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44:
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27:
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1190:. The concept envisions using artificial upwelling and floating, submerged platforms as substrate to replicate natural seaweed ecosystems that provide habitat and the basis of a trophic pyramid for marine life. Seaweeds and fish can be sustainably harvested. As of 2020, successful trials had taken place in Hawaii, the Philippines, Puerto Rico and Tasmania. The idea featured as a solution covered by the documentary
251:
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seaweed and reef flats at approximately one meter's depth at low tide. They also recommended cutting off seagrasses and removing sea urchins before farm construction. Seedlings are tied to monofilament lines and strung between mangrove stakes in the substrate. This off-bottom method remains a primary
460:
Seaweed farming has had widespread socio-economic impacts in
Tanzania, has become a very important source of resources for women, and is the third biggest contributor of foreign currency to the country. 90% of the farmers are women, and much of it is used by the skincare and cosmetics industry.
1542:
Buschmann, Alejandro H.; Camus, Carolina; Infante, Javier; Neori, Amir; Israel, Álvaro; Hernández-González, María C.; Pereda, Sandra V.; Gomez-Pinchetti, Juan Luis; Golberg, Alexander; Tadmor-Shalev, Niva; Critchley, Alan T. (2 October 2017). "Seaweed production: overview of the global state of
372:
Evidence suggests that seaweed farming can have positive impacts which include supplementing human diets, feeding livestock, creating biofuels, slowing climate change and providing crucial habitat for a marine life, but must scale sustainably in order to have these effects. One way for seaweed
553:
976:(also known as giant kelp) sequesters carbon faster than any other species. It can reach 60 m (200 ft) in length and grow as rapidly as 50 cm (20 in) a day. According to one study, covering 9% of the world's oceans with kelp forests could produce "sufficient
1380:
In 2024 a commercial-scale seaweed farm began construction within the
Hollandse Kust Zuid (HKZ) 139 turbine wind farm. The project uses 13-metre long "Eco-anchors" that cover the surface with a marine life habitat using materials such as oyster shells, wood, and cork.
546:
The seaweed farmers learned how to make soap from their seaweed at the
Zanzibar Seaweed Center, a business that started as an NGO in 2009. At their homes, they mix water, ground seaweed powder, coconut oil, caustic soda, and essential oils in a large plastic
253:
1973:
Zhang, Jihong; Hansen, Pia Kupka; Fang, Jianguang; Wang, Wei; Jiang, Zengjie (2009). "Assessment of the local environmental impact of intensive marine shellfish and seaweed farming—Application of the MOM system in the Sungo Bay, China".
515:
448:
About 0.7 million tonnes of carbon are removed from the sea each year by commercially harvested seaweeds. In
Indonesia, seaweed farms account for 40 percent of the national fisheries output and employ about one million people.
391:. Seaweed farms have been proposed to protect coral reefs by increasing diversity, providing habitat for local marine species. Farming may increase the production of herbivorous fish and shellfish. Pollinac reported an increase in
211:(FAO) reported that world production in 2019 was over 35 million tonnes. North America produced some 23,000 tonnes of wet seaweed. Alaska, Maine, France, and Norway each more than doubled their seaweed production since 2018
490:
478:
316:
Cultivation in Asia is relatively low-technology with a high labor requirement. Attempts to introduce technology to cultivate detached plant growth in tanks on land to reduce labor have yet to attain commercial viability.
718:, for their gelling, thickening, and stabilizing properties. Their main application is in dairy and meat products, due to their strong binding to food proteins. Carrageenans have emerged as a promising candidate in
2091:
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farming was 5 to 6 times the average wage of an agriculture worker. The study also reported an increase in seaweed exports from 675 metric tons (MT) in 1967 to 13,191 MT in 1980, and 28,000 MT by 1988.
2335:
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Mwanaisha holds up a healthy clump of seaweed. Then she holds up seaweed the farmers will not be able to use. A hard white substance grows on it—ice-ice disease, caused by higher ocean temperatures and intense
508:
The seaweed grows underwater for 45 days. When it reaches one kilogram it is picked and dried, then packed in bags to be exported to countries like China, Korea, and
Vietnam. There, it is used in medicines and
3716:
559:
Later in the week, the seaweed farmers will sell their finished soaps in
Zanzibar town or to regular local customers. As seaweed levels decline, they have found a way to increase the value of their work.
3455:
3859:
3101:
Queirós, Ana Moura; Stephens, Nicholas; Widdicombe, Stephen; Tait, Karen; McCoy, Sophie J.; Ingels, Jeroen; Rühl, Saskia; Airs, Ruth; Beesley, Amanda; Carnovale, Giorgia; Cazenave, Pierre (2019).
2840:
Garcia-Vaquero, M; Rajauria, G; O'Doherty, J.V; Sweeney, T (2017-09-01). "Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification".
2813:
K.H. Wong, Peter C.K. Cheung (2000). "Nutritional evaluation of some subtropical red and green seaweeds: Part I — proximate composition, amino acid profiles and some physico-chemical properties".
1281:
method—ropes stretched between bamboo poles. In the early 1970s, demand for seaweed and seaweed products outstripped supply, and cultivation was viewed as the best means to increase production.
