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deputy of the sultan. The code of law (kanunname) of Mehmed II described the grand vizier in the following manner: "Know that the grand vizier is, above all, the head of viziers and commanders. He is greater than all men: he (the grand vizier) is in all matters the sultan's absolute deputy. The
Defterdar (the chief treasurer) is deputy from my treasurer, and he (the grand vizier) is the supervisor. In all meetings and in all ceremonies the grand vizier takes his place before all others." This paragraph legally established the precedence of the grand vizier over all other Ottoman officials. Also, the delegation of sultanic power was sanctioned legally by the description of the grand vizier as the sultan's absolute deputy (vekil-i mutlak). The grand vizier was responsible for appointing officials, overseeing the treasury and the supervising the regulation of the prices in the market. With the conquest of the Balkans, the sultan found that he could lessen his dependence on his Turcoman notables by creating a counter-force from among the Christians in the newly conquered territories.
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any officers suspected of corruption; those who did not leave were executed. He also conducted campaigns against Venice and the
Habsburgs, as well as quelling rebellions in Anatolia. On his deathbed five years later, he convinced Mehmed to appoint his son (Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha) as the next Grand Vizier, thus securing his dynasty a position of supreme power in the Empire. It was during the Köprülü era that the Ottoman Empire reached its largest geographic expansion across Europe, Asia Minor, and Africa.
664:
305:. He was the first advisor with a military background – his forerunners had come from a more scholarly class of men. It is also significant that he was the first of a political family that, at the time, rivaled the Ottoman dynasty itself. Several of Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Elder's kin went on to hold the office of Grand Vizier in the decades following his death.
337:
was a powerful political figure during the reign of Mehmed IV, and was appointed to the office of Grand Vizier in 1656. He consolidated power within the position and sent the Sultan away from the city on hunting trips, thus stopping Mehmed's direct management over the state. Next, he forcibly removed
353:
or with other courtiers than he did with the Grand Vizier, and these too could petition the sultan on their own or somebody else’s behalf. He might, too, be more inclined to take the advice of his mother, a concubine, or the head gardener at the helm of the royal barge, than of the Grand Vizier".
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From the very beginning, the relationship between the ruler and his
Turcoman allies was fraught with tension which undermined all attempts by the sultan to create a strong state. The grand vizier was the highest-ranking administrative officer in the Ottoman Empire, head of the government and the
321:
system. Often, the men who were chosen had a
Byzantine or Balkan background. According to Gábor, this was usually a political move, designed to appease powerful European factions to Ottoman supremacy. In fact, it was easier for the sultan to control an enslaved and non-Turk administrator. In the
311:, the grandson of Pasha the Elder, was also highly influential in shaping the role of the Grand Vizier. During the reign of Mehmed II, the Younger opposed the siege of Constantinople and the ongoing hostilities with Christians. Two days after the siege was won by
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300:
Halil Pasha the Elder reformed the role of the vizier in several ways. Several viziers before him held an equivalent, but differently named office; he was the first who held the position of "Grand Vizier", during the reign of
1296:
185:
was originally used in the
Abbasid Caliphate in the 8th century AD. This position was later adopted by the Ottomans in the early 14th century, by the Seljuks of Anatolia. During the nascent phases of the
639:
341:
In
Ottoman legal theory, the Sultan was supposed to conduct affairs of state exclusively via the Grand Vizier, but in reality, this arrangement was often circumvented. As the Ottomanist
322:
Ottoman Empire, executing a Grand Vizier of
Turkish origin (in the event they were rebellious) and an enslaved foreigner would also give rise to different reactions. Further, the
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1110:
The outsides would owe their position, and their continuance on it, solely to the Sultan, and so be more reliably loyal than Turks subject to influence from court factions.
663:
519:
198:. The purpose in instituting the title "Grand Vizier" was to distinguish the holder of the sultan's seal from other viziers. The initially more frequently used title of
326:
were less subject to influence from court factions. From the very beginning, the
Turcoman were a danger that undermined the Sultan's creation of a strong state.
