139:(63 BC – 341 AD). The south coast remained Greek in culture for almost two thousand years including under Roman successor states, the 459:

believe Crimea did not become a peninsula until relatively recently, with the rising of the Black Sea level in the 6th millennium BC.

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captured strategic sites across Crimea, including Crimean parliament and government buildings. Russia then installed the pro-Russian

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Slaves and freedmen formed approximately 75% of the Crimean population. In 1769 a last major Tatar raid, which took place during the

5210: 4875: 198:, which also conquered the coastal areas which had kept independent of the Khanate. A major source of prosperity in these times was 3316:

Scythians and Greeks: A Survey of Ancient History and Archaeology on the North Coast of the Euxine from the Danube to the Caucasus

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The Russian government opposes the "annexation" label, with Putin defending the referendum as complying with the principle of the

1279:(Feodosiya), gaining control of the Crimean economy and the Black Sea commerce for two centuries. Genoa and its colonies fought a 5771: 2911:

stated that Crimea had been fully integrated into Russia. Since the annexation Russia has supported large migration into Crimea.

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Within days of the signing of the accession treaty, the process of integrating Crimea into the Russian federation began with the

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as an ethnic group dominated the Crimean Khanate from the 15th to the 18th centuries. They descend from a complicated mixture of

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The war devastated much of the economic and social infrastructure of Crimea. The Crimean Tatars had to flee from their homeland

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created a Russian aided exodus of Christian subjects who were overwhelmingly among the urban classes and created cities such as

6173: 6136: 5923: 2818: 2801: 2552: 969:. The area remained the site of overlapping interests and contact between the early medieval Slavic, Turkic and Greek spheres. 914:, an East Germanic language, was spoken by the Crimean Goths in some isolated locations in Crimea until the late 18th century. 743: 5700:. Monographien des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums. Vol. 101. Mainz: Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums. 4982: 5705: 5501: 4671: 4497: 4304: 4253: 4054: 3766: 3717: 3471: 3418: 3364: 2930:

portions of Kherson Oblast, which allowed it to unblock the North Crimean canal by force, resuming water supply into Crimea.

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of Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill which was later seen as dividing Europe between the Communist and democratic spheres.

2286: 2277:, German and Romanian troops suffered heavy casualties in the summer of 1941 as they tried to advance through the narrow 1875: 1768: 1424:

captive, later releasing him in return for accepting Ottoman suzerainty over the Crimean Khans and allowing them rule as

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over the walls of the city. Historians have speculated that Genoese refugees from this engagement may have brought the

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Throughout the ancient and medieval period the interior and north of Crimea was occupied by a changing cast of invading

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The Crimea in 1854, and 1894: With Plans, and Illustrations from Sketches Taken on the Spot by Colonel W. J. Colville

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lost over 170,000 men killed or taken prisoner, and three armies (44th, 47th, and 51st) with twenty-one divisions.

2097: 398:. Late Neanderthal occupations have also been found at Starosele (c. 46,000 BP) and Buran Kaya III (c. 30,000 BP). 2461:. 14,300 Greeks, 12,075 Bulgarians, and about 10,000 Armenians were also expelled. By the end of summer 1944, the 1579: 1554: 226: 6168: 2845: 2709: 2169: 2035: 305: 5719: 5669:; Prokhorov, Dmitry. "The Development of Crimean Studies in the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union, and Ukraine," 4848: 3664: 6141: 5975: 5950: 5278: 4230: 3933: 3534: 3513: 3039:"Stone tool function at the paleolithic sites of Starosele and Buran Kaya III, Crimea: Behavioral implications" 2809: 2775: 2724: 2363: 1406: 363: 6388: 6131: 5935: 5807: 4823: 4069:

Nicolas Werth, Karel Bartosek, Jean-Louis Panne, Jean-Louis Margolin, Andrzej Paczkowski, Stephane Courtois,

2732: 2282: 1749: 1748:, was part of a long-running contest between the major European powers for influence over territories of the 313: 2588:, with new attractions and sanatoriums for tourists. Tourists came from all around the Soviet Union and its 1586:

to recognize the Tatars of the Crimea as politically independent, meaning that the Crimean Khans fell under

5918: 5184: 3977:"Adam Mickiewicz's "Crimean Sonnets" – a clash of two cultures and a poetic journey into the Romantic self" 2978: 2945: 2013: 1965: 1915:

in 1920. When resistance was crushed, many of the anti-Bolshevik fighters and civilians escaped by ship to

426: 2481:, where the Tatars had Turkic ethnic kin, or to remove minorities from the Soviet Union's border regions. 2300: 1447:

were recorded, and from 1600 to 1647, seventy. In the 1570s close to 20,000 slaves a year went on sale in

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made their last stand in 1920, with tens of thousands of those who remained being murdered as part of the

6127: 5802: 5764: 5236:"Crimeans have tap water only six hours a day as all Russian attempts to hydrate occupied peninsula fail" 4023: 3758: 2875: 2021: 2004: 1885: 1796: 754: 456: 356: 2212:

was destroyed, because the Soviets considered the Greeks as "counter-revolutionary" with their links to

687: 6434: 5945: 5928: 5903: 5792: 3839: 3554: 3487: 2927: 2793: 2657: 2646: 2494: 2151: 2080: 1904: 1895:, the military and political situation in Crimea was chaotic, as in much of Russia. During the ensuing 1892: 1245: 1200: 1149: 667: 588: 282: 254: 104: 3949:

Anderson, M. S. (December 1958). "The Great Powers and the Russian Annexation of the Crimea, 1783–4".

3874:"Slave Trade in the Early Modern Crimea From the Perspective of Christian, Muslim, and Jewish Sources" 3100:"The Oldest Anatomically Modern Humans from Far Southeast Europe: Direct Dating, Culture and Behavior" 1409:

suzerainty, though this suzerainty was only nominal. After the Crimean Tatars asked for help from the

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fled to Byzantine lands, where they were said to have settled in Crimea and named their new territory

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was officially released with the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol added to the

2370:, "In January 1942 a company of Tatar volunteers was established in Simferopol under the command of 1834:

concentrated in the Feodosiya district and Ukrainians as well as smaller numbers of Jews (including

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A short historical Account of the Crimea, from the earliest ages and during the Russian occupation

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after a brief round of talks with the gunmen, began to gather a quorum of the chamber's lawmakers.

4567: 6146: 6066: 5878: 5830: 3535:"The medieval 'New England': a forgotten Anglo-Saxon colony on the north-eastern Black Sea coast" 3514:"The medieval 'New England': a forgotten Anglo-Saxon colony on the north-eastern Black Sea coast" 3207: 2547:

1954 Soviet propaganda stamp marking the 300th anniversary of Ukraine's reunification with Russia

2538: 1764: 1618: 1545:, with which he would launch a series of attacks on the Crimean Peninsula and the Ottoman Turks. 1280: 810: 778: 290: 17: 2852:

affirming the "territorial integrity of Ukraine within its internationally recognised borders".

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for the entire Ukraine. In spite of heavy-handed tactics by the Nazis and the assistance of the

6334: 6268: 6254: 5757: 5128:"Putin Eliminates Ministry of Crimea, Region Fully Integrated into Russia, Russian Leaders Say" 4908: 4600: 3446: 2900: 2470: 2305: 2235: 1843: 1493: 1185: 1039: 824: 770: 543: 5154:"Demographic Transformation of Crimea: Forced Migration as Part of Russia's 'Hybrid' Strategy" 5013: 4873: 4485: 4294: 4008: 1665:

Crimea went through a number of administrative reforms after Russian annexation, first as the

984:) were sold to Byzantium and other places in Anatolia and the Middle East during this period. 526:

Behind her are two columns of a classic Greek temple. Low mountains are in the far background.

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had exercised some control of the majority of the peninsula at the height of its power, with

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During the AD 1st, 2nd and 3rd centuries, Taurica was host to Roman legions and colonists in

341: 172: 4513:"In Yalta was organized Euromaidan, in Sevastopol were demanding to imprison the opposition" 1899:, Crimea changed hands numerous times and was for a time a stronghold of the anti-Bolshevik 1752:. Russia and the Ottoman Empire went to war in October 1853 over Russia's rights to protect 1276: 603:

on the Black Sea. By the 2nd century BC they had become subject-allies of the Scythian king

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Schonle, Andreas (2001). "Garden of the Empire: Catherine's Appropriation of the Crimea".

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Boris N. Mamlyuk (6 July 2015). "The Ukraine Crisis, Cold War II, and International Law".

