405:(the soil, weather conditions and wine-making traditions associated with a particular vineyard) mean that the wines produced differ according to the estates from which they originate. Nevertheless, they all share certain typical characteristics. The authoritative French wine guide published by Hachette, refers to Saint-Estèphe wines as having a finer acidity, tannic structure and colour than other Médoc wines. With maturity this wine acquires stronger fruit flavours and becomes more rounded and elegant. It is definitely a wine that improves with age, and can be kept for some considerable time. In his book
2458:
1827:
1535:
234:
35:
356:
116:
2470:
64:
335:. The pressed wine is tasted. Based on the outcome of this test of taste and smell, which takes into account grape variety and vintage, a decision is made as to whether or not the press wine is good enough to be included in the final blend. The next step is to store the wine in a tank (or sometimes in a barrel) at a temperature situated between 20 and 25 °C, which allows
342:
At this stage the quality of each tank is assessed individually before small amounts from each batch are combined in test conditions. This sample blend then serves as a yardstick for the blends about to be created, each estate preserving the distinctive character of its own wines while reflecting the
305:
The harvesting method is not stipulated in the AOC regulations. In fact many estates now use harvesting machines, although some prestigious estates, such as the châteaux of Lilian
Ladouys and Meyney, still harvest by hand. This practice is defended on the basis that it is possible to sort at the same
346:
Once the wines have been blended on a large scale, they are matured in tanks (in the case of smoother vintages) or in barrels (in the case of more robust vintages). Maturing a wine means storing it for long periods in cellars where the temperature is controlled and where it remains undisturbed apart
280:
The density of planting required is at least 7,000 vines per hectare. The rows should be positioned no more than 1.5 metres apart and the distance between any two vines within a row should not be less than 0.8 metres. The vines are pruned every year before the first leaves have opened fully. The aim
292:
For vines planted less than 1.4 metres apart, the height of the foliage must be at least 0.6 times the distance between rows, while for vines planted between 1.4 and 1.5 metres apart, the height should be increased to at least 0.7 times the distance between rows. This rule is designed to ensure the
319:
in the bloom on the skins of the grapes. The wine sheds are equipped with temperature-controlled tanks, making it possible to direct the fermentation process by preventing temperatures from rising too high and then, at the very end, reheating the harvested materials. This procedure is designed to
267:
The AOC regulations do not stipulate the exact proportions to be combined, but in practice most blends consist predominantly of
Cabernet Sauvignon. The proportions according to which the six varieties are combined give the wines from each château or estate their own distinctive personality. While
368:
The minimum alcohol content is set at 11% by volume. When it is decided that a wine needs enriching, the alcohol content should not exceed 13.5% by volume. When the harvest is of such exceptional quality that it does not need enriching at all, there is no upper limit to the naturally occurring
301:
By law the yield per plot is restricted to 9,500 kg per hectare, which is the equivalent of 14 bunches per vine for Petit Verdot grapes and 12 bunches per vine for other varieties. This quantity should (only) give a yield per hectare of 57 hectolitres (per hectare) once the process of
372:
In the case of batches of wine produced for the commercial market, the process of alcoholic fermentation must be halted (less than two grams per litre of fermentable sugar) and malolactic fermentation carried out. (less than 0.30 grams per litre of
314:
On arrival in the chai, the grapes are destemmed and crushed before being transferred to non-oxidizing concrete or wooden tanks. The maceration of grape skins mixed with grape must begins. Alcoholic fermentation is activated using
281:
is to keep a maximum of 12 renewal buds per vine (each renewal bud will produce a side branch bearing a cluster of grapes). Authorized pruning methods include the so-called "médocaine" method (the local name for
456:
The Saint-Estèphe vineyards cover 1,230 hectares (3,000 acres), and in 2008 they produced 54,200 hectolitres of wine. This volume of wine represents on average 8.7 million bottles per year.
429:(A Course in Match-making, Food and Wine), Pierre Casamayor writes, "red meats have one essential quality, which is that their proteins render even the most virile tannins attractive."
268:
some châteaux increase the proportion of Merlot in order to make their young wines easier on the palate, others continue to grow a majority of
Cabernet Sauvignon. The châteaux of
205:(a soil type containing a mixture of gravels, clay and sand), shared by all AOC wines from the Médoc, contains a slightly higher proportion of clay in this particular area.
