571:
481:
639:, electronics engineer. His early work is described in the TRE article. His oversight of the large contingent of electronics contractors continued, and he was appointed Superintendent of Applied Physics. In 1964 he sponsored a symposium on Electronic Beam Techniques for Microelectronics at R.R.E. He published over 30 books, was responsible for much further publishing on electronics. He was awarded an MBE, the American Medal of Freedom, the Wakefield Gold Medal of the
207:, they decided to move once again. The ADEE, by this time once again renamed to the Air Defence Research and Development (ADRDE), moved to underutilized Air Ministry buildings on the north side of Malvern in May 1942. This, of course, resulted in yet another name change to the RRDE. The TRE followed shortly thereafter, taking up residence in buildings across from
452:, (1929â2012). At Malvern he worked on theory of semiconductors, including organic materials. Later, he taught at MIT, the University of London, Columbia University and City University of New York. His earlier publications on several topics has been followed by more recent work on computational chemistry and symbolic calculation.
314:. He held a special appointment as Superintendent of the Physics Department, having been assigned to direct the work in theoretical physics. He had been trained as an electrical engineer, and had worked on theoretical aspects of radar prior to the name change of the establishment. One of the designers of the
581:
Although less conspicuous among academic scientists, these divisions were major players in the defence community, both in policy decision making and as an interface with industry. Development and production contracts brought staff of several companies on site, and extramural contracts strengthened
424:
computer programming language. He was, at different times, Honorary
Professor in Electrical Engineering at the University of Birmingham and visiting professor in Cybernetics at the University of Reading. In 2000, the Woodward Building named in his honour was opened on the site that had then become
659:
joined TRE in 1939 as a post grad physicist, working initially on radar development and later, as a member of the (Offensive) Airborne Radar
Division, the development of infra-red and radar targeting and reconnaissance systems. He left RRE in 1960 and spent about a year at the Ministry of Defence
419:
had pioneered the application of probability theory to the filtering of radar signals, and wrote a monograph on the topic. His results included the
Woodward Ambiguity Function, "the standard tool for waveform and matched filter analysis". He continued to direct theoretical work on radar after the
598:
for precision bombing and radar reconnaissance". On returning to RRE as
Director in 1962, George Macfarlane reorganized the technical departments into: Military and Civil Systems (comprising Ground Radar and Air Traffic Control, Guided Weapons and Airborne Radar groups), Physics and Electronics
95:. Forced to leave Bawdsey due to its exposed location on the east coast of England, both groups moved several times before finally settling in separate locations in Malvern beginning in May 1942. The merger in 1953 that formed the RRE renamed these as the North Site (RRDE) and South Site (TRE).
405:
Leo
Pincherle. Head of the theoretical solid state physics group, and authority on band structure theory. His monograph on this topic was published in 1971. He also published a standard text on heat and thermodynamics, during his later appointment as Professor of Physics at Bedford College,
261:
The technical departments of RRE were grouped, initially, into six
Divisions: airborne radar, ground radar, guided weapons, basic techniques, physics, and engineering. The organization and personnel are described further, in a collection of linked web sites.
599:(comprising Physics and Electronic Groups) and Engineering. "Despite the policy shift away from fighters ... to guided weapons for UK air defence, ... RRE continued to argue for strike aircraft and kept up the necessary radar research programs."
445:
William
Bardsley, physicist. His work at Malvern on growing crystals was published in a series of papers that have been referenced over 200 times through the time of writing (2010), in work on semiconductor devices and, in one instance, space
296:. After the name change to RRE, his "most significant book, in historical terms", on the detection of infra-red radiation, was coauthored with F. E. Jones and R. P. Chasmar and published in 1968. The book "for which is best known" is on
676:
More than 50 books were written by members of the establishment under its successive names. Details are included in the list of references below, and in the TRE article. Many more were in series that members of the staff edited.
300:. His other books dealt with wave mechanics of crystalline solids, and, as editor, very high resolution spectroscopy. He left RRE to become Professor of Physics at the University of Sheffield in 1961, came to
463:
653:
W. H. (Bill) Penley, physicist. Head of Guided
Weapons at time of name change. Later Director of RRE, then Controller of Establishments and Research â responsible for the whole Defence research programme.
265:
W. J. Richards, CBE, was
Director of TRE at the time of the merger and continued as Director of RRE. William Henry (Bill) Penley, Head of Guided Missiles, took over for a year in 1961. Then
284:(known as R.A. and as Robin). He was Head of the Physics Division, with a staff of about 150. Having worked previously on aspects of radio and radar, his attention had become focused on
196:
on the south coast of
England, also a short distance from Bournemouth. This was accompanied by yet another renaming, now becoming the Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE).