3330: 3158: 1923:. Between 56,000 and 150,000 of the civilian population were then murdered as part of the 1480:

who settled in the Crimea from the 8th century, presumably also absorbing remnants of the

8: 6298: 5940: 5868: 5489: 4711:[On the dissolution of the Verkhovna Rada of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea]. 3649: 3243: 2915: 2856: 2589: 2585: 2578: 2285:), they occupied most of Crimea, with the exception of the city of Sevastopol, which was 2252: 1831: 1741: 1683: 1674: 1626: 1564: 1538: 1177: 1141: 1012: 793: 430: 352: 214: 203: 144: 3855: 3115: 3056: 3001: 2914:

Once Ukraine lost control of the territory in 2014, it shut off the water supply of the

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destroyed a Mongol Golden Horde army in 1399, the Crimean Tatars founded an independent

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to recognize the Tatars of the Crimea as politically independent. Catherine the Great's

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formed out of the collapse of the horde but quite rapidly itself became subject to the

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The Crimea, its towns, inhabitants and social customs, by a lady resident near the Alma

5616: 5600: 5471: 5394: 5328: 4689:"Russian government agency reveals fraudulent nature of the Crimean referendum results" 4364: 3958: 3844:

The Mutual Effects of the Islamic and Judeo-Christian Worlds: The East European Pattern

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were another cultural group that suffered. Their lands were lost during the process of

1955: 1863: 1703: 1260: 1050: 1004: 946: 387: 168: 160: 152: 4874:

Bruno Waterfield; Peter Dominiczak; David Blair; The Daily Telegraph (24 March 2014).

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Slater, Eric. "Caffa: Early Western Expansion in the Late Medieval World, 1261–1475".

3382: 6339: 6213: 6046: 5701: 5635: 5620: 5608: 5564: 5556: 5546: 5497: 5475: 5440: 5398: 5353: 5345: 5335: 5009: 4667: 4525: 4493: 4352: 4342: 4300: 4249: 4226: 4184: 4078: 4050: 3929: 3762: 3751: 3713: 3654:"The Sultan's Raiders: The Military Role of the Crimean Tatars in the Ottoman Empire" 3631: 3467: 3414: 3360: 3314: 3229: 3188: 3139: 3080: 3075: 3038: 3019: 2829: 2785: 2755: 2720: 2380: 2313: 2260: 2197: 1959: 1896: 1855: 1784: 1642: 1497: 1485: 1414: 1256: 1158: 1046: 962: 766: 735: 615: 535: 483: 406: 348: 246: 156: 128: 72: 5028:"TASS: Russia – Russian ruble goes into official circulation in Crimea as of Monday" 4512: 4171:

Before Crimea Was an Ethnic Russian Stronghold, It Was a Potential Jewish Homeland,

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The Khanate subsequently suffered a gradual internal collapse, particularly after a

595:, regarded the Tauri as a savage, warlike people. Even after centuries of Greek and 6344: 6303: 5840: 5592: 5509:

The Crimea: Its Ancient and Modern History: the Khans, the Sultans, and the Czars.

5463: 5386: 5075: 4332: 3885: 3621: 3613: 3217: 3129: 3119: 3070: 3060: 3011: 2964:. The Ukrainian government has not accepted responsibility for all of the attacks. 2462: 2395: 2309: 2274: 2256: 2209: 2030: 1880: 1847: 1839: 1542: 1512: 1501: 1299: 1189: 1184:, had already been subjected to pressure from the Genoese and Kipchaks by the time 1121: 958: 892:

Throughout the later centuries, Crimea was invaded or occupied successively by the

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from which north-central Europe was re-populated after the end of the Ice Age. The

337: 278: 151:(ended 1475). In the 13th century, some Crimean port cities were controlled by the 124: 123:

in the hinterland to the north. The southern coast gradually consolidated into the

5390: 1421: 521: 6414: 6393: 6182: 5888: 5873: 5835: 5685: 5666: 5629: 5451: 5366: 4901:"UN General Assembly adopts resolution affirming Ukraine's territorial integrity" 4750: 4661: 4573: 4520: 4445: 4336: 4168: 4046: 3923: 3782: 3696: 3461: 3408: 3290: 3124: 2908: 2805: 2740: 2571: 2348: 1991: 1800: 1779: 1745: 1678: 1505: 1444: 1367: 1315: 1168: 1031: 965:. The Crimean peninsula from this time was contested between Byzantium, Rus' and 928: 878: 569: 329: 191: 140: 4384: 4123: 3036: 1371: 1199:

Kiev lost its hold on the Crimean interior in the early 13th century due to the

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During the collapse of the Byzantine state some cities fell to its creditor the

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Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Russian and American Perspectives

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National Movements and National Identity Among the Crimean Tatars (1905 - 1916)

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Dickinson, Sara. "Russia's First 'Orient': Characterizing the Crimea in 1787."

4708:Про дострокове припинення повноважень Верховної Ради Автономної Республіки Крим 3889: 3818: 3746: 2837: 2797: 2717: 2417: 2372: 2205: 2069: 1900: 1859: 1824: 1820: 1737: 1733: 1725: 1666: 1659: 1647: 1622: 1587: 1477: 1473: 1410: 1394: 1295: 1219: 1193: 1125: 996: 911: 858: 782: 700: 673: 592: 584: 395: 258: 195: 164: 132: 96: 84: 4296:

Against Their Will: The History and Geography of Forced Migrations in the USSR

1053:. During the entirety of this period, the urban areas were Greek-speaking and 6428: 6308: 6016: 5858: 5568: 5357: 4800: 4706: 4356: 3904: 3396:. Vol. 07 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 449–450. 3387: 2919: 2896: 2429: 2321: 2193: 2089: 2073: 1908: 1792: 1699: 1655: 1583: 1481: 1325: 1249: 1114: 1086: 1066: 1019:

by the local Byzantine priest at Chersonesus, thus marking the entry of Rus'

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in 1784 but in 1796 it was divided into two counties and attached it to the

1520: 1379: 1211:, reaching Kiev by 1240. The Crimean interior came under the control of the 1128:

also having some control of the interior of Crimea after the tenth century.

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In the mid-10th century, the eastern area of Crimea was conquered by Prince

444:

environments, although the climate was slightly warmer during several brief

413:). The fossils are about 32,000 years old, with the artifacts linked to the 6051: 6039: 5825: 5612: 4852: 4152:, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. 3635: 3617: 3143: 3084: 3065: 3023: 2744: 2701: 2593: 2529:– were given their original names back after the fall of the Soviet Union. 2506: 2498: 2441: 2384: 2367: 2281:

linking Crimea to the Soviet mainland. Once the German army broke through (

2270: 2266: 2185: 2040: 1767:

and in the Black Sea, allied troops landed in Crimea in September 1854 and

1572: 1568: 1383: 1375: 1287: 1230: 1215: 1212: 1145: 1090: 1035: 851: 828: 708: 622:. The town ruled over a small kingdom covering the lands between the lower 596: 468: 445: 333: 274: 270: 222: 218: 187: 136: 4956:"Despite Concerns about Governance, Ukrainians Want to Remain One Country" 2743:

allowing Russia to continue basing its fleet in Sevastopol with the lease

2493:

The autonomous republic without its titular nationality was downgraded to

2269:, Crimea was a scene of some of the bloodiest battles. The leaders of the 332:

allowing Russia to continue basing its fleet in Sevastopol with the lease

312:

was formed in 1992, although the republic was abolished in 1995, with the

6021: 6011: 5999: 5898: 4726:

Baczynska, Gabriela; Toyer, Julien (2014-03-05). Gutterman, Steve (ed.).

2944:

Beginning in July 2022, a series of explosions and fires occurred on the

2567: 2474: 2425: 2204:, in which farmers were not compensated with wages. Schools which taught 1719: 1436: 1303: 1234: 1000: 977: 691:

Greek colonies along the north coast of the Black Sea in the 5th century

553: 434: 391: 239: 108: 49: 5027: 3587: 2383:

meant that in 1944 Sevastopol came under the control of troops from the

2366:

were targeted for annihilation during the Nazi occupation. According to

2107: 1928: 386:

Archaeological evidence of human settlement in Crimea dates back to the

217:. After two centuries of conflict, the Russian fleet had destroyed the 6201: 6158: 5797: 5735: 5651:

The Crimean Tatars: The Diaspora Experience and the Forging of a Nation

5604: 4472:

National Identity and Ethnicity in Russia and the New States of Eurasia

3962: 3015: 2888: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2563: 2458: 2449: 2213: 1924: 1920: 1567:. After two centuries of conflict, the Russian fleet had destroyed the 1417:

in 1475 brought Kaffa and the other trading towns under their control.

1349: 1335: 1082: 1074: 992: 932: 874: 753:

In 438 BC, the Archon (ruler) of Panticapaeum assumed the title of the

728: 692: 660: 643: 619: 414: 410: 317: 262: 112: 3037:

Hardy, Bruce; Marvin Kay; Anthony E. Marks; Katherine Monigal (2001).

846:

In the 2nd century BC, the eastern part of Taurica became part of the

103:, "Tauric Peninsula"), begins around the 5th century BCE when several 6313: 6026: 5524:

Ozhiganov, Edward. "The Crimean Republic: Rivalries for Control." in

2697: 2543: 2445: 2239: 1835: 1688: 1448: 1420:

After the capture of the Genoese towns, the Ottoman Sultan held Khan

1402: 1291: 1264: 1204: 1078: 870: 862: 747: 704: 610:

The Crimean Peninsula north of the Crimean Mountains was occupied by

573: 565: 561: 546: 504: 463: 422: 116: 5596: 5423:

Fisher, Alan (1981). "The Ottoman Crimea in the Sixteenth Century".