252:
1277:
In the 1940s, the
Japanese improved this method by placing nets of synthetic material tied to bamboo poles. This effectively doubled production. A cheaper variant of this method is called the
1009:
claimed that growing seaweeds in the open ocean, facilitated by artificial upwelling and substrate, can enable carbon sequestration if seaweeds are sunk to depths greater than one kilometer.
2914:
Garcia-Vaquero, M; Lopez-Alonso, M; Hayes, M (2017-09-01). "Assessment of the functional properties of protein extracted from the brown seaweed
Himanthalia elongata (Linnaeus) S. F. Gray".
1310:. Local research and experimental cultures led to the development of the first commercial farming methods for other warm-water algae (since cold-water red and brown edible algae favored in
1151:
tons of miscellaneous aquatic plants. Seaweed is largely transported from coastal areas to the open and deep ocean, acting as a permanent storage of carbon biomass within marine sediments.
3531:
966:
Seaweed cultivation in the open ocean can act as a form of carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change. Studies have reported that nearshore seaweed forests constitute a source of
336:
Seaweed is an extractive crop that has little need for fertilisers or water, meaning that seaweed farms typically have a smaller environmental footprint than other agriculture or fed
3941:
Hurtado, Anicia Q.; Neish, Iain C.; Critchley, Alan T. (October 2015). "Developments in production technology of
Kappaphycus in the Philippines: more than four decades of farming".
1374:
991:
climate change. These include shoreline protection through the dissipation of wave energy, which is especially important to mangrove shorelines. Carbon dioxide intake would raise
231:
2456:
Siahaan, Evi Amelia; Pangestuti, Ratih; Kim, Se-Kwon (2018), Rampelotto, Pabulo H.; Trincone, Antonio (eds.), "Seaweeds: Valuable
Ingredients for the Pharmaceutical Industries",
2676:
Cyclopædia of India and of eastern and southern Asia, commercial, industrial and scientific: products of the mineral, vegetable and animal kingdoms, useful arts and manufactures
2293:
275:
Long-line cultivation methods can be used in water approximately 7 meters (23 ft) in depth. Floating cultivation lines are anchored to the bottom and are widely used in
4067:
407:
Bacterial infection ice-ice stunts seaweed crops. In the Philippines 15 percent reduction in one species appeared in 2011 to 2013, representing 268,000 tonnes of seaweed.
995:
locally, benefitting calcifiers (e.g. crustaceans) or in reducing coral bleaching. Finally, seaweed farming could provide oxygen input to coastal waters, thus countering
1210:
1149:
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921:. Hydrocolloids have attained commercial significance, especially in food production as food additives. The food industry exploits the gelling, water-retention,
3833:
431:
amounts to US$ 2 billion and is one of the world's most valuable aquaculture crops. The demand for seaweed production provides plentiful work opportunities.
3867:
2967:
Scott, S. A.; Davey, M. P.; Dennis, J. S.; Horst, I.; Howe, C. J.; Lea-Smith, D. J.; Smith, A. G. (2010). "Biodiesel from algae: Challenges and prospects".
2367:"Evolution of Seaweed Farming in Tanzania: Achievements and Challenges Associated with Climate Change | The Ocean Policy Research Institute-OceanNewsletter"
380:
Seaweed can be used to capture, absorb, and incorporate excess nutrients into living tissue, aka nutrient bioextraction/bioharvesting, is the practice of
1347:
made their living through seaweed farming. The Philippines was the world's largest producer of carrageenan for several decades until it was overtaken by
953:
as its source of energy-rich oils. Also, algae fuels are an alternative to commonly known biofuel sources, such as corn and sugarcane. When made from
5108:
593:
Seaweeds are used to produce chemicals that can be used for various industrial, pharmaceutical, or food products. Two major derivative products are
4134:
2022:
Campbell, Iona; Macleod, Adrian; Sahlmann, Christian; Neves, Luiza; Funderud, Jon; Øverland, Margareth; Hughes, Adam D.; Stanley, Michele (2019).
3539:
3473:
Ortega, Alejandra; Geraldi, N.R.; Alam, I.; Kamau, A.A.; Acinas, S.; Logares, R.; Gasol, J.; Massana, R.; Krause-Jensen, D.; Duarte, C. (2019).
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The farmers have a lot of problems due to climate change. Two decades ago, 450 seaweed farmers roamed Paje. Now, only about 150 farmers remain.
1254:
branches into shallow, muddy water, where the spores of the seaweed would collect. A few weeks later these branches would be moved to a river
4110:
2244:
4354:
3077:
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Mwanaisha Makame and Mashavu Rum, who have been farming seaweed on Zanzibar island for 20 years, wade through the low tide to their farm.
4287:. Proyek Pesisir Technical Report No: TE-97/01-E. Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA.
4278:. Proyek Pesisir Technical Report No: TE-97/01-E. Coastal Resources Center, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA.
3717:"Assessing the Potential for Restoration and Permaculture of Tasmania's Giant Kelp Forests - Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies"
830:. It forms the supporting structure in the cell walls of certain species of algae and is released on boiling. These algae are known as
347:
to use as stakes. Removing mangroves negatively affects farming by reducing water quality and mangrove biodiversity. Farmers may remove
838:(red algae) phylum. The processing of food-grade agar removes the agaropectin, and the commercial product is essentially pure agarose.
