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881:"After I put my head on the ground and kiss the soil that your blessed feet step upon, my nation's sun and wealth my sultan, if you ask about me, your servant who has caught fire from the zeal of missing you, I am like the one whose liver (in this case, meaning heart) has been broiled; whose chest has been ruined; whose eyes are filled with tears, who cannot distinguish anymore between night and day; who has fallen into the sea of yearning; desperate, mad with your love; in a worse situation than Ferhat and Majnun, this passionate love of yours, your slave, is burning because I have been separated from you. Like a nightingale, whose sighs and cries for help do not cease, I am in such a state due to being away from you. I would pray to Allah to not afflict this pain even upon your enemies. My dearest sultan! As it has been one-and-a-half months since I last heard from you, Allah knows that I have been crying night and day waiting for you to come back home. While I was crying without knowing what to do, the one and only Allah allowed me to receive good news from you. Once I heard the news, Allah knows, I came to life once more since I had died while waiting for you.
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from the plague; however, it is not like the previous one. God willing, it will go away as soon as you return to the city. Our ancestors said that the plague goes away once the trees shed their leaves in autumn." Later, Hürrem became the first woman to remain in the sultan's court for the duration of her life. In the
Ottoman imperial family tradition, a sultan's consort was to remain in the harem only until her son came of age (around 16 or 17), after which he would be sent away from the capital to govern a faraway province, and his mother would follow him. This tradition was called
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the sultan felt for
Roxelana and the lack of her that he felt of her, her main political advisor and her great Haseki of her. Historical scholars note that, in the early stages of his reign, Suleiman relied on correspondence, not with Haseki, but with his mother, as Hürrem did not know the language well enough. In fact, the first letters to the sultan written by Hürrem contain bureaucratic language, which suggests that they were written with the help of the court scribe.
832:. This title, used for a century, reflected the great power of imperial consorts (most of them were former slaves) in the Ottoman court, elevating their status higher than Ottoman princesses. In this case, Suleiman not only broke the old custom, but began a new tradition for the future Ottoman sultans: to marry in a formal ceremony and to give their consorts significant influence on the court, especially in matters of succession. Hürrem's salary was 2,000
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In his 1551 letter to
Sigismund II concerning the embassy of Piotr Opaliński, Suleiman wrote that the Ambassador had seen "Your sister and my wife." Whether this phrase refers to a warm friendship between the Polish King and Ottoman Haseki, or whether it suggests a closer relation, the degree of their intimacy definitely points to a special link between the two states at the time.
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diplomats, observers, and travellers, are highly derivative and speculative in nature. Because none of these people – neither
Ottomans nor foreign visitors – were permitted into the inner circle of the imperial harem, which was surrounded by multiple walls, they largely relied on the testimony of the servants or courtiers or on the popular gossip circulating around Istanbul.
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1025:, repeatedly clashed over military leadership and positions during the Safavid war. These incidents launched a series of events which culminated in his execution in 1536 by Suleiman's order. It is believed that Hürrem's influence contributed to Suleiman's decision. After three other grand viziers in eight years, Suleiman selected Hürrem's son-in-law,
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sultan as saying, "with the old king we were like brothers, and if it pleases the All-Merciful God, with this king we will be as father and son." With this letter, Hurrem sent
Sigismund II the gift of two pairs of linen shirts and pants, some belts, six handkerchiefs, and a hand-towel, with a promise to send a special linen robe in the future.
941:. Hürrem Sultan was the most powerful Haseki Sultan, because she was the only one who obtained the role and power of a Valide Sultan when she legally married the Sultan. For this reason, she has become a controversial figure in Ottoman history — subject to allegations of plotting against and manipulating her political rivals.
1002:(1603–1617), any formal means of nominating a successor, successions usually involved the death of competing princes in order to avert civil unrest and rebellions. In attempting to avoid the execution of her sons, Hürrem used her influence to eliminate those who supported Mustafa's accession to the throne.
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Mustafa was supported by
Ibrahim Pasha, who became Suleiman's grand vizier in 1523. Hürrem has usually been held at least partly responsible for the intrigues in nominating a successor. Although she was Suleiman's wife, she exercised no official public role. This did not, however, prevent Hürrem from
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Hürrem Sultan is known as the first woman in
Ottoman history to concern herself with state affairs. Hurrem Sultan was able to achieve what no concubine before her had achieved. She officially became Suleiman's wife, and although there were no laws at the time prohibiting marriages between sultans and
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in 1553, because of fear of rebellion, Suleiman ordered the execution of
Mustafa. According to a source he was executed that very year on charges of planning to dethrone his father; his guilt for the treason of which he was accused remains neither proven nor disproven. It is also rumored that Hürrem
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Thanks to her intelligence, she acted as
Suleiman's chief adviser on matters of state, and seems to have had an influence upon foreign policy and international politics. She frequently accompanied him as a political adviser. She imprinted her seal and watched the council meetings through a wire mesh
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There are reasons to believe that these two letters were more than just diplomatic gestures, and that
Suleiman's references to brotherly or fatherly feelings were not a mere tribute to political expediency. The letters also suggest Hürrem's strong desire to establish personal contact with the king.
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Hürrem's contemporaries describe her as a woman who was strikingly good-looking, and different from everybody else because of her red hair. Hürrem was also intelligent and had a pleasant personality. Her love of poetry is considered one of the reasons behind her being heavily favoured by Suleiman,
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Suleiman spent most of his time on military campaigns, consequently he needed someone reliable to provide him with information about the situation in the palace: he chose Hurrem Sultan. The letters written by Suleiman to Hürrem have been preserved; from these emerges the great feeling of love that
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After the death of Suleiman's mother, Hafsa Sultan, in 1534, Hürrem became the most trusted news source of Suleiman. In one of her letters to Suleiman, she informs him about the situation of the plague in the capital. She wrote, "My dearest Sultan! If you ask about Istanbul, the city still suffers
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Hürrem was allowed to give birth to more than one son which was a stark violation of the old imperial harem principle, "one concubine mother — one son," which was designed to prevent both the mother's influence over the sultan and the feuds of the blood brothers for the throne. She was to bear the
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Hürrem died on 15 April 1558 due to an unknown illness. In the last years of her life she was in very poor health. It is said that the Sultan, in order not to disturb the peace of his wife during the course of her illness, ordered all the musical instruments in the palace to be burned. He did not
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Although the stories about Hürrem's role in executions of Ibrahim, Mustafa, and Kara Ahmed are very popular, actually none of them are based on first-hand sources. All other depictions of Hürrem, starting with comments by sixteenth and seventeenth-century Ottoman historians as well as by European
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a day, making her one of the highest-paid Ottoman Imperial womener the wedding, the idea circulated that the sultan had limited his autonomy and was dominated and controlled by his wife. Also, in Ottoman society, mothers played more influential roles in their sons' educations and in guiding their
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In her second letter to Sigismund Augustus, written in response to his letter, Hürrem expresses in superlative terms her joy at hearing that the king is in good health and that he sends assurances of his sincere friendliness and attachment towards Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent. She quotes the
1087:) at Suleiman's court, the most extensive and objective first-hand Western source on Hürrem to date, were often filled with the authors’ own interpretations of the harem rumours. Most other sixteenth-century Western sources on Hürrem, which are considered highly authoritative today — such as
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describes Hürrem as "an intelligent, kind, understanding, openhearted, candid, talented, generous, emotional and grateful woman who cares about the soul rather than the body; who is not carried away with ordinary glimmers such as money, prone to science and art; in short, a perfect woman."
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European ambassadors of that period called her Roxelana, meaning "Ruthenian woman" or "the Ruthenian one" for her alleged Ruthenian origins. She is the sultan's consort with the most portraits in her name in the Ottoman Empire, though the portraits are imaginary depictions by painters.
687:, before she was taken to Istanbul. Shaykh Qutb al-Din al-Nahrawali, a Meccan religious figure, who visited Istanbul in late 1558, noted in his memoirs that she had been a servant in the household of Hançerli Hanzade Fatma Zeynep Sultan, daughter of Şehzade Mahmud, son of Sultan
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Around 1533, Suleiman married Hürrem in a magnificent formal ceremony. Never before had a former slave been elevated to the status of the sultan's lawful spouse, a development which astonished observers in the palace and in the city. The wedding celebration took place in 1534.