385:) in the first year of aging (up to 31 July). After that the limit is set at 16.33 mEq. (i.e. 0.98 expressed as grams per litre of acetic acid or 0.80 g/L of H
285:
pruning), with either cane pruning or cane and spur pruning, and the so-called "à cots" method (spur pruning), based on the methods traditionally called
193:
This designation can only be used to denote wines produced in a clearly defined area, corresponding to the commune (or municipality) of Saint-Estèphe.
642:
1869:
535:
or non-classified) that are nevertheless of excellent quality, some of them being comparable to or better than some of the Grand Cru Classé wines.
306:
time as harvesting, not to mention the further round of sorting that takes place when the harvest is loaded onto a sorting table in the wine shed.
377:). The volatile acidity of the wine must not exceed 13.26 milliequivalents (i.e. 0.79 expressed as grams per litre of acetic acid or 0.65 g/L of H
328:
can best be extracted. Fermentation is a long process, lasting between two and four weeks, depending on the estate and varying from year to year.
474:
468:
158:
343:
overall style of that particular vintage. This process, which is carried out by the wine-maker and an oenologist, is crucial to the result.
591:
347:
from rackings that take place every three months. Maturing a wine that is stored in barrels can take between six and eighteen months.
1982:
161:(Bordeaux Grands Crus Classés en 1855) are located within the appellation area. Saint-Estèphe has held AOC recognition since 1936.
413:
states that the wines of Saint-Estèphe "have the reputation of being the slowest to mature, and the toughest, most tannic wines."
1761:
180:
for their wine. The draining of marshland, which began in the 17th century, made larger areas of land available for cultivation.
137:
1862:
1583:
845:
747:
607:
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The wine is produced by 136 different producers: 80 of them are members of cooperatives and 56 are private estates.
1991:
700:
1949:
1855:
820:
1134:
1301:
213:
The Saint-Estèphe vineyards enjoy the same weather conditions as the
Bordeaux-Mérignac meteorological station.
25:
661:
320:
maintain an environment in which the yeasts can efficiently transform the sugar into alcohol, and the colour (
1975:
1787:
488:
2342:
1792:
536:
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540:
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1712:
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1508:
1924:
1802:
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574:
336:
513:
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523:
1139:
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410:
8:
1929:
1717:
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1569:
813:
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Saint-Estèphe also has the distinction of having produced a large number of other wines (
316:
1119:
493:
2247:
2030:
1707:
1212:
481:
in Saint-Estèphe, but two Second
Growths. The classified estates of Saint-Estèphe are:
269:
246:
176:
the wine business expanded, thanks to
English buyers who regularly came to the port of
91:
444:
cooked for seven hours according to a traditional recipe) or, once it has aged, for a
1661:
1608:
1192:
930:
743:
169:
Vines were already being cultivated on the land around Saint-Estèphe in Roman times.
1129:
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1159:
1094:
1037:
1000:
880:
704:
665:
441:
286:
272:, Lilian Ladouys and Meyney, for example, use 60% or more of the latter variety.
131:
2435:
2415:
2405:
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2187:
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2101:
2056:
2035:
2015:
1697:
1646:
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2020:
2010:
2005:
1934:
1904:
1899:
1826:
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1534:
1442:
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1114:
906:
532:
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sauce or for furred game meats cooked in a marinade or when aged, with game.
233:
146:
1939:
2420:
2363:
2327:
2322:
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2297:
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2197:
2177:
2146:
2091:
2086:
1914:
1513:
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1032:
985:
478:
262:
107:
34:
1262:
658:
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2207:
2131:
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2081:
2071:
1889:
1878:
1831:
1782:
1745:
1539:
1394:
1384:
1282:
1047:
978:
837:
321:
173:
1164:
355:
157:
and is the northernmost of the six communal appellations in Médoc. Five
2332:
2277:
2237:
2227:
2202:
2116:
1944:
1894:
1735:
1651:
1641:
1592:
1498:
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1478:
1414:
1409:
1374:
1272:
1267:
1227:
1154:
1099:
1089:
1071:
1027:
1015:
1005:
963:
789:
779:
694:
374:
1084:
119:
AOC Saint-Estephe appears in yellow on the map in the region of Medoc.