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2219:
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Zanzibar's seaweed growers face a changing climate. Here, a farmer tends to her farm in Paje, on the southeast coast of the island.
3003:
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4042:
3387:
1354:
Seaweed farming spread beyond Japan and the Philippines to southeast Asia, Canada, Great Britain, Spain, and the United States.
2768:
Garcia-Vaquero, M; Hayes, M (2016). "Red and green macroalgae for fish and animal feed and human functional food development".
3890:
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2700:
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343:
Nonetheless, many environmental problems can result from seaweed farming. For instance, seaweed farmers sometimes cut down
3437:
5133:
4976:
4075:. Blue Economy Impact Investment East Asia & Partnerships in Environmental Management for the Seas of East Asia. 2017
2024:"The Environmental Risks Associated With the Development of Seaweed Farming in Europe - Prioritizing Key Knowledge Gaps"
1811:. Lucas, John S., 1940-, Southgate, Paul C. (2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Blackwell Publishing. p. 276.
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experts claimed that offshore seaweed ecosystems can be cultivated according to permaculture principles, constituting
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676:
415:
208:
204:(0.3%). Seaweed farming has frequently been developed to improve economic conditions and to reduce fishing pressure.
76:. In its simplest form farmers gather from natural beds, while at the other extreme farmers fully control the crop's
4260:. Proyek Pesisir Publication. University of Rhode Island, Coastal Resources Center, Narragansett, Rhode Island, USA.
581:
Farmed seaweed is used in industrial products, as food, as an ingredient in animal feed, and as source material for
5262:
4875:
4825:
3311:
N‘Yeurt, Antoine de Ramon; Chynoweth, David P.; Capron, Mark E.; Stewart, Jim R.; Hasan, Mohammed A. (2012-11-01).
2716:
Reynolds, Daman; Caminiti, Jeff; Edmundson, Scott J.; Gao, Song; Wick, Macdonald; Huesemann, Michael (2022-10-06).
2594:
1742:
1652:
Quantifying Nitrogen Bioextraction by Seaweed Farms – A Real-time Modeling-Monitoring Case Study in Hood Canal, WA
5153:
4148:
3741:
354:
Seaweed farming can pose a biosecurity risk, as farming activities have the potential to introduce or facilitate
3215:
Krause-Jensen, Dorte; Lavery, Paul; Serrano, Oscar; Marbà, Núria; Masque, Pere; Duarte, Carlos M. (2018-06-30).
1432:
Reynolds, Daman; Caminiti, Jeff; Edmundson, Scott; Gao, Song; Wick, Macdonald; Huesemann, Michael (2022-07-12).
5158:
1174:. The methane can be used as a biofuel, while the carbon dioxide can be stored to keep it from the atmosphere.
4953:
4855:
4069:
Impact Investment for a Business Venture for Community-Based Seaweed Farming in Northern Palawan, Philippines
2546:
Yegappan, Ramanathan; Selvaprithiviraj, Vignesh; Amirthalingam, Sivashanmugam; Jayakumar, R. (October 2018).
382:
farming and harvesting shellfish and seaweed to remove nitrogen and other nutrients from natural water bodies
2390:
5206:
5057:
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2619:
1012:
Seaweed contributes approximately 16–18.7% of the total marine-vegetation sink. In 2010 there were 19.2 ×
5173:
5012:
4908:
1689:
4285:
Baseline Assessment of Socioeconomic Aspects of Resources Use in the Coastal Zone of Bentenan and Tumbak
2513:
1369:, such as shellfish, to improve water bodies, such as in the practices developed by American non-profit
377:, which can install low-cost helical anchors that can extend seaweed farming into unprotected waters.
261:
explains his farming methods, including the symbiotic relationship kelp has with other seafood he grows.
5178:
5143:
4981:
4269:. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 159. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
340:. Many of the impacts of seaweed farms, both positive and negative, remain understudied and uncertain.
43:
1845:"The impact of seaweed cultivation on ecosystem services - a case study from the west coast of Sweden"
325:
5128:
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3668:
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1400:
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988:
227:
4296:. Aquaculture Department,Southeast Asia Fisheries Development Center. Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines.
2460:, Grand Challenges in Biology and Biotechnology, Springer International Publishing, pp. 49–95,
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5022:
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4722:
4712:
358:. For this reason, regions such as the UK, Maine and British Columbia only allow native varieties.
1622:
5123:
4815:
4010:
Bixler, Harris J. (July 1996). "Recent developments in manufacturing and marketing carrageenan".
3654:
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3609:
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2547:
1405:
602:
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Seaweed resources in the developing countries of Asia: production and socioeconomic implications
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to replace all of today's needs in fossil fuel energy, while removing 53 billion tons of CO
5218:
5062:
4943:
4898:
1246:
is reported in books from the 15th century. Seaweed farming began in Japan as early as 1670 in
452:
The Safe Seaweed Coalition is a research and industry group that promotes seaweed cultivation.
239:
223:
1843:
Hasselström, Linus; Visch, Wouter; Gröndahl, Fredrik; Nylund, Göran M.; Pavia, Henrik (2018).
1806:
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5188:
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5037:
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4870:
4753:
3915:
3692:
2636:
2090:
Corrigan, Sophie; Brown, Andrew R.; Ashton, Ian G. C.; Smale, Dan; Tyler, Charles R. (2022).