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There have been novels written in other languages: in French, a fictionalized biography by Willy Sperco (1972); in German, a novel by Johannes Tralow (1944, reprinted many times); a very detailed novel in Serbo-Croatian by Radovan Samardzic (1987); one in Turkish by Ulku Cahit
986:(Ottoman princes): Mustafa, Mehmed, Selim, Abdüllah (died at three), Bayezid, and Cihangir. Of these, Mahidevran's son Mustafa was the eldest and preceded Hürrem's children in the order of succession. Traditionally, when a new sultan rose to power, he would order all of his
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Hürrem Sultan probably entered the harem around sixteen years of age. The precise year that she entered the harem is unknown, but it believe that she became Suleiman's concubine around the time he became sultan in 1520, because their first child was born in 1521.
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concubines, the entire Ottoman court was against the marriage. Suleiman had not respected traditions. The wedding probably took place in June 1533, although the exact date of this event is still unknown. Hürrem's position was unique, as was the title of Haseki.
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Journey to the Sublime Porte: the Arabic memoir of a Sharifian agent's diplomatic mission to the Ottoman Imperial Court in the era of Suleyman the Magnificent; the relevant text from Quṭb al-Dīn al-Nahrawālī's al-Fawāʼid al-sanīyah fī al-riḥlah al-Madanīyah wa
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Although male European artists were denied access to Hürrem in the harem, there are many Renaissance paintings of the famous sultana. Scholars thus agree that European artists created a visual identity for Ottoman women that was largely imagined. The artists
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Her influence with Suleiman made her one of the most powerful women in Ottoman history and in the world at that time. Even as a consort, her power was comparable with the most powerful woman of the Imperial Harem, who by tradition was the sultan's mother or
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leave Hurrem's bed until the last day, when she died. The farewell dedications written by the Sultan to Haseki after her death, which have been preserved to the present day, demonstrated Suleiman's love for Hürrem. She was buried in a domed mausoleum (
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3100:"The Allure of the Oriental Other: Titian's Rossa Sultana and Lope de Vega's La santa Liga," Brave New Words. Studies in Spanish Golden Age Literature, eds. Edward H. Friedman and Catherine Larson. New Orleans: UP of the South, 1996: 191-208.
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exchanged letters with queens, there is no other example of a sultana who personally contacted a king other than Hürrem Sultan. She pleads with the King to trust her envoy Hassan Ağa who took another message from her by word of mouth.
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Hürrem's unprecedented rise from harem slave to Suleiman's legal wife attracted jealousy and disfavor not only from her rivals in the harem, but also from the general populace. She soon became Suleiman's most prominent consort beside
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of Sultan Suleiman. Breaking Ottoman tradition, he married Hürrem, making her his legal wife. Sultans had previously married only foreign free noble ladies. She was the first imperial consort to receive the title, created for her, to
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It is believed that Hürrem was a cunning, manipulative and stony-hearted woman who would execute anyone who stood in her way. However, her philanthropy is in contrast to this as she cared for the poor. Prominent Ukrainian writer
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The consorts were never to return to Istanbul unless their sons succeeded to the throne. In defiance of this age-old custom, Hürrem stayed behind in the harem, even after her sons went to govern the empire's remote provinces.
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after a fire destroyed the old harem. Some sources say she moved to Topkapı, not because of the fire, but as a result of her marriage to Suleiman. Either way, this was another significant break from established customs, as
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Mosque). He was sanjak-bey of Karaman, then of Manisa after Mehmed's death and later governor of Konya and Kütahya. Suleiman's only son that survived after him, he ascended to the throne on 7 September 1566 as Selim
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had specifically issued a decree to the effect that no women would be allowed to reside in the same building where government affairs were conducted. After Hürrem resided at Topkapı it became known as the New Palace
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318 pp. Illustrated. Contains important articles by Oleksander Halenko and others, as well as several translations of works about Roxelana from various European literatures, and an extensive bibliography.
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in 1534, Hürrem's influence in the palace increased, and she took over the ruling of the harem. Hürrem became the only partner of the ruler and received the title of Haseki, which means the favorite. When
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In her first short letter to Sigismund II, Hürrem expresses her highest joy and congratulations to the new king on the occasion of his ascension to the Polish throne after the death of his father
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Hürrem's influence in state affairs not only made her one of the most influential women, but also a controversial figure in Ottoman history, especially in her rivalry with Mahidevran and her son
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and in poor health, for this he was judged unfit as an heir and was therefore not assigned any province to govern. For the same reason, he was not allowed to have concubines or father children.
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However, some historians such as Salomé Woronzow-Daschkow posit that Roxelana's father, Simeon Alexander Lisowski, was not a priest but a farmer and that her mother, Leksandra Lisowska, was of
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by Romanian author Vintilă Corbul is a fictionalized account of the love story between Hürrem, whose origin is identified as Polish noblewoman Alexandra Lisowska, and Suleiman the Magnificent.
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in 1548. There was a seal on the back of the letter. For the first and only time in the Ottoman Empire, a female sultan exchanged letters with a king. After that, although Hürrem's successor
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were all influential in creating a visual representation of Hürrem. Images of the chief consort emphasized her beauty and wealth, and she is almost always depicted with elaborate headwear.
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tiles depicting the garden of paradise, perhaps in homage to her smiling and joyful nature. Her mausoleum is adjacent to Suleiman's, a more somber, domed structure, at the courtyard of the
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In 2019, a mention of a Russian origin for Hürrem was removed from the visitor panel near her tomb at the Süleymaniye Mosque in Istanbul at the request of the Ukrainian embassy in Turkey.
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The Venetian painter Titian is reputed to have painted Hürrem in 1550. Although he never visited Istanbul, he either imagined her appearance or had a sketch of her. In a letter to
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Many years later, towards the end of Suleiman's long reign, the rivalry between his sons became evident. Mustafa was later accused of causing unrest. During the campaign against
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and their relationship was monogamous. While the exact dates for the births of her children are disputed, there is academic consensus that the births of her first five children —
479:. Hürrem remained in the sultan's court for the rest of her life, enjoying a close relationship with her husband, and having six children with him, including the future sultan,
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Hürrem is known to have been very generous to the poor. She built numerous mosques, madrasahs, hammams, and resting places for pilgrims travelling to the Islamic holy city of
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wrote in the 16th century that "the most beloved wife of the present Turkish emperor – mother of his first who will govern after him, was kidnapped from our land".
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1036:, to become the grand vizier. Scholars have wondered if Hürrem's alliance with Mihrimah Sultan and Rüstem Pasha helped secure the throne for one of Hürrem's sons.
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1636:). He was governor of Karaman, Kütahya and later Amasya. He rebelled against his father for the throne and was, for this, executed by him, together with his sons.
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Hürrem is well-known both in modern Turkey and in the West, and is the subject of many artistic works. In 1561, three years after her death, the French author
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appears on stage at the Venetian Senate, and stating that he has just come from visiting the Sultan, displays his painting of Sultana Rossa or Roxelana.
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of Poland (reigned 1548–1572) have survived, and during her lifetime the Ottoman Empire generally had peaceful relations with the Polish state within a
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Serlevha (illuminated frontispiece) from the Endowment Charter (Waqfiyya) pertaining to the architectural complex commissioned by Hürrem Sultan in the
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For Ukrainian language novels, see Osyp Nazaruk (1930) (English translation is available), Mykola Lazorsky (1965), Serhii Plachynda (1968), and
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in 1552, a public soup kitchen to feed the poor, which was said to have fed at least 500 people twice a day. She built a public soup kitchen in
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at the Porte between 1554 and 1562; the account of the murder of Şehzade Mustafa by Nicholas de Moffan; the historical chronicles on Turkey by
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1944:
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698:, mother of Suleiman, selected Hürrem as a gift for her son. Other versions claim that it was Suleiman's confidant and future Grand Vizier
1391:. This tragedy marks the first time the Ottomans were introduced on stage in France. She has inspired paintings, musical works (including
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in 1521 (who died in 1543) and then to four more sons, destroying Mahidevran's status as the mother of the sultan's only surviving son.
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Chitchi, S. "Orientalist view on the Ottoman in the novel Roxalana (Hurrem Sultan) by Ukrainian author Pavlo Arhipovich Zahrebelniy".
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origins. Woronzow-Daschkow states that Roxelana's brother, Jan Lisowski, elevated the Lisowski family to noble status after moving to
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who acted as her secretary and intermediary on several occasions, although the identity of the kira is uncertain (it may have been
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629:(died 1661), who researched the subject in Turkey, Hürrem was seemingly born to a man named Hawrylo Lisovski, who was an
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1052:; they wanted to portray Mustafa as a traitor who secretly contacted the Shah of Iran. Acting on Hürrem Sultan's orders,
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Some of her embroideries , or at least made under her supervision, have come down to us, such as those given in 1547 to
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1366:. Her greatest philanthropical work was the Great Waqf of AlQuds, a large soup kitchen in Jerusalem that fed the poor.
