326:. Al-Aziz on the other hand now prepared for all-out war with the Byzantines, but his preparations were cut short by his death in October 996. Nevertheless, the Byzantine–Fatimid contest over Syria continued, with alternating success. In 995, Lu'lu' made terms with al-Aziz and acknowledged him as Caliph, and for a few years Fatimid influence over Aleppo grew. In 998 Lu'lu' and Sa'id al-Dawla tried to seize the fortress of Apamea, but were thwarted by the new Byzantine
177:
356:, fled, disguised as a woman, to the Byzantine court. Lu'lu' was a capable ruler who maintained the balance between Byzantium and the Fatimids, but after his death in 1008/9 Aleppo gravitated increasingly towards the latter. A Hamdanid restoration attempt, led by Abu'l-Hayja, failed, and in 1015/6 Mansur ibn Lu'lu' was in turn deposed, ending the last vestiges of Hamdanid rule in Aleppo.
281:, in June 992, and laid siege to Aleppo. He failed to pursue the siege with vigour, however, and the city was easily able to resist. In the spring of 993, after thirteen months of campaigning, Manjutakin was forced to return to Damascus due to lack of supplies. In spring 994, Manjutakin launched another invasion, again defeated Bourtzes at the
223:, had now shrunk to the region around Aleppo. Sa'd al-Dawla's domestic position was precarious, and his state was impoverished and militarily impotent. After the Byzantine–Fatimid peace of 987/8, he came to depend once more on the Byzantines, and it was Byzantine troops that helped him defeat a Fatimid-sponsored attempt to seize
340:
in a battle with the
Fatimids shortly after caused another intervention by Basil in the next year, which stabilized the situation and strengthened Aleppo's security from Fatimid attack by placing a Byzantine garrison at Shayzar. The conflict ended with another treaty in 1001 and the conclusion of a
297:
and besieged Aleppo for eleven months. The blockade was far more effective this time and soon caused a severe lack of food. Sa'id al-Dawla suggested surrendering to
Manjutakin, but the determined stance of Lu'lu' allowed the city's defenders to hold out until the sudden arrival of the Byzantine
168:. Warfare lasted until 1000, when a peace treaty was concluded guaranteeing Aleppo's continued existence as a buffer state between the two powers. Finally, in January 1002 Sa'id al-Dawla died, possibly poisoned by Lu'lu', and Lu'lu' assumed control of Aleppo in his own name.
317:
before the emperor in person as a sign of gratitude and submission, and he in turn released the emirate from its obligation to pay an annual tribute. Basil's interest in Syria was limited, however, and after a brief campaign that saw an unsuccessful attack on
352:, Lu'lu' now assumed direct power, at first as ostensible guardians over Sa'id al-Dawla's sons Abu'l-Hasan Ali and Abu'l-Ma'ali Sharif, until, in 1003/4, he had them exiled to Egypt. At the same time, one of Sa'id al-Dawla's brothers,
961:
907:
246:, who continued to support the alliance with the Byzantines. Many of his rivals, resenting his power, defected upon Sa'd al-Dawla's death to the Fatimids, who now resumed their attacks on Aleppo. As
187:
Sa'id al-Dawla's father, Sa'd al-Dawla, had only with difficulty managed to first secure a measure of control over his domains, and then to maintain a precarious autonomy by manoeuvring between the
353:
310:
in only sixteen days at the head of an army 13,000 strong; his sudden arrival caused panic in the
Fatimid army: Manjutakin burned his camp and retreated to Damascus without battle.
824:
250:
writes, "the history of reign is almost exclusively that of the attempts of
Fatimid Egypt to gain the emirate of Aleppo, which were opposed by the Byzantine emperor".
1048:
1033:
1028:
971:
831:
920:
1058:
242:
of Sa'id al-Dawla, succeeded him as emir. Sa'id al-Dawla was under the influence of his chief minister and later father-in-law,
769:
734:
710:
625:
913:
1073:
1043:
696:
647:
674:
1068:
1063:
1038:
303:
744:
Stevenson, William B. (1926). "Chapter VI. Islam in Syria and Egypt (750–1100)". In Bury, John
Bagnell (ed.).
