São Tomé and Príncipe

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decree granting the manumission of African wives of white settlers and their mixed-race children. In 1517, another decree freed the male slaves who had originally arrived on the island with the first colonists. After 1520, a royal charter allowed for property-owning, married, free mulattos to hold public offices. This was followed by a decree in 1546 establishing civil equality between these qualified mulattos and the white settlers, allowing free mulattos and black citizens opportunities for upward mobility and participation in local politics and business. Social divisions led to frequent disputes within the colony's town councils and with the governor and bishop, with constant political instability.

101: 1690: 1997: 932: 87: 2949: 3227: 6209: 2153: 2570: 3349: 1066:, Angola, and the Spanish Americas. In 1510, reportedly 10,000 to 12,000 slaves were imported by Portugal. In 1516, São Tomé received 4,072 slaves with the purpose of re-exportation. From 1519 to 1540, the island was the center of the slave trade between Elmina and the Niger Delta. Throughout the early to mid-sixteenth century, São Tomé traded in slaves intermittently with Angola and the Kingdom of Kongo. In 1525 São Tomé began trafficking slaves to the Spanish Americas, mainly to the Caribbean and Brazil. From 1532 to 1536, São Tomé sent an annual average of 342 slaves to the 2352: 1210: 6934: 1584: 9213: 2562: 2295: 1463: 2976:

Measurement Initiative (HRMI) finds that Sao Tome and Principe is fulfilling only 83.8% of what it should be fulfilling for the right to education based on the country's level of income. HRMI breaks down the right to education by looking at the rights to both primary education and secondary education. While taking into consideration Sao Tome and Principe's income level, the nation is achieving 90.4% of what should be possible based on its resources (income) for primary education but only 77.2% for secondary education.

2938: 576: 8918: 8274: 7814: 7149: 7161: 1418: 3241: 1230: 835: 6017: 601: 557: 542: 513: 498: 8094: 1332:, with the MLSTP becoming an important and vocal minority party. Municipal elections followed in late 1992, in which the MLSTP won a majority of seats on five of seven regional councils. In early legislative elections in October 1994, the MLSTP won a plurality of seats in the assembly. It regained an outright majority of seats in the November 1998 elections. 1098:

system did not last long following the introduction of plantations. Throughout, slaves frequently ran away to the inhospitable mountain forests of the island's interior. Between 1514 and 1527, five percent of slaves that were imported to São Tomé escaped, often to starve, though 1531–1535 saw major food shortages even in the plantations. Eventually, the

3877:"As roças vâo em crescimento e os engenhos de açticaragora somente dois e fazem-se très com o dos tratadores [conassi há grande aparelho, assi de ribeiras como de lenha, par canas, as mais façanhosas que em minha vida vi": Letter from Segura to the monarch, 15 March 1517, in Antonio Brásio, édAfricana (hereinafter referred to as 2239:, but mainly grew due to government spending driven by foreign loans. Gross domestic product (GDP) grew at an average rate of 5.5% between 2009 and 2017, but has slowed since 2014. The slowdown in economic growth was caused by lower government spending due to decreased foreign loans and decreased revenue government tax. 2982:

The educational system has a shortage of classrooms, insufficiently trained and underpaid teachers, inadequate textbooks and materials, high rates of repetition, poor educational planning and management, and a lack of community involvement in school management. Domestic financing of the school system

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Other than agriculture, the main economic activities are fishing and a small industrial sector engaged in processing local agricultural products and producing a few basic consumer goods. The scenic islands have potential for tourism, and the government is attempting to improve its rudimentary tourist

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and some Portuguese patrol boats are permanently stationed on the coast of São Tomé and Príncipe. The economy of São Tomé and Príncipe is closely linked to that of Portugal, with Portugal accounting for more than 50% of exports from São Tomé and Príncipe. Portugal has also helped to develop education

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began to hurt the islands. The large enslaved population also proved difficult to control, with Portugal unable to invest many resources in the effort. Sugar cultivation thus declined over the next 100 years, and by the mid-17th century, São Tomé had become primarily a transit point for ships engaged

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Among sub-Saharan African countries, São Tomé and Príncipe has one of the highest literacy rates. According to The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency as of 2018, 92.8% of the population age 15 and over can read and write in São Tomé and Príncipe were respectively literate. The Human Rights

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Nearly all citizens are descended from people from different countries taken to the islands by the Portuguese from 1470 onwards. In the 1970s, two significant population movements occurred — the exodus of most of the 4,000 Portuguese residents and the influx of several hundred São Tomé refugees from

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In 1977, two years after independence, the country was divided into two provinces (São Tomé Province and Príncipe Province) and six districts. Since the new constitution was adopted in 1990, the provinces have been abolished, and the districts are the only administrative subdivisions. Since 29 April