1068:. After the death of Mustafa, Mahidevran lost her status in the palace as the mother of the heir apparent and moved to
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was born later, in 1531, but by that time Hürrem had given birth to enough healthy sons to secure the future of the
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Uzunçarşılı, İsmail Hakkı; Karal, Enver Ziya (1975). Osmanlı tarihi, Volume 2. Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi. p. 401.
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Historical Dictionaries of Women in the World: Historical Dictionary of Women in the Middle East and North Africa
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Historical Dictionaries of Women in the World: Historical Dictionary of Women in the Middle East and North Africa
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931:. Hürrem's as so significant that rumors circulated around the Ottoman court that the sultan had been bewitched.
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Imber, Colin (2002). The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650 : The Structure of Power. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
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window. With many other revolutionary movements like these, she had started an era in Ottoman Empire called the
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802:. According to Necdet Sakaoğlu, a Turkish historian, these accusations were not truthful. After the death of
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She wrote many love letters to Suleiman when he was away for campaigns. In one of her letters, she wrote:
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1009:, Ibrahim eventually fell from grace after an imprudence committed during a campaign against the Persian
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2547:"Ottoman Empire History Encyclopedia - Letter H - Ottoman Turkish history with pictures - Learn Turkish"
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3371:, LII, 10 (New York, 1995), 15–20. An illustrated popular-style article in English with a bibliography.
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483:. Hürrem is the ancestor of all following sultans and currently living members of the Ottoman dynasty.
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Minna Rozen: A History of the Jewish Community in Istanbul, The Formative Years, 1453 – 1566 (2002).
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Waqf and Ottoman Welfare Policy, The Poor Kitchen of Hasseki Sultan in Eighteenth-Century Jerusalem
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Aside from her political concerns, Hürrem engaged in several major works of public buildings, from
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Hürrem acted as Suleiman's advisor on matters of state, and seems to have had an influence upon
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My woman of the beautiful hair, my love of the slanted brow, my love of eyes full of mischief...
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from seasons one to three. For the series' last season, she is portrayed by Turkish actress
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of Poland . Esther Handali acted as her secretary and intermediary on several occasions.
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My most sincere friend, my confidant, my very existence, my Sultan, my one and only love.
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where her name was changed to Hürrem, rose through the ranks and became the favourite
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Extraordinary women of the Medieval and Renaissance world: a biographical dictionary
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My plants, my sweet, my rose, the one only who does not distress me in this world...
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wielding powerful political influence. Since the empire lacked, until the reign of
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Under his pen name, Muhibbi, Sultan Suleiman composed this poem for Hürrem Sultan:
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Yermolenko, Galina (April 2005). "Roxolana: 'The Greatest Empresse of the East'".
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2273:[Genealogy of Sultan Suleiman I (the Magnificent)] (Report) (in Turkish).
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Turkish Knowledge article at
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3333:
3274:
Empress of the East: How a European Slave Girl Became Queen of the Ottoman Empire
3114:
1993:
1863:
1516:
1400:
1221:
907:
I, lover of the tormented heart, Muhibbi of the eyes full of tears, I am happy."
772:
756:
630:
415:
312:
22:
4304:
4211:
3646:
3424:
2763:"A Message For The Sultan - Sample Activity (Women in World History Curriculum)"
2458:
1824:
1580:
1561:(1521, Old Palace, Istanbul – 7 November 1543, Manisa Palace, Manisa, buried in
1445:
1053:
1049:
1029:
852:
Moreover, remaining in Costantinople, she moved out of the harem located in the
4324:
4294:
4191:
4006:
3785:
3661:
3641:
3621:
3511:
2822:
1777:
1629:
1575:(1522, Old Palace, Istanbul – 25 January 1578, buried in Suleiman I Mausoleum,
1501:
1384:
1154:
1131:
1040:
895:
My springtime, my merry faced love, my daytime, my sweetheart, laughing leaf...
702:
who introduced Hürrem into his harem. Hürrem later managed to become the first
668:
458:
442:
182:
122:
84:
4329:
4221:
4063:
4364:
4319:
4281:
4216:
4206:
4201:
4143:
4108:
4021:
3971:
3651:
3636:
3631:
3501:
3492:
3269:
3247:
2647:
2274:
2257:
Studies on Ottoman Social and Political History: Selected Articles and Essays
2121:
1807:
1455:
937:
828:
816:
704:
657:
637:
536:
535:. Among the Ottomans, she was known mainly as Haseki Hürrem Sultan or Hürrem
475:
80:
4176:
3596:
4349:
4186:
4171:
4133:
4103:
3991:
3611:
3586:
3571:
3566:
3319:
2278:
2239:"The Speech of Ibrahim at the Coronation of Maximilian II", Thomas Conley,
1718:
1590:
1505:
1411:
1392:
1304:
1288:
1272:
1244:
1107:
954:
807:
787:
695:
4128:
4048:
3996:
3160:"Before the Odalisque: Renaissance Representations of Elite Ottoman Women"
2415:
509:). She died in 1558, in Istanbul and was buried in a mausoleum within the
4113:
3966:
3591:
3346:
imagined Roxelana to be sister to its fiery-tempered female protagonist,
3066:
The Penny cyclopædia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
2425:
1260:
1253:
1197:
990:
in order to ensure there was no power struggle. This practice was called
569:, which was the generic term used by the Ottomans to describe girls from
339:
3353:
David Chataignier, "Roxelane on the French Tragic Stage (1561-1681)" in
3184:
3176:
3159:
2709:"Hürrem Sultan: A beloved wife or master manipulator? | Ottoman History"
2482:
The Ottoman and Mughal Empires: Social History in the Early Modern World
1220:, perhaps modelling her charitable foundations in part after the caliph
648:
with three of his brothers (Jerzy, Krzysztof, and Szczęsny). Jan's son,
4118:
4078:
3981:
3946:
3901:
3876:
3447:
1837:
1569:
of Manisa and presumptive heir to the throne from 1541 until his death.
1566:
1463:
1293:
1239:
853:
843:
795:
790:, partially suppressed the rivalry between the two women. According to
744:
688:
653:
26:
3072:
Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge
2420:. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 30.
1189:
982:
4040:
4016:
3986:
3976:
3961:
3951:
3931:
3911:
3896:
3851:
3347:
1913:
1314:
1217:
1174:
1110:; and the travel narrative by Luidgi Bassano — derived from hearsay.
1061:
680:
641:
2708:
2270:
1483:
779:
majority of Suleiman's children. Hürrem gave birth to her first son
4011:
3956:
3941:
3921:
3916:
3891:
3866:
3861:
1904:
1891:
1651:
1586:
1548:
1520:
1430:
1328:
1234:
1126:, congratulating him on his accession to the Polish throne in 1549.
1073:
590:
480:
454:
426:
250:
178:
149:
3742:
3374:
Galina Yermolenko, "Roxolana: The Greatest Empresse of the East,"
3355:
Fortune and Fatality: Performing the Tragic in Early Modern France
1338:
1309:
728:
4001:
3906:
3881:
3846:
3836:
1524:
1021:". Another conflict occurred when Ibrahim and his former mentor,
1010:
999:
664:
614:
598:
570:
434:
307:
157:
145:
3367:
Thomas M. Prymak, "Roxolana: Wife of Suleiman the Magnificent,"
1684:
A portrait of Hürrem in the British Royal Collection, c. 1600–70
1406:
In early modern Spain, she appears or is alluded to in works by
1072:. She did not spend her last years in poverty, as Hürrem's son,
833:
656:, an early 17th-century irregular unit of the Polish–Lithuanian
418:, and as well a prominent figure during the period known as the
3252:
The Imperial Harem: Women and Sovereignty in the Ottoman Empire
1697:
1643:
1625:
1497:
1419:
1363:
1280:
1264:
1229:
1213:
1018:
676:
186:
61:
39:
1672:
18th century portrait of Hürrem Sultan kept at Topkapı Palace.
815:
freed and married her, or in the years before, she became the
3841:
2787:. Farmington Hills, MI: Gale. pp. 305–306. ISBN 9781410324139
1900:
1887:
1633:
1343:
1324:
1069:
1026:
889:"Throne of my lonely niche, my wealth, my love, my moonlight.
55:
2828:
Constantinople : City of the World's Desire, 1453–1924
2653:
Constantinople : City of the World's Desire, 1453–1924
1060:
seal and sent a letter seemingly written from his mouth to
949:
602:
2348:
Nahrawālī, Muḥammad ibn Aḥmad; Blackburn, Richard (2005).