441:
made the biggest contribution to the organization and administration of the Mughal Empire, he is considered the best of the long line of Mughal Grand
Viziers.
329:
Grand
Viziers gained immense political supremacy in the later days of the Ottoman Empire. Power was centralized in the position of the Grand Vizier during the
625:
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Initially, the grand viziers were exclusively of Turk origin in the Ottoman Empire. However, after there were troubles between the Turkish grand vizier
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1236:
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Forty nine Grand Viziers of Albanian ethnicity served the empire during the Ottoman period and most of them were southern Albanians (
315:, the Younger was executed for his opposition. After his death, the position of Grand Vizier was chosen nearly exclusively from the
1011:
963:
308:
162:). These were much easier for the sultans to control, as compared to the free administrators of Turkish aristocratic origin.
149:
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195:
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190:, "vizier" was the only title used. The first of these Ottoman viziers who was titled "Grand Vizier" (French spelling:
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1261:
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Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia
237:), both meaning "grand vizier" in practice. Throughout the Ottoman history, the Grand Viziers have also been termed
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would lead to his downfall when rogue generals executed him in a power struggle after the death of Aurangzeb.
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was handpicked to be the Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire, by Asaf Jah I. He successfully repelled
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1021:
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in 1723, and trying to expand Maratha rule in the Deccan and beyond, causing the outbreak of the
43:
1106:
Greece, the Hidden Centuries: Turkish Rule from the Fall of Constantinople to Greek Independence
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The Rise of the Ottoman Empire: Studies in the History of Turkey, thirteenth–fifteenth Centuries
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1010:
and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages". In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.).
962:
and Other Official Texts into Minority Languages". In Herzog, Christoph; Malek Sharif (eds.).
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113:. In the Ottoman Empire, the grand vizier held the imperial seal and could convene all other
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to the Maratha Confederacy during its onset in 1718 and in 1721, after the nobility of the
312:
946:, who were much easier for the sultan to control than free administrators of noble origin.
8:
835:
467:
330:
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Strauss, Johann (2010). "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the
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Strauss, Johann (2010). "A Constitution for a Multilingual Empire: Translations of the
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540:. He fell in battle after being struck by a stray artillery shell, in battle against
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during the Battle of Delhi (1737), and negotiated peace after the occupation of the
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in the 19th century, the Grand Viziers came to assume a role more like that of the
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34:
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became Grand Vizier, his fame as one of the most greatest military leaders in the
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The disappearance of this dynasty was symptomatic with the rise of the class of
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writes, the sultan "had closer contact with the pages of the privy chamber, the
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The Crescent and the Eagle: Ottoman rule, Islam and the Albanians, 1874–1913
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Abu'l Fazl Ibn Mubarak presenting the Akbarnama to the emperor (D. 1602 AD)
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to attend to affairs of the state; the viziers in conference were called "
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Title for the heads of government of states throughout the Islamic world
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233:"superior, major, maximal, paramount, grand", informally pronounced
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assassinated. However, the Marathas had already expanded up to the
358:
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had substantially weakened. Asaf Jah I, however, refused to grant
156:(who had him executed), there was a rise of slave administrators (
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was the Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire, who led the forces of
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1313:"Marathas and the English Company 1707-1818 by Sanderson Beck"
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138:
437:, Grand Vizier of the Mughal Empire during the reign of
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Barbudo Grande (Grand Vizier of the Imperial Corsairs
1344:
The Ottoman Empire, 1300–1650: The Structure of Power
48:
1165:
790:(Grand Vizier of Lord High Emperor of the Universe
227:"front part, bosom, forehead, lead, forefront" and
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709:
121:viziers" in reference to their meeting place, the
1363:
951:
145:, which translates literally to grand vizier.
89:. It was first held by officials in the later
1079:. New York, NY: Facts on File, Inc. pp.
1294:Digital Library of India Accessed 7 Jan 2012
1235:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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222:
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982:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
676:in 1722 (after resigning as Grand Vizier).
603:served as the leading Grand Vizier of the
1291:. Allen &co Waterloo Place Pall Mall.