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The new Portuguese regime was committed to the dissolution of its overseas colonies. In November 1974, its representatives met with the MLSTP in Algiers and worked out an agreement for the transfer of sovereignty. After a period of transitional government, São Tomé and Príncipe achieved independence

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São Tomé would only become economically noteworthy with the introduction of a water-powered sugar mill in 1515, which soon led to the mass cultivation of sugar: "The fields are expanding and the sugar mills, too. At this time, only two sugar mills are here and another three are being built, counting

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was heavily dependent upon enslaved Africans. Cycles of social unrest and economic instability throughout the 19th and 20th centuries culminated in peaceful independence in 1975. São Tomé and Príncipe has since remained one of Africa's most stable and democratic countries. São Tomé and Príncipe is a

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In the 1980s and 1990s, the economy of São Tomé encountered major difficulties. Economic growth stagnated, and cocoa exports dropped in both value and volume, creating large balance-of-payments deficits. Plantation land was seized, resulting in the complete collapse of cocoa production. At the same

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Domestic food-crop production is inadequate to meet local consumption, so the country imports most of its food. As of 1997, an estimated 90% of the country's food needs were met through imports. Efforts have been made by the government in recent years to expand food production, and several projects

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recruited 5,000 slaves to raid and destroy plantations, sugar mills, and settler houses. Amador's rebellion made three raids on the town and destroyed 60 of the island's 85 sugar mills, but they were defeated by the militia after three weeks. Two hundred slaves were killed in combat, and Amador and

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by a wealthy mulatto planter named Ana de Chaves. With the support of de Chaves, the two men petitioned the king to be declared free, and the request was approved. The largest population of maroons coincided with the sugar boom of the mid-16th century, as the plantations teemed with slaves. Between

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The first signs of slave rebellion began in the 1530s, when the maroon gangs organized to attack plantations, some of which were abandoned. A formal complaint was lodged by local Portuguese authorities in 1531 lamenting that too many settlers and black citizens were being killed in the attacks, and

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The cultivation of sugar was a labour-intensive process and the Portuguese began to enslave large numbers of Africans from the continent. In the sugar boom's early stages, property on the islands had little value, with farming for local consumption while the economy relied mainly on the transit of

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São Tomé and Príncipe imports mostly machines, mainly electric generators and computers, and food, mainly wine, wheat, rice, milk, and soy oil, from Portugal. In addition, São Tomé and Príncipe also imports considerable quantities of cars, soap, and iron from Portugal. Portugal mainly buys scrap

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in July 2003 and subsequent emergency spending. Following the truce, the IMF decided to send a mission to São Tomé to evaluate the macroeconomic state of the country. This evaluation is ongoing, reportedly pending oil legislation to determine how the government will manage incoming oil revenues,

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has had relations with São Tomé and Príncipe since 1975 and has offered millions of dollars in financial aid packages to São Tomé and Príncipe. The financial aid packages were designed to develop the country's infrastructure and improve its fiscal, tax and customs administration. In addition, in

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and black citizens in governance. Voluntary colonists shunned São Tomé for its disease and food shortages, so the Portuguese crown deported convicts to the island and encouraged interracial relationships to secure the colony. Slavery was also not permanent, as demonstrated through the 1515 royal

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In terms of business, the government of São Tomé and Príncipe has passed several laws that facilitate the creation of private businesses and foreign investments. Between 2015 and 2019 the number of businesses and small businesses increased greatly. This has led to a decrease in unemployment, an

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At first, slavery in São Tomé was less strict. In the mid-16th century, an anonymous Portuguese pilot noted that the slaves were employed as couples, built their own accommodations, and worked autonomously once a week on the cultivation of their own food supply. However, this more relaxed slave

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contract workers were being subjected to forced labour and unsatisfactory working conditions. Sporadic labor unrest and dissatisfaction continued well into the 20th century, culminating in an outbreak of riots in 1953 in which several hundred African laborers were killed in a clash with their

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At sea level, the climate is tropical—hot and humid with average yearly temperatures of about 26 °C (78.8 °F) and little daily variation. The temperature rarely rises beyond 32 °C (89.6 °F). At the interior's higher elevations, the average yearly temperature is 20 °C

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Since the 19th century, the economy of São Tomé and Príncipe has been based on plantation agriculture. At the time of independence, Portuguese-owned plantations occupied 90% of the cultivated area. After independence, control of these plantations passed to various state-owned agricultural

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enterprises. The main crop on São Tomé is cocoa, representing about 54% of agricultural exports. In the early 1900s, São Tomé and Príncipe was the world's largest exporter of cocoa and popularly known as the "Chocolate Islands". Other export crops include copra, palm kernels, and coffee.

