778:
456:
shed only during that time however; fine hairs (versus the dense clumps shed during seasonal shedding) will be shed all year round, and have a tendency to stick to cloth and float in the air. The standard
Samoyed may come in a mixture of biscuit and white coloring, although pure white and all biscuit dogs are common. Males typically have larger ruffs than females. While this breed is touted as "hypoallergenic", it does shed a fair amount and needs frequent grooming. While the breed may produce fewer allergens, care should be taken for severe allergies.
425:
373:
436:, the tail is carried curled over the back; however, unlike the Alaskan Malamute, the Samoyed tail is held actually touching the back. It is not usually held in a tight curl, or held flag-like; it is usually carried lying over the back and to one side. In cold weather, Samoyeds may sleep with their tails over their noses to provide additional warmth. Almost all Samoyeds will allow their tails to fall when they are relaxed and at ease, as when being stroked or while eating, but will return their tails to a curl when more alert.
487:
616:
792:
341:
1014:
Chunxue; Gusev, Andrei V.; Jones, Carleton; Kosintsev, Pavel A.; Kuzmin, Yaroslav V.; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Perri, Angela R.; Plekhanov, Andrei V.; Ramos-Madrigal, Jazmín; Schmidt, Anne
Lisbeth; Shaymuratova, Dilyara; Smith, Oliver; Yavorskaya, Lilia V.; Zhang, Guojie; Willerslev, Eske; Meldgaard, Morten; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Larson, Greger; Dalén, Love; Hansen, Anders J.; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Frantz, Laurent (2021).
507:
394:
317:
34:
455:
relatively clean and free of debris. The under layer, or undercoat, consists of a dense, soft, and short fur that keeps the dog warm. The undercoat typically sheds heavily once or twice a year, and this seasonal process is sometimes referred to as "blowing coat". This does not mean the
Samoyed will
368:
found that these are related to two specimens dated 2,000 years old and 850 years old, which suggests continuity of the lineage in this region. The two 100 year old dogs were closely related with the
Samoyed breed, which indicates that the ancient arctic lineage lives on in the modern Samoyed dog.
497:
Samoyeds' friendly and affable disposition makes them poor guard dogs; an aggressive
Samoyed is rare. The breed is characterized by an alert and happy expression which has earned the nicknames "Sammie smile" and "smiley dog". With their tendency to bark, however, they can be diligent watch dogs,
1013:
Feuerborn, Tatiana R.; Carmagnini, Alberto; Losey, Robert J.; Nomokonova, Tatiana; Askeyev, Arthur; Askeyev, Igor; Askeyev, Oleg; Antipina, Ekaterina E.; Appelt, Martin; Bachura, Olga P.; Beglane, Fiona; Bradley, Daniel G.; Daly, Kevin G.; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Murphy
Gregersen, Kristian; Guo,
384:
to the North Pole in 1893–1896, 33 dogs were purchased from the Nenets people. While 28 of these dogs would go to the North Pole, none of them survived. The remaining dogs, including pups born during the voyage, were left aboard the ship. In April 1893 the bitch had another litter, most of them
498:
barking whenever something approaches their territory. Samoyeds are excellent companions, especially for small children or even other dogs, and they remain playful into old age. According to the
Samoyed Club of America, when Samoyeds become bored, they may become destructive or start to dig.
635:. As a consequence, the collagen fibrils of the glomerular basement membrane are unable to form cross-links, so the structural integrity is weakened and the membrane is more susceptible to "wear-and-tear" damage. As the structure of the basement membrane begins to degenerate,
732:
Short legs in conjunction with eye abnormalities: a genetic defect at the COL2A1 locus leads to disproportionate dwarfism due to short limbs in connection with cataracts, malformations of the retina and / or retinal detachment, liquefaction of the vitreous and a persistent
420:
Samoyed ears are thick and covered with fur, triangular in shape, and erect. They are almost always white but have a light to dark brown tint (known as "biscuit") to a greater or lesser extent. The tint is usually on the ears but can be visible on the whole body.
