244:
499:. However, soon after that, in May 986, the prospect of an imminent conclusion of a peace between Byzantium and Egypt forced Sa'd al-Dawla to return to his earlier allegiance, and he re-affirmed his tributary status on the same terms as before. This did not prevent Sa'd al-Dawla from supporting the Byzantine general
463:
His first attempt to free himself of the
Byzantine protectorate, in 981, ended in failure due to lack of outside support, when a Byzantine army appeared before Aleppo's walls to enforce compliance. The Fatimids then induced Bakjur to act: in September 983, Bakjur launched an attack on Aleppo with the
507:
Warfare with the
Fatimids once again threatened in 991, again because of Bakjur. He had governed Damascus until 988, when he was deposed, and then fled to Raqqa. From there, though with little support from the Fatimids, he tried to attack Aleppo. With Byzantine assistance in the form of troops under
459:
Bakjur, in the meantime, had used his new post at Homs to open contacts with the
Fatimids, who intended to use him as a pawn to subdue Aleppo and complete their conquest of the entirety of Syria. Sa'd al-Dawla himself oscillated between the Fatimids and Byzantium: on the one hand he resented
476:. It is an indication of the strained relations between Sa'd al-Dawla and his "saviours" that after Bakjur's flight, there were clashes between Byzantine and Hamdanid troops, which were settled only when the Hamdanid emir agreed to pay twice the usual yearly amount of tribute of 20,000
516:
of
Antioch, Michael Bourtzes, Sa'd al-Dawla was able to defeat and capture Bakjur at Na'ura, east of Aleppo, in April 991, and later had him executed. Nevertheless, relations with the Fatimids soured over Sa'd al-Dawla's arrest of Bakjur's children, and it was only his death from
305:, which lasted until the latter's death in battle in April 968. At the same time, Aleppo itself was threatened by the Byzantines, and Sa'd al-Dawla, on the advice of Qarquya, left the city. The Byzantines did not attack the city, but Qarquya and his fellow
503:
in his second rebellion against Basil II, once he was released from Buyid captivity in
December 986, nor of recognizing Fatimid suzerainty in the same month, especially as Byzantium now descended into a civil war that lasted until 989.
313:(military slaves) seized the moment to claim the city for themselves. Accompanied by 300 faithful followers, Sa'd al-Dawla was thus reduced to wandering from city to city across the lands that were nominally his, hoping to gain entry:
403:
tribe living around Aleppo, Sa'd al-Dawla besieged Aleppo and captured it. Qarquya was set free and again entrusted with the affairs of state until his death a few years later, while Bakjur was given the governorship of Homs.
384:
and gained control of the country, from where they advanced into southern Syria. The competition between these two powers, Byzantium and the
Fatimids, would shape the history of Syria and of Aleppo for the next fifty years.
547:. Only the personal intervention of Basil II in 995 and again in 999 would save the emirate from Fatimid conquest. Warfare lasted until 1000, when a peace treaty was concluded guaranteeing Aleppo's continued existence as a
1133:
1079:
325:
refused to support him, while at
Mayyafariqin his own mother refused to let him in. Finally, he found refuge at Homs. In the meantime, many of his father's old supporters left to join his cousin
393:
It was not until 977 that Sa'd al-Dawla managed to regain his capital, which by now was under the control of Bakjur, who in 975 had deposed and imprisoned
Qarquya. Aided by some of his father's
460:
Byzantine overlordship and was willing to acknowledge the
Fatimid Caliph, but on the other hand he did not want to see his domain become merely another Fatimid province like southern Syria.
996:
472:. The Byzantines then proceeded to sack Homs in October. The city was returned to Hamdanid control, while Bakjur fled to Fatimid territory, where he assumed the governorship of
230:. In turn, Sa'd came to rely increasingly on Byzantine assistance, although he continued to fluctuate in his allegiance between Byzantium, the Buyids, and the Fatimids.
206:. Facing a multitude of rebellions and desertions until 977, Sa'd was unable even to enter his own capital, which was in the hands of his father's chief minister,
1215:
1200:
543:, resenting the influence of Lu'lu', went over to the Fatimids, who now launched a sustained offensive against Aleppo under the Turkish general
360:, securing their control over the north Syrian littoral. Soon after, the Byzantines marched against Aleppo itself and forced Qarquya to sign a
1143:
286:
and was raiding its northern and western provinces, while rebellions of his closest lieutenants had plagued Sayf al-Dawla's last years.