1714:, the supreme organ of the state and the highest legislative body, is made up of 55 members, who are elected for a four-year term and meet semiannually. Justice is administered at the highest level by the Supreme Court. The judiciary is independent under the current constitution. 2343:, were announced in April 2004, with São Tomé to take in 40% of the $ 123 million bid, and Nigeria the other 60%. Bids on other blocks were still under consideration in October 2004. São Tomé has received more than $ 2 million from the bank to develop its petroleum sector. 1115:

that the island would be lost if the problem remained unresolved. In a 1533 'bush war', a 'bush captain' led militia units to suppress the maroons. A significant event in the maroon fight for freedom occurred in 1549, when two men claiming to be free-born were taken in from the

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to São Tomé and Príncipe. In addition, hundreds of Angolan tourists visit São Tomé and Príncipe every year, contributing to the local economy. There is a relatively large community of Angolans in São Tomé and Príncipe. São Tomé and Príncipe maintains an embassy in

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The biggest challenges for the economy of São Tomé and Príncipe are a limited workforce, the fact that São Tomé and Príncipe is an archipelago, a small domestic market, climatic fluctuations, global warming, scarce diplomatic resources and poverty.

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1587 and 1590, many of the runaway slaves were defeated in another bush war. By 1593, the governor declared the maroon forces almost completely extinguished. Nevertheless, maroon populations kept settlers away from the southern and western regions.

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has historical ties with São Tomé and Príncipe, from the period of colonization by the Portuguese. Portugal is the largest investor in São Tomé and Príncipe, investing millions of euros in the economy. São Tomé and Príncipe maintains an embassy in

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In 2018, imports to São Tomé and Príncipe totalled 161 million dollars. Since 2013, imports have been decreasing, albeit at a slow pace, since in 2013 imports totalled 167 million euros. A fifth of imports to São Tomé and Príncipe corresponded to

997:. 2,000 Jewish children, eight years old and under, were taken from the Iberian peninsula for work on the sugar plantations. In time, these settlers found the volcanic soil of the region suitable for agriculture, especially the growing of sugar. 1351:

In July 2003, the army seized power for one week, complaining of corruption and that forthcoming oil revenues would not be divided fairly. An accord was negotiated under which President de Menezes was returned to office. In March 2006, the

993:, who received the land as a grant from the crown. Príncipe was settled in 1500 under a similar arrangement. Attracting settlers proved difficult, however, and most of the earliest inhabitants were "undesirables" sent from Portugal, mostly 2290:

The tourism sector has great potential to be a way of diversifying the country's economy. This sector has been expanding with the increase of foreign investment. Large resorts have been built on the beaches of São Tomé and Príncipe.

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national language of São Tomé and Príncipe, with about 98.4% speaking it, a significant share as their native language, and it has been spoken in the islands since the end of the 15th century. Restructured variants of Portuguese or

1897: 6168: 2171:, as well as in the agricultural, commercial, banking, and tourism sectors. The focus of economic reform since the early 1990s has been widespread privatization, especially of the state-run agricultural and industrial sectors. 1019:

slaves, though already many foodstuffs were imported. When the local landowner Álvaro Borges died in 1504, his cleared land and domesticated animals were sold for only 13,000 réis, about the price of three slaves. According to

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In 2018, exports from São Tomé and Príncipe totaled 24 million euros, an increase of 118% in 5 years, as in 2013 exports from São Tomé and Príncipe totaled only 11 million euros. Half of São Tomé and Príncipe's exports are

1707:, and must gain an outright majority to be elected. The president may hold up to two consecutive terms. The prime minister is appointed by the president, and the 14 members of the cabinet are chosen by the prime minister. 1163:

system, which gave the plantation managers a high degree of authority, led to abuses against the African farm workers. Although Portugal officially abolished slavery in 1876, the practice of forced paid labour continued.

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the mill of the contractors, which is large. Similarly, the necessary conditions exist, such as streams and timber, to be able to build many more. And the canes are the biggest I have ever seen in my life." Sugar

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Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo (hereinafter cited as TT), Corpo Cronológico, II, 15–77, inventory of the assets belonging to Álvaro Borges, 4 November 1507, a published copy of which is found in PMA, vol. V,

1321:, a former prime minister who had been in exile since 1986, returned as an independent candidate and was elected president. Trovoada was re-elected in São Tomé's second multiparty presidential election in 1996. 2581:

The total population was estimated at 201,800 in May 2018 by the government agency. About 193,380 people live on São Tomé and 8,420 on Príncipe. The natural population increase is about 4,000 people per year.

2331:. After a lengthy series of negotiations, in April 2003, the joint development zone (JDZ) was opened for bids by international oil firms. The JDZ was divided into nine blocks; the winning bids for block one, 1443:

over the ruling Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe/Social Democratic Party (MLSTP/PSD) of Prime Minister Jorge Bom Jesus. In November of the same year, the government and military thwarted

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on the island of São Tomé. São Tomé and Príncipe accepted the construction of the base, but the plan was canceled due to US political and financial issues. In 1992, the US federal government broadcaster,

11221: 1348:, was elected in the first round and inaugurated on 3 September. Parliamentary elections were held in March 2002. For the next four years, a series of short-lived opposition-led governments was formed. 11231: 2254:

For long-term economic growth, the government is trying to stimulate various sectors of the economy, diversify the economy, cut government spending and encourage private sector and foreign investment.