472:, solid state physicist. At Malvern he worked on the physics of electronic devices. Later, at the IBM Research Laboratories in the U.S., he discovered the Gunn effect used in the
2099:
1702:
409:
Albert M. Uttley, mathematician, computer scientist and experimental psychologist. Designed AI trainer, the TREAC digital computer, and contributed to early discussions of
2084:
2074:
192:, becoming the Air Defence Experimental Establishment (ADEE). The facilities in Dundee proved far too small and isolated, and in May 1940 they moved again, this time to
394:(SAW) devices, led team that received Wolfe Medal of MOD and earned RRE a Queen's Award, later Professor of Electrical Engineering at the University of Oxford, awarded
680:
In 1968, the Minister of Supply assured a member of parliament that the results of research at RRE on infra-red detectors would be made available to British industry.
180:
At the outbreak of the war in 1939, the location of Bawdsey, right on the east coast, was considered far too exposed to attack. The Air Ministry team quickly moved to
347:
as an industrial semiconductor. The "Tom Elliott Conference Centre" at the site is named in his honour. He was made an FRS and CBE, received a Rank medal, and joined
413:. Continued human factors work at National Physical Laboratory and then as Research Professor in the Experimental Psychology Laboratory of the University of Sussex.
1307:
455:
Paul N. Butcher, theoretical solid state physics. After working at Malvern, he was appointed to a chair at the University of Warwick, and has published four books.
169:
heard of their efforts and formed a group to work with them to develop ground-based applications. The first project of this "Army Cell" was a ranging system for
133:
in 1996. The North Site was closed in 2003 and the work was consolidated at the South Site, while the former North Site was sold off for housing developments.
157:
by stating they were impossible, but using radio as a detection means was possible. After a simple practical demonstration, a prototype system was built at
1566:
Barnett, M. P.; Barnett, S. J. (1986). "Animated algorithms â a self-teaching course in data structures and fundamental algorithms". New York: McGraw-Hill.
1154:
610:
699:
2114:
2051:
1943:
434:
1039:
732:
2109:
665:
510:
231:
184:
in Scotland, where the former Air Ministry Experimental Station became the Air Ministry Research Establishment (AMRE). The Army group moved to
73:
319:
165:, and this was leased by the Air Ministry to become first radar research centre in the country. Soon after taking over Bawdsey in 1936, the
1987:
315:
65:
2094:
288:, because of the importance of semiconductors in the development of electronics and infra-red detectors. His early books had dealt with
2079:
369:
364:, physicist. Work in industrial and government laboratories and in academe includes theoretical solid state physics and development of
251:
57:
2027:
1935:
358:
in 1963, and later Head of Laser Division of Rutherford Laboratory (1975â1983). He was named Fellow of the Royal Society in 1978.
2056:
1325:
336:
243:
130:
1811:
1686:
1661:
1636:
1611:
1493:
1442:
1356:
1023:
795:
669:
235:
77:
1778:
1710:
1040:"Sir George Macfarlane: Talented technologist who made invaluable contributions in wartime and as a postwar public servant"
458:
Geoffrey V. Chester, theoretical physicist. At Malvern (1953â54), he worked on mathematical problems of radar. Later, at
227:
1229:
Bell, D. G.; Hum, D. M.; Pincherle, L.; Sciama, D. W.; Woodward, P. M. (1953). "The electronic band structure of PbS".
1390:
Uttley, A. M. (1977). "Methods of simulating the behaviour of granule cells in hippocampus based on informon theory".
1916:
629:, which was already in production for engineering and scientific uses. It was the first working version of ALGOL 68.
2089:
562:
In 1956, R.A. Smith presented a comprehensive account of the contributions of RRE to physics to the Royal Society.
542:
441:
Other members of the Physics Division who made significant contributions to several fields of endeavour include:
246:, the Defence Evaluation and Research Agency. DERA split on 2 June 2001 into two parts, a government body called
1965:
517:
1458:
1064:
621:, and J. D. Morrison. ALGOL 68 was complex: implementing it was estimated to need up to 100 man-years, using
613:(IFIP) to discuss the problems of implementing the language. A small team from RRE attended to present their
304:
as Director of the Center for Materials Science and Engineering a year later, and became Vice-Chancellor of
661:
430:
951:
The physical principles of thermodynamics; a treatise for students of theoretical and experimental physics
570:
513:
in 1979. Patents from this development yielded royalties over ÂŁ100 million, the largest of any MOD patent.