1506:
Zhang, Lizhu; Liao, Wei; Huang, Yajun; Wen, Yuxi; Chu, Yaoyao; Zhao, Chao (13 October 2022).
1481:
1357:
In the 2000s, seaweed farming has been getting increasing attention due to its potential for
1326:
1286:
1261:
970:, as seaweed detritus is carried into the middle and deep ocean thereby sequestering carbon.
95:
77:
26:
3103:"Connected macroalgal-sediment systems: blue carbon and food webs in the deep coastal ocean"
1127:
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5138:
5098:
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4903:
4860:
3950:
3486:
3163:
3114:
2174:
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1983:
1921:
1908:
Visch, Wouter; Kononets, Mikhail; Hall, Per O. J.; Nylund, Göran M.; Pavia, Henrik (2020).
1856:
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8:
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996:
890:
695:
235:
125:
113:
107:
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1987:
1925:
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4023:
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3512:
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Duarte, Carlos M.; Wu, Jiaping; Xiao, Xi; Bruhn, Annette; Krause-Jensen, Dorte (2017).
2883:
2795:
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2200:
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1955:
1890:
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Duarte, Carlos M.; Wu, Jiaping; Xiao, Xi; Bruhn, Annette; Krause-Jensen, Dorte (2017).
1576:
1410:
1390:
727:
719:
465:
381:
362:
20:
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1995:
1314:
do not grow in the tropics), including the first successful commercial cultivation of
822:). As found in nature, agar is a mixture of two components, the linear polysaccharide
265:
The earliest seaweed farming guides in the Philippines recommended the cultivation of
5257:
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2941:
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2867:
2747:
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2644:
2567:
2548:"Carrageenan based hydrogels for drug delivery, tissue engineering and wound healing"
2521:
2469:
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1999:
1959:
1947:
1939:
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1000:
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1934:
1909:
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1302:. This was further developed by local research, particularly through the efforts of
4674:
4596:
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4393:
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3958:
3866:. Department of Science and Technology, Republic of the Philippines. Archived from
3602:"Reverse Climate Change with Marine Permaculture Strategies for Ocean Regeneration"
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2417:
Marine Plants of Tanzania. A field guide to the seaweeds and seagrasses of Tanzania
2182:
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1991:
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Bindoff, N. L.; Cheung, W. W. L.; Kairo, J. G.; Arístegui, J.; et al. (2019).
1708:
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3078:"Companies hoping to grow carbon-sucking kelp may be rushing ahead of the science"
2927:
2853:
2781:
2563:
1649:
Wang, Taiping; Yang, Zhaoqing; Davis, Jonathan; Edmundson, Scott J. (2022-05-01).
1564:
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4669:
4485:
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2980:
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2690:
1197:
805:
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4651:
3152:"Grazers extend blue carbon transfer by slowing sinking speeds of kelp detritus"
2465:
5067:
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4727:
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4528:
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4456:
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3413:
Sunlight and Seaweed: An Argument for How to Feed, Power and Clean Up the World
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1507:
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276:
48:
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3721:
Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies - University of Tasmania, Australia
3646:
3624:
3601:
3498:
3027:"Can Seaweed Farming Play a Role in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation?"
2545:
1685:"Can Seaweed Farming Play a Role in Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation?"
434:
A study conducted by the Philippines reported that plots of approximately one
5241:
5032:
4928:
4923:
4732:
4586:
4576:
4553:
4518:
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4421:
4213:
3625:"Marine Permaculture with Brian Von Herzen Episode 113 A Regenerative Future"
3562:
Drawdown: the Most Comprehensive Plan Ever Proposed to Reverse Global Warming
3336:
3283:
3183:
3136:
3062:
3043:
3026:
2945:
2871:
2743:
2512:
Couteau, C.; Coiffard, L. (2016-01-01), Fleurence, Joël; Levine, Ira (eds.),
2196:
2163:"Farms and forests: evaluating the biodiversity benefits of kelp aquaculture"
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2059:
2040:
2023:
2003:
1943:
1878:
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1572:
1459:
1199:
Drawdown: The Most Comprehensive Plan Ever Proposed to Reverse Global Warming
871:
867:
801:
731:
715:
361:
Farms may also have positive environmental effects. They may support welcome
142:
3821:. ASEAN/UNDP/FAO Regional Small-Scale Coastal Fisheries Development Project.
4991:
4933:
4913:
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4795:
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4498:
4493:
4205:
3816:
3250:
3232:
3201:
2988:
2953:
2879:
2751:
2734:
2571:
2245:"Global seaweed farming could be a boon, but only if it scales sustainably"
1951:
1886:
1467:
1450:
1433:
1303:
1183:
1006:
918:
914:
898:
388:
153:; the rest are eaten after limited processing. Seaweeds are different from
4339:
3217:"Sequestration of macroalgal carbon: the elephant in the Blue Carbon room"
2839:
2718:"Seaweed proteins are nutritionally valuable components in the human diet"
1434:"Seaweed proteins are nutritionally valuable components in the human diet"
4963:
4850:
4807:
4791:
4704:
4566:
4538:
4533:
4441:
2050:
1743:"Chapter 5: Changing Ocean, Marine Ecosystems, and Dependent Communities"
1395:
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886:
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337:
330:
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216:
181:
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66:
37:
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2161:
Forbes, Hunter; Shelamoff, Victor; Visch, Wouter; Layton, Cayne (2022).