5211:"Crimea Offers Disturbing Blueprint for Russian Takeover of Ukraine" 4728:"Russia says cannot order Crimean 'self-defense' units back to base" 3244:"The Taurians - Ancient period - Outlying areas - About Chersonesos" 1508:

influence due to historical Ottoman Turkish presence in the Crimea.

340:

is disputed. In 2014, Crimea saw intense demonstrations against the

225:

had inflicted heavy defeats on the Ottoman land forces. The ensuing

5863: 5848: 5519:

Claiming Crimea: A History of Catherine the Great's Southern Empire

5330:

The Tatars of Crimea: Return to the Homeland: Studies and Documents

5080: 3873: 3406: 3293:"... generally speaking, the Tauri, a Scythian tribe ..." 2973: 2613: 2510: 2294: 1916: 1912: 1816: 1787:, a symbol of Crimea, one of the best-known, romantic castles near 1602: 1208: 1181: 1162: 1110: 1016: 1008: 981: 966: 739: 611: 604: 599:

settlement, the Tauri were not pacified and continued to engage in

531: 5749: 5185:"Crimea: Deportations and forced transfer of the civil population" 4568:"Putin was ready to put nuclear weapons on alert in Crimea crisis" 4459:

The Strategic Use of Referendums: Power, Legitimacy, and Democracy

2688: 2156: 1389:

The Crimean Tatars controlled the steppes that stretched from the

1263:, had built along the Crimean coast and established themselves at 703:

along the Black Sea coast of Crimea in the 7th or 6th century BC.

564:

states that the Tauri tribes were geographically inhabited by the

107:

were established along its coast, the most important of which was

5853: 4732: 4635: 2884: 2518: 2160:

London Geographical Institute's 1919 map of Europe showing Crimea

1812: 1650:. Only the parts of New Russia that are now in Ukraine are shown. 1532: 1516: 1489: 1440: 1106: 1098: 905: 901: 886: 832: 716: 712: 623: 577: 514: 509: 471:

Ardych-Burun site, dating to the middle of the 4th millennium BC

394:

remains found at Kiyik-Koba Cave have been dated to about 80,000

301:, called the "reunification of Ukraine with Russia" in the USSR. 53: 5744: 5560: 5349: 4980: 4024:"Governments or Provinces of the Former Russian Empire: Taurida" 2918:

which supplies 85% of the peninsula's freshwater needs from the

2836:

of Ukraine. The annexation led to the other members of the then-

1248:, respectively sharing control of the south of Crimea until the 6071: 5780: 4433:"Annexation of Crimea: A masterclass in political manipulation" 2948:

Crimean Peninsula from where the Russian Army had launched its

2693: 2522: 2478: 2453: 2437: 2234:

Crimea experienced two severe famines in the 20th century, the

2217: 2085:

April (officially, 16 August) – 16 November 1920

1598: 1535: 836: 797: 774: 758: 627: 600: 557: 441: 370:, although most countries recognise Crimea as part of Ukraine. 184: 57: 3440: 2828:

condemned the annexation and consider it to be a violation of

568:, but they are not Scythians. Also, the Taurians inspired the 5533:

The Crimean Nexus: Putin's War and the Clash of Civilizations

3381: 2597: 2436:

on the grounds that they allegedly had collaborated with the

2391: 2127: 1788: 1398: 1390: 1363: 1272: 1268: 1094: 1070: 681: 631: 539: 500: 437: 120: 5292:"Drone explosion hits Russia's Black Sea Fleet headquarters" 4876:"Russia Temporarily Kicked Out of G8 Club of Rich Countries" 4631:"RPT-INSIGHT-How the separatists delivered Crimea to Moscow" 1694: 1378:) by 1443. Hacı I Giray and his successors reigned first at 1283:

with the Mongol states between the 13th and 15th centuries.

1131: 4407:"Crimea: A Gift To Ukraine Becomes A Political Flash Point" 3043: 2526: 1724:

The Crimean War (1853–1856), a conflict fought between the

1646:

A map of what was called New Russia during the time of the

1102: 897: 448:

and began to warm significantly after the beginning of the

5105:"Russia Amends Constitution to Include Crimea, Sevastopol" 5051:"Crimea Adopts Ruble as Ukraine Continues Battling Rebels" 4983:"Crimeans vote over 90 percent to quit Ukraine for Russia" 4771:"Putin says plan to take Crimea hatched before referendum" 4663:

Ukraine's Unnamed War: Before the Russian Invasion of 2022

4483: 4217: 4215: 3380:

Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch; Bealby, John Thomas (1911).

2347:(1898–1977), under the authority of the three consecutive 1229:) originates as the name of the provincial capital of the 5279:"In southern Ukraine, Russian forces guard strategic dam" 5076:"Ukraine crisis: Crimea celebrates switch to Moscow time" 3185:

Desolate Landscapes: Ice-Age Settlement in Eastern Europe

3162: 1575:

had inflicted heavy defeats on the Ottoman land forces.

1488:. Linguistically, the Crimean Tatars are related to the 1397:, but they were unable to take control of the commercial 1298:

catapulted the bodies of Mongol warriors who had died of

769:, in 114 BC. After the death of this sovereign, his son, 474:

By the 3rd millennium BC, Crimea had been reached by the

5183:

Andreyuk, Eugenia; Gliesche, Philipp (4 December 2017).

4796:"Four years since Russia's illegal annexation of Crimea" 4751:"Putin reveals secrets of Russia's Crimea takeover plot" 4262: 4043:

Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe

781:

in 63 BC as a reward for the assistance rendered to the

297:

as part of celebrations of the 300th anniversary of the

163:. In the medieval period, it was partially conquered by 5577:

The Crimea Question: Identity, Transition, and Conflict

4212: 3805: 3803: 3801: 3799: 3797: 3795: 1658:

negotiated a trade agreement with the Russian diplomat

995:. The peninsula was wrested from the Byzantines by the 4313: 2848:

also rejected the referendum and annexation, adopting

2821:

threats to solidify the new status quo on the ground.

1049:

who also conquered cities controlled by its rival the

5414:

Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History

5364: 4338:Крым и крымские татары в XIX-XX веках: сборник статей 3842:

in A. Ascher, B. K. Kiraly, and T. Halasi-Kun (eds),

3097: 2656:. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are 2574:

and was attached to the Crimean Oblast only in 1978.

1492:, who invaded the Crimea in the mid-8th century; the 1443:

for sale. For example, from 1450 to 1586, eighty-six

1382:, then – from the beginning of the 15th century – at 5683: 4981:

Mike Collett-White; Ronald Popeski (16 March 2014).

4601:"Putin's Man in Crimea Is Ukraine's Worst Nightmare" 4477: 4274: 4021: 3840:

Halil Inalcik. "Servile Labor in the Ottoman Empire"

3792: 2401: 2172:, Crimean coast near the village of Mukhalatka, 1929 159:, but the interior was much less stable, enduring a 5407:

Crimea and the Black Sea: An environmental history.

4071:

Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression

3648: 3459: 2619: 2223:From 1923 until 1944 there was an effort to create 991:and became part of the Kievan Rus' principality of 5327: 4769:Soldatkin, Vladimir; Stamp, David (9 March 2014). 4566: 4540:"Putin describes secret operation to seize Crimea" 4299:. Central European University Press. p. 152. 4030:, London: Russian Outlook – via Open Library 3750: 1903:. It was in Crimea that the White Russians led by 1413:, an Ottoman invasion of the Genoese towns led by 560:refers to the Tauri as a Scythian tribe. However, 534:Crimea was settled by two groups separated by the 40:Ancient settlements in Crimea and surrounding area 4206:The Road to Stalingrad: Stalin's War with Germany 3902: 2840:suspending Russia from the group and introducing 2532: 957:In the 9th century CE, Byzantium established the 405:remains in Europe in the Buran-Kaya caves in the 316:established firmly under Ukrainian authority and 6426: 5671:Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 5494:This Blessed Land: Crimea and the Crimean Tatars 5182: 5003: 3921: 3860:Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to Black History 2956:. Occupied Crimea was a base for the subsequent 2570:due to its importance as the port of the Soviet 1869: 1458:of 1768-1774, saw the capture of 20,000 slaves. 999:in the 10th century; a major Byzantine outpost, 4923: 4680: 4660:Arel, Dominique; Driscoll, Jesse (2023-01-05). 4486:"The Eye of the Whirlwind: Belarus and Ukraine" 4241: 3871: 3602:"Biological warfare at the 1346 siege of Caffa" 3445:. University of Texas at Austin. Archived from 3379: 2428:" (Crimean Tatar for exile) to Central Asia by 757:, a state that maintained close relations with 401:Archaeologists have found some of the earliest 5741:On the role of Crimea in the Russian discourse 5698:Quellen zur Geschichte der byzantinischen Krim 4931:"United Nations A/RES/68/262 General Assembly" 4849:"Russia Threatens Nuclear Strikes Over Crimea" 4768: 4725: 2933: 2772:Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation 2103:November 1920 – 18 October 1921 2012:German puppet state under Lipka Tatar General 1309: 1259:seized the settlements that their rivals, the 1207:devastated the Crimean peninsula and pacified 289:by the Soviet regime, and in 1954, Crimea was 285:within the Russian SFSR in 1945 following the 242:, where Russia lost to a French-led alliance. 29:"Taurida" redirects here. For other uses, see 5765: 5745:The Crimean Archipelago: A Multimedia Dossier 5262:"New maps appear to show Crimea is drying up" 4598: 4484:Paul Kolstoe; Andrei Edemsky (January 1995). 4200: 4099:"Красный террор в Крыму 1920-1922: документы" 3707: 2416:On 18 May 1944, the entire population of the 2123:18 October 1921 – 30 June 1945 1608: 869:and other Bosporean trade emporiums from the 269:was created as an autonomous republic of the 183:, the north and centre of Crimea fell to the 4893: 4659: 4628: 4385:"Chronology for Crimean Russians in Ukraine" 4124:"Chronology for Crimean Russians in Ukraine" 3407:Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière Hammond (1959). 3354: 2182:Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic 2178:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 2119:Crimean Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic 1799:style. It was designed by Russian architect 1795:businessman Baron Pavel von Steingel in the 4666:. Cambridge University Press. p. 100. 4506: 3925:The Prince of Princes: The Life of Potemkin 3741: 3739: 3737: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3453: 3400: 3348: 3201: 2584:In the post-war years, Crimea thrived as a 2140: 1970:December 1917 – January 1918 1027:marks the location of this historic event. 889:of one of the Legions stationed in Charax. 478:, assumed to correspond to a late phase of 433:during this time was generally occupied by 5772: 5758: 5627: 4686: 4532: 4377: 4369:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3599: 3359:. Brill Academic Publishers. p. 167. 3159:"Early human fossils unearthed in Ukraine" 2905:federal subjects of the Russian Federation 2808:government in Crimea, which organized the 1638:Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire 1615:Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire 1468:List of Mongol and Tatar attacks in Europe 1431:Crimean Tatars introduced the practice of 1322:Crimean-Nogai raids into East Slavic lands 850:, before becoming a client kingdom of the 5456:International Journal of Maritime History 5375: 4268: 4040: 3625: 3182: 3156: 3133: 3123: 3074: 3064: 3030: 3004:American Journal of Physical Anthropology 2962:Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast 2676:Learn how and when to remove this message 2231:, but both were ultimately unsuccessful. 2026:November 1918 – April 1919 2009:25 June – 25 November 1918 1132:Mongol invasion and later medieval period 5695: 5325: 5048: 4745: 4743: 4622: 4464: 4405:Calamur, Krishnadev (27 February 2014). 4331: 4319: 4235: 4194: 3948: 3745: 3726: 3712:. Leiden and Boston: Brill. p. 17. 3176: 2995: 2879: 2832:and Russian agreements safeguarding the 2687: 2652:Relevant discussion may be found on the 2604:and in the oblast's landlocked capital, 2542: 2440:occupation forces and formed pro-German 2299: 2289:and later awarded the honorary title of 2163: 2155: 1879: 1778: 1693: 1641: 1515:, a people of Jewish descent practising 1341:Crimea in the middle of the 15th century 1167: 1153: 936: 823:Fragment of a marble relief depicting a 818: 787: 686: 651: 520: 508: 382:Bone and tool from the Buran-Kaya caves. 377: 43: 35: 5673:(Dec 2011), Vol. 64 Issue 4, pp437–452. 5582: 5450: 5102: 4490:Russians in the Former Soviet Republics 4430: 4404: 4001:Gale Encyclopedia of World History: War 3466:. Penguin Books, Limited. p. 210. 2765: 2227:. There were two attempts to establish 2088:Government of White movement's General 1983:19 March – 30 April 1918 1426:tributary princes of the Ottoman Empire 421:, along with the northern coast of the 281:until 1944. The ASSR was downgraded to 14: 6427: 5961:Supreme Council of Crimea (until 2014) 5538: 5422: 5208: 5151: 5125: 4629:De Carbonnel, Alissa (13 March 2014). 4564: 4292: 4280: 3373: 1548: 873:. The Roman colony was protected by a 861:. The Charax colony was founded under 494: 366:supporting reunification. Russia then 287:ethnic cleansing of the Crimean Tatars 161:long series of conquests and invasions 6247: 5971:Prime Minister of Crimea (until 2014) 5753: 5631:Housing, Land, and Property in Crimea 4788: 4740: 4699: 4592: 4581:from the original on 11 February 2021 3951:The Slavonic and East European Review 3942: 3915: 3896: 3312: 3306: 2796:. At the same time Russian president 1631: 1526: 1240:Trebizond's Perateia soon became the 1060: 1003:, was taken in 988 CE. A year later, 922: 881:; it also hosted a detachment of the 699:Greek city-states began establishing 614:tribes. Their center was the city of 200:frequent raids into Russia for slaves 4962:from the original on October 1, 2015 4958:. Pew Research Center. May 8, 2014. 4448:BBC News. Retrieved 30 December 2015 4149:The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia 3846:, Brooklyn College, 1979, pp. 25–43. 3441:Todd B. Krause and Jonathan Slocum. 3157:Carpenter, Jennifer (20 June 2011). 2958:Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast 2629: 2551:On 19 February 1954, the oblast was 2488: 2065:February – April 1920 1774: 961:to defend against incursions by the 425:in general, Crimea was an important 353:occupying strategic points in Crimea 175:, which marked the beginning of the 5779: 5528:(MIT Press. 1997). pp. 83–137. 5049:Verbyany, Volodymyr (1 June 2014). 4341:(in Russian). Moscow. p. 242. 3355:Tsetskhladze, Gocha R, ed. (2001). 3323: 3091: 2855:According to survey carried out by 2692:Crimea's southernmost point is the 2186:Union of Soviet Socialist Republics 1876:Crimea during the Russian Civil War 1172:Khan Uzbek Mosque 1314, Staryi Krym 637: 24: 5981:Mejlis of the Crimean Tatar People 5884:Crimean campaigns of 1687 and 1689 5732:Historical footage of Crimea, 1918 5677: 5313: 4974: 4492:. C. Hurst & Co. p. 194. 4189:International Committee for Crimea 3150: 2432:'s Soviet government as a form of 2052:2 April – June 1919 676:were the first to name the region 362:from Ukraine following a disputed 351:culminating in pro-Russian forces 25: 6446: 5976:Council of Ministers (until 2014) 5725: 5660: 5371:. old fashioned and anti-Russian. 5334:. Durham: Duke University Press. 5320:Bibliography of Ukrainian history 5289: 4431:Ragozin, Leonid (16 March 2019). 4223:The Holocaust in the Soviet Union 3555:"Another New England — in Crimea" 3532: 3511: 3488:"Another New England — in Crimea" 2907:, and the Russian Prime Minister 2760:Russia invaded and annexed Crimea 2408:Deportation of the Crimean Tatars 2402:Deportation of the Crimean Tatars 2220:, and their independent culture. 