2141:
1919:
1909:
1613:
1503:
1483:
1419:
1399:
1389:
1349:
1287:
1169:
1109:
1010:
855:
115:
1359:
1354:
1344:
1237:
1217:
1184:
1149:
995:
958:
870:
865:
850:
433:
177:
1960:
1079:
707:
on the website chateaulilianladouys.com, accessed 31 January 2010.
150:
1812:
1618:
1369:
1222:
1197:
1124:
860:
445:
402:
217:
973:
1777:
1740:
1364:
1252:
1247:
432:
Thanks to its powerful structure, Saint-Estèphe is a match for
317:
selected commercial yeasts or yeasts that are naturally present
250:
103:
99:
69:
1847:
768:
258:
1561:
1277:
1232:
1202:
282:
216:
The local climate is, however, affected by the nearby River
829:
785:
293:
growth of sufficient foliage for the grapes to ripen well.
142:
331:
Once the wine has been drained off, the grape residue is
723:
798:
2446:
462:
220:. It has the effect of making it more temperate.
153:subregion. It takes its name from the commune of
2482:
241:The varieties allowed for this appellation are
438:agneau de Pauillac à la cuisson de sept heures
1976:
1863:
1577:
814:
475:Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855
469:Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855
740:L'école des alliances, les mets et les vins
427:L'École des alliances, les mets et les vins
1983:
1969:
1870:
1856:
1584:
1570:
821:
807:
425:red meats particularly well. In his book,
33:
416:
275:
784:
719:
717:
715:
713:
690:
688:
686:
684:
682:
680:
678:
354:
232:
228:
196:
164:
114:
1762:Clarification and stabilization of wine
587:
585:
583:
289:(unilateral cordon) or éventail (fan).
2483:
759:Guide hachette des vins 2010, page 382
569:
567:
565:
563:
561:
559:
363:
1964:
1851:
1565:
802:
783:
710:
675:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
628:
626:
624:
622:
130:
580:
237:Clusters of ripe Cabernet Sauvignon.
188:
1990:
742:, Hachette pratique, octobre 2000,
556:
13:
652:
619:
14:
2502:
846:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
2468:
2456:
1825:
1533:
463:Classified Saint-Estèphe estates
302:wine-making has been completed.
62:
1877:
762:
643:Datasheet for AOC Saint-Estèphe
138:Appellation d'Origine Contrôlée
1591:
753:
733:
649:, accessed on 15 January 2010.
601:
309:
1:
1788:Glossary of viticulture terms
550:
451:
436:such as roast rib of beef or
296:
1793:Glossary of winemaking terms
724:Section présentation, le vin
223:
7:
730:, accessed 31 January 2010.
672:, accessed 31 January 2010.
616:, accessed 30 January 2010.
598:, accessed 30 January 2010.
547:are just a few such wines.
401:Considerable variations in
183:
10:
2507:
1713:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
466:
396:
208:
159:classified growths of 1855
2398:
2377:
2351:
2160:
2049:
1998:
1885:
1821:
1803:History of the wine press
1770:
1754:
1726:
1693:Sparkling wine production
1678:
1660:
1627:
1599:
1527:
1466:
1428:
1323:
1300:
1183:
1070:
1058:
951:
879:
836:
796:
592:Page of AOC Saint-Estèphe
369:alcohol content allowed.
83:
76:Size of planted vineyards
75:
57:
49:
41:
32:
23:
1798:Wine tasting descriptors
1519:Wine tasting descriptors
1448:Phenolic content in wine
1340:Alternative wine closure
924:Great French Wine Blight
828:
664:11 February 2010 at the
541:Château Les Ormes de Pez
1688:Malolactic fermentation
703:7 November 2009 at the
659:Château Cos d'Estournel
575:Guide Hachette des Vins
489:Château Cos d'Estournel
350:
337:malolactic fermentation
149:region, located in the
2183:Bosnia and Herzegovina
417:Matching food and wine
360:
276:Methods of cultivation
238:
120:
1489:Wine and food pairing
545:Château Haut-Marbuzet
359:Chateau Le Boscq 1990
358:
236:
229:Grape varieties grown
197:Geology and orography
165:Historical background
128:French pronunciation:
118:
1925:Languedoc-Roussillon
1140:Muscat of Alexandria
769:Château Phélan Ségur
537:Château Phélan Ségur
514:Château Lafon-Rochet
411:Robert M. Parker Jr.