2126:
1713:
4893:
4820:
4684:
4611:
4513:
4508:
4019:
2790:
2420:. Sida/Department for Research Cooperation, SAREC. pp. Dedication.
2415:
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814:
392:
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158:
101:
4276:
Rapid Assessment of Coastal Management Issues on the Coast of Minahasa
3475:"Important contribution of macroalgae to oceanic carbon sequestration"
2936:
2862:
2118:
4948:
4591:
4329:"Seaweed farming: an economic and sustainable opportunity for Europe"
4175:"Massive offshore wind project to play host to floating seaweed farm"
3127:
3102:
2220:"Kelp at the Crossroads: Should Seaweed Farming Be Better Regulated?"
1750:
IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
1370:
1348:
1338:
1311:
1247:
878:
809:
708:
701:
344:
280:
267:
258:
169:
161:, as they are photosynthetic algal organisms and are non-flowering.
154:
4621:
4303:
Coral Reefs: Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Management
4215:
In brief, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, 2018
1664:
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and its application resulted in greater investment in the industry.
4689:
4631:
4601:
4416:
4258:
Seaweed farming :An Alternative Livelihood for Small-Scale Fishers?
3388:"Regenerative Ocean Farming: How Can Polycultures Help Our Coasts?"
2305:
2303:
1320:
1266:
1220:
922:
863:
582:
469:
440:
398:
297:
197:
193:
189:
89:
32:
4267:
Production, trade and utilization of seaweeds and seaweed products
2268:
2092:"Quantifying habitat provisioning at macroalgal cultivation sites"
373:
farming to scale at terrestrial farming levels is with the use of
4636:
4616:
4561:
4523:
3647:"Marine Permaculture with Dr Brian von Herzen & Morag Gamble"
3532:"Forests of seaweed can help climate change—without risk of fire"
1910:"Environmental impact of kelp (Saccharina latissima) aquaculture"
1255:
1163:
984:
per year from the atmosphere, restoring pre-industrial levels".
954:
910:
859:
823:
435:
348:
291:
119:
73:
70:
2334:
Israel, Alvaro; Einav, Rachel; Seckbach, Joseph (18 June 2010).
2300:
2066:
1377:
recommends "further research attention" as a mitigation tactic.
1375:
Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
234:
recommends "further research attention" as a mitigation tactic.
232:
Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate
4646:
4571:
4543:
3214:
2960:
2913:
1299:
1251:
1159:
987:
Seaweed farming may be an initial step towards adapting to and
722:
and regenerative medicine applications as they resemble animal
3840:. Bureau of Agricultural Research, Republic of the Philippines
3564:. New York, New York: Penguin Random House. pp. 178–180.
1842:
792:
656:
644:
3310:
3100:
1243:
1225:
950:
874:
786:
201:
185:
165:
2812:
2715:
2021:
1508:"Global seaweed farming and processing in the past 20 years"
1431:
957:(macroalgae) it can be known as seaweed fuel or seaweed oil.
769:
283:. Species cultured by long-line include those of the genera
51:(Indonesia) gathers edible seaweed that has grown on a rope.
3363:"The desperate race to cool the ocean before it's too late"
2336:"Seaweeds and their role in globally changing environments"
1291:
902:
763:
751:
745:
662:
647:
601:. Bioactive ingredients can be used for industries such as
598:
428:
150:
84:
60:
3005:
Current status and potential for algal biofuels production
2655:
Agar is made from seaweed and it is attracted to bacteria.
2414:
Oliveira, E. C.; Österlund, K.; Mtolera, M. S. P. (2003).
2160:
1541:
1154:
Ocean afforestation is a proposal for farming seaweed for
468:
began a programme of research into seaweed cultivation in
4626:
4581:
4149:"Vertical ocean farms that can feed us and help our seas"
4111:"Soil and Seaweed: Farming Our Way to a Climate Solution"
4109:
Maher-Johnson, Ayana Elizabeth Johnson,Louise Elizabeth.
3922:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
3786:
3784:
3782:
1788:
1786:
789:
766:
653:
387:
Similarly, seaweed farms may offer habitat that enhances
3891:"Marine scientist pursues 47-yr study, uses of seaweeds"
3860:"Academician Gavino C. Trono, Jr. is National Scientist"
3150:
Wernberg, Thomas; Filbee-Dexter, Karen (December 2018).
2413:
2089:
1761:
1759:
826:
and a heterogeneous mixture of smaller molecules called
1907:
1543:
exploitation, farming and emerging research activity".
992:
164:
The largest seaweed-producing countries as of 2022 are
4087:
3779:
3751:
Revised and Augmented Survey of the Geography of Korea
3472:
2432:"A deep dive into Zero Hunger: the seaweed revolution"
1783:
1771:
1648:
1601:. Philippines: FMC BioPolymer Corporation. p. 52.
1343:. In 1997, it was estimated that 40,000 people in the
1258:. Nutrients from the river helped the seaweed to grow.
19:
For the process of collecting seaweed as a hobby, see
3940:
3589:(Motion picture). Australia: Good Things Productions.
3149:
2966:
1756:
1130:
1103:
1076:
1045:
1018:
925:
and other physical properties of these hydrocolloids.