2196:'s repressions of the 1930s. The 2048:Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic 1979:Taurida Soviet Socialist Republic 865:with the intention of protecting 779:Kingdom of the Cimmerian Bosporus 147:(1204–1461), and the independent 6409: 6408: 5989: 5941:President of Crimea (historical) 4245:The Crimea. A Very Short History 2784:that ousted Ukrainian president 2634: 2620:Independent Ukraine (since 1991) 2029:Anti-Bolshevik government under 1559:In 1774, the Ottoman Empire was 1504:, although it shows substantial 1461: 1348: 1334: 1192:began its western sweep through 618:on the outskirts of present-day 209:In 1774, the Ottoman Empire was 5496:. University of Toronto Press. 5283: 5272: 5266:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 5254: 5228: 5209:Dooley, Brian (25 March 2022). 5202: 5176: 5145: 5119: 5096: 5068: 5042: 5020: 4997: 4948: 4907:. 28 March 2014. Archived from 4867: 4841: 4816: 4719: 4653: 4599:Simon Shuster (10 March 2014). 4565:Weaver, Courtney (2015-03-15). 4558: 4451: 4439: 4424: 4398: 4325: 4286: 4225:". U of Nebraska Press, p.211, 4178: 4155: 4137: 4116: 4091: 4063: 4034: 4015: 3989: 3969: 3878:Journal of Early Modern History 3865: 3849: 3833: 3775: 3708:Kołodziejczyk, Dariusz (2011). 3701: 3682: 3642: 3593: 3580:Review (Fernand Braudel Center) 3572: 3547: 3526: 3505: 3480: 3434: 3410:A history of Greece to 322 B.C. 3296: 3222:10.1179/0093469013Z.00000000042 2846:United Nations General Assembly 2710:dissolution of the Soviet Union 2246: 2184:. The Russian SFSR founded the 2110:(until 20 February 1921), then 1769:besieged the city of Sevastopol 1582:signed in June 1774 forced the 1433:raids into Eastern Slavic lands 1294:(present-day Feodosiya) in the 804: 306:dissolution of the Soviet Union 177:Christianization of Kievan Rus' 5914:1944 Crimean Tatar deportation 5535:(Yale University Press, 2017). 5521:(Yale University Press, 2017). 5409:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2015.) 5379:Journal of Borderlands Studies 5365:Barker, W. Burckhardt (1855). 5152:Hurska, Alla (29 March 2021). 4936:. United Nations. 1 April 2014 4715:(in Ukrainian). 15 March 2014. 4242:M. Clement Hall (March 2014). 3443:"The Corpus of Crimean Gothic" 3413:Clarendon Press. p. 109. 3284: 3260: 3236: 2954:full-scale invasion of Ukraine 2776:2014 Crimean status referendum 2751:of the relatively pro-Russian 2533:1954 transfer to Ukrainian SSR 2501:on 30 June 1945. A process of 2444:. On 26 June of the same year 2145: 1996:May – June 1918 1907:made their last stand against 1713: 1498:Kipchak or Northwestern branch 1401:towns in the Crimea. In 1462, 917: 792:The "Chersonesus Tauricus" of 742:expanded to Crimea as part of 13: 1: 6132:Autonomous Republic of Crimea 5936:Autonomous Republic of Crimea 5808:Autonomous Republic of Crimea 5684:Neilson, Mrs. Andrew (1855). 5545:. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. 5391:10.1080/08865655.2015.1066699 5126:McHugh, Jess (15 July 2015). 4077:, 1999, hardcover, page 100, 4022:William Henry Beable (1919), 3911:. Brill Archive. p. 288. 3689:"The Tatar Khanate of Crimea" 3319:. Cambridge University Press. 3291:Strabo. Geographica. 7. 4. 2. 3272:www.encyclopediaofukraine.com 2950:offensive on Southern Ukraine 2940:Crimea attacks (2022–present) 2733:Autonomous Republic of Crimea 2696:on the northern shore of the 2626:History of Crimea (1991–2014) 2332:(general district of Crimea) 1870:Russian Civil War (1917–1922) 1687:after travelling through the 1007:accepted the hand of Emperor 1005:Grand Prince Vladimir of Kiev 587:, who eventually established 373: 314:Autonomous Republic of Crimea 61: 5919:Renaming of Crimean toponyms 5132:International Business Times 3663:. p. 27. Archived from 3606:Emerging Infectious Diseases 3463:A Short History of Byzantium 3460:John Julius Norwich (2013). 3313:Minns, Ellis Hovell (1913). 3210:Journal of Field Archaeology 3187:. Rutgers University Press. 3125:10.1371/journal.pone.0020834 2869: 2225:Jewish settlements in Crimea 2014:Maciej (Suleyman) Sulkiewicz 1830:There were large numbers of 1176:The overseas territories of 796:, shown on a map printed in 489: 476:Yamna or "pit grave" culture 71:The recorded history of the 7: 6152:2014 parliamentary election 5803:Republic of Crimea (Russia) 4028:Russian Gazetteer and Guide 3759:University of Toronto Press 3582:29, no. 3 (2006): 271–283. 3183:Hoffecker, John F. (2002). 2967: 2934:Russian invasion of Ukraine 2876:Republic of Crimea (Russia) 2558:Ukraine's union with Russia 2126:Autonomous republic of the 2106:Bolshevik government under 2022:Crimean Regional Government 2005:Crimean Regional Government 1886:Crimean Regional Government 1884:A 25-ruble banknote of the 1791:. It was built in 1912 for 1681:published his seminal work 1355:The Crimean Khanate in 1600 1310:Crimean Khanate (1443–1783) 480:Proto-Indo-European culture 457:Black Sea deluge hypothesis 235:incorporation of the Crimea 10: 6451: 5946:2003 Tuzla Island conflict 5929:Crimean Tatar repatriation 5468:10.1177/084387140501700110 5317: 5164:(50). Jamestown Foundation 4519:November 28, 2020, at the 4041:Gellately, Robert (2007). 3928:. Macmillan. p. 258. 3909:The Encyclopaedia of Islam 3890:10.1163/157006507780385125 2937: 2873: 2769: 2623: 2536: 2405: 2250: 2180:on 18 October 1921 as the 2176:Crimea became part of the 2152:Crimea in the Soviet Union 2149: 2081:Government of South Russia 1953: 1921:massacres of the Civil War 1893:Russian Revolution of 1917 1873: 1717: 1635: 1612: 1609:Russian Empire (1783–1917) 1552: 1465: 1439:), in which they captured 1319: 1313: 1225:(via Italian, from Turkic 1135: 1032:Norman Conquest of England 945:, built on the site where 926: 808: 755:King of Cimmerian Bosporus 668:Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea 665: 641: 498: 28: 6406: 6362: 6327: 6276: 6267: 6243: 6236: 6209: 6200: 6123: 6114: 6080: 6007: 5998: 5987: 5956:2014 annexation by Russia 5894:1783 annexation by Russia 5816: 5788: 5696:Albrecht, Stefan (2013). 5425:Harvard Ukrainian Studies 5326:Allworth, Edward (1998). 5103:Sputnik (11 April 2014). 4713:Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine 4687:Ilya Somin (6 May 2014). 4446:Crimea profile – Overview 3997:"Crimean War (1853–1856)" 3922:Sebag Montefiore (2000). 2810:Crimean status referendum 2503:de-Tatarization of Crimea 2477:and acquire territory in 2412:De-Tatarization of Crimea 2229:Jewish autonomy in Crimea 2133: 2125: 2122: 2117: 1973:Crimean Tatar government 1966:Crimean People's Republic 1819:, and other parts of the 1267:(present-day Balaklava), 1188:died in 1222, before the 949:is believed to have been 715:. In the 5th century BC, 513:The Scythian treasure of 403:anatomically modern human 181:Mongol invasion of Europe 100: 88: 6188:Crimean Federal District 5924:1954 transfer to Ukraine 5539:Rywkin, Michael (1994). 5531:Pleshakov, Constantine. 4905:China Central Television 4707: 4248:. Lulu.com. p. 52. 4185:"Famine in Crimea, 1931" 4075:Harvard University Press 3872:Mikhail Kizilov (2007). 3661:The Jamestown Foundation 3357:North Pontic Archaeology 2989: 2979:Crimean ASSR (1991–1992) 2794:new Ukrainian government 2700:, currently used by the 2345:Alfred Eduard Frauenfeld 2141:Soviet Union (1922–1991) 2061:South Russian Government 1763:Following action in the 1750:declining Ottoman Empire 1671:Novorossiysk Governorate 1654:On 28 December 1783 the 1580:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca 1555:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca 1255:In the 13th century the 1242:Principality of Theodoro 1233:, the city now known as 1203:. In the summer of 1238 1138:Principality of Theodoro 1021:into the Christian world 723:founded the sea port of 322:city with special status 320:being administered as a 251:changed hands many times 227:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca 149:Principality of Theodoro 75:, historically known as 31:Taurida (disambiguation) 5831:Crimea in the Roman era 5720:excerpt and text search 3695:March 23, 2016, at the 3393:Encyclopædia Britannica 3335:Encyclopædia Britannica 2723:was reorganized as the 2539:1954 transfer of Crimea 2134:Soviet era (1921–1991) 2098:revolutionary committee 1765:Danubian Principalities 1728:and an alliance of the 1707:The Siege of Sevastopol 1619:Novorossiya Governorate 1290:army besieging Genoese 1218:from 1239 to 1441. The 1150:Mongol invasion of Rus' 904:(4th–8th century), the 854:in the 1st century BC. 827:, 3rd century BC, from 811:Crimea in the Roman era 368:formally annexed Crimea 190:, and in the 1440s the 56:, deer, bull, club and 6255:Crimean Premier League 6102:Urban-type settlements 5951:2014 status referendum 5909:Crimea in World War II 5692:; complete text online 5649:Williams, Brian Glyn. 5006:The German Law Journal 4824:"Annexation of Crimea" 4293:Polian, Pavel (2004). 4221:Yitzhak Arad (2009). " 4144:"Crimea: Introduction" 4007:. 2008. Archived from 3618:10.3201/eid0809.010536 3110:(6). plosone: e20834. 