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Portugal remains one of São Tomé's major trading partners, particularly as a source of imports. Food, manufactured articles, machinery, and transportation equipment are imported primarily from the EU.

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The climate of São Tomé and Príncipe is essentially conditioned by its geographic location, subject to the seasonal translation of low equatorial pressures, the monsoon winds from the south, the warm

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In the early 19th century, two new cash crops, coffee and cocoa, were introduced. By 1908, São Tomé had become the world's largest producer of cocoa, which remains the country's most important crop.

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on the coast of Gulf of Guinea. São Tomé is 50 km (30 mi) long and 30 km (20 mi) wide and the more mountainous of the two islands. Its peaks reach 2,024 m (6,640 ft) –

160: 11216: 4544: 3609: 4583: 811:. The legacy of Portuguese rule is also visible in the country's culture, customs, and music, which fuse European and African influences. São Tomé and Príncipe is a founding member state of the 149: 1934:, and the government of São Tomé signed a long-term agreement to establish a relay broadcasting station in São Tomé. Voice of America currently broadcasts to much of Africa from this facility. 1846:. Portugal and São Tomé and Príncipe signed an agreement, in which Portugal patrols the coastal area of São Tomé and Príncipe, protecting it mainly from pirates. The Portuguese military ship 1529:. Swift streams radiating down the mountains through lush forest and cropland to the sea cross both islands. The Equator lies immediately south of São Tomé Island, passing through the islet 8108: 1128:

the other rebel leaders were executed, while the rest of the slaves were granted amnesty and returned to their plantation. Smaller slave rebellions followed in the 17th and 18th centuries.

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Stojković, Dragan (November 2020). "Najmanje države na svijetu: Sv. Toma i Princip (džepni globus)" [Smallest Countries in the World: São Tomé and Príncipe (The Pocket Globe)].

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in the country are in the city of São Tomé and Neves, both on the island of São Tomé, which were very degraded before being modernized in 2014. Close to the city of São Tomé, the

1721:, there are guarantees on freedom of speech and the freedom to form opposition political parties. São Tomé and Príncipe finished 11th out of the African countries measured by the 947:. Over time, interactions with seawater and periods of eruption have engendered a wide variety of different igneous and volcanic rocks on the islands with complex assemblages of 7868: 6095: 3847:

Th. Monod, A. Teixeira da Mota, and R. Mauny, eds., Description de la Côte Occidentale d'Afrique par Valentim Fernandes (Bissau: Centro de Estudos da Guiñé Portuguesa, 1951), 11

2383:. One fifth of exports are electrical machines. Other considerable exports are parts of airplanes, cars, iron, plastics and agricultural products (pepper, oils, nuts and beef). 2194:, the IMF approved a poverty-reduction and growth facility for São Tomé aimed at reducing inflation to 3% for 2001, raising ideal growth to 4%, and reducing the fiscal deficit. 1630: 6122: 5039: 2136:

Following independence, the country had a centrally directed economy, with most means of production owned and controlled by the state. The original constitution guaranteed a

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are important partners in São Tomé and Príncipe; many companies in these countries have establishments and businesses in São Tomé and Príncipe. Because these countries speak

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has contributed to improving the health and education system in São Tomé and Príncipe. Brazilian television channels and films are the most watched in São Tomé and Príncipe.

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ships have visited São Tomé and Príncipe, providing medical and military training to soldiers from São Tomé and Príncipe. In 2002, the US had plans to establish a small

1445: 1070:. Prior to 1580, the island accounted for 75 percent of Brazil's imports, mainly slaves. The slave trade remained a cornerstone of São Tomé's economy until after 1600. 8262: 5568: 5106: 6388: 2979:

Education in São Tomé and Príncipe is compulsory for six years. Primary school enrollment and attendance rates were unavailable for São Tomé and Príncipe as of 2001.

4826: 6231: 1911: 1317:, and changes to the constitution—including the legalization of opposition political parties—led to elections in 1991 that were non-violent, free, and transparent. 7843: 3642: 465: 6568: 6398: 6135: 3729:"The Expulsion 1492 Chronicles, section XI: "The Vale of Tears", quoting Joseph Hacohen (1496–1577); also, section XVII, quoting 16th-century author Samuel Usque" 3259: 1058:, the Niger Delta, the island of Fernando Po, and later from the Kongo and Angola. In the 16th century, the enslaved were imported from and exported to Portugal, 8921: 5933:

Frynas, Jędrzej George, Geoffrey Wood, and Ricardo MS Soares de Oliveira. "Business and politics in São Tomé e Príncipe: from cocoa monoculture to petro‐state."