677:
668:
665:
659:
641:
638:
4790:
4043:"DA: Phl to regain leadership in seaweed production"
3796:
3415:. Melbourne, Victoria: The Text Publishing Company.
2763:
2761:
2455:
889:. Seaweeds are also harvested or cultivated for the
700: 'little rock') are a family of natural linear
2767:
2333:
1972:
783:
760:
650:
4300:
4234:
3001:
2315:
2309:
2072:
1143:
1116:
1089:
1058:
1031:
351:from their farming areas, damaging water quality.
3024:
2758:
2628:
1682:
1505:
866:purposes. They typically contain high amounts of
5239:
4104:
4102:
3319:. Special Issue: Negative emissions technology.
3263:
3002:Darzins, Al; Pienkos, Philip; Edye, Les (2010).
2634:
1294:, Philippines, after accidental introduction of
808:obtained from the cell walls of some species of
4208:work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO (
2514:"Chapter 14 - Seaweed Application in Cosmetics"
2511:
1808:Aquaculture: Farming Aquatic Animals and Plants
1805:Lucas, John S; Southgate, Paul C, eds. (2012).
242:publicly support expanded seaweed cultivation.
3920:Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme
2635:Williams, Peter W.; Phillips, Glyn O. (2000).
1804:
1740:
1657:Office of Scientific and Technical Information
1250:. In autumn of each year, farmers would throw
1158:. After harvesting seaweed is decomposed into
870:. They may belong to one of several groups of
215:As of 2019, seaweed represented 30% of marine
4355:
4099:
3266:The biology and ecology of giant kelp forests
4204: This article incorporates text from a
4133:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2643:. Cambridge, England: Woodhead. p. 91.
961:
4412:List of harvested aquatic animals by weight
4369:
4241:. Harry N. Abrams, Incorporated, New York.
3317:Process Safety and Environmental Protection
2682:
2678:. Scottish and Adelphi Presses. p. 50.
1537:
1535:
1290:(sea grapes) was pioneered in the 1950s in
4362:
4348:
4226:Cottonii and Spinosum Cultivation Handbook
3888:
3882:
3864:National Academy of Science and Technology
3825:
3753:] (in Literary Chinese). Joseon Korea.
3599:
3466:
3392:School of Marine and Environmental Affairs
3296:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3268:. Foster, Michael S. Oakland, California.
2722:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1599:Cottonii and Spinosum Cultivation Handbook
1438:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1365:. Seaweed farming can be mixed with other
1284:In the tropics, commercial cultivation of
1182:Similarly, the NGO Climate Foundation and
571:The finished product—a bar of seaweed soap
369:, carbon uptake, and habitat provision.
4228:. FMC BioPolymer Corporation.Philippines.
4108:
3763:
3693:"Climate Foundation: Marine Permaculture"
3669:"Climate Foundation: Marine Permaculture"
3585:Gameau, Damon (Director) (May 23, 2019).
3506:
3313:"Negative carbon via Ocean Afforestation"
3240:
3191:
3126:
3052:
3042:
2935:
2861:
2789:
2733:
2592:
2186:
2049:
2039:
1933:
1868:
1712:
1702:
1523:
1512:Food Production, Processing and Nutrition
1486:Point Reyes National Seashore Association
1449:
397:population after the start of farming of
180:(4.19%). Other notable producers include
4282:
4273:
4255:
3889:Pazzibugan, Dona Z. (7 September 2014).
3435:
3410:
3020:
3018:
2688:
2518:Seaweed in Health and Disease Prevention
2458:Grand Challenges in Marine Biotechnology
2242:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2017:
2015:
2013:
1838:
1836:
1792:
1777:
1765:
1532:
1499:
1361:and other environmental issues, such as
1260:
1209:
1039:tons of aquatic plants worldwide, 6.8 ×
409:
324:
249:
42:
25:
4232:
4093:
3934:
3790:
2666:
2156:
2154:
2152:
1232:Human use of seaweed is known from the
404:seaweed in villages in North Sulawesi.
257:An American kelp farmer, Bren Smith of
5240:
4264:
4060:
4040:
4034:
4009:
4003:
3984:Habito, Cielito F. (1 November 2011).
3983:
3977:
3834:"Lato: Nutritious Grapes from the Sea"
3815:Trono, Gavino C. Jr. (December 1988).
3802:
3559:
3438:"Can Seaweed Help Curb Global Warming"
3356:
3354:
3075:
2489:"Seaweed.ie :: Seaweed e-numbers"
1177:
714:. Carrageenans are widely used in the
4789:
4379:
4343:
4291:
3831:
3814:
3808:
3764:Ha, Yeon; Geum, Yu; Gim, Bin (1425).
3529:
3015:
2321:
2078:
2010:
1833:
1620:
1592:
1590:
1406:Natural resources of island countries
1308:National Scientist of the Philippines
320:
4301:Zertruche-Gonzalez, Jose A. (1997).
4172:
3385:
3360:
2520:, Academic Press, pp. 423–441,
2217:
2149:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1644:
1642:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1427:
1425:
945:, algal biofuel, or algal oil is an
4283:Pollnac, R.B; et al. (1997b).
4274:Pollnac, R.B; et al. (1997a).
4223:
3361:Buck, Holly Jean (April 23, 2019).