2041:"2 Reasons Why Hurrem Sultan and Empress Ki were similar"
2688:
2686:
1810:
as young adult and adult Hürrem, and by Turkish actress
980:
Hürrem and Mahidevran had given birth to Suleiman's six
691:, who gifted her to Suleiman when he rose to the throne
3549:
2602:
2590:
1454:, Hürrem Sultan is portrayed by Turkish-German actress
1252:). It was the first complex constructed in Istanbul by
398:
1991:
1795:
The Hagia Sophia Hürrem Sultan Bathhouse built in 1556
1271:, to serve the community of worshippers in the nearby
1017:, when he awarded himself a title including the word "
3226:
3224:
2743:
2683:
1995:
Roxolana in European Literature, History and Culturea
1410:
and other writers as well as in a number of plays by
1256:
in his new position as the chief imperial architect.
826:
Hürrem became the first consort to receive the title
524:
has written that her birth name may have been either
3384:
Roxolana in European Literature, History and Culture
2671:
2213:
Roxolana in European Literature, History and Culture
2069:
Roxolana in European Literature, History and Culture
1950:
On the customs of Tatars, Lithuanians and Moscovians
2703:
2701:
2614:
1554:With Suleiman, she had five sons and one daughter:
501:) and patronized major public works (including the
3439:
3221:
3158:
2347:
1752:16th century oil on wood painting of Hürrem Sultan
486:Hürrem eventually achieved power, influencing the
2353:. Orient-Institut. pp. 200, 201 and n. 546.
2268:
2148:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History
1764:Tribute to Hürrem on 1997 Ukrainian postage stamp
1624:(1527, Old Palace, Istanbul – 25 September 1561,
899:My Istanbul, my Caraman, the earth of my Anatolia
589:Sources indicate that Hürrem was originally from
4362:
2698:
2541:
2539:
1642:(1531, Old Palace, Istanbul – 27 November 1553,
2894:. Ayasofya Hürrem Sultan Hamamı. Archived from
2241:Rhetorica: A Journal of the History of Rhetoric
2141:
2098:"Roxolana: "The Greatest Empresse of the East""
1565:, Istanbul). Hürrem's firstborn. He became the
1444:, she was played by Turkish actress and singer
403:), was the chief consort and legal wife of the
2951:
2931:Serving Up Charity: The Ottoman Public Kitchen
2631:
2629:
1960:
1958:
1814:as middle age Hürrem in the television series
1579:). Hürrem's only daughter. She was married to
1083:Even the reports of the Venetian ambassadors (
3758:
3535:
3306:(2012; Revised 2016); Barbara Chase Riboud's
2975:
2973:
2536:
1945:De moribus tartarorum, lituanorum et moscorum
1696:A painting of Hürrem Sultan by a follower of
1048:with the help of her daughter and son-in-law
723:
675:. The Tatars may have first taken her to the
667:, which was some time between 1512 and 1520,
3007:The Journal of International Social Research
2456:
1806:She was portrayed by German–Turkish actress
4426:16th-century slaves from the Ottoman Empire
2849:
2626:
2577:Historical Dictionary of the Ottoman Empire
2269:Woronzow-Daschkow, Salomé (February 2017).
2024:Roxolana: The Greatest Empresse of the East
1955:
673:Crimean–Nogai slave raids in Eastern Europe
601:68 km (42 mi) southeast of Lwów (
3765:
3751:
3542:
3528:
3111:"Religious Information Service of Ukraine"
2970:
2522:. Westport, Conn. [u.a.: Greenwood Press.
2386:
2210:Yermolenko, Galina I. (13 February 2010).
2209:
2095:
2065:
1208:Haseki Hürrem Sultan Hamami (Turkish Bath)
54:
4411:Former Christians from the Ottoman Empire
3302:in English about Roxelana: P.J. Parker's
3027:Tilley, Arthur Augustus (December 2008).
2865:
2863:
2861:
2484:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 62–63.
2291:
2251:
2249:
893:The most beautiful among the beautiful...
16:Haseki Sultan of Suleiman the Magnificent
4391:Converts to Islam from Eastern Orthodoxy
4381:16th-century consorts of Ottoman sultans
3417:
3364:(Raider Publishing International, 2011).
3030:The Literature of the French Renaissance
3019:The Literature of the French Renaissance
2886:
2884:
2872:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2235:
2233:
2186:Mistresses: A History of the Other Woman
1998:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 275.
1836:She was portrayed by Australian actress
1538:
1482:
1303:
1203:
1188:
1117:
948:
727:
3445:
2479:
2271:Sultan I. Süleymân'ın (Kânûnî) Seceresi
2178:
2176:
2174:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
1987:
1985:
1879:List of consorts of the Ottoman sultans
944:
4363:
3268:
3246:
3230:
3207:The Paintings of Titian: The Portraits
3152:
3150:
3079:from the original on 20 September 2014
3047:from the original on 20 September 2014
3026:
3012:
2858:
2821:
2815:
2749:
2692:
2677:
2635:
2620:
2608:
2596:
2417:Ukraine, the Middle East, and the West
2413:
2246:
2183:Abbott, Elizabeth (1 September 2011).
2182:
2066:Yermolenko, Galina I. (8 April 2016).
1874:List of mothers of the Ottoman sultans
901:My Badakhshan, my Baghdad and Khorasan
3746:
3523:
3435:from the original on 14 January 2017.
3156:
2881:
2796:
2515:
2498:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2230:
2012:from the original on 14 January 2017.
1823:She was portrayed by Turkish actress
1800:
1228:. Among her first foundations were a
379:1504 – 15 April 1558), also known as
358:
3452:. June 14, 2017) – via Amazon.
2243:, Vol. 20, No. 3 (Summer 2002), 266.
2171:
2128:
2091:
2089:
1982:
1897:Hagia Sophia Hurrem Sultan Bathhouse
994:, literally "fraternal massacring".
368:
296:
3772:
3147:
2341:
2319:
1487:Anon., published by Matteo Pagani,
1478:
1359:who was a great admirer of poetry.
1275:. In Jerusalem she established the
1064:, and then sent Shah's response to
552:
412:most powerful and influential women
13:
3292:
2892:"Historical Architectural Texture"
2367:
2030:, Volume 95, Issue 2, pp. 231–248.
1968:; see its history for attribution.
1782:Museum of Turkish and Islamic Arts
1614:, Old Palace, Istanbul, buried in
671:kidnapped her during one of their
43:, and there is no family name.
14:
4457:
4396:People from Ruthenian Voivodeship
3460:
2414:Prymak, Thomas M. (15 May 2021).
2086:
1113:
860:) and permanently moved into the
4030:
3550:
3467:University of Calgary | Roxelana
3318:, Aileen Crawley (1981–83), and
2797:Akman, Mehmet (1 January 1997).
2401:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2005.00088.x
2114:10.1111/j.1478-1913.2005.00088.x
1788:
1769:
1757:
1745:
1727:
1705:
1689:
1677:
1665:
1632:, buried in Melik-i Acem Türbe,
1433:, a port city in Ukraine opened
911:
3410:
3212:
3199:
3121:
3103:
3091:
3059:
2999:
2996:. Scarecrow Press, 2012. p. 272
2986:
2983:. Scarecrow Press, 2012. p. 271
2945:
2936:
2923:
2910:
2799:Osmanlı devletinde kardeş katli
2790:
2785:Encyclopedia of World Biography
2777:
2755:
2726:
2641:
2569:
2473:
2450:
2407:
2313:
2285:
2262:
1992:Dr Galina I Yermolenko (2013).
1936:
1843:Three Thousand Years of Longing
1469:Three Thousand Years of Longing
1267:. She commissioned a bath, the
1242:near the women's slave market (
496:
429:(then an eastern region of the
221:
3556:Mothers of the Ottoman Sultans
3446:Nazaruk, Osyp (14 June 2017).
3387:(Farmham, UK: Ashgate, 2010).
3240:
2203:
2059:
2033:
2016:
1827:in the television mini-series
1716:by the German baroque painter
1353:
1259:She built mosque complexes in
798:beating Hürrem, which angered
611:Crown of the Kingdom of Poland
597:. She was born in the town of
488:politics of the Ottoman Empire
1:
4436:Concubines of Ottoman sultans
2956:. İstanbul: Ötüken Yayınevi.
2142:Bonnie G. Smith, ed. (2008).