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Amorim Neto, Octávio; Costa Lobo, Marina (2010). "Between Constitutional Diffusion and Local Politics: Semi-Presidentialism in Portuguese-Speaking Countries".

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Seibert, Gerhard (2013). "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics". In Law, Robin; Strickrodt, Silke; Schwarz, Suzanne (eds.).

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in southern São Tomé. It rises over 300 m (1,000 ft) above the surrounding terrain and the summit is 663 m (2,175 ft) above sea level.

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mean score of 6.64/10, ranking it 68th globally out of 172 countries. São Tomé and Príncipe does not have a large number of native mammals (although the

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The greatest slave revolt occurred in July 1595, when the government was weakened by disputes between the bishop and the governor. A native slave named

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were organized with slave labor, and by the mid-16th century, the Portuguese settlers had turned the islands into Africa's foremost exporter of sugar.

6537: 6441: 6344: 6198: 6115: 2363: 1761: 1711: 1693: 1329: 671: 7596: 7545: 6251: 5923:– Overview of the decolonization of Portugal's African colonies, and a chapter specifically about São Tomé and Príncipe's experience since the 1970s. 3523: 100: 8128: 6473: 6436: 6383: 4260: 2315:

was expanded and modernized. The telephone system and the road network are good by African standards. Cellphones are widely used and improving. The

2119: 1775: 1148: 372: 7271: 1371:. Local elections, the first since 1992, took place on 27 August 2006 and were dominated by members of the ruling coalition. On 12 February 2009, a 943:

The islands making up São Tomé and Príncipe were formed around approximately 30 million years ago due to volcanic activity in deep water along the

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In response to its economic downturn, the government undertook a series of far-reaching economic reforms. In 1987, the government implemented an

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In September 2022, Portugal and São Tomé and Príncipe signed a new cooperation agreement for defence, bolstering training and maritime security.

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By the late 1950s, when other emerging nations across the African continent demanded their independence, a small group of São Toméans formed the

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was attempted to overthrow President Fradique de Menezes. The plotters were imprisoned, but later received a pardon from President de Menezes.

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The islands of São Tomé and Príncipe were uninhabited when the Portuguese arrived sometime around 1470. The first Europeans to put ashore were

6424: 6306: 6020: 5009: 3175:, are significant components of the cuisine. The use of hot spices is prominent in São Tomése cuisine. Coffee is used in various dishes as a 1251: 852: 7440: 6628: 5183: 5128: 4983: 4894: 3089: 1946:

visit São Tomé and Príncipe, helping the local economy. Relations between Cape Verde and São Tomé and Príncipe have improved over the years.

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in São Tomé and Príncipe, financially helping to build and maintain the Public University of São Tomé and Príncipe. The Portuguese President

1403:, the leader of the Movimento de Libertação de São Tomé e Príncipe-Partido Social Democráta (MLSTP-PSD), was sworn in as new prime minister. 8821: 6500: 6490: 6429: 6361: 6349: 6108: 2548: 2359: 2191: 1718: 878: 798: 438: 106: 11226: 9212: 7483: 7007: 5437: 2020: 612: 6354: 4384: 11211: 8867: 7737: 7463: 7384: 7379: 6378: 5740: 5265: 4217: 2629: 1547: 6517: 5950:

Keese, Alexander. "Forced labour in the 'Gorgulho Years': Understanding reform and repression in Rural São Tomé e Príncipe, 1945–1953."

5782: 3083: 2991: 743:. With a population of 201,800 (2018 official estimate), São Tomé and Príncipe is the second-smallest and second-least populous African 11236: 7859: 7493: 3062: 1790: 1411: 1388: 1360: 1214: 812: 420: 17: 9506: 6505: 6459: 6339: 6236: 6219: 5202: 2820: 2047: 2032: 1684: 1457: 1384: 1081: 885: 407: 337: 8310: 7417: 3066:

is a musical dance performance that tells a dramatic story. The danço-Congo is similarly a combination of music, dance, and theatre.

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In 2001, São Tomé and Nigeria reached an agreement on joint exploration for petroleum in waters claimed by the two countries of the

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increase in exports, and the creation of several manufacturers. In the coming years significant economic improvements are expected.

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is the central bank, responsible for monetary policy and bank supervision. Six banks are in the country; the largest and oldest is

9602: 9552: 6561: 6495: 6412: 6151: 6143: 4924: 4763:"Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity – Supplementary Material" 4311: 3254: 3131: 2108: 1006: 824: 766: 11246: 11092: 8831: 7680: 7488: 7199: 6943: 3787:

Ivor Wilks and Akan Wangara (January 1997). "Portuguese in the Fifteenth and Sixteenth Centuries". In Peter John Bakewell (ed.).

1748:, although in recent years this level has been decreasing. In tourism terms, the risk is low, equivalent to the risk of visiting 967:. Portuguese navigators explored the islands and decided that they would be good locations for bases to trade with the mainland. 867: 10978: 2965: 2278:

has decreased dramatically and the vast majority of the population already has access to piped water and access to electricity.