639:
are lost in the urine and symptoms begin to appear. Affected males appear healthy for the first three months of life, but then symptoms start to appear and worsen as the disease progresses: the dog becomes lethargic and muscle wastage occurs, as a result of
737:. The malformations of the retina are dominant (i.e. they occur in heterozygous dogs); the other symptoms are recessive, so that they are expressed only in homozygous dogs. These conditions have no effect on the expression of the protein
728:
locus of the X chromosome. The disease leads to a slowly progressive loss of vision, which eventually leads to blindness. The first symptoms appear between two and five years of age. The disease corresponds to the X-linked PRA type 3 in
655:
is found in both sexes from the age of three to four months; in dogs older than this, kidney failure in combination with more or less pronounced hearing loss occurs swiftly and death at the age of 8 to 15 months is expected. In
1923:
1528:
412:
Samoyed eyes are usually black or brown and are almond in shape. Samoyeds with eyes of other colors like blue exist but are not allowed in the show ring. The
Samoyed is in the "brown and black section" in its family, the
1298:
Jansen, B; Tryphonas, L; Wong, J; Thorner, P; Maxie, MG; Valli, VE; Baumal, R; Basrur, PK (1986). "Mode of inheritance of
Samoyed hereditary glomerulopathy: an animal model for hereditary nephritis in humans".
747:
occurs more frequently in
Samoyeds in comparison with other breeds. The disease can cause shortness of breath, cardiac arrhythmias and rapid fatigue when moving, and increases the risk of congestive heart
1363:"Canine X chromosome-linked hereditary nephritis: a genetic model for human X-linked hereditary nephritis resulting from a single base mutation in the gene encoding the alpha 5 chain of collagen type IV"
385:
white. According to Nansen's notes "...all the dogs were strong, tough and excellent at pulling sleds; they worked very well in hunting Polar bears ." These dogs would become the original Samoyeds.
1420:
Grodecki, K; Gains, M; Baumal, R; Osmond, D; Cotter, B; Valli, V; Jacobs, R (1997). "Treatment of X-linked hereditary nephritis in samoyed dogs with angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor".
675:, the female offspring have a 50% chance of being carriers for the disease, and any male offspring have a 50% chance of being affected by the disease. A genetic test is available for this disease.
405:
Standard requires 45–65 pounds (20–29 kg) and 21–23.5 inches (53–60 cm) at the shoulder for males, and 35–50 pounds (16–23 kg) and 19–21 inches (48–53 cm) for females. The
324:
Samoyed dogs are most often white, and can have a brown tint to their double-layer coat which is naturally dirt-repellent. They are known to be used in expeditions in both
550:
instincts and trainability can be measured at non-competitive herding tests. Samoyeds exhibiting basic herding instincts can be trained to compete in herding trials.
2055:
1713:
Acland, Gregory M. (1991). "Retinal dysplasia in the Samoyed dog is the heterozygous phenotype of the gene (drds) for short limbed dwarfism and ocular defects".
3095:
360:
that predates the emergence of the modern breeds in the 19th century. A genomic study of two dog specimens that are nearly 100 years old and obtained from the
2125:
1732:
Pellegrini, B; Acland, GM; Ray, J (2002). "Cloning and characterization of opticin cDNA: evaluation as a candidate for canine oculo-skeletal dysplasia".
694:(insulin deficiency): The disease occurs in middle-aged Samoyeds, the mean age at diagnosis is seven years. The cause is a chronic inflammation of the
838:
1631:
2627:
2617:
135:
3090:
1238:
McMillan, Kirsten M.; Bielby, Jon; Williams, Carys L.; Upjohn, Melissa M.; Casey, Rachel A.; Christley, Robert M. (1 February 2024).
1496:
1457:"Cyclosporine A Slows the Progressive Renal Disease of Alport Syndrome (X-Linked Hereditary Nephritis): Results from a Canine Model"
2694:
1989:
1222:
558:
A 2024 UK study found a life expectancy of 13.1 years for the breed compared to an average of 12.7 for purebreeds and 12 for
2979:
1900:
Meyers, VN; Jezyk, PF; Aguirre, GD; Patterson, DF (1983). "Short-limbed dwarfism and ocular defects in the Samoyed dog".
1686:
Meyers, VN; Jezyk, PF; Aguirre, GD; Patterson, DF (1983). "Short-limbed dwarfism and ocular defects in the Samoyed dog".
1173:
1563:
Short, A. D.; Catchpole, B.; Kennedy, L. J.; Barnes, A.; Fretwell, N.; Jones, C.; Thomson, W.; Ollier, W. E.R. (2007).
1147:
2734:
1921:
Kimmel, SE; Ward, CR; Henthorn, PS; Hess, RS (2002). "Familial insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Samoyed dogs".
1526:
Kimmel, SE; Ward, CR; Henthorn, PS; Hess, RS (2002). "Familial insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in Samoyed dogs".
1089:
571:
248:
205:
1199:
409:
Standard requires 51–56 centimetres (20–22 in) for males, and 46–51 centimetres (18–20 in) for females.