3066:10.1073/pnas.191384498 2892: 2741:Soviet Black Sea Fleet 2714:Ukrainian independence 2705: 2548: 2497:(province) within the 2325: 2173: 2161: 1888: 1804: 1710: 1651: 1494:Crimean Tatar language 1252:intervention of 1475. 1186:Alexios I of Trebizond 1173: 1165: 972:It became a center of 954: 843: 801: 696: 663: 527: 518: 383: 330:Soviet Black Sea Fleet 68: 41: 6382:Ukrainian Catholicism 6062:Pontic–Caspian steppe 5646:, recent developments 5189:Foreign Policy Center 5158:Eurasia Daily Monitor 4457:Mark Clarence Walke, 2883: 2834:territorial integrity 2814:Crimea's independence 2691: 2546: 2434:collective punishment 2318:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2303: 2283:Operation Trappenjagd 2251:Further information: 2170:"Red Ukraine" warship 2167: 2159: 2055:Bolshevik government 1986:Bolshevik government 1883: 1782: 1697: 1645: 1466:Further information: 1320:Further information: 1171: 1157: 1136:Further information: 1025:Chersonesus Cathedral 1015:in marriage, and was 974:Byzantine slave trade 943:Chersonesus Cathedral 940: 927:Further information: 822: 791: 690: 655: 642:Further information: 591:in Crimea during the 542:to the south and the 524: 512: 462:The beginning of the 381: 360:declared independence 127:which was annexed by 47: 39: 6164:Legislative Assembly 5542:Moscow's Lost Empire 5490:Magocsi, Paul Robert 5439:. Hurst Publishers. 4470:Roman Szporluk, ed. 4161:Jeffrey Veidlinger, 2901:Russian Constitution 2826:many other countries 2645:factual accuracy is 2592:, particularly from 2577:The construction of 2390:The Crimean port of 2168:Stalin on board the 1306:to Western Europe. 1034:, a large number of 989:Sviatoslav I of Kiev 711:were established by 517:, in eastern Crimea. 450:Late Glacial Maximum 419:Last Glacial Maximum 417:culture. During the 299:Treaty of Pereyaslav 5879:Genoese–Mongol Wars 5869:Empire of Trebizond 5628:UN-HABITAT (2007). 5452:Kizilov, Mikhail B. 5435:Kent, Neil (2016). 4693:The Washington Post 3815:blacksea-crimea.com 3650:Brian Glyn Williams 3600:Wheelis M. (2002). 3248:www.chersonesos.org 3116:2011PLoSO...620834P 3057:2001PNAS...9810972H 3051:(19): 10972–10977. 2916:North Crimean Canal 2857:Pew Research Center 2747:in 2010. After the 2590:satellite countries 2586:tourist destination 2579:North Crimean Canal 2471:plan to gain access 2336:(and sub-district) 2293:after the war. The 2253:Taurida Subdistrict 2236:Famine of 1921–1922 1754:Orthodox Christians 1742:Kingdom of Sardinia 1684:The Crimean Sonnets 1675:Taurida Governorate 1627:Taurida Governorate 1565:Catherine the Great 1549:Independent Khanate 1539:Dmytro Vyshnevetsky 1511:A small enclave of 1142:Empire of Trebizond 626:River and northern 495:Tauri and Scythians 431:East European Plain 346:Ukrainian president 279:occupied by Germany 215:Catherine the Great 204:Crimean slave trade 145:Empire of Trebizond 6224:Crimean Trolleybus 6128:Republic of Crimea 5575:Sasse, Gwendolyn. 5486:(E.J. Brill. 1996) 5416:3.1 (2002): 3-25. 5242:. 17 December 2020 5215:Human Rights First 4828:UaWarExplained.com 4529:. 19 February 2014 4167:2018-11-16 at the 3753:Ukraine: A History 3670:on 21 October 2013 3016:10.1002/ajpa.20833 2984:Kizil-Koba culture 2893: 2864:self-determination 2766:Russian annexation 2725:Republic of Crimea 2706: 2549: 2330:Generalbezirk Krim 2326: 2279:Isthmus of Perekop 2174: 2162: 1889: 1805: 1711: 1704:panoramic painting 1652: 1632:Russian annexation 1527:Cossack incursions 1496:forms part of the 1174: 1166: 1061:The Crimean steppe 955: 947:Vladimir the Great 923:Rus' and Byzantium 844: 802: 773:, was invested by 697: 664: 528: 519: 455:Proponents of the 388:Middle Paleolithic 384: 357:Republic of Crimea 310:Republic of Crimea 257:'s anti-Bolshevik 169:Vladimir the Great 131:and then became a 101:Χερσόνησος Ταυρική 89:Ταυρική or Ταυρικά 69: 42: 6435:History of Crimea 6422: 6421: 6402: 6401: 6377:Roman Catholicism 6358: 6357: 6263: 6262: 6232: 6231: 6196: 6195: 6110: 6109: 6047:Crimean Mountains 5707:978-3-88467-197-9 5502:978-0-7727-5110-2 5437:Crimea: A History 5405:Cordova, Carlos. 4673:978-1-009-05991-6 4526:Ukrayinska Pravda 4499:978-1-85065-206-9 4333:Bekirova, Gulnara 4306:978-963-9241-68-8 4255:978-1-304-97576-8 4056:978-1-4000-4005-6 4011:on 16 April 2015. 3768:978-0-8020-8390-6 3719:978-90-04-19190-7 3473:978-0-241-95305-1 3420:978-0-19-814260-7 3366:978-90-04-12041-9 2830:international law 2786:Viktor Yanukovych 2721:Crimean peninsula 2686: 2685: 2678: 2608:. Populations of 2489:Post-World War II 2422:forcibly deported 2381:Crimean offensive 2314:Winston Churchill 2261:Crimean offensive 2138: 2137: 1897:Russian Civil War 1775:Late Imperial era 1456:Russo-Turkish War 1415:Gedik Ahmed Pasha 1374:(a descendant of 1257:Republic of Genoa 1055:eastern Christian 1047:Republic of Genoa 736:Achaemenid Empire 616:Scythian Neapolis 536:Crimean Mountains 484:Kurgan hypothesis 407:Crimean Mountains 349:Viktor Yanukovych 247:Russian Civil War 93:Tauric Chersonese 73:Crimean Peninsula 16:(Redirected from 6442: 6412: 6411: 6274: 6273: 6245: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6207: 6206: 6121: 6120: 6005: 6004: 5993: 5841:Bosporan Kingdom 5793:Political status 5774: 5767: 5760: 5751: 5750: 5711: 5691: 5667:Kizilov, Mikhail 5645: 5624: 5572: 5517:O'Neill, Kelly. 5507:Milner, Thomas. 5482:Kirimli, Hakan. 5479: 5432: 5402: 5372: 5361: 5333: 5308: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5287: 5281: 5276: 5270: 5269: 5258: 5252: 5251: 5249: 5247: 5240:Euromaidan Press 5232: 5226: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5180: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5149: 5143: 5142: 5140: 5138: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5100: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5089: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5024: 5018: 5017: 5001: 4995: 4994: 4992: 4990: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4952: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4941: 4935: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4880:Business Insider 4871: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4845: 4839: 4838: 4836: 4835: 4820: 4814: 4813: 4811: 4809: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4747: 4738: 4737: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4703: 4697: 4696: 4684: 4678: 4677: 4657: 4651: 4650: 4645: 4643: 4626: 4620: 4619: 4613: 4611: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4587: 4586: 4570: 4562: 4556: 4555: 4553: 4551: 4536: 4530: 4510: 4504: 4503: 4481: 4475: 4468: 4462: 4455: 4449: 4443: 4437: 4436: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4402: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4381: 4375: 4374: 4368: 4360: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4310: 4290: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4239: 4233: 4219: 4210: 4209: 4198: 4192: 4182: 4176: 4159: 4153: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4110: 4101:. 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In 1921, the 192:Crimean Khanate 64: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6448: 6438: 6437: 6420: 6419: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6400: 6399: 6397: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6379: 6368: 6366: 6360: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6353: 6352: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6331: 6329: 6325: 6324: 6322: 6321: 6319:Crimea Germans 6316: 6311: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6294:Crimean Tatars 6291: 6286: 6280: 6278: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6251: 6249: 6238: 6234: 6233: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6226: 6221: 6219:Crimean Bridge 6216: 6210: 6204: 6198: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6191: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6179: 6178: 6177: 6176: 6166: 6156: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6124: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6104: 6099: 6092: 6086: 6084: 6078: 6077: 6075: 6074: 6069: 6067:Southern Coast 6064: 6059: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6043: 6042: 6037: 6029: 6024: 6019: 6014: 6008: 6002: 5996: 5995: 5988: 5986: 5984: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5932: 5931: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5874:Genoese Crimea 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5845: 5844: 5838: 5828: 5822: 5820: 5814: 5813: 5811: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5783: articles 5777: 5776: 5769: 5762: 5754: 5748: 5747: 5738: 5727: 5726:External links 5724: 5723: 5722: 5714:Wood, Evelyn. 5712: 5706: 5693: 5679: 5676: 5675: 5674: 5662: 5661:Historiography 5659: 5658: 5657: 5647: 5640: 5634:. UN-HABITAT. 5625: 5580: 5573: 5551: 5536: 5529: 5522: 5515: 5505: 5487: 5480: 5462:(1): 211–235. 5448: 5433: 5420: 5410: 5403: 5385:(2): 127–139. 5373: 5362: 5340: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5296:abcnews.go.com 5290:Blann, Susie. 