1975:
1608:
1601:
1543:The son of Hürrem Sultan and
1448:. In the 2011–2014 TV series
1238:), a fountain, and a women's
1138:. Two of her letters to King
1122:A letter of Hürrem Sultan to
1015:Ottoman–Safavid War (1532–55)
905:I'll sing your praises always
593:, which was then part of the
449:and eventually taken via the
376:
138:
136:Aleksandra Anastazja Lisowska
98:
69:
1184:
1177:Shah of Iran and in 1549 to
441:family, she was captured by
7:
4022:Abdulmejid II (Caliph only)
3506:1533/1534? – 15 April 1558
3254:. Oxford University Press.
2767:www.womeninworldhistory.com
2216:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
2150:. Oxford University Press.
2096:Yermolenko, Galina (2005).
1857:
1440:In the 2003 TV miniseries,
399:
10:
4462:
4416:Mothers of Ottoman sultans
4124:Mehmed Abdülaziz Osmanoğlu
3336:; and pulp fiction author
2072:. Routledge. p. 272.
2022:Galina Yermolenko (2005).
1658:
1196:designed by the architect
724:Relationship with Suleiman
621:, the precursor to modern
617:. Her native language was
437:, Ukraine) to a Ruthenian
344:Eastern Orthodox Christian
20:
4280:
4157:
4039:
4028:
3823:
3780:
3562:
3508:
3499:
3486:
3479:
3381:Galina Yermolenko (ed.),
3343:The Shadow of the Vulture
3326:, the fourth book of the
2783:Kumar, Lisa, ed. (2017).
2480:Faroqhi, Suraiya (2019).
2226:– via Google Books.
1942:The title of his book is
1607:, Old Palace, Istanbul –
1462:. Hürrem is portrayed by
1378:
1342:) decorated in exquisite
1044:Sultan conspired against
745:Gülbahar Mahidevran Hatun
652:, was the founder of the
650:Aleksander Józef Lisowski
584:
388:
335:
327:
319:
306:
283:
278:
274:
231:
206:
193:
164:
132:
128:
118:
108:
94:
79:
53:
48:
4406:Suleiman the Magnificent
4139:Ertuğrul Osman Osmanoğlu
3793:Family tree (simplified)
3276:. New York Basic Books.
3209:, Phaidon, 1971, p. 275.
2551:www.practicalturkish.com
2259:, (Brill, 2002), p. 756.
1929:
1919:Suleiman the Magnificent
1714:Süleyman the Magnificent
1545:Suleiman the Magnificent
1534:
1299:
969:, and the grand viziers
957:of Hürrem Sultan titled
733:Suleiman the Magnificent
683:, a major centre of the
516:
410:. She became one of the
408:Suleiman the Magnificent
360:[hyɾˈɾæmsuɫˈtan]
4144:Osman Bayezid Osmanoğlu
3425:"Roxelana and Suleyman"
3157:Madar, Heather (2011).
3009:Vol. 7, Issue 33, p. 64
2952:Öztuna, Yılmaz (1978).
2307:Jan Nepomucen Bobrowicz
1650:, Istanbul). Born with
1387:wrote a tragedy titled
1269:Hurrem Sultan Bathhouse
1232:, two Quranic schools (
1144:Polish–Ottoman alliance
1005:A skilled commander of
961:(Rosa, Süleyman's Wife)
605:), a major city of the
561:" in Persian. The name
507:Hurrem Sultan Bathhouse
4134:Mehmed Orhan Osmanoğlu
3800:Family tree (detailed)
3369:Nashe zhyttia/Our Life
3023:Arthur Augustus Tilley
2516:Levin, Carole (2011).
1551:
1492:
1332:
1209:
1201:
1136:international politics
1127:
1099:, the Emissary of the
962:
909:
735:
710:Ottoman imperial harem
356:Turkish pronunciation:
288:
4114:Ahmed Nihad Osmanoğlu
3657:Saliha Dilaşub Sultan
3362:Roxelana and Suleyman
3304:Roxelana and Suleyman
3098:Frederick A. de Armas
2457:Robert Lewis (1999).
1884:Haseki Sultan Complex
1737:Johann Theodor de Bry
1542:
1486:
1414:. In a play entitled
1307:
1250:Haseki Sultan Complex
1207:
1194:Haseki Sultan Complex
1192:
1179:Sigismund II Augustus
1140:Sigismund II Augustus
1124:Sigismund II Augustus
1121:
971:Pargalı Ibrahim Pasha
952:
887:
731:
646:Sigismund II Augustus
633:of Ruthenian origin.
607:Ruthenian Voivodeship
503:Haseki Sultan Complex
492:Sigismund II Augustus
4149:Dündar Ali Osmanoğlu
4119:Osman Fuad Osmanoğlu
3494:position established
3472:Hürrem Sultan's tomb
3324:Pawn in Frankincense
3310:(1986); Alum Bati's
3205:Harold Edwin Wethey
3117:on 22 December 2012.
2833:St. Martin's Griffin
2658:St. Martin's Griffin
2575:Selçuk Aksin Somel:
2426:10.2307/j.ctv1m0khf0
1910:Haseki Sultan Imaret
1489:Portrait of Roxelana
1437:to honour Roxelana.
1319:of Hürrem Sultan at
1277:Haseki Sultan Imaret
945:Controversial figure
867:Mehmed the Conqueror
663:During the reign of
644:during the reign of
113:position established
4401:People from Rohatyn
4129:Ali Vâsıb Osmanoğlu
3177:10.1086/EMW23617325
2898:on 20 November 2015
2327:İslâm Ansiklopedisi
2305:] (in Polish).
2047:. 13 September 2022
1869:Ottoman family tree
1851:Roxelana şi Soliman
1780:of Istanbul. 1540.
1218:Jerusalem (Al-Quds)
1151:Sigismund I the Old
1093:The Turkish Letters
959:Rosa Solymanni Vxor
953:16th century Latin
786:Suleiman's mother,
685:Ottoman slave trade
451:Crimean slave trade
4431:Sultanate of Women
4262:Pertevniyal Sultan
3807:Line of succession
3712:Pertevniyal Sultan
3195:– via JSTOR.
3165:Early Modern Women
1924:Sultanate of Women
1801:In popular culture
1616:Yavuz Selim Mosque
1577:Süleymaniye Mosque
1552:
1513:Philip II of Spain
1493:
1466:in the 2022 movie
1348:Süleymaniye Mosque
1333:
1321:Süleymaniye Mosque
1210:
1202:
1157:and her successor
1128:
1101:Holy Roman Emperor
1089:Turcicae epistolae
1013:empire during the
963:
928:Sultanate of Women
736:
577:who were taken in
511:Süleymaniye Mosque
420:Sultanate of Women
331:Leksandra Lisowska
199:Süleymaniye Mosque
89:(Imperial Consort)
4358:
4357:
4247:Sineperver Sultan
3740:
3739:
3697:Sineperver Sultan
3518:
3517:
3509:Succeeded by
3400:Pavlo Zahrebelnyi
3329:Lymond Chronicles
3300:historical novels
3283:978-0-4650-3251-8
3261:978-0-1950-8677-5
3135:. 26 January 2019
2842:978-0-312-18708-8
2808:978-975-7622-65-9
2738:978-0-333-61386-3
2666:978-0-312-18708-8
2638:, pp. 9, 101
2611:, pp. 58–61.
2529:978-0-313-30659-4
2435:978-0-2280-0771-5
2360:978-3-899-13441-4
2293:Niesiecki, Kasper
2255:Kemal H. Karpat,
2196:978-1-59020-876-2
2079:978-1-317-06118-2
2045:Hyped For History
2005:978-1-409-47611-5
1966:tr :Hürrem Sultan
792:Bernardo Navagero
627:Samuel Twardowski
613:, in what is now
431:Kingdom of Poland
397:
349:
348:
302:
301:
172:(aged 53–54)
154:Kingdom of Poland
4453:
4441:Royal favourites
4386:Ruthenian people
4257:Bezmiâlem Sultan
4034:
3767:
3760:
3753:
3744:
3743:
3722:Tirimüjgan Kadın
3707:Bezmiâlem Sultan
3554:
3544:
3537:
3530:
3521:
3520:
3477:
3476:
3454:
3453:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3429:www.facebook.com
3421:
3376:The Muslim World
3338:Robert E. Howard
3287:
3265:
3234:
3228:
3219:
3216:
3210:
3203:
3197:
3196:
3162:
3154:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3133:Interfax-Ukraine
3125:
3119:
3118:
3113:. Archived from
3107:
3101:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3033:. BiblioBazaar.
3016:
3010:
3003:
2997:
2992:Talhami, Ghada.
2990:
2984:
2979:Talhami, Ghada.
2977:
2968:
2967:
2949:
2943:
2940:
2934:
2927:
2921:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2888:
2879:
2876:
2870:
2867:
2856:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2794:
2788:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2769:. Archived from
2759:
2753:
2747:
2741:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2713:ottoman.ahya.net
2705:
2696:
2690:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2606:
2600:
2599:, p. 59-60.