2179:
1016:"Modern Siberian dog ancestry was shaped by several thousand years of Eurasian-wide trade and human dispersal"
1122:
356:
people who were pejoratively referred to as Samoyeds at that time. DNA evidence confirms that Samoyeds are a
632:
2944:
830:
717:
381:
1958:
683:
For the Samoyeds several breed-specific hereditary diseases are described in the veterinary literature:
660:
females, the disease develops slowly. The disease can be treated to slow down the development by use of
2687:
2604:
2030:
1982:
714:
to insulin were found in affected dogs. Several genetic markers are being discussed as possible causes.
645:
860:
2829:
777:
623:
Carrier females do develop mild symptoms after 2–3 months of age, but mostly do not go on to develop
916:
3069:
2283:
691:
2819:
2989:
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2959:
2804:
428:
A two year old adult female Samoyed. The breed is characterized by an alert and happy expression.
267:
3014:
2110:
2050:
890:
751:
3115:
3110:
2839:
2719:
2680:
2245:
2015:
1975:
1625:
576:
The breed can be affected by a genetic disease known as Samoyed hereditary glomerulopathy, a
2298:
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2969:
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2824:
2789:
2784:
2431:
2421:
2401:
2353:
2323:
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2075:
2065:
1455:
Chen, D.; Jefferson, B; Harvey, SJ; Zheng, K; Gartley, CJ; Jacobs, RM; Thorner, PS (2003).
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1504:
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1308:
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1218:
1075:
1063:
1045:
995:
936:
593:
352:, a reindeer herding spitz commonly used throughout northern Siberia, especially the
2462:
956:"Rethinking dog domestication by integrating genetics, archeology, and biogeography"
588:
and therefore the disease is more severe in male Samoyeds. Also known as hereditary
3049:
3044:
3034:
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2929:
2879:
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258:
216:
173:
451:, which appear white but have a hint of silver coloring. This top layer keeps the
357:
3054:
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2894:
2884:
2632:
2622:
2333:
2080:
2070:
636:
527:
365:
2834:
1647:"Independent Origin and Restricted Distribution of RPGR Deletions Causing XLPRA"
3064:
3059:
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2814:
2744:
2571:
2492:
2303:
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2255:
2165:
2130:
2105:
2095:
1367:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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932:
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1967:
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1040:
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2714:
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1944:
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1312:
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3019:
2703:
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2115:
2085:
2010:
1892:
783:
652:
641:
515:
486:
472:
464:
440:
432:
The Samoyed tail is one of the breed's distinguishing features. Like the
310:
290:
2368:
3024:
2584:
2512:
2373:
762:
699:
605:
491:
448:
444:
1604:
Dice, P. F. 2nd (1980). "Progressive retinal atrophy in the Samoyed".
615:
2939:
2769:
2749:
2467:
2358:
2230:
2197:
1835:
Craig, Mark (2006). "Clinical refresher: Canine sebaceous adenitis".
703:
589:
452:
329:
1936:
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340:
3004:
2999:
2904:
2565:
2555:
2517:
2507:
2497:
2472:
1767:
McCaw, D; Aronson, E (1984). "Congenital cardiac disease in dogs".
1645:
Zangerl, B.; Johnson, J. L.; Acland, G. M.; Aguirre, G. D. (2007).
1240:"Longevity of companion dog breeds: those at risk from early death"
805:
695:
672:
581:
460:
298:
2157:
1361:
Zheng, K; Thorner, PS; Marrano, P; Baumal, R; McInnes, RR (1994).
1012:
506:
2383:
2313:
2035:
2020:
738:
601:
559:
547:
543:
539:
531:
519:
302:
1715:
Transactions of the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmology
459:
Shed Samoyed fur is sometimes used as an alternative to wool in
393:
2919:
2794:
2025:
1962:
1565:"Analysis of Candidate Susceptibility Genes in Canine Diabetes"
585:
577:
325:
316:
56:
1326:
Rawdon, TG (2001). "Juvenile nephropathy in a Samoyed bitch".
1206:
231:
2661:
2653:
2328:
2188:
414:
294:
1237:
627:. The disease is caused by a defect in the structure of the
33:
2949:
1899:
1685:
1644:
1562:
725:
237:
222:
194:
188:
1297:
1419:
1360:
1148:"Individual Breed Results for Purebred Dog Health Survey"
191:
182:
1454:
309:, they are domesticated animals that assist in herding,
648:
is detected, indicative of progressive kidney failure.