132:[sɛ̃t‿ɛstɛf]
1718:Yeast in winemaking
1670:Carbonic maceration
504:Château Calon-Ségur
364:Analytical criteria
20:
1708:Traditional method
1509:Wine personalities
1213:Cabernet Sauvignon
647:legifrance.gouv.fr
614:medoc-bordeaux.com
596:medoc-bordeaux.com
524:Château Cos Labory
361:
247:Cabernet Sauvignon
239:
121:
92:Cabernet Sauvignon
18:
2444:
2443:
1958:
1957:
1950:South West France
1845:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1609:Late harvest wine
1559:
1558:
1296:
1295:
1193:Alicante Bouschet
941:Judgment of Paris
609:Histoire du Médoc
189:Geographical area
113:
112:
2498:
2473:
2472:
2471:
2461:
2460:
2452:
1985:
1978:
1971:
1962:
1961:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1849:
1848:
1830:
1829:
1586:
1579:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1538:
1537:
1453:Proteins in wine
1120:Grüner Veltliner
1068:
1067:
823:
816:
809:
800:
799:
781:
780:
775:
766:
760:
757:
751:
737:
731:
721:
708:
692:
673:
656:
650:
640:
617:
605:
599:
589:
578:
571:
494:Château Montrose
440:(local Pauillac
134:
129:
68:
66:
65:
50:Year established
37:
21:
17:
2506:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2499:
2497:
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2481:
2480:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2455:
2447:
2445:
2440:
2394:
2373:
2347:
2273:North Macedonia
2156:
2045:
1994:
1992:Wine by country
1989:
1959:
1954:
1881:
1876:
1846:
1841:
1840:
1835:
1832:Wine portal
1824:
1817:
1808:History of wine
1766:
1750:
1722:
1674:
1656:
1637:Deacidification
1623:
1595:
1590:
1560:
1555:
1540:Wine portal
1532:
1523:
1462:
1424:
1329:
1319:
1292:
1179:
1160:Sauvignon blanc
1095:Cayetana blanca
1063:
1061:grape varieties
1054:
947:
875:
832:
827:
792:
778:
773:phelansegur.com
771:on the website
767:
763:
758:
754:
738:
734:
726:on the website
722:
711:
705:Wayback Machine
693:
676:
668:on the website
666:Wayback Machine
657:
653:
645:on the website
641:
620:
612:on the website
606:
602:
594:on the website
590:
581:
577:2010, page 381.
572:
557:
553:
510:Fourth Growths
485:Second Growths
477:, there are no
471:
465:
454:
419:
399:
392:
388:
384:
380:
366:
353:
339:to take place.
312:
299:
287:Cordon de Royat
278:
270:Cos d'Estournel
231:
226:
211:
199:
191:
186:
167:
127:
84:Grapes produced
63:
61:
12:
11:
5:
2504:
2494:
2493:
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2477:
2465:
2442:
2441:
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2428:
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2408:
2402:
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2355:
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2343:United Kingdom
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2203:Czech Republic
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1987:
1980:
1973:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1875:
1874:
1867:
1860:
1852:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1836:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1768:
1767:
1765:
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1748:
1743:
1738:
1732:
1730:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1698:Sugars in wine
1695:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1647:Chaptalization
1644:
1639:
1633:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1605:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1589:
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1581:
1574:
1566:
1557:
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1543:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1491:
1486:
1481:
1476:
1474:Classification
1470:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1458:Sugars in wine
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1434:
1432:
1430:Wine chemistry
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1405:Wine dispenser
1402:
1397:
1392:
1387:
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1270:
1265:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1208:Cabernet Franc
1205:
1200:
1195:
1189:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1175:Welschriesling
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1130:Müller-Thurgau
1127:
1122:
1117:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1076:
1074:
1065:
1056:
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1035:
1030:
1021:
1020:
1019:
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1008:
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993:
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976:
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953:
949:
948:
946:
945:
944:
943:
933:
928:
927:
926:
916:
915:
914:
909:
904:
899:
897:Ancient Greece
894:
885:
883:
877:
876:
874:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
842:
840:
834:
833:
826:
825:
818:
811:
803:
797:
794:
793:
777:
776:
761:
752:
732:
709:
674:
651:
618:
600:
579:
554:
552:
549:
529:
528:
527:
526:
520:Fifth Growths
518:
517:
516:
508:
507:
506:
500:Third Growths
498:
497:
496:
491:
467:Main article:
464:
461:
453:
450:
421:Saint-Estèphe
418:
415:
398:
395:
390:
386:
382:
378:
365:
362:
352:
349:
311:
308:
298:
295:
277:
274:
243:Cabernet Franc
230:
227:
225:
222:
210:
207:
198:
195:
190:
187:
185:
182:
166:
163:
141:(AOC) for red
111:
110:
88:Cabernet Franc
85:
81:
80:
77:
73:
72:
59:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
43:
39:
38:
30:
29:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2503:
2492:
2491:Bordeaux AOCs
2489:
2488:
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2476:
2466:
2464:
2459:
2454:
2453:
2450:
2437:
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2419:
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2414:
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2409:
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2404:
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2401:
2399:South America
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2376:
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2369:United States
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2352:North America
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2304:
2301:
2299:
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2279:
2276:
2274:
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2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2248:Liechtenstein
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1963:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1868:
1866:
1861:
1859:
1854:
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1828:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1809:
1806:
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1801:
1799:
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1781:
1779:
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1769:
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1500:
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1472:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1443:Acids in wine
1441:
1439:
1438:Aroma of wine
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1418:
1416:
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1302:Major regions
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1258:Montepulciano
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748:2-01-236461-6
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670:estournel.com
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534:
533:Cru Bourgeois
525:
522:
521:
519:
515:
512:
511:
509:
505:
502:
501:
499:
495:
492:
490:
487:
486:
484:
483:
482:
480:
479:First Growths
476:
470:
460:
457:
449:
447:
443:
439:
435:
430:
428:
424:
414:
412:
408:
404:
394:
376:
370:
357:
348:
344:
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338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
318:
307:
303:
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155:Saint-Estèphe
152:
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133:
125:
124:Saint-Estèphe
117:
109:
105:
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97:
93:
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78:
74:
71:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
31:
28:
27:
22:
19:Saint-Estèphe
16:
2031:South Africa
1930:Loire Valley
1823:
1680:Fermentation
1531:
1514:Wine tasting
1135:Muscat blanc
1105:Chenin blanc
902:Ancient Rome
772:
764:
755:
739:
735:
727:
696:
669:
654:
646:
613:
608:
603:
595:
530:
472:
458:
455:
437:
431:
426:
420:
406:
400:
371:
367:
345:
341:
330:
322:anthocyanins
313:
304:
300:
291:
279:
266:
263:Petit Verdot
240:
215:
212:
203:sol de grave
202:
200:
192:
171:
168:
136:
123:
122:
108:Petit Verdot
24:
15:
2390:New Zealand
2333:Switzerland
2278:Netherlands
2127:Philippines
1879:French wine
1783:Wine bottle
1755:Other steps
1746:Wine cellar
1703:Süssreserve
1395:Wine cellar
1385:Wine bottle
1326:accessories
1324:Packaging,
1283:Tempranillo
912:Noah's wine
892:Phoenicians
838:Viticulture
750:, page 179.