2594:
2588:
2579:, Oxford, 2003,
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2553:. Archived from
2543:
2534:
2533:
2513:
2496:
2495:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2389:The Muslim World
2384:
2365:
2364:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2336:
2334:
2320:Baltacı, Cahit.
2317:
2311:
2310:
2303:Polish Armorials
2289:
2283:
2282:
2266:
2260:
2253:
2244:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2207:
2201:
2200:
2180:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2144:"Hürrem, Sultan"
2139:
2126:
2125:
2102:The Muslim World
2093:
2084:
2083:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2037:
2031:
2020:
2014:
2013:
1989:
1969:
1962:
1953:
1940:
1792:
1778:Aksaray district
1773:
1761:
1749:
1731:
1709:
1693:
1681:
1669:
1640:Şehzade Cihangir
1613:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1598:Şehzade Abdullah
1479:Visual tradition
1372:Pavlo Zahrebelny
1097:Ogier de Busbecq
975:Kara Ahmed Pasha
769:Şehzade Cihangir
761:Şehzade Abdullah
714:Michalo Lituanus
556:
522:Leslie P. Peirce
500:
499: 1548–1572
498:
464:She entered the
402:
392:
390:
378:
370:
362:
357:
323:Hawryło Lisowski
298:
276:
275:
266:Şehzade Cihangir
256:Şehzade Abdullah
225:
223:
171:
143:
140:
103:
100:
90:
74:
71:
66:La Sultana Rossa
58:
46:
45:
25:style name, the
4461:
4460:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4276:
4252:Nakşidil Sultan
4242:Mihrişah Sultan
4237:Şehsuvar Sultan
4153:
4099:Şehzade Bayezid
4094:Şehzade Mustafa
4054:Süleyman Çelebi
4035:
4026:
3819:
3814:List of mothers
3776:
3774:Ottoman Dynasty
3771:
3741:
3736:
3702:Nakşidil Sultan
3692:Mihrişah Sultan
3677:Şehsuvar Sultan
3558:
3548:
3514:
3505:
3497:
3490:
3481:Ottoman royalty
3463:
3458:
3457:
3444:
3440:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3334:Dorothy Dunnett
3298:There are many
3295:
3293:Further reading
3284:
3262:
3243:
3238:
3237:
3229:
3222:
3217:
3213:
3204:
3200:
3155:
3148:
3138:
3136:
3127:
3126:
3122:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3069:
3064:
3060:
3050:
3048:
3041:
3017:
3013:
3004:
3000:
2991:
2987:
2978:
2971:
2964:
2954:Şehzade Mustafa
2950:
2946:
2941:
2937:
2928:
2924:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2899:
2890:
2889:
2882:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2859:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2823:Mansel, Phillip
2820:
2816:
2809:
2795:
2791:
2782:
2778:
2773:on 8 June 2007.
2761:
2760:
2756:
2748:
2744:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2707:
2706:
2699:
2691:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2646:
2642:
2634:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2595:
2591:
2574:
2570:
2560:
2558:
2545:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2514:
2499:
2492:
2478:
2474:
2464:
2462:
2455:
2451:
2436:
2412:
2408:
2385:
2368:
2361:
2346:
2342:
2332:
2330:
2322:"Hürrem Sultan"
2318:
2314:
2290:
2286:
2267:
2263:
2254:
2247:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2181:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2140:
2129:
2094:
2087:
2080:
2064:
2060:
2050:
2048:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2021:
2017:
2006:
1990:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1963:
1956:
1941:
1937:
1932:
1864:Ottoman dynasty
1860:
1817:Muhteşem Yüzyıl
1803:
1796:
1793:
1784:
1774:
1765:
1762:
1753:
1750:
1741:
1732:
1723:
1710:
1701:
1694:
1685:
1682:
1673:
1670:
1661:
1622:Şehzade Bayezid
1611:
1604:
1573:Mihrimah Sultan
1537:
1529:Mihrimah Sultan
1517:Ringling Museum
1502:Melchior Lorich
1481:
1451:Muhteşem Yüzyıl
1416:The Holy League
1401:Denys Sichynsky
1399:), an opera by
1397:Symphony No. 63
1381:
1356:
1302:
1248:) in Istanbul (
1222:Harun al-Rashid
1187:
1116:
1023:İskender Çelebi
1007:Suleiman's army
992:kardeş katliamı
988:brothers killed
967:Şehzade Mustafa
947:
914:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
896:
894:
892:
890:
773:Ottoman dynasty
765:Şehzade Bayezid
753:Mihrimah Sultan
726:
631:Orthodox priest
587:
519:
495:
416:Ottoman history
365:Ottoman Turkish
355:
293:Ottoman Turkish
291:
270:
261:Şehzade Bayezid
246:Mihrimah Sultan
227:
224: 1533)
219:
215:
202:
173:
169:
144:
141:
137:
104:– 15 April 1558
101:
88:
87:
75:
72:
44:
23:Ottoman Turkish
17:
12:
11:
5:
4459:
4449:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4356:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4340:Şivekar Sultan
4337:
4335:Hümaşah Sultan
4332:
4327:
4325:Muazzez Sultan
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4295:Nurbanu Sultan
4292:
4286:
4284:
4282:Haseki Sultans
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4267:Şevkefza Kadın
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4192:Nurbanu Sultan
4189:
4184:
4182:Gülbahar Hatun
4179:
4174:
4169:
4163:
4161:
4159:Valide sultans
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4089:Şehzade Korkut
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4069:Mustafa Çelebi
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4029:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4007:Abdul Hamid II
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3833:
3831:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3810:
3803:
3796:
3789:
3786:Ottoman Empire
3781:
3778:
3777:
3770:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3747:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3727:Gülcemal Kadın
3724:
3719:
3717:Şevkefza Kadın
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3682:Mihrişah Kadın
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3662:Muazzez Sultan
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3642:Mahfiruz Hatun
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3622:Nurbanu Sultan
3619:
3614:
3609:
3607:Gülbahar Hatun
3604:
3602:Gülbahar Hatun
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3582:Gülçiçek Hatun
3579:
3574:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3547:
3546:
3539:
3532:
3524:
3516:
3515:
3512:Nurbanu Sultan
3510:
3507:
3498:
3491:
3484:
3483:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3462:
3461:External links
3459:
3456:
3455:
3438:
3415:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3396:
3379:
3372:
3365:
3360:Parker, P. J.
3358:
3351:
3316:Colin Falconer
3294:
3291:
3290:
3289:
3282:
3270:Peirce, Leslie
3266:
3260:
3248:Peirce, Leslie
3242:
3239:
3236:
3235:
3220:
3211:
3198:
3146:
3120:
3102:
3090:
3058:
3039:
3011:
2998:
2985:
2969:
2962:
2944:
2935:
2922:
2909:
2880:
2871:
2857:
2848:
2841:
2835:. p. 84.
2814:
2807:
2789:
2776:
2754:
2752:, p. 119.
2742:
2725:
2697:
2695:, p. 109.
2682:
2670:
2648:Mansel, Philip
2640:
2625:
2613:
2601:
2589:
2568:
2557:on 1 June 2008
2535:
2528:
2497:
2490:
2472:
2449:
2434:
2406:
2395:(2): 231–248.
2366:
2359:
2340:
2312:
2309:. p. 142.
2298:Herbarz Polski
2284:
2261:
2245:
2229:
2222:
2202:
2195:
2170:
2156:
2127:
2108:(2): 231–248.