1048:
373:
122:
and heat sensing devices was a major defence application. The SRDE brought satellite communications and
87:, when the predecessor to RRDE was formed as a small group within the Air Ministry's research centre in
640:
387:
644:
344:
199:
Ultimately they began to worry that this location was also too exposed, and when they heard a German
161:
on the east coast of England. While on a Sunday drive in the area, Watt noticed the large and unused
1584:
340:
277:
At the time of the name change to Radar Research Establishment in 1953, the senior staff included:
22:
399:
239:
170:
41:
129:
In 1991 they were partially privatized as part of the Defence Research Agency, which became the
577:
NF.11 fitted with modified radar nose during trials work when allocated to the RRE during 1976.
506:
348:
323:
305:
223:
785:
1571:
1376:
552:
391:
1600:
1345:
354:
Alan F. Gibson. Head of Transistor Group at RRE, then the first Professor of Physics at the
1871:
1399:
1238:
825:
603:
311:
266:
219:
185:
8:
622:
494:
355:
285:
99:
1875:
1403:
1242:
829:
2035:
1889:
1289:
1254:
1208:
1106:
901:
841:
498:
459:
449:
281:
215:
146:
69:
859:
816:
Smith, R. A. (10 April 1956). "Physics at the Radar Research Establishment, Malvern".
555:, later cosmologist and FRS. At RRE he coauthored work on band structure calculations.
335:(Charles Thomas Elliott), physicist, at RRE from the late 1960s through transition to
1912:
1807:
1682:
1657:
1632:
1607:
1520:, ed. B. Alder, S. Fernbach and M. Rotenberg, 95â153, Academic Press, New York, 1963.
1489:
1438:
1415:
1411:
1352:
1258:
1019:
1013:
845:
791:
656:
626:
480:
426:
332:
329:
R. P. Chasmar, Head of the infra-red group and co-author of the book mentioned above.
98:
The earlier research and development work of TRE and RRDE on radar was expanded into
1893:
1329:
1110:
1089:
Loudon, R.; Paige, E. G. S. (1991). "Alan Frank Gibson. 30 May 1923â27 March 1988".
905:
787:
Cold War, Hot Science: Applied Research in Britain's Defence Laboratories, 1945â1990
1879:
1733:
1407:
1246:
1212:
1198:
1159:
1098:
893:
833:
684:
625:
with up to seven passes. The RRE team described how they had already implemented a
484:
Demonstration digital clock using Cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals made at RRE in 1973
289:
1828:
1801:
1724:
Gray, George W. (January 1998). "Reminiscences from a life with liquid crystals".
1171:
1786:
636:
502:
416:
208:
204:
193:
119:
115:
1546:
Analysis by Simulation: Programming techniques for a High-Speed Digital Computer
1291:
Worked problems in heat, thermodynamics, and kinetic theory for physics students
1125:
541:
J. Michael Radcliffe, theoretical physicist. Later, he turned to academe at the
2104:
1377:"Enclosing the Field from 'Mechanisation of Thought Processes' to 'Autonomics'"
1163:
594:, Hilger & Watts, Clarke Chapman and Curran for millimetre-wave radar, and
574:
395:
377:
365:
297:
293:
174:
45:
26:
1145:
2068:
1931:
747:
734:
714:
701:
618:
381:
162:
88:
1737:
609:
was published. On 20â24 July 1970, a working conference was arranged by the
523:
Trevor Simpson Moss, solid state physicist, author of definitive monographs
145:
The earliest concerted effort to develop radar in the UK dates to 1935, and
1983:
1250:
1102:
897:
837:
490:
420:
establishment changed its name. Later, he led the group that developed the
361:
166:
150:
123:
84:
61:
53:
37:
1936:"Oral-History: Susan Bond: Developing the World's First ALGOL 68 Compiler"
545:
in the U.S., and he was listed as coauthor in a revised edition of Born's
272:
1419:
587:
410:
189:
103:
660:(MOD), London followed by five years as head of Radio Department at the
76:(SRDE), involved in communications research, joined the RRE to form the
1986:, Parliamentary Secretary, Ministry of Technology (4 March 1968).
509:
in the electronics and consumer products industries. This received the
473:
469:
308:
in 1968, retiring in 1974. He was an FRS, an FRSE, and received an OBE.