332:
regions and have a friendly and agreeable disposition.
1920:
1902:
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
1688:
Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association
1525:
1212:
467:. The fur is sometimes also used for the creation of
284:
272:
249:
219:
206:
179:
773:
565:
478:
Life expectancy for the breed is about 12–13 years.
240:
197:
1924:
Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association
1731:
1529:
Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association
1250:(1). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 531.
228:
225:
185:
176:
1793:
1213:Hartnagle-Taylor, Jeanne Joy; Taylor, Ty (2010).
580:disease. The disease is known to be caused by an
388:
3082:
293:with thick, white, double-layer coats. They are
1301:The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine
1020:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
917:"Siberian Survival: The Nenets and Their Story"
1997:
828:
644:. From three months of age onwards, a reduced
3096:Dog breeds originating from Indigenous people
2688:
2173:
1983:
1503:. Veterinary Genetic Services. Archived from
1461:Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
278:
2702:
1864:
1766:
671:If a carrier female is mated with a healthy
1630:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
376:Nansen Johansen departing to the North Pole
234:
2695:
2681:
2180:
2166:
1990:
1976:
1794:Martin, SW; Kirby, K; Pennock, PW (1980).
32:
1882:
1811:
1662:
1580:
1472:
1396:
1386:
1293:
1291:
1271:
1057:
1039:
989:
979:
953:
1867:"Familial renal disease in Samoyed dogs"
914:
888:
678:
614:
596:in codon 1027 of the COL4A5 gene on the
505:
485:
423:
392:
371:
339:
315:
1166:
1120:
1090:"The Samoyed: Breed Origin and History"
891:"Herding Dogs of Asia: Russian Siberia"
348:The progenitor of the Samoyeds was the
3083:
1787:
1712:
1325:
1319:
1288:
1176:. American Kennel Club. Archived from
1150:. TheKennelClub.org.uk. Archived from
2975:Old German Herding Dogs (Altdeutsche)
2676:
2161:
1971:
1834:
1828:
1796:"Canine hip dysplasia: breed effects"
136:Fédération Cynologique Internationale
2980:Pastore della Lessinia e del Lagorai
1603:
1328:The Journal of Small Animal Practice
884:
882:
841:from the original on 2 February 2018
447:contains long, coarse, and straight
297:dogs which take their name from the
2187:
1497:"Samoyed Hereditary Glomerulopathy"
13:
1858:
1849:10.1111/j.2044-3862.2006.tb00066.x
1474:10.1097/01.ASN.0000046964.15831.16
1340:10.1111/j.1748-5827.2001.tb02027.x
1123:"The Myth of the Allergy-Free Dog"
1121:Bakalar, Nicholas (11 July 2011).
757:The breed can also be affected by
14:
3127:
2735:Australian Stumpy Tail Cattle Dog
1952:
879:
572:Samoyed hereditary glomerulopathy
566:Samoyed hereditary glomerulopathy
3091:Dog breeds originating in Russia
1422:Journal of Comparative Pathology
837:. Merriam-Webster Incorporated.
790:
776:
215:
172:
1871:The Canadian Veterinary Journal
1865:Bernard, MA; Valli, VE (1977).
1800:The Canadian Veterinary Journal
1760:
1725:
1706:
1679:
1638:
1597:
1556:
1519:
1489:
1448:
1413:
1354:
1231:
1192:
1140:
754:is also a concern for Samoyeds.
313:, protection and sled-pulling.
109:16–20 kilograms (35–44 lb)
99:20–30 kilograms (44–66 lb)
1174:"AKC Meet the Breeds: Samoyed"
1114:
1100:
1082:
1006:
947:
908:
867:(in Russian). 20 December 2017
853:
822:
481:
389:Appearance and characteristics
1:
1746:10.1016/S0378-1119(01)00842-3
1434:10.1016/S0021-9975(97)80016-3
816:
690:similar but not identical to
501:
289:) is a breed of medium-sized
88:46–51 cm (18–20 in)
78:51–56 cm (20–22 in)
960:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A
633:glomerular basement membrane
463:, with a texture similar to
7:
2945:Miniature American Shepherd
915:Anderson, David G. (2000).
861:"Давай-ка, ненецкая лайка!"