1003:
1092:
941:
904:
415:
to recover some of his father's domains in the Jazira: after acknowledging Buyid suzerainty, he received governorship of the
348:
The year 969 was a crucial one in Syrian history, as it marked the climax of the
Byzantine advance. In October, the generals
823:
551:
between the two powers. Finally, in 1002, Lu'lu' assassinated Sa'id al-Dawla and assumed control of Aleppo in his own name.
1085:
301:, in June/July 967. Almost immediately he was confronted by a rebellion of his uncle, Abu Firas, at the time governor of
845:
1210:
534:
19:
This article is about the 10th-century Hamdanid ruler of Aleppo. For the 13th-century Jewish physician of Persia, see
1220:
1205:
880:
483:
Hamdanid relations with Byzantium collapsed completely in 985–986, after the Fatimids took the Byzantine fortress of
345:. Sa'd al-Dawla, unable to offer any resistance, tacitly accepted these losses as well as his cousin's suzerainty.
289:
Sa'd al-Dawla reached Aleppo, which for years had been governed by Sayf al-Dawla's chief minister and chamberlain (
487:. Sa'd al-Dawla refused to continue paying tribute. As a result, Bardas Phokas invaded his territory and sacked
333:, who used the opportunity to expand his own territory. Immediately after Sayf al-Dawla's death, he captured
280:
1230:
915:
271:. His succession to the emirate was unopposed, but the state his father had left him was crumbling: the
263:. At the time of his father's death, in February 967, he was only fifteen, and resided at the emirate's
1159:
989:
469:
963:
896:
The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
353:
1225:
264:
871:. In Ashtiany, Julia; Johnstone, T. M.; Latham, J. D.; Serjeant, R. B.; Smith, G. Rex (eds.).
868:
832:
1138:
260:
202:
that within two years conquered the western portions of his realm and turned Aleppo into a
199:
8:
1195:
1190:
1046:
1031:
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1041:
464:
support of Fatimid troops. Sa'd al-Dawla was forced to appeal to the Byzantine emperor
194:, he inherited the throne at a young age and in the midst of a major offensive by the
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1036:
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183:
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38:
20:
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407:
Soon after, in 979, he was able to capitalize upon Abu Taghlib's conflict with the
349:
124:
491:
before retracing his steps and marching south to an unsuccessful siege of Apamea (
931:
894:
890:
495:). In retaliation, Sa'd al-Dawla sent his troops to raze the famous monastery of
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172:
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424:
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1113:
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859:
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191:
187:
134:
56:
533:, but real power rested in the hands of Sa'd al-Dawla's former chamberlain,
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524:
365:
268:
1073:
416:
342:
326:
936:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.
544:
518:
477:
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381:
338:
243:
152:
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The Cambridge Medieval History, Volume V: Contest of Empire and Papacy
521:
in December 991 that stopped him from attacking Fatimid possessions.
272:
259:, and Sakhinah, the sister of Sayf al-Dawla's cousin and court poet,
195:
454:
218:, but his rule was soon challenged by the rebellion of his governor
981:
473:
465:
377:
223:
180:
364:(December 969 or January 970) making Aleppo a tributary Byzantine
484:
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119:
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408:
369:
322:
318:
256:
219:
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90:
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for help, and the siege was raised by a Byzantine army under
430:
420:
373:
334:
314:
292:
227:
164:
94:
784:
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875:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 315–327.
412:
302:
214:, he managed to re-establish his authority in parts of the
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Succession and the end of the Hamdanid dynasty in Aleppo
337:, and by 971 extended his control over the provinces of
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709:
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922:. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp. 242–264.
678:
560:
538:
428:
394:
372:, as his designated successor. At the same time, in
306:
290:
509:
822:
916:"Chapter VI. Islam in Syria and Egypt (750–1100)"
455:Conflicts with Bakjur, the Fatimids and Byzantium
1182:
427:—who was a puppet of the Buyids—the honorific
423:. At the same time, he also received from the
997:
436:
1004:
990:
846:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
210:. By maintaining close relations with the
1144:Abu'l-Fawaris Muhammad ibn Nasir al-Dawla
1093:Abu Abdallah al-Husayn ibn Nasir al-Dawla
913:
854:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 126–131.