158:
111:
110:
hardware and software. The RRE's overall scope was extended to include
83:
The two groups had been closely associated since before the opening of
1679:
Superconductivity : from basic physics to the latest developments
1909:
Proceedings of the IFIP working conference on ALGOL 68 Implementation
1884:
1859:
1308:"Short Term Memory Subtypes in Computing and Artificial Intelligence"
1203:
1186:
200:
173:, but they soon added the Coast Defence radars and began work on the
154:
2011:
1800:
Born, Max (1989). Blin-Stoyle, Roger John; Radcliffe, J. M. (eds.).
1751:
218:
and, when it was formed, so was RRE. In 1959, control passed to the
614:
606:
558:
A.S. Young, co-recipient of Rank Prize for Optoelectronics in 1976.
538:
S. Nielson, co-recipient of Rank Prize for Optoelectronics in 1976,
421:
107:
565:
1992:
1510:
The evaluation of molecular integrals by the zeta-function method
595:
591:
583:
466:(1968â74) and Dean of the College of Arts and Sciences (1986â91).
255:
134:
92:
1860:"Amalgamation of Instrument Makers : Hilger and Watts, Ltd"
1681:. Trieste, Italy: International Centre for Theoretical Physics.
672:(RSRE), in 1976 as Deputy Director until his retirement in 1977.
226:, then to the Ministry of Aviation Supply, in 1970, and to the
181:
1435:
Probability and Information Theory, with Applications to Radar
1556:, pp. 324â390, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1962.
429:. In 2005, he received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the
648:
322:, then Director of RRE, then Controller of Research at the
247:
632:
Senior staff, of the divisions at various times included
505:
in 1972, which were an immediate success as the basis of
433:. In 2009, he received the Dennis J. Picard Medal of the
301:
254:) and a company destined for privatisation, which became
222:. When this was abolished in 1967, control passed to the
72:
in 1957. Both names were abbreviated to RRE. In 1976 the
1652:
Butcher, P. N.; March, N. H.; Tosi, M. P., eds. (1993).
1598:
Butcher, P. N.; March, N. H.; Tosi, M. P., eds. (1986).
967:
Smith, R. A.; Jones, F. E. & Chasmar, R. P. (1968).
390:. Worked on semiconductors, with Denis Maines turned to
273:
The Physics Division â some of the staff and their work
2100:
Military research establishments of the United Kingdom
1806:(8th revised ed.). New York: Dover Publications.
1228:
668:
in Christchurch. He returned to RRE, which became the
269:(after postings outside RRE) became Director in 1962.
16:
Former research centre in Malvern, Worcestershire, UK
2014:. Malvern Radar and Technology History Society. 2016
1754:. Malvern Radar and Technology History Society. 2016
1091:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
969:
The detection and measurement of infra-red radiation
886:
Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society
818:
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A
2085:
History of telecommunications in the United Kingdom
2075:
20th-century military history of the United Kingdom
1654:
Physics of low-dimensional semiconductor structures
611:
International Federation for Information Processing
582:ties with industry still further. "in radar alone:
242:(DRA) in 1991. Later (1995), DRA was absorbed into
68:(RRDE). It was given its new name after a visit by
1717:
1599:
1344:
1288:
1047:
1944:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
1056:
966:
435:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
21:"RRE" redirects here. The term may also refer to
2066:
1954:– via United Engineering Foundation (UEF).
1651:
1602:Crystalline semiconducting materials and devices
1597:
649:Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineers
437:(IEEE), for Radar Technologies and Applications.
1532:Computer typesetting, experiments and prospects
1146:"Paige, Edward George Sydney (Ted) (1930â2004)"
566:Radar, Guided weapons and Engineering Divisions
489:Several staff members under the supervision of
326:and then Defence. He was knighted for his work.
1940:Engineering and Technology History Wiki (ETHW)
1565:
811:
809:
807:
232:Signals Research and Development Establishment
74:Signals Research and Development Establishment
1982:
1626:
879:
877:
875:
873:
666:Signal Research and Development Establishment
203:unit had moved to France directly across the
137:now occupies a part of the former RSRE site.
1846:Modern cosmology and the dark matter problem
1779:"Prizes awarded by the Optoelectronics Fund"
1773:
1771:
1769:
1342:
1231:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London A
1158:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
1127:Adventures in laser produced plasma research
464:Laboratory of Atomic and Solid State Physics
316:Royal Radar Establishment Automatic Computer
66:Radar Research and Development Establishment
1370:
1368:
1088:
936:Aerials for metre and decimetre wavelengths
884:Smith, S. D. (1982). "Robert Allan Smith".