5282: 5271: 5253: 5227: 5201: 5175: 5144: 5118: 5095: 5067: 5041: 5019: 4996: 4973: 4947: 4922: 4892: 4866: 4855:. 11 July 2014 4840: 4815: 4787: 4757:. 9 March 2015 4739: 4718: 4698: 4679: 4672: 4652: 4621: 4591: 4557: 4546:. 8 March 2015 4531: 4505: 4498: 4476: 4463: 4450: 4438: 4423: 4397: 4376: 4347: 4324: 4312: 4305: 4285: 4273: 4271:, p. 127. 4269:Bezverkha 2017 4261: 4254: 4234: 4211: 4193: 4177: 4175:, 7 March 2014 4154: 4136: 4115: 4090: 4087:The Red Terror 4062: 4055: 4049:. p. 72. 4033: 4014: 3988: 3968: 3941: 3934: 3914: 3895: 3864: 3848: 3832: 3791: 3783:"Soldier Khan" 3774: 3767: 3725: 3718: 3700: 3681: 3641: 3592: 3571: 3546: 3525: 3504: 3479: 3472: 3452: 3449:on 2007-03-02. 3433: 3419: 3399: 3388:Chisholm, Hugh 3383:"Crimea" 3372: 3365: 3347: 3322: 3305: 3295: 3283: 3259: 3235: 3216:(2): 120–128. 3200: 3194:978-0813529929 3193: 3175: 3149: 3090: 3029: 3010:(1): 106–112. 2993: 2991: 2988: 2987: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2969: 2966: 2938:Main article: 2935: 2932: 2874:Main article: 2871: 2868: 2802:Russian troops 2798:Vladimir Putin 2790:demonstrations 2782:events in Kyiv 2767: 2764: 2718:ethnic Russian 2694:Cape of Sarych 2684: 2683: 2642: 2640: 2633: 2624:Main article: 2621: 2618: 2537:Main article: 2534: 2531: 2490: 2487: 2418:Crimean Tatars 2403: 2400: 2334:und Teilbezirk 2248: 2245: 2147: 2144: 2142: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2131: 2130: 2124: 2121: 2115: 2114: 2104: 2101: 2093: 2092: 2086: 2083: 2077: 2076: 2070:White movement 2068:Government of 2066: 2063: 2057: 2056: 2053: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2027: 2024: 2017: 2016: 2010: 2007: 2000: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1988: 1987: 1984: 1981: 1975: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1963: 1951: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1891:Following the 1874:Main article: 1871: 1868: 1825:Crimean Tatars 1821:Ottoman Empire 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6380: 6378: 6375: 6374: 6373: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6361: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6336: 6335:Crimean Tatar 6333: 6332: 6330: 6326: 6320: 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6309:Pontic Greeks 6307: 6305: 6302: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6266: 6256: 6253: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6239: 6235: 6225: 6222: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6199: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6175: 6174:2017 election 6172: 6171: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6160: 6157: 6153: 6150: 6148: 6147:State Council 6145: 6143: 6140: 6138: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6129: 6126: 6125: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6097: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6079: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6032: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6006: 6003: 6001: 5997: 5992: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5930: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5906: 5905: 5904:Soviet period 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5859:Crimean Goths 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5790: 5787: 5782: 5775: 5770: 5768: 5763: 5761: 5756: 5755: 5752: 5746: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5736:filmportal.de 5733: 5730: 5729: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5703: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5688: 5682: 5681: 5672: 5668: 5665: 5664: 5656: 5653:(Brill 2001) 5652: 5648: 5643: 5641:9789211319200 5637: 5633: 5632: 5626: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5585:Slavic Review 5581: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5552:9781315287713 5548: 5544: 5543: 5537: 5534: 5530: 5527: 5523: 5520: 5516: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5446: 5445:9781849044639 5442: 5438: 5434: 5431:(2): 135–143. 5430: 5426: 5421: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5374: 5370: 5369: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5341:9780822319948 5337: 5332: 5331: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5297: 5293: 5286: 5280: 5275: 5267: 5263: 5257: 5241: 5237: 5231: 5216: 5212: 5205: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5148: 5133: 5129: 5122: 5107:. RIA Novosti 5106: 5099: 5083: 5082: 5077: 5071: 5056: 5052: 5045: 5029: 5023: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5000: 4984: 4977: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4932: 4926: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4896: 4881: 4877: 4870: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4829: 4825: 4819: 4803: 4802: 4801:Government.no 4797: 4791: 4776: 4772: 4756: 4752: 4746: 4744: 4735: 4734: 4729: 4722: 4714: 4710: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4683: 4675: 4669: 4665: 4664: 4656: 4649: 4638: 4637: 4632: 4625: 4618: 4606: 4602: 4595: 4580: 4576: 4575: 4569: 4561: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4509: 4501: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4467: 4460: 4454: 4447: 4442: 4435:. Al Jazeera. 4434: 4427: 4412: 4408: 4401: 4386: 4380: 4372: 4366: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4348:9785851670572 4344: 4340: 4339: 4334: 4328: 4322:, p. 14. 4321: 4320:Allworth 1998 4316: 4308: 4302: 4298: 4297: 4289: 4283:, p. 67. 4282: 4277: 4270: 4265: 4257: 4251: 4247: 4246: 4238: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4218: 4216: 4207: 4203: 4202:John Erickson 4197: 4190: 4186: 4181: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4163: 4158: 4151: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4125: 4119: 4105:on 2022-06-25 4104: 4100: 4094: 4088: 4085:. Chapter 4: 4084: 4083:0-674-07608-7 4080: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4058: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4037: 4029: 4025: 4018: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3992: 3978: 3972: 3964: 3960: 3957:(88): 17–41. 3956: 3952: 3945: 3937: 3931: 3927: 3926: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3905:H. A. R. Gibb 3899: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3868: 3861: 3857: 3852: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3789:. April 2014. 3788: 3784: 3778: 3770: 3764: 3760: 3755: 3754: 3748: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3721: 3715: 3711: 3704: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3685: 3666: 3662: 3655: 3651: 3645: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3560: 3556: 3550: 3536: 3533:Green, Cate. 3529: 3515: 3512:Green, Cate. 3508: 3493: 3489: 3483: 3475: 3469: 3465: 3464: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3437: 3422: 3416: 3412: 3411: 3403: 3395: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3376: 3368: 3362: 3358: 3351: 3336: 3332: 3326: 3318: 3317: 3309: 3299: 3292: 3287: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3249: 3245: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3204: 3196: 3190: 3186: 3179: 3164: 3160: 3153: 3145: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3126: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3033: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 2998: 2994: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2971: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2941: 2931: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2920:Dnieper river 2917: 2912: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2897:Russian ruble 2890: 2886: 2882: 2877: 2867: 2865: 2860: 2858: 2853: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2820: 2815: 2812:and declared 2811: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2777: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2719: 2716:the majority 2715: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2695: 2690: 2680: 2677: 2669: 2659: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2641: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2559: 2554: 2545: 2540: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2486: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2467: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2442:Tatar Legions 2439: 2435: 2431: 2430:Joseph Stalin 2427: 2423: 2419: 2413: 2409: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2377: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2323: 2322:Joseph Stalin 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2268: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2244: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2194:Joseph Stalin 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2171: 2166: 2158: 2153: 2132: 2129: 2120: 2116: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2095: 2094: 2091: 2090:Pyotr Wrangel 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2074:Anton Denikin 