1177:
1013:The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy
965:The First Ottoman Experiment in Democracy
208:) was gradually replaced by another one,
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766:Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time
514:later instigated war by collecting
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1075:Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire
1034:) // CITED: p. 38 (PDF p. 40/338).
597:from treacherous subjects failed.
593:'s efforts to defend the reign of
129:. His offices were located at the
25:
1383:
1190:. London: IB Tauris. p. 23.
860:In languages of ethnic minorities
170:
81:) was the title of the effective
1217:. U.C. Kapur. pp. 165–167.
1214:History of the Punjab, 1500–1858
923:The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire
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681:
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309:Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger
150:Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Younger
85:of many sovereign states in the
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1211:Singh., Narang, Kirpal (1969).
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816:List of grand viziers of Persia
710:Notable fictional grand viziers
579:, the son of late Grand Vizier
470:, secured the right to collect
444:During the reign of Aurangzeb,
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196:Çandarlı Halil Pasha the Elder
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831:List of Safavid grand viziers
826:List of Ottoman grand viziers
670:Qamar-ud-din Khan, Asif Jah I
466:, leader of the antagonistic
177:List of Ottoman Grand Viziers
1250:Sen, S. N. (19 March 2018).
996:) - Cited: p. 40 (PDF p. 42)
920:Aksin Somel, Selcuk (2010).
821:List of Mughal grand viziers
402:List of Mughal Grand Viziers
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1124:The Making of Modern Turkey
1044:Wittek, Paul (2013-05-20).
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111:Cherifian Empire of Morocco
49:
10:
1388:
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551:, the new Mughal emperor,
488:Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha
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267:, "holder of the State"),
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135:Prime Minister of Pakistan
93:. It was then held in the
1273:– via Google Books.
1256:. New Age International.
882:
872:
736:The Thief and the Cobbler
544:forces in the year 1748.
520:Later Mughal-Maratha Wars
453:Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung
448:was bestowed this title.
1184:Gawrych, George (2006).
1032:Martin Luther University
1022:Orient-Institut Istanbul
994:Martin Luther University
846:
577:Muin ul-Mulk (Mir Mannu)
567:as Mughal Grand Vizier,
415:Second Battle of Panipat
257:, "absolute attorney"),
1071:Ágoston, Gábor (2009).
892:
865:Armenian: Mec epark‘osi
609:Third Battle of Panipat
277:, "most noble chief"),
1347:. Palgrave Macmillan.
672:became viceroy of the
615:, and a loyal ally of
490:, whose grip over the
423:, Grand Vizier of the
421:Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak
413:to victory during the
297:, "vizieral person").
125:('under the dome') in
78:
1341:Imber, Colin (2002).
721:The Horse and His Boy
583:, as the governor of
287:, "grand chief") and
247:, "sublime vizier"),
1253:History Modern India
944:slave administrators
486:by the rogue Vizier
427:during the reign of
335:Köprülü Mehmed Pasha
836:Sokoto Grand Vizier
468:Maratha Confederacy
1299:2013-07-21 at the
611:. He was also the
595:Ahmad Shah Bahadur
553:Ahmad Shah Bahadur
549:Ahmad Shah Durrani
137:is referred to in
83:head of government
1028:info page on book
1024:. pp. 21–51.
990:info page on book
972:. pp. 21–51.
885:(Megalou Vezyrou)
778:Vizier Alemshah (
536:by the forces of
464:Balaji Vishwanath
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754:Mas Amedda (
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607:during the
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343:Colin Imber
331:Köprülü era
289:zât-ı âsafî
192:grand-vézir
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1172:Imber 2002
904:References
893:gran vizir
788:Rude Ralph
689:Safdarjung
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573:Mir Bakshi
557:Safdarjung
538:Nader Shah
530:Baji Rao I
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284:سردار اعظم
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555:, posted
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264:صاحب دولت
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159:devshirme
154:Mehmed II
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64:romanized
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1366:Category
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1297:Archived
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1269:19 March
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810:See also
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294:ذات آصفی
244:صدر عالی
235:sadrazam
215:صدر اعظم
166:Examples
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847:Notes
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1349:ISBN
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