2085:
2078:
2058:
2032:
2015:
2004:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1954:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1921:
1916:
1907:
1894:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1859:
1856:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1834:
1821:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1797:
1794:
1787:
1785:
1775:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1744:
1742:
1733:
1726:
1724:
1711:
1704:
1702:
1700:, 16th century
1695:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1664:
1660:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1648:Şehzade Mosque
1637:
1630:Safavid Empire
1619:
1595:
1584:
1570:
1563:Şehzade Mosque
1559:Şehzade Mehmed
1536:
1533:
1480:
1477:
1385:Gabriel Bounin
1380:
1377:
1355:
1352:
1301:
1298:
1186:
1183:
1155:Nurbanu Sultan
1132:foreign policy
1115:
1114:Foreign policy
1112:
1062:Shah Tahmasb I
1041:Safavid Persia
946:
943:
913:
910:
883:
882:
862:Topkapı Palace
844:Sancak Beyliği
749:Şehzade Mehmed
725:
722:
669:Crimean Tatars
586:
583:
559:the joyful one
518:
515:
466:Imperial Harem
443:Crimean Tatars
405:Ottoman Sultan
373:the joyful one
347:
346:
337:
333:
332:
329:
325:
324:
321:
317:
316:
310:
304:
303:
300:
299:
281:
280:
272:
271:
269:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
241:Şehzade Mehmed
237:
235:
229:
228:
217:
211:
210:
208:
204:
203:
197:
195:
191:
190:
183:Ottoman Empire
175:Topkapı Palace
166:
162:
161:
134:
130:
129:
126:
125:
123:Nurbanu Sultan
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
96:
92:
91:
85:Ottoman Empire
77:
76:
59:
51:
50:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4458:
4447:
4446:Haseki Sultan
4444:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4366:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4345:Gülnuş Sultan
4343:
4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4320:Turhan Sultan
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4300:Safiye Sultan
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4290:Hürrem Sultan
4288:
4287:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4273:
4272:Perestu Kadın
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4232:Saliha Sultan
4230:
4228:
4227:Gülnuş Sultan
4225:
4223:
4220:
4218:
4217:Turhan Sultan
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4207:Halime Sultan
4205:
4203:
4202:Handan Sultan
4200:
4198:
4197:Safiye Sultan
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4167:Nilüfer Hatun
4165:
4164:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4109:Abdulmejid II
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4084:Şehzade Ahmet
4082:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4074:Küçük Mustafa
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4033:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3972:Abdul Hamid I
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3809:
3808:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3775:
3768:
3763:
3761:
3756:
3754:
3749:
3748:
3745:
3733:
3732:Gülistu Kadın
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3672:Saliha Sultan
3670:
3668:
3667:Gülnuş Sultan
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3652:Turhan Sultan
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3637:Halime Sultan
3635:
3633:
3632:Handan Sultan
3630:
3628:
3627:Safiye Sultan
3625:
3623:
3620:
3618:
3617:Hürrem Sultan
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3577:Nilüfer Hatun
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3545:
3540:
3538:
3533:
3531:
3526:
3525:
3522:
3513:
3504:
3503:
3502:Haseki Sultan
3496:
3495:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3478:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3451:
3450:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3420:
3416:
3404:
3401:
3397:
3394:
3393:9780754667612
3390:
3386:
3385:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3370:
3366:
3363:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3330:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3312:Harem Secrets
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3296:
3285:
3279:
3275:
3271:
3267:
3263:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3232:
3227:
3225:
3215:
3208:
3202:
3194:
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3186:
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3178:
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3153:
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3134:
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3124:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3099:
3094:
3078:
3074:
3073:
3067:
3062:
3046:
3042:
3040:9780559890888
3036:
3032:
3031:
3024:
3020:
3015:
3008:
3002:
2995:
2989:
2982:
2976:
2974:
2965:
2959:
2955:
2948:
2939:
2932:
2929:Singer, Amy.
2926:
2919:
2913:
2897:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2875:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2852:
2844:
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2758:
2751:
2746:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2694:
2689:
2687:
2680:, p. 91.
2679:
2674:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2637:
2632:
2630:
2622:
2617:
2610:
2605:
2598:
2593:
2586:
2585:0-8108-4332-3
2582:
2578:
2572:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2540:
2531:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2493:
2491:9781788318723
2487:
2483:
2476:
2460:
2453:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2418:
2410:
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2329:
2328:
2323:
2316:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2288:
2280:
2276:
2275:San Francisco
2272:
2265:
2258:
2252:
2250:
2242:
2236:
2234:
2225:
2223:9781409403746
2219:
2215:
2214:
2206:
2198:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2159:
2157:9780195148909
2153:
2149:
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2123:
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2081:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2062:
2046:
2042:
2036:
2029:
2025:
2019:
2011:
2007:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
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1893:
1889:
1885:
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1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1861:
1852:
1848:
1845:
1844:
1840:in the movie
1839:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1830:Hürrem Sultan
1826:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1813:
1812:Vahide Perçin
1809:
1808:Meryem Uzerli
1805:
1804:
1791:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1772:
1767:
1760:
1755:
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1743:
1739:
1738:
1734:Engraving by
1730:
1725:
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1471:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1460:Vahide Perçin
1457:
1456:Meryem Uzerli
1453:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1442:Hürrem Sultan
1438:
1436:
1432:
1428:
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1215:
1206:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1182:
1180:
1176:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1159:Safiye Sultan
1156:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1120:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1056:had engraved
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1035:
1032:, husband of
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1001:
995:
993:
989:
985:
984:
978:
976:
972:
968:
960:
956:
951:
942:
940:
939:
938:valide sultan
932:
930:
929:
922:
918:
912:State affairs
908:
886:
880:
879:
878:
875:
873:
872:saray-ı jedid
868:
863:
859:
855:
850:
847:
845:
838:
835:
831:
830:
829:Haseki Sultan
824:
820:
818:
817:Haseki Sultan
814:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
784:
782:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
740:
734:
730:
721:
717:
715:
711:
707:
706:
705:Haseki Sultan
701:
700:Ibrahim Pasha
697:
694:In Istanbul,
692:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
661:
659:
658:light cavalry
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
634:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
582:
580:
576:
572:
568:
565:derives from
564:
560:
555:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:Haseki Sultan
534:
531:
527:
523:
514:
512:
508:
504:
493:
489:
484:
482:
478:
477:
476:Haseki Sultan
471:
467:
462:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
423:
421:
417:
413:
409:
406:
401:
395:
386:
382:
374:
366:
361:
353:
352:Hürrem Sultan
345:
342:, previously
341:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
315:(by marriage)
314:
311:
309:
305:
294:
290:
289:Hürrem Sultan
286:
282:
277:
273:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
238:
236:
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230:
214:
209:
205:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
168:15 April 1558
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
135:
131:
127:
124:
121:
117:
114:
111:
107:
97:
93:
86:
82:
81:Haseki Sultan
78:
67:
63:
57:
52:
49:Hürrem Sultan
47:
42:
41:
36:
32:
28:
24:
19:
4421:Women slaves
4350:Rabia Sultan
4305:Kösem Sultan
4289:
4212:Kösem Sultan
4187:Hafsa Sultan
4172:Devlet Hatun
4104:Sultan Yahya
3992:Abdulmejid I
3812:
3805:
3798:
3791:
3784:
3647:Kösem Sultan
3616:
3612:Hafsa Sultan
3587:Devlet Hatun
3572:Malhun Hatun
3567:Halime Hatun
3500:
3493:
3487:
3448:
3441:
3428:
3419:
3382:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3354:
3341:
3327:
3323:
3320:Louis Gardel
3311:
3307:
3303:
3273:
3251:
3214:
3206:
3201:
3168:
3164:
3137:. Retrieved
3132:
3123:
3115:the original
3105:
3093:
3081:. Retrieved
3071:
3065:
3061:
3049:. Retrieved
3029:
3018:
3014:
3006:
3001:
2993:
2988:
2980:
2953:
2947:
2938:
2930:
2925:
2917:
2916:Peri, Oded.
2912:
2900:. Retrieved
2896:the original
2874:
2851:
2831:. New York:
2826:
2817:
2798:
2792:
2784:
2779:
2771:the original
2766:
2757:
2745:
2728:
2716:. Retrieved
2712:
2673:
2656:. New York:
2651:
2643:
2623:, p. 5.
2616:
2604:
2592:
2576:
2571:
2559:. Retrieved
2555:the original
2550:
2518:
2481:
2475:
2463:. Retrieved
2461:. Britannica
2452:
2416:
2409:
2392:
2388:
2349:
2343:
2331:. Retrieved
2325:
2315:
2302:
2297:
2287:
2281:. p. 3.
2264:
2256:
2240:
2212:
2205:
2189:. Overlook.