773:. The rich volcanic soil and proximity to the equator made São Tomé and Príncipe ideal for sugar cultivation, followed later by 7627: 7333: 11166: 6577: 6527: 6278: 3034: 3023: 1610: 1525:. Príncipe is about 30 km (20 mi) long and 6 km (4 mi) wide. Its peaks reach 948 m (3,110 ft) – 10988: 10888: 8019: 7450: 7432: 7296: 7259: 6993: 5957:

Tomás, Gil, et al. "The peopling of Sao Tome (Gulf of Guinea): origins of slave settlers and admixture with the Portuguese."

5776: 5565: 5259: 4655: 4616: 4577: 4538: 3798: 3095: 2370:. It had a monopoly on commercial banking until a change in the banking law in 2003 led to the entry of several other banks. 6522: 6208: 5808: 5098: 3856:

Caldeira, Arlindo Manuel. "LEARNING THE ROPES IN THE TROPICS: SLAVERY AND THE PLANTATION SYSTEM ON THE ISLAND OF SÃO TOMÉ."

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Caldeira, Arlindo Manuel. "LEARNING THE ROPES IN THE TROPICS: SLAVERY AND THE PLANTATION SYSTEM ON THE ISLAND OF SÃO TOMÉ."

739:, about 150 km (93.21 mi) apart and about 250 and 225 km (155 and 140 mi) off the northwestern coast of 92: 7662: 7651: 7412: 4864: 4362: 3638: 2175: 1926: 6582: 6373: 4835: 3232: 11191: 10155: 8940: 7747: 7742: 7473: 7468: 7301: 6261: 3732: 3631: 3204: 2553: 2312: 1722: 1399:

became prime minister in 2014; he is also the leader of the Independent Democratic Action party (ADI). In December 2018,

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period ended, when a propresidential coalition won enough seats in National Assembly elections to form a new government.

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In parallel, some efforts have been made to incentivize private tourism initiatives, but their scope remains limited.

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and has made great progress on most social indicators. All children in São Tomé and Príncipe are enrolled in the

2198: 1645:). The islands are home to a larger number of endemic birds and plants, including the world's smallest ibis (the 986:("Prince's Island"), in reference to the Prince of Portugal to whom duties on the island's sugar crop were paid. 803: 769:

and settled throughout the 16th century, they collectively served as a vital commercial and trade centre for the

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are reputedly descendants of Angolan slaves who survived a 1540 shipwreck and now earn their livelihood fishing.

8882: 8857: 7570: 7288: 3667: 1255: 978:) 1472, for Príncipe, though other sources cite different years around that time. Príncipe was initially named 856: 39: 1474:

The two islands that make up what is called São Tomé and Príncipe were formed 30 million years ago during the

1027:"from which they already produce molasses," but the island lacked facilities for industrial sugar production. 10901: 10862: 8303: 7794: 7622: 7610: 7353: 7265: 1779: 1341: 695: 1073:

The power dynamics of São Tomé in the 16th century were surprisingly diverse with the participation of free

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The São Toméan government has traditionally obtained foreign assistance from various donors, including the

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which are still poorly defined, but in any case expected to change the economic situation dramatically.

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São Tomé and Príncipe's Portuguese-language literature and poetry is considered some of the richest in

1996: 1793:, also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth, an international organization and political association of 1055: 639: 5452: 3103: 11201: 7690: 1406:

In September 2021, the candidate of the centre-right opposition Independent Democratic Action (ADI),

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documented in words and pictures the continued use of slaves in São Tomé in its 13 March 1897 issue.

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Comrades, Clients, and Cousins: Colonialism, Socialism, and Democratization in São Tomé and Príncipe

4950: 4324: 3106:

is considered one of the country's most influential writers. Other notable literary figures include

1448:, after Patrice Trovoada was appointed Prime Minister of São Tomé and Príncipe by Carlos Vila Nova. 1435:

In September 2022, the opposition Independent Democratic Action (ADI), led by former prime minister

1363:, Fradique de Menezes easily won a second five-year term in office, defeating two other candidates, 931: 8402: 8296: 7727: 7371: 7229: 6697: 5712:""Negro de todo o mundo...": Francisco José Tenreiro's work as a precursor of "lusophone" concepts" 2187: 2140:, with privately owned cooperatives combined with publicly owned property and means of production. 1982:

has invested in some road and seaport projects but investments have been stalling in recent years.

1855:

visited São Tomé and Príncipe in 2018 to demonstrate the strong economic and cultural ties between

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Comrades, Clients and Cousins: Colonialism, Socialism and Democratization in São Tomé and Príncipe

3058:

may have played an integral part in the development of these rhythms and their associated dances.