3351:
2593:Shimamura, Natsu (August 4, 2010).
2407:
1596:
422:
13:
4380:
4041:Pareño, Roel (14 September 2011).
3757:
3739:
3733:
3622:
1587:
1124:tons of green seaweeds; and 3.2 ×
947:alternative to liquid fossil fuels
427:In Japan the annual production of
14:
5274:
4836:Geothermal energy and aquaculture
4695:Worshipful Company of Fishmongers
4321:
4237:Seafarm: the story of aquaculture
2294:"Nutrient Bioextraction Overview"
1996:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.10.008
1729:
1671:
1639:
1605:
1422:
209:Food and Agriculture Organization
4475:
4233:Borgese, Elisabeth Mann (1980).
4199:
4115:Scientific American Blog Network
3775:] (in Korean). Joseon Korea.
3773:Geography of Gyeongsang Province
3657:from the original on 2021-12-15.
3635:from the original on 2021-12-15.
3612:from the original on 2021-12-15.
2969:Current Opinion in Biotechnology
2291:
1621:Jones, Nicola (March 15, 2023).
1318:-producing algae. These include
935:This section is an excerpt from
848:This section is an excerpt from
779:
756:
744:This section is an excerpt from
634:
622:This section is an excerpt from
564:
552:
539:
526:
514:
501:
489:
477:
329:Aerial view of seaweed farms in
226:crop, with a high potential for
4166:
4141:
3908:
3852:
3743:Sinjeung Dongguk Yeoji Seungnam
3709:
3685:
3661:
3639:
3616:
3600:Von Herzen, Brian (June 2019).
3593:
3578:
3553:
3523:
3448:
3429:
3404:
3379:
3304:
3257:
3208:
3143:
3094:
3069:
2995:
2907:
2894:
2833:
2709:
2660:
2612:
2586:
2539:
2505:
2481:
2449:
2424:
2383:
2359:
2327:
2285:
2261:
2236:
2211:
1966:
1935:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110962
1901:
1870:10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.05.005
1798:
1298:to fish ponds on the island of
862:that can be eaten and used for
5109:Federated States of Micronesia
4173:Hill, Joshua S. (2024-08-26).
2243:Lapointe, Ellyn (2023-05-18).
1474:
1359:mitigating both climate change
616:
438:could produce net income from
1:
3386:Carr, Gabriela (2021-03-15).
3264:Schiel, David R. (May 2015).
2928:10.1016/j.foodres.2016.06.023
2854:10.1016/j.foodres.2016.11.016
2827:10.1016/S0308-8146(00)00175-8
2782:10.1080/87559129.2015.1041184
2564:10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.086
2391:"Seaweed farming in Zanzibar"
2371:THE SASAKAWA PEACE FOUNDATION
1623:"Banking on the Seaweed Rush"
1565:10.1080/09670262.2017.1365175
1545:European Journal of Phycology
1416:
1097:tons for red seaweeds; 0.2 ×
4210:license statement/permission
3943:Journal of Applied Phycology
3456:"Can Seaweed Save the World"
3076:Temple, James (2021-09-19).
2981:10.1016/j.copbio.2010.03.005
2692:The Oxford Companion to Food
2621:Oxford Dictionary of English
2167:Journal of Applied Phycology
1482:"Seaweeds: Plants or Algae?"
812:, primarily from "ogonori" (
588:
7:
4909:Fish diseases and parasites
3436:Flannery, Tim (July 2019).
3031:Frontiers in Marine Science
2916:Food Research International
2842:Food Research International
2695:. Oxford University Press.
2466:10.1007/978-3-319-69075-9_2
2028:Frontiers in Marine Science
1690:Frontiers in Marine Science
1384:
455:
10:
5279:
4982:Microalgal bacterial flocs
4194:
3530:Woody, Todd (2019-08-29).
3329:10.1016/j.psep.2012.10.008
3176:10.1038/s41598-018-34721-z
2770:Food Reviews International
2296:. Long Island Sound Study.
2188:10.1007/s10811-022-02822-y
1525:10.1186/s43014-022-00103-2
1205:
934:
847:
743:
726:(GAGs). They are used for
707:. They are extracted from
621:
245:
83:The seven most cultivated
18:
16:Farming of aquatic seaweed
5076:
5005:
4962:
4884:
4806:
4802:
4785:
4746:
4703:
4660:
4552:
4484:
4473:
4392:
4388:
4375:
4335:. euronews. June 9, 2020.
3990:Philippine Daily Inquirer
3963:10.1007/s10811-014-0510-4
3895:Philippine Daily Inquirer
3818:Manual on Seaweed Culture
3499:10.1038/s41561-019-0421-8
2902:The Biology of the Algae.
2641:Handbook of hydrocolloids
2218:Held, Lisa (2021-07-20).
1914:Marine Pollution Bulletin
1849:Marine Pollution Bulletin
1401:Aquaculture of giant kelp
1218:estuary used for growing
962:Climate change mitigation
858:, or sea vegetables, are
228:climate change mitigation
4846:Integrated multi-trophic
3768:
3745:
3044:10.3389/fmars.2017.00100
3011:. IEA Bioenergy Task 39.