769:
718:Progressive retinal atrophy
380:During preparation for the
320:A 2.5-year-old male Samoyed
285:
273:
10:
3132:
2031:Central Asian Shepherd Dog
1998:Dogs originating in Russia
1769:Modern Veterinary Practice
1606:Modern Veterinary Practice
1256:10.1038/s41598-023-50458-w
895:www.bordercolliemuseum.org
646:glomerular filtration rate
569:
335:
2830:Carea Castellano Manchego
2710:
2646:
2603:
2531:
2450:
2392:
2274:
2196:
2139:
2003:
1200:"Bad Habits and Training"
933:10.1525/aa.2000.102.4.942
889:Presberg, Carole (2014).
553:
490:A Samoyed resting with a
279:
262:
150:
139:
134:
129:
125:
116:
113:
103:
92:
82:
71:
66:
62:
52:
40:
31:
26:
3070:White Swiss Shepherd Dog
2704:Herding and droving dogs
2284:Black Norwegian Elkhound
1094:samoyedclubofamerica.org
765:autoimmune skin disease.
514:Samoyeds can compete in
2990:Polish Lowland Sheepdog
2960:New Zealand Heading Dog
2805:Cane Lupino del Gigante
1217:. Alpine Publications.
1041:10.1073/pnas.2100338118
981:10.1073/pnas.1203005109
921:American Anthropologist
619:A senior female Samoyed
608:), which is similar to
439:Samoyeds have a dense,
3015:Sardinian Shepherd Dog
2111:South Russian Ovcharka
2051:East European Shepherd
1388:10.1073/pnas.91.9.3989
620:
511:
494:
429:
398:
377:
345:
321:
305:. Descending from the
2840:Catahoula Leopard Dog
2820:Cão da Serra de Aires
2720:Australian Cattle Dog
2246:Mackenzie River husky
2016:Black Russian Terrier
1664:10.1093/jhered/esm060
1582:10.1093/jhered/esm048
679:Other health concerns
618:
509:
489:
427:
396:
375:
343:
319:
130:Kennel club standards
2985:Pembroke Welsh Corgi
2970:Old English Sheepdog
2955:Nenets Herding Laika
2825:Cardigan Welsh Corgi
2790:Bouvier des Flandres
2785:Bouvier des Ardennes
2432:Pembroke Welsh Corgi
2422:Nenets Herding Laika
2402:Cardigan Welsh Corgi
2354:Russo-European Laika
2324:Karelo-Finnish Laika
2091:Russo-European Laika
2076:Nenets Herding Laika
2066:Karelo-Finnish Laika
2056:Karelian Laika (rus)
829:Student Dictionary.
708:islets of Langerhans
592:, it is caused by a
350:Nenets Herding Laika
307:Nenets Herding Laika
2995:Portuguese Sheepdog
2760:Bergamasco Shepherd
2740:Basque Shepherd Dog
2730:Australian Shepherd
2613:Argentine polar dog
2546:American Eskimo Dog
2379:West Siberian Laika
2344:Norwegian Lundehund
2289:East Siberian Laika
2216:Canadian Eskimo Dog
2121:West Siberian Laika
2046:East Siberian Laika
1651:Journal of Heredity
1569:Journal of Heredity
1379:1994PNAS...91.3989Z
1032:2021PNAS..11800338F
1026:(39): e2100338118.
972:2012PNAS..109.8878L
722:frameshift mutation
702:destruction of the
668:, but not stopped.
344:Samoyed, circa 1915
274:samoyédskaya sobáka
263:самое́дская соба́ка
48:Samoiedskaya Sobaka
2935:Magellan sheep dog
2910:Icelandic Sheepdog
2580:Northern Inuit Dog
2412:Icelandic Sheepdog
2339:Norwegian Elkhound
2299:Hällefors Elkhound
2241:Kamchatka Sled Dog
2126:Yakutian Dog (rus)
2061:Kamchatka Sled Dog
1244:Scientific Reports
1180:on 11 January 2013
1127:The New York Times
954:Larson, G (2012).