227: 11196: 8862: 8288: 7799: 7789: 7527: 5541: 2927: 2473:(mainly from Angola). Other important imports, in order of importance, were cars, rice, cereals, 2263: 1852: 1737: 1729: 1607:

to 800 mm (31.5 in) in the northern lowlands. The rainy season is from October to May.

1244: 845: 791: 590: 479: 6077: 6047: 2948: 2059: 10957: 10402: 10048: 8852: 8685: 7817: 7784: 7695: 7404: 7249: 7185: 6031: 2168: 2084: 1396: 1011:

By 1515, São Tomé and Príncipe had become slave depots for the coastal slave trade centered at

521: 473: 7114: 6485: 5938: 5734: 5249: 4205: 3498: 1395:. President Carvalho is also vice president of the Independent Democratic Action party (ADI). 137: 10756: 9375: 9332: 9262: 8422: 8227: 7550: 7522: 6717: 6283: 6035: 5766: 5155: 4152: 4143:

SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In

4128: 4119:

SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In

4083:

SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In

4046:

Seibert, Gerhard. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In

4025:

SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In

3997:

SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In

3952:

SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In

3910:

SEIBERT, GERHARD. "São Tomé & Príncipe: The First Plantation Economy in the Tropics." In

2915: 2610: 2275: 2164: 1522: 1392: 1307: 1192:

In the early 20th century, an internationally publicized controversy arose over charges that

960: 758: 4502:"Patrice Trovoada takes office as Prime minister of Sao Tome and Principe – Medafrica Times" 4147:, edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 65. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. 4123:, edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 64. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. 4087:, edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 63. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. 4050:, edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 60. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. 4029:, edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 59. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. 4001:, edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 68. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. 3956:, edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 67. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. 3914:, edited by Law Robin, Schwarz Suzanne, and Strickrodt Silke, 66. Boydell and Brewer, 2013. 2152: 2046:, coterminous with the district of Pagué. The larger island of São Tomé is divided into six 10526: 10061: 9273: 8659: 7517: 6273: 6006: 4774: 3200: 2328: 2197:

In late 2000, São Tomé qualified for significant debt reduction under the IMF–World Bank's

1654: 1142: 770: 755: 732: 31: 2569: 2437:

In the last 10 years, the countries in which the value of exports increased the most were

1717:

São Tomé and Príncipe has functioned under a multiparty system since 1990. With regard to

1497:

about 300 and 250 km (190 and 160 mi), respectively, off the northwest coast of

8: 10924: 10546: 8898: 8715: 8222: 7994: 6975: 6958: 6510: 5588: 5407: 3516:"Africa :: Sao Tome and Principe — The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency" 3385: 3373: 3119: 3111: 2846: 2825: 2236: 1972: 1798: 1741: 1638: 1345: 1166: 645: 72: 5711: 5352: 4778: 4282: 4174: 1583: 1526: 11241: 10457: 9038: 8903: 8700: 7768: 7721: 5995: 5889: 4916: 4803: 4762: 4738: 4705: 4148: 4124: 4088: 4051: 4030: 4002: 3957: 3915: 3861: 3821: 3550: 3466: 3394: 3390: 3071: 3011: 2854: 2561: 2351: 2064: 1700: 1646: 1596: 1490:, dating to 3 million years, have been used for plantation crops since colonial times. 1137: 1020: 971: 936: 786: 252: 6606: 6163: 5872:

Vogt, John L. (1973). "The Early Sao Tome-Principe Slave Trade with Mina, 1500–1540".

4092: 4055: 4034: 4006: 3961: 3919: 3183:. Breakfast dishes are often reheated leftovers from the previous evening's meal, and 1740:, São Tomé and Príncipe was ranked 56th among electoral democracies worldwide and 5th 1537: 1530: 1467: 1198: 10343: 9626: 9619: 9573: 9448: 9342: 9084: 9025: 8963: 8705: 8442: 7969: 7898: 7555: 7254: 7160: 6733: 5916: 5858: 5839: 5772: 5333: 5317: 5255: 5163: 5129:"Chapter XXVI: Disarmament – No. 9 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons" 4808: 4790: 4743: 4725: 4651: 4612: 4573: 4534: 3794: 3769: 3759: 3494: 3107: 2834: 2470: 2133:

industry infrastructure. The government sector accounts for about 11% of employment.

1964: 1514: 1380: 1209: 975: 5926:

Eyzaguirre, Pablo B. "The independence of São Tomé e Príncipe and agrarian reform."