790:
766:
672:
1201:10th-century monarchs in the Middle East
1080:Abu'l-Muzzafar Hamdan ibn Nasir al-Dawla
866:
592:
529:Sa'd al-Dawla was succeeded by his son,
242:
16:Hamdanid ruler of Aleppo from 967 to 991
926:
889:
802:
778:
754:
742:
730:
718:
647:
623:
604:
1216:Arab people of the Arab–Byzantine wars
1183:
1134:Abu'l-Hayja Abdallah ibn Sa'd al-Dawla
817:
703:
635:
577:
985:
388:
368:with Qarquya as emir and his deputy,
1086:Abu Tahir Ibrahim ibn Nasir al-Dawla
1011:
899:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
190:. The son of the emirate's founder,
531:Sa'id Abu 'l-Fada'il Sa'id al-Dawla
247:Family tree of the Hamdanid dynasty
176:
13:
14:
1242:
933:The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025
110:Sa'd al-Dawla Abu'l-Ma'ali Sharif
186:, encompassing most of northern
918:. In Bury, John Bagnell (ed.).
811:
399:, and, crucially, the powerful
179:), was the second ruler of the
914:Stevenson, William B. (1926).
238:
1:
554:
251:Sa'd al-Dawla was the son of
163:, more commonly known by his
1170:Ruling emirs are denoted in
233:
7:
867:El Tayib, Abdullah (1990).
539:
510:
429:
395:
307:
291:
222:, who was supported by the
10:
1247:
537:. Several of the Hamdanid
18:
1211:10th-century Shia Muslims
1168:
1160:Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan
1152:
1102:
1055:
1019:
970:
961:
953:
470:Bardas Phokas the Younger
451:), by which he is known.
148:
140:
130:
118:
109:
104:
100:
84:
76:
72:
62:
52:
44:
37:
30:
1221:Hamdanid emirs of Aleppo
1206:10th-century Arab people
638:, pp. 127–128, 129.
446:Happiness of the Dynasty
873:ʿAbbasid Belles-Lettres
419:, except for Raqqa and
869:"Abū Firās al-Ḥamdānī"
248:
246:
255:, the first Emir of
200:Nikephoros II Phokas
161:Abu 'l-Ma'ali Sharif
1231:Syrian Shia Muslims
1032:Abdallah ibn Hamdan
805:, pp. 379–381.
793:, pp. 251–252.
781:, pp. 379–380.
769:, pp. 250–251.
757:, pp. 369–373.
745:, pp. 367–368.
650:, pp. 280–281.
607:, pp. 277–280.
1042:Ibrahim ibn Hamdan
435:of Sa'd al-Dawla (
389:Recovery of Aleppo
249:
1178:
1177:
1037:Husayn ibn Hamdan
1027:Hamdan ibn Hamdun
980:
979:
971:Succeeded by
943:978-0-520-20496-6
906:978-0-582-40525-7
184:Emirate of Aleppo
158:
157:
114:
113:
1238:
1047:Sa'id ibn Hamdan
1013:Hamdanid dynasty
1006:
999:
992:
983:
982:
954:Preceded by
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350:Michael Bourtzes
312:
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102:
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28:
27:
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741:
737:
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679:
675:, pp. 250.
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561:
557:
527:
493:Qalaat al-Madiq
457:
448:
445:
442:
439:
391:
241:
236:
204:tributary state
165:honorific title
89:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1244:
1234:
1233:
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1128:Sa'id al-Dawla
1124:
1117:
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1070:
1067:Nasir al-Dawla
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1039:
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1021:
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1008:
1001:
994:
986:
978:
977:
974:Sa'id al-Dawla
972:
969:
964:Emir of Aleppo
960:
955:
949:
948:
942:
924:
911:
905:
887:
881:
864:
819:Canard, Marius
813:
810:
808:
807:
795:
791:Stevenson 1926
783:
771:
767:Stevenson 1926
759:
747:
735:
733:, p. 367.
723:
721:, p. 281.
708:
706:, p. 130.
677:
673:Stevenson 1926
652:
640:
628:
626:, p. 280.
609:
597:
595:, p. 326.