811:List of dog breeds
759:sebaceous adenitis
745:Pulmonary stenosis
720:(PRA) caused by a
621:
512:
495:
430:
399:
378:
346:
322:
3078:
3077:
3040:Spanish Water Dog
3030:Shetland Sheepdog
3010:Pyrenean Sheepdog
2925:Lancashire Heeler
2890:Garafian Shepherd
2885:Galician Palleiro
2860:Croatian Sheepdog
2775:Bohemian Shepherd
2725:Australian Kelpie
2670:
2669:
2523:Thai Bangkaew Dog
2483:Hmong bobtail dog
2319:Karelian Bear Dog
2226:Chukotka sled dog
2155:
2154:
2041:Chukotka Sled Dog
1224:978-1-57779-106-5
1154:on 13 August 2013
688:Diabetes mellitus
610:Alport's syndrome
594:nonsense mutation
584:recessive faulty
510:An active Samoyed
441:double layer coat
299:Samoyedic peoples
271:
164:
163:
146:
145:
121:
120:
3123:
3050:Swedish Vallhund
3045:Swedish Lapphund
2965:Norwegian Buhund
2930:Lapponian Herder
2880:Finnish Lapphund
2875:Faroese Sheepdog
2870:English Shepherd
2845:Catalan Sheepdog
2755:Belgian Shepherd
2697:
2690:
2683:
2674:
2673:
2638:Tahltan Bear Dog
2595:Volpino Italiano
2541:Alaskan Klee Kai
2442:Swedish Vallhund
2437:Swedish Lapphund
2427:Norwegian Buhund
2417:Lapponian Herder
2407:Finnish Lapphund
2211:Alaskan Malamute
2182:
2175:
2168:
2159:
2158:
2147:Moscow Water Dog
1992:
1985:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1948:
1917:
1896:
1886:
1853:
1852:
1837:Companion Animal
1832:
1826:
1825:
1815:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1740:(1–2): 121–131.
1729:
1723:
1722:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1683:
1677:
1676:
1666:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1629:
1621:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1584:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1507:on 16 April 2011
1493:
1487:
1486:
1476:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1400:
1390:
1358:
1352:
1351:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1295:
1286:
1285:
1275:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1170:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1118:
1112:
1111:
1104:
1098:
1097:
1086:
1080:
1079:
1061:
1043:
1010:
1004:
1003:
993:
983:
951:
945:
944:
912:
906:
905:
903:
901:
886:
877:
876:
874:
872:
857:
851:
850:
848:
846:
826:
800:
795:
794:
793:
786:
781:
780:
629:type-IV collagen
469:artificial flies
434:Alaskan Malamute
288:
282:
281:
276:
266:
264:
253:
247:
246:
243:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
227:
224:
221:
209:
204:
203:
200:
199:
196:
193:
190:
187:
184:
181:
178:
159:
153:
127:
126:
64:
63:
43:
36:
24:
23:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3121:
3120:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3074:
3055:Tibetan Terrier
2900:German Shepherd
2895:Gaucho sheepdog
2855:Collie (Smooth)
2706:
2701:
2671:
2666:
2642:
2633:Salish Wool Dog
2623:Hare Indian Dog
2599:
2527:
2446:
2388:
2334:Norrbottenspets
2270:
2192:
2186:
2156:
2151:
2135:
2081:Russian Spaniel
2071:Moscow Watchdog
1999:
1996:
1955:
1937:10.5326/0380235
1861:
1859:Further reading
1856:
1833:
1829:
1792:
1788:
1765:
1761:
1730:
1726:
1711:
1707:
1684:
1680:
1643:
1639:
1623:
1622:
1602:
1598:
1561:
1557:
1542:10.5326/0380235
1524:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1453:
1449:
1418:
1414:
1359:
1355:
1324:
1320:
1296:
1289:
1236:
1232:
1225:
1211:
1207:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1157:
1155:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1131:
1129:
1119:
1115:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1011:
1007:
966:(23): 8878–83.
952:
948:
913:
909:
899:
897:
887:
880:
870:
868:
859:
858:
854:
844:
842:
827:
823:
819:
796:
791:
789:
782:
775:
772:
681:
637:plasma proteins
631:fibrils of the
574:
568:
556:
504:
484:
391:
382:Fram expedition
366:Yamal Peninsula
338:
251:
218:
214:
207:
175:
171:
155:
151:
47:
41:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3129:
3119:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3065:White Shepherd
3062:
3060:Welsh Sheepdog
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2872:
2867:
2865:Dutch Shepherd
2862:
2857:
2852:
2850:Collie (Rough)
2847:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2815:Cane Toccatore
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2745:Bearded Collie
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2717:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2700:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2677:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2609:
2607:
2605:Extinct breeds
2601:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2569:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2537:
2535:
2533:Companion dogs
2529:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2493:Japanese Spitz
2490:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2398:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2280:
2278:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2268:
2266:Sakhalin Husky
2263:
2261:Yakutian Laika
2258:
2256:Siberian Husky
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2185:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2162:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2131:Yakutian Laika
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2106:Siberian Husky
2103:
2098:
2096:Sakhalin Husky
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2007:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1954:
1953:External links
1951:
1950:
1949:
1918:
1897:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1827:
1786:
1759:
1724:
1705:
1678:
1657:(5): 526–530.