5559: 2074: 1373: 1368: 1298:. Picking up momentum in the 1960s, events moved quickly after the overthrow of the 990: 11102: 10592: 10568: 10536: 9988: 9583: 8191: 8186: 8181: 7234: 5881: 4798: 4782: 4733: 4717: 3978: 3936: 3891: 3280: 2862: 2673: 2267: 2217: 2004:

São Tomé and Príncipe's military is small and consists of four branches: the Army (

1931: 1733: 1664: 1436: 1407: 1364: 1178: 1063: 565: 358: 343: 5804: 2942: 2294: 2069: 1663:. São Tomé and Príncipe is an important marine turtle-nesting site, including the 1428: 10914: 10836: 10190: 9172: 8847: 8497: 8255: 8237: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 7153: 7062: 6649: 6100: 6081: 5687:. United Nations Education, Scintific and Cultural Organization. 11 August 2021. 5572: 5313: 4411:"Opposition candidate Carlos Vila Nova wins Sao Tome presidency: partial results" 4354: 3788: 3007: 2987: 2889: 2858: 2842: 2677: 2271: 2231:

In the past few years, the economy of São Tomé and Príncipe has grown, driven by

2079: 1968: 1847: 1400: 1318: 1314: 1299: 1182: 1099: 744: 6059:– President of the Democratic Republic of São Tomé and Príncipe (official site) 4860: 2511:

In the last 10 years, the value of imports increased most from the countries of

2477:, electronic equipment, chemicals, clothing, meat, medical equipment, and wood. 2201:

initiative. The reduction is being reevaluated by the IMF, due to the attempted

964: 10467: 10306: 9749: 9709: 9405: 9133: 9012: 8695: 8069: 7959: 7239: 7224: 7099: 7083: 6241: 5908: 5040:"Portugal and São Tomé e Príncipe sign a new cooperation agreement for Defence" 4786: 3246: 3160: 2850: 2387: 1922: 1592: 1518: 1494: 1462: 724: 720: 716: 247: 5288:

Turismo em Meio Insular Africano: Potencialidades, constrangimentos e impactos

3973:

Vogt, John L. "The Early Sao Tome-Principe Slave Trade with Mina, 1500–1540."

3931:

Vogt, John L. "The Early Sao Tome-Principe Slave Trade with Mina, 1500–1540."

3886:

Vogt, John L. "The Early Sao Tome-Principe Slave Trade with Mina, 1500–1540."

3728: 2937: 1493:

The islands of São Tomé and Príncipe, situated in the equatorial Atlantic and

11160: 11142: 11129: 10316: 10272: 9903: 9790: 9071: 8618: 8467: 8074: 7903: 7208: 7165: 6773: 6291: 5010:"Marcelo faz visita de Estado a S.Tomé e Príncipe entre 20 e 22 de fevereiro" 4794: 4729: 3773: 3067: 2598: 2493: 2423: 2340: 2332: 2137: 1917: 1891: 1843: 1783: 1771: 1704: 1650: 1562: 1549: 1541: 1502: 1479: 1306:

on 12 July 1975, choosing as the first president the MLSTP Secretary General

1218: 1131: 944: 762: 688: 284: 207: 194: 186: 10667:

1975 is the year of East Timor's Declaration of Independence and subsequent

4721: 3695:

Instituto Nacional de Estadística de São Tomé e Príncipe, as of 13 May 2018.

2480:

About 51%, more than half of the imports of São Tomé and Príncipe come from

1873:

is a major business partner mainly in the area of natural energy resources;

10493: 9853: 9673: 9385: 8372: 6883: 6873: 6677: 5493: 4812: 4747: 3136: 3099: 2838: 1725:

in 2010, a comprehensive reflection of the levels of governance in Africa.

1604: 1423: 1086: 808: 379: 272: 242: 3195:

Football (soccer) is the most popular sport in São Tomé and Principe, the

1971:, the language has become important in the business sector (together with 10779: 10259: 10236: 10223: 9969: 9833: 9739: 8775: 8577: 8557: 8477: 7999: 7057: 6888: 6778: 5964:

Weszkalnys, Gisa. "Hope & oil: expectations in São Tomé e Príncipe."

3140: 3115: 2918:, which in turn retains close ties with the church in Portugal. Sizeable 2450: 2391: 2262:

São Tomé and Príncipe outperforms the sub-Saharan Africa average on the

2232: 1882: 778: 728: 9285: 6256: 3865: 3825: 2167:

program, and invited greater private participation in management of the

736: 35: 11047: 11021: 10623: 10573: 9913: 9873: 9496: 9428: 8750: 8745: 8639: 8572: 8512: 8502: 8492: 8397: 8118: 8009: 7923: 7908: 7893: 7763: 6964: 6868: 6833: 6818: 6803: 6758: 6692: 5530:(in Portuguese). Vol. 2. Lisbon: Edições Gailivro. pp. 45 46. 2919: 2899: 2650: 2646: 2380: 2336: 2179: 1943: 1745: 1732:, with very high freedom of speech, high political freedom and average 1699:

The president of the republic is elected to a five-year term by direct

1470:

is a landmark needle-shaped volcanic plug peak in São Tomé and Príncipe

1313:

In 1990, São Tomé became one of the first African countries to undergo

1124: 1048: 989:

The first successful settlement of São Tomé was established in 1493 by

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