2185:
2161:. Retrieved
2147:
2105:
2101:
2068:
2061:
2051:19 September
2049:. Retrieved
2044:
2035:
2028:Muslim World
2027:
2018:
1994:
1949:
1943:
1938:
1850:
1841:
1828:
1825:Gülben Ergen
1815:
1735:
1719:Anton Hickel
1717:
1646:, buried in
1591:Hagia Sophia
1581:Rüstem Pasha
1553:
1510:
1506:Sebald Beham
1494:
1488:
1474:
1467:
1449:
1446:Gülben Ergen
1441:
1439:
1424:
1415:
1412:Lope de Vega
1405:
1393:Joseph Haydn
1388:
1382:
1368:
1361:
1357:
1337:
1334:
1312:
1287:
1285:
1273:Hagia Sophia
1258:
1245:Avret Pazary
1243:
1233:
1211:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1148:
1129:
1108:Paolo Giovio
1092:
1088:
1084:
1082:
1078:
1054:Rustem Pasha
1050:Rustem Pasha
1038:
1030:Rüstem Pasha
1004:
996:
991:
981:
979:
964:
958:
955:oil painting
936:
933:
926:
923:
919:
915:
888:
884:
876:
871:
857:
851:
842:
839:
827:
825:
821:
808:Hafsa Sultan
788:Hafsa Sultan
785:
777:
741:
737:
718:
703:
696:Hafsa Sultan
693:
662:
635:
595:Polish Crown
588:
566:
562:
558:
544:
540:
532:
529:
525:
520:
485:
474:
463:
447:a slave raid
424:
380:
372:
351:
350:
170:(1558-04-15)
112:
65:
60:Portrait by
38:
30:
18:
4376:1558 deaths
4371:1504 births
4330:Aşub Sultan
4315:Ayşe Sultan
4310:Ayşe Sultan
4222:Aşub Sultan
4064:Musa Çelebi
3967:Mustafa III
3937:Suleiman II
3857:Interregnum
3687:Şermi Kadın
3592:Emine Hatun
3241:Works cited
3231:Peirce 2017
2902:19 November
2878:Mansel, 89.
2869:Peirce, 55.
2855:Mansel, 87.
2750:Peirce 1993
2693:Peirce 1993
2678:Peirce 1993
2636:Peirce 2017
2621:Peirce 2017
2609:Peirce 1993
2597:Peirce 1993
1712:Hürrem and
1612: 1528
1605: 1525
1354:Personality
1261:Adrianopole
1254:Mimar Sinan
1224:'s consort
1198:Mimar Sinan
1104:Ferdinand I
579:slave raids
494:of Poland (
340:Sunni Islam
142: 1504
109:Predecessor
102: 1533
73: 1550
4365:Categories
4177:Hüma Hatun
4079:Sultan Cem
4059:İsa Çelebi
3982:Mustafa IV
3947:Mustafa II
3902:Mehmed III
3887:Suleiman I
3877:Bayezid II
3597:Hüma Hatun
3411:References
3139:28 January
2963:9754371415
2459:"Roxelana"
2351:al-Rūmīyah
1976:References
1849:The novel
1838:Megan Gale
1567:sanjak-bey
1464:Megan Gale
1389:La Soltane
1294:Strongilah
1286:She had a
1091:(English:
858:Eski Saray
854:Old Palace
806:'s mother
796:Mahidevran
689:Bayezid II
654:Lisowczyks
567:Roksolanes
526:Aleksandra
369:خرّم سلطان
213:Suleiman I
201:, Istanbul
33:, the
27:given name
4049:Savcı Bey
4041:Claimants
4017:Mehmed VI
3997:Abdulaziz
3987:Mahmud II
3977:Selim III
3962:Osman III
3952:Ahmed III
3932:Mehmed IV
3912:Mustafa I
3897:Murad III
3872:Mehmed II
3852:Bayezid I
3488:New title
3348:Red Sonja
3193:164805076
2465:9 October
2444:242150028
2122:0027-4909
1914:Jerusalem
1425:In 2007,
1315:mausoleum
1185:Charities
1175:Tahmasp I
1058:Mustafa's
837:careers.
642:Lithuania
623:Ukrainian
619:Ruthenian
557:) means "
530:Anastazja
513:complex.
470:concubine
461:capital.
400:Roksolana
394:romanized
389:Роксолана
385:Ukrainian
297:خرم سلطان
119:Successor
4012:Mehmed V
3957:Mahmud I
3942:Ahmed II
3922:Murad IV
3917:Osman II
3892:Selim II
3867:Murad II
3862:Mehmed I
3449:Roxelana
3433:Archived
3322:(2003);
3314:(2008);
3272:(2017).
3250:(1993).
3185:23617325
3077:Archived
3075:. 1838.
3045:Archived
2933:, pg 486
2920:, pg 169
2825:(1998).
2801:. Eren.
2740:. p, 90.
2718:26 April
2668:. p, 86.
2650:(1998).
2587:, p. 123
2333:22 April
2295:(1841).
2279:Academia
2010:Archived
1905:Istanbul
1892:Istanbul
1858:See also
1740:, (1596)
1722:, (1780)
1652:kyphosis
1587:Selim II
1549:Selim II
1521:Sarasota
1435:a mosque
1431:Mariupol
1329:Istanbul
1240:hospital
1235:madrassa
1074:Selim II
1066:Suleiman
1034:Mihrimah
983:şehzades
813:Suleiman
804:Suleiman
800:Suleiman
757:Selim II
679:city of
591:Ruthenia
563:Roxalane
533:Lisowska
505:and the
481:Selim II
455:Istanbul
439:Orthodox
427:Ruthenia
425:Born in
381:Roxelana
336:Religion
251:Selim II
179:Istanbul
150:Ruthenia
21:In this
4002:Murad V
3927:Ibrahim
3907:Ahmed I
3882:Selim I
3847:Murad I
3837:Osman I
3829:Caliphs
3825:Sultans
3406:(2001).
3402:(1980).
3025:, p.87
1659:Gallery
1525:Florida
1427:Muslims
1408:Quevedo
1226:Zubaida
1134:and on
1046:Mustafa
1011:Safavid
1000:Ahmed I
708:of the
677:Crimean
665:Selim I
615:Ukraine
609:of the
599:Rohatyn
575:Galicia
571:Podolia
549:Persian
545:Khurrem
459:Ottoman
445:during
435:Rohatyn
396::
313:Ottoman
308:Dynasty
285:Turkish
226:
218:
158:Ukraine
146:Rohatyn
83:of the
64:titled
3391:
3308:Valide
3280:
3258:
3191:
3183:
3171:: 11.
3083:1 July
3068:p.418
3051:1 July
3037:
2960:
2839:
2805:
2736:
2664:
2583:
2561:25 May
2526:
2488:
2442:
2432:
2357:
2220:
2193:
2163:29 May
2154:
2120:
2076:
2002:
1698:Titian
1644:Aleppo
1626:Qazvin
1498:Titian
1420:Titian
1379:Legacy
1364:Makkah
1281:Makkah
1265:Ankara
1230:mosque
1214:Makkah
1019:Sultan
781:Mehmed
638:Polish
585:Origin
541:Hürrem
457:, the
433:, now
328:Mother
320:Father
207:Spouse
194:Burial
187:Turkey
95:Tenure
62:Titian
40:Sultan
31:Hürrem
3842:Orhan
3189:S2CID
3181:JSTOR
2440:S2CID
2301:[
1930:Notes
1901:Fatih
1888:Fatih
1634:Sivas
1535:Issue
1344:Iznik
1339:türbe
1325:Fatih
1310:türbe
1300:Death
1095:) of
1085:baili
1070:Bursa
1027:Damat
681:Kaffa
517:Names
279:Names
233:Issue
220:(
216:
185:(now
156:(now
35:title
3389:ISBN
3278:ISBN
3256:ISBN
3141:2019
3085:2015
3053:2015
3035:ISBN
2958:ISBN
2904:2015
2837:ISBN
2803:ISBN
2734:ISBN
2720:2021
2662:ISBN
2581:ISBN
2563:2013
2524:ISBN
2486:ISBN
2467:2022
2430:ISBN
2355:ISBN
2335:2021
2218:ISBN
2191:ISBN
2165:2017
2152:ISBN
2118:ISSN
2074:ISBN
2053:2022
2000:ISBN
1504:and
1308:The
1296:.).
1289:Kira
1263:and
973:and
834:akçe
763:and
603:Lviv
573:and
165:Died
133:Born
3340:in
3332:by
3173:doi
3021:by
2422:doi
2397:doi
2110:doi
1948:or
1594:II.
1519:in
1429:in
1395:'s
1323:in
1216:to
874:).
660:.
554:خرم
543:or
528:or
453:to
414:in
375:";
371:; "
37:is
29:is
4367::
3827:/
3431:.
3427:.
3223:^
3187:.
3179:.
3167:.
3163:.
3149:^
3131:.
3043:.
2972:^
2883:^
2860:^
2765:.
2711:.
2700:^
2685:^
2660:.
2628:^
2549:.
2538:^
2500:^
2438:.
2428:.
2393:95
2391:.
2369:^
2324:.
2277::
2248:^
2232:^
2173:^
2146:.
2130:^
2116:.
2106:95
2104:.
2100:.
2088:^
2043:.
2026:.
2008:.
1984:^
1957:^
1912:,
1903:,
1899:,
1890:,
1886:,
1628:,
1618:).
1609:c.
1602:c.
1547:,
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