1637:
1596:
1575:(5): 518–525.
1555:
1518:
1488:
1447:
1428:(3): 209–225.
1412:
1373:(9): 3989–93.
1353:
1318:
1287:
1230:
1223:
1215:Stockdog Savvy
1205:
1191:
1165:
1139:
1113:
1099:
1081:
1005:
946:
927:(4): 942–943.
907:
878:
852:
820:
818:
815:
814:
813:
808:
802:
801:
798:Siberia portal
787:
771:
768:
767:
766:
761:, an uncommon
755:
749:
742:
735:hyaloid artery
730:
715:
712:autoantibodies
680:
677:
666:ACE inhibitors
662:cyclosporine A
625:kidney failure
570:Main article:
567:
564:
555:
552:
503:
500:
483:
480:
407:UK Kennel Club
390:
387:
337:
334:
162:
161:
148:
147:
144:
143:
138:
132:
131:
123:
122:
119:
118:
115:
111:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
90:
89:
86:
83:
80:
79:
76:
73:
69:
68:
60:
59:
54:
50:
49:
44:
38:
37:
29:
28:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3128:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2915:King Shepherd
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2810:Cane di Oropa
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2780:Border Collie
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2765:Berger Picard
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2705:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2679:
2678:
2675:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2610:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2503:Kintamani dog
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2449:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2294:Finnish Spitz
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2277:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2236:Greenland Dog
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2206:Alaskan husky
2204:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2190:
2183:
2178:
2176:
2171:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2006:
2002:
1993:
1988:
1986:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1970:
1964:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1823:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1806:(11): 293–6.
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1782:
1778:
1775:(7): 509–12.
1774:
1770:
1763:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1694:(9): 975–79.
1693:
1689:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1641:
1633:
1627:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1522:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1322:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1292:
1283:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1234:
1226:
1220:
1216:
1209:
1201:
1195:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1128:
1124:
1117:
1109:
1103:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1009:
1001:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
950:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
911:
896:
892:
885:
883:
866:
862:
856:
840:
836:
835:World Central
832:
825:
821:
812:
809:
807:
804:
803:
799:
788:
785:
779:
774:
764:
760:
756:
753:
752:Hip dysplasia
750:
746:
743:
740:
736:
731:
727:
723:
719:
716:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
686:
685:
684:
676:
674:
669:
667:
663:
659:
654:
649:
647:
643:
638:
634:
630:
626:
617:
613:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
573:
563:
561:
551:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
508:
499:
493:
488:
479:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
457:
454:
450:
446:
442:
437:
435:
426:
422:
418:
416:
410:
408:
404:
397:Samoyed puppy
395:
386:
383:
374:
370:
367:
363:
362:Nenets people
359:
355:
351:
342:
333:
331:
327:
318:
314:
312:
308:
304:
300:
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3116:Wool animals
3111:Spitz breeds
2835:Carea Leonés
2800:Can de Chira
2650:
2590:Tonya Finosu
2574:(Zwergspitz)
2561:German Spitz
2551:Danish Spitz
2488:Indian Spitz
2451:Asian breeds
2394:Herding dogs
2276:Hunting dogs
2250:
1931:(3): 235–8.
1928:
1922:
1908:(9): 975–9.
1905:
1901:
1877:(7): 181–9.
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1626:cite journal
1612:(1): 59–60.
1609:
1605:
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1568:
1558:
1536:(3): 235–8.
1533:
1527:
1521:
1509:. Retrieved
1505:the original
1500:
1491:
1467:(3): 690–8.
1464:
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1425:
1421:
1415:
1370:
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1334:(5): 235–8.
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1307:(6): 551–5.
1304:
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1178:the original
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1152:the original
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1019:
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898:. Retrieved
894:
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864:
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843:. Retrieved
834:
824:
710:. Moreover,
692:human Type I
682:
670:
658:heterozygous
651:Clinically,
650:
622:
598:X chromosome
575:
557:
513:
496:
477:
458:
438:
431:
419:
411:
400:
379:
347:
323:
291:herding dogs
167:
165:
157:domestic dog
18:
3020:Schapendoes
2568:(Wolfspitz)
2478:Donggyeongi
2349:Pungsan dog
2116:Sulimov Dog
2086:Russian Toy
2011:Bankhar Dog
1959:Samoyed dog
1843:(5): 62–8.
900:13 February
871:13 February
784:Dogs portal
653:proteinuria
642:proteinuria
612:in humans.