804:
687:, later became better known as a novelist.
664:in Farnborough before becoming Director of
511:Queen's Award for Technological Achievement
2052:"Records of the Royal Radar Establishment"
1930:
1379:. University of Warwick. pp. 103â110.
1224:
1222:
1184:
962:
960:
870:
783:
370:Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering
318:. Later, he became Deputy Director of the
2115:1953 establishments in the United Kingdom
1883:
1766:
1676:
1631:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1286:
1271:
1202:
1133:. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
779:
777:
775:
773:
252:Defence Science and Technology Laboratory
140:
58:Telecommunications Research Establishment
2012:"Exhibition: Scientists Come To Malvern"
1848:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1833:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1707:Cornell University Department of Physics
1483:
1432:
1365:
986:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
569:
535:of the North-Holland Publishing Company.
479:
343:, and contributed to the development of
2028:"Former DERA North Site, Great Malvern"
1529:
1219:
1155:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
1150:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
957:
790:. London: Science Museum. p. 249.
2067:
1843:
1826:
1389:
1143:
1062:
770:
351:. Elected Fellow of the Royal Society.
131:Defence Evaluation and Research Agency
2110:Research institutes in Worcestershire
1996:. House of Commons. col. 9Wâ11W.
1934:; Abbate, Janet (26 September 2001).
1752:"Liquid Crystal Displays (1973-1982)"
1677:Butcher, P. N.; Yu, Lu, eds. (1992).
1374:
1343:Rolfe, J. M.; Staples, K. J. (1986).
1305:
1011:
996:
981:
948:
933:
918:
883:
815:
784:Bud, Robert; Gummett, Philip (2002).
670:Royal Signals and Radar Establishment
236:Royal Signals and Radar Establishment
230:in 1971. In 1976 RRE merged with the
78:Royal Signals and Radar Establishment
1988:"Royal Radar Establishment, Malvern"
1906:
1799:
1723:
1544:Manzer, D.F., & Barnett, M. P.,
1187:"Professor Leo Pincherle (obituary)"
999:Wave mechanics of crystalline solids
602:In December 1968, the report on the
529:Optical Properties of semiconductors
292:, aerials for short wave radio, and
1627:Butcher, P. N.; Cotter, D. (1990).
1123:
516:William D. Lawson, co-recipient of
13:
2095:Military history of Worcestershire
14:
2126:
2080:History of electronic engineering
2004:
1323:
1274:Electronic energy bands in solids
1065:"Obituary: Sir George Macfarlane"
1015:Very high resolution spectroscopy
525:Photoconductivity of the elements
238:(RSRE), which became part of the
1629:The elements of nonlinear optics
1554:Design of Water Resource Systems
1514:Methods in computational physics
543:Carnegie Institute of Technology
1993:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1976:
1958:
1924:
1900:
1852:
1837:
1820:
1793:
1744:
1695:
1670:
1645:
1620:
1591:
1559:
1538:
1523:
1502:
1486:Official Definition of CORAL 66
1477:
1459:"Retired scientist given award"
1451:
1426:
1383:
1336:
1317:
1299:
1280:
1265:
1178:
1137:
1117:
1082:
1032:
1005:
990:
48:. It was formed in 1953 as the
1534:. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
1392:Journal of Theoretical Biology
1351:. Cambridge University Press.
1063:Penley, W. H. (30 July 2007).
975:
942:
927:
912:
852:
518:Rank Prize for Optoelectronics
1:
1001:. London: Chapman & Hall.
953:. London: Chapman & Hall.
938:. Cambridge University Press.
923:. Cambridge University Press.
763:
1530:Barnett, Michael P. (1965).
1412:10.1016/0022-5193(77)90147-3
1172:UK public library membership
1018:. New York: Academic Press.
690:
683:A former member of the RRE,
662:Royal Aircraft Establishment
590:for aerials and waveguides,
431:Royal Academy of Engineering
320:National Physical Laboratory
50:Radar Research Establishment
7:
1326:"The History of Flight-Sim"
1124:Key, M. (7 February 2006).
617:, written by I. F. Currie,
374:Fellow of the Royal Society
211:on the south side of town.
153:question about radio-based
10:
2131:
1907:Peck, J.E.L., ed. (1970),
1656:. New York: Plenum Press.
1606:. New York: Plenum Press.
1437:. London: Pergamon Press.
1185:Sondheimer, Ernst (1977).