220:
1053:
1018:
156:
in 991, but throughout his reign real power rested in the hands of Sa'd al-Dawla's former chamberlain,
987:
817:
683:
791:
726:
The
Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century
349:
634:
801:
282:
243:
157:
55:
164:'s repeated attempts to conquer Aleppo, which was prevented only by the intervention of the
1023:
966:
234:
Following Sa'd al-Dawla's death in
December 991, his young son Abu'l-Fada'il, known by the
8:
874:
859:
745:
211:
of each power in turn. The once-proud emirate, which under Sa'id al-Dawla's grandfather
869:
348:, he was poisoned by one of his concubines at the behest of Lu'lu'. Along with his son
864:
854:
765:
730:
706:
657:
333:
161:
149:
27:
948:
840:
784:
337:
319:
278:
188:
181:
165:
153:
115:
105:
45:
759:
724:
720:
137:
265:. The Fatimid general invaded the emirate, defeated a Byzantine force under the
894:
691:
679:
642:
638:
323:
1012:
941:
687:
669:
661:
630:
620:
290:
247:
216:
212:
755:
344:
In
January 1002, Sa'id al-Dawla died. According to a tradition recorded by
901:
345:
314:
764:. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press.
307:
262:
208:
176:
125:
747:
The
Cambridge Medieval History, Volume V: Contest of Empire and Papacy
809:
299:
258:
192:
145:
160:, to whose daughter Sa'id was wed. His reign was dominated by the
294:
274:
254:
100:
932:
228:
224:
200:
71:
885:
237:
196:
75:
306:, had responded to the Hamdanids' plea for aid, and crossed
528:
526:
524:
389:
286:
204:
586:
562:
538:
427:
425:
423:
421:
574:
511:
509:
458:
377:
268:
253:
Encouraged by the
Hamdanid defectors, the Fatimid caliph
550:
521:
496:
494:
408:
406:
404:
365:
481:
479:
477:
475:
473:
448:
446:
444:
442:
440:
418:
598:
506:
257:
launched a first attack in 992, under the governor of
491:
401:
750:. New York: The Macmillan Company. pp. 242–264.
470:
437:
235:
327:
266:
673:
624:
207:, alternating between warfare and recognizing the
1010:
825:
302:, in Syria in April 995. Basil, who had been
832:
818:
697:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
648:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
972:Abu'l-Fawaris Muhammad ibn Nasir al-Dawla
921:Abu Abdallah al-Husayn ibn Nasir al-Dawla
743:
656:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 126–131.
592:
556:
532:
431:
395:
1034:11th-century monarchs in the Middle East
1029:10th-century monarchs in the Middle East
908:Abu'l-Muzzafar Hamdan ibn Nasir al-Dawla
175:
754:
719:
604:
568:
544:
515:
500:
464:
412:
383:
1049:Arab people of the Arab–Byzantine wars
1011:
962:Abu'l-Hayja Abdallah ibn Sa'd al-Dawla
668:
619:
580:
485:
452:
371:
813:
914:Abu Tahir Ibrahim ibn Nasir al-Dawla
839:
729:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman.
705:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 820.
141:
13:
14:
1085:
761:The Making of Byzantium, 600–1025
171:
227:by the former Hamdanid governor
1059:11th-century murdered monarchs
1:
359:
998:Ruling emirs are denoted in
134:Abu'l-Fada'il Sa'id al-Dawla
91:Abu'l-Fada'il Sa'id al-Dawla
7:
328:
267:
236:
10:
1090:
1074:11th-century Syrian people
1044:10th-century Syrian people
613:
313:Sa'id al-Dawla and Lu'lu'
152:. He succeeded his father
996:
988:Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan
980:
930:
883:
847:
798:
789:
781:
215:included all of northern
121:
111:
99:
90:
85:
81:
65:
61:
51:
41:
33:
26:
21:
1069:11th-century Arab people
1064:10th-century Arab people
1039:Hamdanid emirs of Aleppo
304:campaigning in Bulgaria
142:أبو الفضائل سعيد الدولة
261:, the Turkish general
184:
315:prostrated themselves
283:Battle of the Orontes
179:
1054:Syrian Shia Muslims
1019:10th-century births
860:Abdallah ibn Hamdan
583:, pp. 130–131.