582:
580:, p. 129.
558:
556:
553:
526:
523:
501:Bardas Skleros
456:
453:
425:Abbasid caliph
390:
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39:Emir of Aleppo
35:
34:
21:Sa'ad al-Dawla
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1243:
1232:
1229:
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1226:Sayf al-Dawla
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1153:Later members
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1121:Sa'd al-Dawla
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1114:Sayf al-Dawla
1111:
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1103:Hamdanids of
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1056:Hamdanids of
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1020:Early members
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928:Whittow, Mark
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891:Kennedy, Hugh
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882:0-521-24016-6
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833:Ménage, V. L.
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593:El Tayib 1990
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497:Qal'at Sim'an
494:
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467:
461:
452:
433:
432:
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422:
418:
414:
410:
405:
402:
397:
386:
383:
380:defeated the
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
346:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:Emir of Mosul
328:
324:
320:
316:
311:
310:
304:
300:
295:
294:
287:
285:
282:
278:
277:Nikephoros II
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:Sayf al-Dawla
245:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
192:Sayf al-Dawla
189:
185:
182:
174:
170:
169:Sa'd al-Dawla
166:
162:
154:
151:
147:
143:
139:
136:
135:Sayf al-Dawla
133:
129:
126:
123:
121:
117:
108:
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99:
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83:
79:
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71:
68:
65:
61:
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57:Sayf al-Dawla
55:
51:
47:
43:
40:
36:
31:Sa'd al-Dawla
29:
26:
22:
1171:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1112:
1091:
1084:
1072:
1065:
962:
932:
919:
895:
872:
851:
844:
812:Bibliography
803:Whittow 1996
798:
786:
779:Whittow 1996
774:
762:
755:Whittow 1996
750:
743:Whittow 1996
738:
731:Whittow 1996
726:
719:Kennedy 2004
648:Kennedy 2004
643:
631:
624:Kennedy 2004
605:Kennedy 2004
600:
549:buffer state
528:
506:
482:
462:
458:
406:
392:
366:protectorate
347:
288:
269:Mayyafariqin
250:
168:
160:
159:
88:December 991
25:
1074:Abu Taghlib
850:Volume III:
841:Schacht, J.
837:Pellat, Ch.
824:"Ḥamdānids"
704:Canard 1971
636:Canard 1971
578:Canard 1971
478:gold dinars
417:Diyar Mudar
343:Diyar Mudar
327:Abu Taghlib
239:Early years
53:Predecessor
1196:991 deaths
1191:952 births
1185:Categories
555:References
545:Manjutakin
519:hemiplegia
401:Banu Kilab
382:Ikhshidids
339:Diyar Bakr
177:سعد الدولة
153:Shia Islam
33:سعد الدولة
1139:Abu Firas
860:495469525
829:Lewis, B.
356:captured
281:conquered
279:had just
273:Byzantine
267:capital,
261:Abu Firas
234:Biography
196:Byzantine
63:Successor
968:967–991
930:(1996).
893:(2004).
843:(eds.).
821:(1971).
485:Balanyas
474:Damascus
466:Basil II
378:Fatimids
275:emperor
224:Fatimids
198:emperor
181:Hamdanid
149:Religion
144:Sakhinah
125:Hamdanid
540:ghilman
440:
396:ghilman
358:Antioch
309:ghilman
299:Qarquya
284:Cilicia
265:Jaziran
208:Qarquya
120:Dynasty
48:967–991
1105:Aleppo
940:
903:
879:
858:
852:H–Iram
839:&
535:Lu'lu'
489:Killis
409:Buyids
376:, the
370:Bakjur
362:treaty
323:Harran
319:Manbij
257:Aleppo
220:Bakjur
216:Jazira
212:Buyids
173:Arabic
141:Mother
131:Father
91:Aleppo
1058:Mosul
827:. In
431:laqab
421:Rahba
374:Egypt
354:Peter
335:Raqqa
315:Saruj
293:hajib
228:Egypt
188:Syria
105:Names
95:Syria
45:Reign
1172:bold
938:ISBN
901:ISBN
877:ISBN
856:OCLC
512:doux
508:the
437:lit.
413:Iraq
352:and
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303:Homs
85:Died
77:Born
411:of
297:),
226:of
80:952
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