1012:Smith, R. A., ed. (1976).
971:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
641:Royal Aeronautical Society
533:Handbook on Semiconductors
345:cadmium mercury telluride
20:
1911:, Munich: North-Holland,
1488:. HMSO. pp. vii+58.
1433:Woodward, Philip (1953).
1295:. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
462:, he was Director of the
34:Royal Radar Establishment
1966:"Dr. W.H. (Bill) Penley"
1484:Woodward, P. M. (1970).
1375:Clark, David J. (2002).
1313:. pp. 79 & 104.
1306:Smith, Derek J. (2002).
921:Radio aids to navigation
501:, developed new, stable
497:and Ken Harrison of the
23:HIV Rev response element
2090:Malvern, Worcestershire
1738:10.1080/026782998207523
637:G.W.A (Geoffrey) Dummer
531:, and series editor of
240:Defence Research Agency
171:anti-aircraft artillery
42:Malvern, Worcestershire
1844:Sciama, D. W. (1993).
1827:Sciama, D. W. (1971).
1579:Cite journal requires
1287:Pincherle, L. (1966).
1272:Pincherle, L. (1971).
1251:10.1098/rspa.1953.0046
1164:10.1093/ref:odnb/94097
1144:Raynes, E. P. (2008).
1103:10.1098/rsbm.1991.0011
898:10.1098/rsbm.1982.0019
838:10.1098/rspa.1956.0060
578:
493:, in conjunction with
485:
349:Heriot-Watt University
324:Ministry of Technology
306:Heriot-Watt University
224:Ministry of Technology
141:Administrative history
2057:The National Archives
1970:Penley Radar Archives
997:Smith, R. A. (1961).
982:Smith, R. A. (1978).
949:Smith, R. A. (1952).
934:Smith, R. A. (1949).
919:Smith, R. A. (1947).
860:"The Penley Archives"
573:
483:
392:Surface acoustic wave
52:by the merger of the
2032:Cotswold Archaeology
1276:. London: Macdonald.
715:52.13414°N 2.33509°W
645:Cledo Brunetti Award
623:multi-pass compilers
604:programming language
312:George G. Macfarlane
220:Ministry of Aviation
214:TRE was part of the
1876:1948Natur.161Q.345.
1789:on 29 October 2013.
1404:1977JThBi..69..391U
1243:1953RSPSA.217...71B
864:purbeckradar.org.uk
830:1956RSPSA.235....1S
744: /
711: /
356:University of Essex
286:solid state physics
234:(SRDE) to form the
228:Ministry of Defence
100:solid state physics
2038:on 15 October 2007
1870:(161): 345. 1948.
1703:"Geoffrey Chester"
720:52.13414; -2.33509
579:
499:University of Hull
486:
460:Cornell University
450:Michael P. Barnett
388:Edward G. S. Paige
339:. He invented the
282:Robert Allan Smith
216:Ministry of Supply
116:Infrared detection
114:and other topics.
70:Queen Elizabeth II
1813:978-0-48665-984-8
1688:978-981-02-2456-1
1663:978-0-306-44170-7
1638:978-0-521-34183-7
1613:978-0-306-42154-9
1548:, in Arthur Maas
1518:Quantum Mechanics
1495:978-0-11-470221-2
1444:978-0-89006-103-9
1358:978-0-521-35751-7
1347:Flight Simulation
1170:(Subscription or
1025:978-0-12-651650-0
797:978-1-900747-47-9
657:John Robert Mills
627:one-pass compiler
427:Sir John Chisholm
267:George Macfarlane
2122:
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2047:
2045:
2043:
2034:. Archived from
2023:
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1885:10.1038/161345a0
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1830:Modern cosmology
1824:
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1785:. Archived from
1775:
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748:52.100°N 2.316°W
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1726:Liquid Crystals
1722:
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1713:on 6 July 2011.
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1332:on 17 May 2011.
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1237:(1128): 71â91.
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1038:
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507:display devices
503:liquid crystals
417:Philip Woodward
376:, recipient of
366:liquid crystals
341:SPRITE detector
290:radionavigation
275:
209:Malvern College
205:English Channel
194:Worth Matravers
143:
120:guided missiles
38:research centre
30:
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2005:External links
2003:
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298:semiconductors
294:thermodynamics
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175:proximity fuse
149:replied to an
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46:United Kingdom
27:Railroad Earth
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764:References
736:52°06â˛00âłN
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643:, and the
474:Gunn diode
470:J. B. Gunn
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