571:, pp. 281–282.
547:, pp. 380–381.
467:, pp. 379–380.
398:, pp. 250–251.
386:, pp. 280–281.
374:, pp. 129–130.
180:Family tree of the
870:Ibrahim ibn Hamdan
185:
1006:
1005:
865:Husayn ibn Hamdan
855:Hamdan ibn Hamdun
808:
807:
799:Succeeded by
771:978-0-520-20496-6
736:978-0-582-40525-7
712:978-90-04-07819-2
595:, pp. 254ff.
334:Damian Dalassenos
162:Fatimid Caliphate
150:Emirate of Aleppo
131:
130:
95:
94:
1081:
875:Sa'id ibn Hamdan
841:Hamdanid dynasty
834:
827:
820:
811:
810:
782:Preceded by
779:
778:
775:
751:
740:
716:
677:
665:
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608:
602:
596:
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584:
578:
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468:
462:
456:
450:
435:
429:
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410:
399:
393:
387:
381:
375:
369:
341:ten-year truce.
338:defeat and death
331:
279:Michael Bourtzes
272:
241:
219:and much of the
189:Byzantine Empire
182:Hamdanid dynasty
166:Byzantine Empire
144:) was the third
143:
83:
82:
19:
18:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1002:
992:
976:
926:
879:
843:
838:
804:
802:Lu'lu' al-Kabir
795:
787:
772:
737:
713:
680:Bosworth, C. E.
616:
611:
603:
599:
591:
587:
579:
575:
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563:
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551:
543:
539:
531:
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438:
430:
419:
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382:
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174:
70:
56:Lu'lu' al-Kabir
17:
12:
11:
5:
1087:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1004:
1003:
997:
994:
993:
991:
990:
984:
982:
978:
977:
975:
974:
969:
964:
959:
956:Sa'id al-Dawla
952:
945:
937:
935:
928:
927:
925:
924:
917:
910:
905:
898:
895:Nasir al-Dawla
890:
888:
881:
880:
878:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
851:
849:
845:
844:
837:
836:
829:
822:
814:
806:
805:
800:
797:
792:Emir of Aleppo
788:
783:
777:
776:
770:
752:
741:
735:
717:
711:
684:van Donzel, E.
670:Canard, Marius
666:
621:Canard, Marius
615:
612:
610:
609:
607:, p. 381.
597:
593:Stevenson 1926
585:
573:
561:
559:, p. 254.
557:Stevenson 1926
549:
537:
535:, p. 252.
533:Stevenson 1926
520:
518:, p. 325.
505:
503:, p. 380.
490:
488:, p. 820.
469:
457:
455:, p. 130.
436:
434:, p. 251.
432:Stevenson 1926
417:
415:, p. 281.
400:
396:Stevenson 1926
388:
376:
363:
361:
358:
336:. Dalassenos'
324:Constantinople
322:, returned to
231:in April 991.
173:
172:Life and reign
170:
129:
128:
123:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
97:
96:
93:
92:
88:
87:
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78:
67:
63:
62:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
43:
39:
38:
35:
31:
30:
28:Emir of Aleppo
24:
23:
22:Sa'id al-Dawla
16:Emir of Aleppo
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1086:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
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1062:
1060:
1057:
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1047:
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1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1001:
995:
989:
986:
985:
983:
981:Later members
979:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
957:
953:
951:
950:
949:Sa'd al-Dawla
946:
944:
943:
942:Sayf al-Dawla
939:
938:
936:
934:
931:Hamdanids of
929:
923:
922:
918:
916:
915:
911:
909:
906:
904:
903:
899:
897:
896:
892:
891:
889:
887:
884:Hamdanids of
882:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
852:
850:
848:Early members
846:
842:
835:
830:
828:
823:
821:
816:
815:
812:
803:
794:
793:
786:
785:Sa'd al-Dawla
780:
773:
767:
763:
762:
757:
756:Whittow, Mark
753:
749:
748:
742:
738:
732:
728:
727:
722:
721:Kennedy, Hugh
718:
714:
708:
704:
700:
698:
693:
689:
685:
681:
676:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
649:
644:
640:
636:
635:Ménage, V. L.