560:crossbreeds
528:showmanship
516:dog agility
482:Temperament
473:fly fishing
449:guard hairs
358:basal breed
42:Other names
3101:FCI breeds
3085:Categories
3035:Smithfield
3025:Schipperke
2618:Guejae Gae
2585:Schipperke
2572:Pomeranian
2513:Ryukyu dog
2463:Bắc Hà dog
2374:Taiwan Dog
2189:Spitz-type
1511:3 February
1501:vetgen.com
865:kras.mk.ru
845:2 February
817:References
763:idiopathic
704:beta cells
700:autoimmune
606:stop codon
502:Activities
492:teddy bear
295:spitz-type
3106:Sled dogs
2940:McNab dog
2770:Blue Lacy
2750:Beauceron
2628:Hütespitz
2468:Chow Chow
2359:Shiba Inu
2329:Kishu Ken
2231:Eurohound
2198:Sled dogs
1264:2045-2322
1184:8 October
1108:"Samoyed"
1076:237584023
1050:0027-8424
941:1548-1433
831:"Samoyed"
590:nephritis
524:obedience
453:undercoat
330:Antarctic
268:romanized
21:Dog breed
16:Dog breed
2905:Huntaway
2566:Keeshond
2556:Eurasier
2518:Shar Pei
2508:Nureongi
2498:Jeju dog
2473:Dikkulak
2369:Jämthund
2304:Hokkaido
1945:12022409
1914:12002589
1754:11814684
1700:12002589
1673:17646274
1591:17611256
1550:12022409
1483:12595505
1348:11380016
1282:38302530
1273:10834484
1068:34544854
1000:22615366
839:Archived
806:Samoyeds
770:See also
748:failure.
696:pancreas
673:stud dog
582:X-linked
546:events.
536:tracking
518:trials,
461:knitting
417:family.
141:standard
46:Bjelkier
2384:Zerdava
2364:Shikoku
2314:Kai Ken
2251:Samoyed
2221:Chinook
2140:Extinct
2101:Samoyed
2036:Chortai
2021:Bolonka
1884:1697612
1822:7459792
1813:1789813
1781:6749116
1618:7366567
1442:9447482
1407:8171024
1375:Bibcode
1313:3711721
1158:26 June
1132:18 July
1059:8488619
1028:Bibcode
991:3384140
968:Bibcode
739:opticin
729:humans.
724:in the
698:and/or
602:glycine
548:Herding
544:herding
540:mushing
532:flyball
520:carting
445:topcoat
364:on the
336:Lineage
311:hunting
303:Siberia
286:samoyéd
280:самое́д
270::
259:Russian
168:Samoyed
106:Females
85:Females
27:Samoyed
2920:Koolie
2795:Briard
2715:Armant
2651:Types:
2026:Borzoi
2004:Extant
1963:Curlie
1943:
1912:
1893:884645
1891:
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1311:
1280:
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1262:
1221:
1110:. AKC.
1074:
1066:
1056:
1048:
998:
988:
939:
586:allele
578:kidney
554:Health
465:angora
443:. The
354:Nenets
326:Arctic
210:-ə-yed
93:Weight
72:Height
67:Traits
57:Russia
53:Origin
2662:Tugou
2658:Laika
2654:Husky
2458:Akita
2309:Jindo
1721:: 44.
1398:43708
1072:S2CID
415:Spitz
277:, or
117:White
114:Color
96:Males
75:Males
3005:Pumi
3000:Puli
2950:Mudi
2191:dogs
1941:PMID
1910:PMID
1889:PMID
1818:PMID
1777:PMID
1750:PMID
1734:Gene
1696:PMID
1669:PMID
1632:link
1614:PMID
1587:PMID
1546:PMID
1513:2013
1479:PMID
1438:PMID
1403:PMID
1344:PMID
1309:PMID
1278:PMID
1260:ISSN
1219:ISBN
1186:2011
1160:2012
1134:2015
1064:PMID
1046:ISSN
996:PMID
937:ISSN
902:2022
873:2022
847:2018
726:RPRG
664:and
542:and
471:for
401:The
328:and
166:The
1961:at
1933:doi
1906:183
1879:PMC
1845:doi
1808:PMC
1742:doi
1738:282
1692:183
1659:doi
1577:doi
1538:doi
1469:doi
1430:doi
1426:117
1393:PMC
1383:doi
1336:doi
1305:107
1268:PMC
1252:doi
1054:PMC
1036:doi
1024:118
986:PMC
976:doi
964:109
929:doi
925:102
706:of
604:to
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301:of
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152:Dog
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