2071: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2058: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2032: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2019: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1972: 1969: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1957: 1952: 1948: 1945: 1942: 1939: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1909:Nestor Makhno 1906: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1887: 1882: 1877: 1867: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1793:Baltic German 1790: 1786: 1781: 1772: 1770: 1766: 1761: 1757: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1730:French Empire 1727: 1721: 1708: 1705: 1701: 1700:Franz Roubaud 1696: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1685: 1680: 1676: 1673:, with a new 1672: 1668: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1656:Sublime Porte 1649: 1644: 1639: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1595: 1591: 1589: 1585: 1584:Sublime Porte 1581: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1556: 1546: 1544: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531:In 1553–1554 1524: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1482:Crimean Goths 1479: 1475: 1469: 1462:Tatar society 1459: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1427: 1423: 1422:Meñli I Giray 1418: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1351: 1337: 1327: 1326:Crimean Goths 1323: 1317: 1307: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1223: 1217: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1170: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1129: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1087:Crimean Goths 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1067:steppe nomads 1058: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 985: 983: 979: 975: 970: 968: 964: 960: 952: 948: 944: 939: 934: 930: 915: 913: 909: 907: 903: 899: 895: 890: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 860: 855: 853: 849: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 821: 816: 812: 799: 795: 790: 786: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 751: 749: 745: 744:his campaigns 741: 737: 732: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 694: 689: 685: 683: 679: 675: 669: 662: 658: 654: 649: 645: 635: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 608: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 581: 579: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 550: 548: 545: 541: 537: 533: 523: 516: 511: 506: 502: 487: 485: 481: 477: 472: 470: 465: 460: 458: 453: 451: 447: 446:interstadials 443: 439: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 399: 397: 393: 389: 380: 371: 369: 365: 361: 358: 354: 350: 347: 343: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 302: 300: 296: 295:Ukrainian SSR 292: 288: 284: 280: 277:, Crimea was 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 243: 241: 236: 232: 231:Sublime Porte 228: 224: 220: 216: 212: 207: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 186: 182: 179:. During the 178: 174: 170: 167:whose prince 166: 162: 158: 154: 150: 146: 142: 138: 134: 130: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 98: 94: 86: 82: 78: 74: 65: 300 BC 59: 55: 51: 46: 38: 32: 27: 19: 6413: 6372:Christianity 6269:Demographics 6137:Constitution 6094: 6082:Subdivisions 6052:Kerch Strait 5826:Greek Crimea 5817: 5715: 5697: 5686: 5670: 5650: 5630: 5588: 5584: 5576: 5541: 5532: 5525: 5518: 5508: 5493: 5483: 5459: 5455: 5436: 5428: 5424: 5413: 5406: 5382: 5378: 5367: 5329: 5300:. Retrieved 5295: 5285: 5274: 5265: 5256: 5244:. Retrieved 5239: 5230: 5218:. Retrieved 5214: 5204: 5192:. Retrieved 5188: 5178: 5166:. Retrieved 5161: 5157: 5147: 5135:. Retrieved 5131: 5121: 5109:. Retrieved 5098: 5086:. Retrieved 5079: 5070: 5058:. Retrieved 5054: 5044: 5032:. Retrieved 5022: 5005: 4999: 4987:. Retrieved 4976: 4964:. Retrieved 4950: 4938:. Retrieved 4925: 4913:. Retrieved 4909:the original 4895: 4883:. Retrieved 4879: 4869: 4859:22 September 4857:. Retrieved 4853:The Diplomat 4843: 4832:. Retrieved 4830:. 2022-03-29 4827: 4818: 4806:. Retrieved 4799: 4790: 4778:. Retrieved 4774: 4759:. Retrieved 4754: 4731: 4721: 4712: 4701: 4692: 4682: 4662: 4655: 4647: 4640:. Retrieved 4634: 4624: 4615: 4608:. Retrieved 4604: 4594: 4583:. Retrieved 4572: 4560: 4548:. Retrieved 4543: 4534: 4524: 4508: 4489: 4479: 4471: 4466: 4458: 4453: 4441: 4426: 4416:27 September 4414:. Retrieved 4410: 4400: 4390:10 September 4388:. Retrieved 4379: 4337: 4327: 4315: 4295: 4288: 4276: 4264: 4244: 4237: 4222: 4205: 4196: 4188: 4180: 4172: 4157: 4147: 4139: 4127:. Retrieved 4118: 4107:. Retrieved 4103:the original 4093: 4086: 4070: 4065: 4042: 4036: 4027: 4017: 4009:the original 4004: 4000: 3991: 3980:. Retrieved 3971: 3954: 3950: 3944: 3924: 3917: 3908: 3898: 3884:(1–2): 2–7. 3881: 3877: 3867: 3859: 3851: 3843: 3835: 3823:. Retrieved 3819:the original 3814: 3786: 3777: 3752: 3709: 3703: 3684: 3672:. Retrieved 3665:the original 3644: 3612:(9): 971–5. 3609: 3605: 3595: 3579: 3574: 3563:. Retrieved 3561:. 2015-05-24 3558: 3549: 3538:. Retrieved 3528: 3517:. Retrieved 3507: 3496:. Retrieved 3494:. 2015-05-24 3491: 3482: 3462: 3455: 3447:the original 3436: 3424:. Retrieved 3409: 3402: 3391: 3375: 3356: 3350: 3338:. Retrieved 3334: 3325: 3315: 3308: 3298: 3286: 3275:. Retrieved 3271: 3262: 3251:. Retrieved 3247: 3238: 3213: 3209: 3203: 3184: 3178: 3166:. Retrieved 3152: 3107: 3103: 3093: 3048: 3042: 3032: 3007: 3003: 2997: 2943: 2913: 2894: 2891:, 1 May 2019 2866:of peoples. 2861: 2854: 2850:a resolution 2824:Ukraine and 2823: 2792:against the 2779: 2707: 2702:Russian Navy 2672: 2663: 2644: 2594:East Germany 2583: 2576: 2562: 2550: 2507:Bakhchysarai 2499:Russian SFSR 2492: 2483: 2468: 2415: 2389: 2385:Soviet Union 2378: 2371: 2368:Yitzhak Arad 2364:Crimean Jews 2361: 2341: 2340:by the Nazi 2337: 2333: 2329: 2327: 2267:World War II 2264: 2247:World War II 2233: 2222: 2175: 2128:Russian SFSR 2041:Solomon Krym 2034: 1962:(1917–1921) 1943:Jurisdiction 1933: 1890: 1829: 1808: 1806: 1762: 1758: 1723: 1706: 1682: 1664: 1653: 1596: 1592: 1590:influence. 1577: 1573:Russian army 1569:Ottoman navy 1558: 1530: 1510: 1471: 1453: 1430: 1419: 1388: 1384:Bakhchisaray 1376:Genghis Khan 1372:Hacı I Giray 1361: 1288:Golden Horde 1286:In 1346 the 1285: 1275:(Kerch) and 1254: 1239: 1231:Golden Horde 1226: 1221: 1216:Golden Horde 1213:Turco-Mongol 1198: 1175: 1161:fortress of 1146:Golden Horde 1119: 1091:Anglo-Saxons 1064: 1044: 1036:Anglo-Saxons 1029: 986: 971: 956: 910: 891: 856: 852:Roman Empire 845: 829:Panticapaeum 805:Roman Empire 771:Pharnaces II 752: 750:in 513 BCE. 746:against the 734:The Persian 733: 709:Panticapaeum 698: 677: 671: 609: 582: 551: 529: 473: 469:Chalcolithic 461: 454: 400: 385: 303: 275:World War II 271:Russian SFSR 267:Crimean ASSR 244: 223:Russian army 219:Ottoman navy 208: 188:Golden Horde 92: 80: 76: 70: 26: 6012:Arabat Spit 5899:Crimean War 5591:(1): 1–22. 4281:Rywkin 1994 4129:8 September 2952:during the 2666:August 2024 2568:closed city 2553:transferred 2475:Dardanelles 2394:hosted the 2312:in Crimea: 2271:Third Reich 2146:Interbellum 2072:'s General 1844:Belarusians 1720:Crimean War 1714:Crimean War 1445:Tatar raids 1437:Wild Fields 1405:recognized 1304:Black Death 1235:Staryi Krym 1126:Kievan Rus' 1040:New England 1001:Chersonesus 997:Kievan Rus' 918:Middle Ages 900:(376), the 867:Chersonesos 727:(in modern 725:Chersonesos 657:Chersonesos 570:Greek myths 554:Geographica 435:periglacial 392:Neanderthal 291:transferred 245:During the 240:Crimean War 229:forced the 165:Kievan Rus' 155:and by the 109:Chersonesos 91:), and the 50:Chersonesus 6289:Ukrainians 6159:Sevastopol 6017:Arabat Bay 5798:Sevastopol 5318:See also: 5302:17 October 5298:. ABC News 4834:2022-03-29 4585:2022-01-23 4544:Yahoo News 4231:080322270X 4109:2023-02-08 3982:2018-07-08 3935:0312278152 3565:2024-09-24 3540:2024-09-24 3519:2024-09-24 3498:2024-01-20 3277:2019-02-06 3268:"Taurians" 3253:2019-02-06 2889:Simferopol 2887:parade in 2756:Yanukovych 2727:, after a 2610:Ukrainians 2606:Simferopol 2602:Sevastopol 2564:Sevastopol 2459:Uzbekistan 2406:See also: 2214:capitalist 2150:See also: 2100:government 2096:Bolshevik 1956:Revolution 1925:Red Terror 1901:White Army 1864:Bulgarians 1858:and Roma. 1797:Neo-Gothic 1744:, and the 1698:Detail of 1613:See also: 1521:Çufut Qale 1083:Sarmatians 1075:Cimmerians 1011:'s sister 993:Tmutarakan 953:in 989 CE. 933:Tmutarakan 875:vexillatio 729:Sevastopol 680:after the 661:Sevastopol 659:in modern 644:Spartocids 620:Simferopol 415:Gravettian 411:Simferopol 374:Prehistory 364:referendum 318:Sevastopol 263:Red Terror 259:White Army 173:Sevastopol 113:Sevastopol 48:Coin from 6350:Ukrainian 6328:Languages 6314:Krymchaks 6299:Armenians 6027:Black Sea 6000:Geography 5621:159492185 5569:476453248 5476:162235937 5399:148535821 5358:610947243 5055:Bloomberg 4985:. 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