632:
627:
622:
618:
617:
606:
601:
594:
589:
582:
577:
570:
565:
558:
553:
546:
541:
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529:
527:
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517:
512:
510:
502:
497:
495:
487:
482:
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474:
466:
461:
454:
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447:
445:
443:
441:
433:
428:
426:
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414:
409:
407:
405:
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392:
385:
380:
373:
368:
364:
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296:
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271:
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264:
260:
256:
251:
249:
248:Marius Canard
245:
240:
239:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
213:Sayf al-Dawla
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
183:
178:
169:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:Sa'd al-Dawla
151:
148:ruler of the
147:
139:
135:
127:
124:
120:
117:
116:Sa'd al-Dawla
114:
110:
107:
104:
102:
98:
89:
84:
80:
77:
73:
68:
64:
60:
57:
54:
50:
47:
46:Sa'd al-Dawla
44:
40:
36:
32:
29:
25:
20:
999:
955:
954:
947:
940:
919:
912:
900:
893:
790:
760:
746:
725:
702:
695:
653:
646:
605:Whittow 1996
600:
588:
576:
569:Kennedy 2004
564:
552:
545:Whittow 1996
540:
516:Kennedy 2004
501:Whittow 1996
465:Whittow 1996
460:
413:Kennedy 2004
391:
384:Kennedy 2004
379:
367:
343:
312:
252:
233:
186:
133:
132:
69:January 1002
1024:1002 deaths
902:Abu Taghlib
692:Pellat, Ch.
652:Volume III:
643:Schacht, J.
639:Pellat, Ch.
626:"Ḥamdānids"
581:Canard 1971
486:Canard 1986
453:Canard 1971
372:Canard 1971
354:Abu'l-Hayja
346:Ibn al-Adim
42:Predecessor
1013:Categories
360:References
308:Asia Minor
263:Manjutakin
209:suzerainty
199:, and the
126:Shia Islam
967:Abu Firas
796:991–1002
701:Volume V:
688:Lewis, B.
662:495469525
631:Lewis, B.
298:emperor,
52:Successor
758:(1996).
723:(2004).
703:Khe–Mahi
694:(eds.).
675:"Luʾluʾ"
672:(1986).
645:(eds.).
623:(1971).
300:Basil II
259:Damascus
193:Fatimids
146:Hamdanid
122:Religion
106:Hamdanid
37:991–1002
614:Sources
320:Tripoli
295:Shayzar
285:, took
275:Antioch
255:al-Aziz
101:Dynasty
933:Aleppo
768:
733:
709:
690:&
660:
654:H–Iram
641:&
350:Mansur
291:Apamea
244:Lu'lu'
229:Bakjur
225:Aleppo
221:Jazira
201:Buyids
191:, the
158:Lu'lu'
138:Arabic
112:Father
72:Aleppo
886:Mosul
678:. In
629:. In
238:laqab
217:Syria
197:Egypt
86:Names
76:Syria
34:Reign
1000:bold
766:ISBN
731:ISBN
707:ISBN
658:OCLC
329:doux
293:and
287:Homs
269:doux
205:Iraq
66:Died
273:of
203:in
195:of
1015::
699:.
686:;
682:;
650:.
637:;
633:;
523:^
508:^
493:^
472:^
439:^
420:^
403:^
332:,
289:,
277:,
140::
74:,
833:e
826:t
819:v
774:.
739:.
715:.
664:.
136:(
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