423:complements
310:Wine-making
174:Middle Ages
26:Wine region
2303:San Marino
2268:Montenegro
2253:Luxembourg
2107:Kazakhstan
2067:Azerbaijan
1895:Beaujolais
1662:Maceration
1652:Wine press
1642:Destemming
1593:Winemaking
1499:Wine fraud
1494:Wine fault
1479:Oenophilia
1415:Wine label
1410:Wine glass
1375:Port tongs
1273:Sangiovese
1268:Pinot noir
1228:Douce noir
1155:Rkatsiteli
1100:Chardonnay
1090:Catarratto
1064:by acreage
1038:Biodynamic
1001:Aromatized
790:winemaking
551:References
452:Production
375:malic acid
297:Harvesting
2406:Argentina
2385:Australia
2122:Palestine
1910:Champagne
1614:Noble rot
1504:Winemaker
1484:Sommelier
1420:Wine rack
1400:Wine cork
1390:Wine cave
1380:Screw cap
1350:Corkscrew
1315:New World
1310:Old World
1288:Zinfandel
1263:Mourvèdre
1170:Trebbiano
1110:Colombard
1011:Noble rot
991:Fortified
969:Sparkling
936:New World
728:meyney.fr
434:red meats
255:Carménère
224:Vineyards
96:Carménère
2485:Category
2426:Paraguay
2318:Slovenia
2313:Slovakia
2288:Portugal
2188:Bulgaria
2142:Thailand
2057:Abkhazia
2036:Tanzania
2016:Ethiopia
1935:Provence
1905:Burgundy
1900:Bordeaux
1629:Pressing
1551:Glossary
1467:Industry
1360:Jug wine
1355:Decanter
1345:Box wine
1243:Isabella
1238:Grenache
1218:Carignan
1165:Sémillon
1150:Riesling
1145:Palomino
888:Ancient
871:Vineyard
866:Veraison
851:Oenology
701:Archived
695:Section
662:Archived
407:Bordeaux
184:Location
178:Bordeaux
147:Bordeaux
135:) is an
79:1 230 ha
2449:Portals
2436:Uruguay
2411:Bolivia
2378:Oceania
2338:Ukraine
2293:Romania
2263:Moldova
2238:Ireland
2233:Hungary
2223:Germany
2218:Georgia
2208:Denmark
2193:Croatia
2178:Belgium
2173:Austria
2168:Albania
2152:Vietnam
2112:Lebanon
2062:Armenia
2041:Tunisia
2026:Namibia
2021:Morocco
2006:Algeria
1915:Corsica
1813:Terroir
1771:Related
1619:Vintage
1601:Harvest
1546:Outline
1370:Muselet
1332:storage
1223:Cinsaut
1198:Barbera
1125:Macabeo
1085:Aligoté
1043:Organic
1033:Natural
986:Dessert
931:Georgia
881:History
861:Terroir
856:Species
473:In the
446:truffle
403:terroir
397:Tasting
333:pressed
326:tannins
218:Garonne
209:Climate
172:In the
145:in the
58:Country
2475:France
2416:Brazil
2364:Mexico
2359:Canada
2328:Sweden
2308:Serbia
2298:Russia
2283:Poland
2228:Greece
2213:France
2198:Cyprus
2161:Europe
2147:Turkey
2137:Taiwan
2102:Jordan
2092:Israel
2072:Bhutan
1999:Africa
1890:Alsace
1778:Winery
1741:Solera
1365:Kvevri
1253:Merlot
1248:Malbec
1048:Kosher
1024:Other
979:Orange
952:Styles
919:France
746:
543:, and
324:) and
251:Merlot
106:, and
104:Malbec
100:Merlot
70:France
67:
2421:Chile
2323:Spain
2258:Malta
2243:Italy
2132:Syria
2117:Nepal
2097:Japan
2082:India
2077:China
2011:Egypt
1945:Savoy
1940:Rhône
1728:Aging
1278:Syrah
1233:Gamay
1203:Bobal
1115:Glera
1080:Airén
1072:White
1028:Table
1016:Straw
1006:Fruit
964:White
907:China
786:Wines
283:Guyot
151:Médoc
2463:Wine
2431:Peru
2087:Iran
2050:Asia
1920:Jura
1330:and
1059:Top
974:Rosé
830:Wine
788:and
744:ISBN
442:lamb
351:Wine
261:and
201:The
143:wine
53:1936
42:Type
1736:Oak
1185:Red
996:Ice
959:Red
697:vin
573:Le
393:).
259:Côt
45:AOC
2487::
712:^
677:^
621:^
582:^
558:^
539:,
409:,
389:SO
381:SO
257:,
253:,
249:,
245:,
102:,
98:,
94:,
90:,
2451::
1984:e
1977:t
1970:v
1871:e
1864:t
1857:v
1585:e
1578:t
1571:v
1328:,
822:e
815:t
808:v
391:4
387:2
383:4
379:2
126:(
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