2041:10.3389/fmars.2019.00107
1704:10.3389/fmars.2017.00100
1306:, since recognized as a
1214:Bundles of brush in the
5263:Sustainable food system
4816:Aquaculture engineering
4370:Fishing industry topics
4212:). Text taken from
2689:Davidson, Alan (2006).
2310:Zertruche-Gonzalez 1997
2073:Zertruche-Gonzalez 1997
929:
842:
738:
576:
4256:Crawford, B.R (2002).
4218:, FAO, FAO.
4014:. 326–327 (1): 35–57.
3411:Flannery, Tim (2017).
3233:10.1098/rsbl.2018.0236
2099:Reviews in Aquaculture
1274:
1229:
1145:
1144:{\displaystyle 10^{6}}
1118:
1117:{\displaystyle 10^{6}}
1091:
1090:{\displaystyle 10^{6}}
1060:
1059:{\displaystyle 10^{6}}
1033:
1032:{\displaystyle 10^{6}}
913:collectively known as
800:), or agar-agar, is a
730:, wound coverage, and
694:
419:
414:Harvesting seaweed in
333:
262:
240:The Nature Conservancy
52:
40:
4754:World fish production
3986:"Sustaining seaweeds"
3560:Hawken, Paul (2017).
3367:MIT Technology Review
3107:Ecological Monographs
3082:MIT Technology Review
2668:Balfour, Edward Green
2624:(2nd ed.). 2005.
2552:Carbohydrate Polymers
1327:Kappaphycus alvarezii
1287:Caulerpa lentillifera
1264:
1213:
1146:
1119:
1092:
1061:
1034:
911:gelatinous substances
413:
328:
256:
222:Seaweed farming is a
172:(28.6%); followed by
96:Kappaphycus alvarezii
46:
29:
3766:Gyeongsang-do Jiriji
3542:on February 22, 2021
2735:10.1093/ajcn/nqac190
2599:The Tokyo Foundation
1655:(Technical report).
1451:10.1093/ajcn/nqac190
1296:C. lentillifera
1128:
1101:
1074:
1043:
1016:
973:Macrocystis pyrifera
802:jelly-like substance
47:A seaweed farmer in
4607:Fish protein powder
4292:Trono, G.C (1990).
3955:2015JAPco..27.1945H
3832:Dela Cruz, Rita T.
3740:Yi, Haeng (1530) .
3536:National Geographic
3491:2019NatGe..12..748O
3168:2018NatSR...817180W
3119:2019EcoM...89E1366Q
2848:(Pt 3): 1011–1020.
2179:2022JAPco..34.3059F
2111:2022RvAq...14.1671C
1988:2009Aquac.287..304Z
1926:2020MarPB.15510962V
1861:2018MarPB.133...53H
1752:. pp. 447–587.
1557:2017EJPhy..52..391B
1363:agricultural runoff
1188:marine permaculture
1178:Marine permaculture
997:ocean deoxygenation
834:, belonging to the
238:, Oceans 2050, and
236:World Wildlife Fund
137:are attractive for
126:Sargassum fusiforme
114:Undaria pinnatifida
108:Saccharina japonica
65:is the practice of
4759:Fishing by country
4402:Commercial fishing
4305:. The World Bank.
4265:Naylor, J (1976).
4020:10.1007/BF00047785
3746:신증동국여지승람(新增東國輿地勝覽)
3697:Climate Foundation
3673:Climate Foundation
3156:Scientific Reports
2904:Edward Arnold Ltd.
1411:Seaweed cultivator
1391:Seaweed fertilizer
1275:
1230:
1172:anaerobic digester
1141:
1114:
1087:
1056:
1029:
728:tissue engineering
724:glycosaminoglycans
720:tissue engineering
466:Adelaida K. Semesi
420:
363:ecosystem services
334:
321:Ecological impacts
263:
53:
41:
21:Seaweed collecting
5235:
5234:
5231:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5023:Freshwater prawns
4781:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4504:Fish preservation
4427:Midwater trawling
4224:Ask, E.I (1990).
3653:. December 2019.
3479:Nature Geoscience
3275:978-0-520-96109-8
2922:(Pt 3): 971–978.
2702:978-0-19-280681-9
2527:978-0-12-802772-1
2475:978-3-319-69075-9
2269:"Ocean Upwelling"
2119:10.1111/raq.12669
1818:978-1-4443-4710-4
1597:Ask, E.I (1990).
1236:. Cultivation of
1001:ocean temperature
999:driven by rising
818:) and "tengusa" (
632:or carrageenins (
254:
135:K. alvarezii
5270:
5154:Papua New Guinea
5134:Marshall Islands
4804:
4803:
4796:farmed fisheries
4787:
4786:
4675:Shrimp marketing
4597:Fish hydrolysate
4479:
4394:Fishing industry
4390:
4389:
4377:
4376:
4364:
4357:
4350:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4316:
4297:
4288:
4279:
4270:
4261:
4252:
4240:
4229:
4203:
4189:
4188:
4186:
4185:
4170:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4132:
4124:
4122:
4121:
4106:
4097:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4074:
4064:
4058:
4057:
4055:
4053:
4038:
4032:
4031:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3981:
3975:
3974:
3949:(5): 1945–1961.
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3901:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3847:
3845:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3812:
3806:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3777:
3776:
3761:
3755:
3754:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3728:
3727:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3689:
3683:
3682:
3680:
3679:
3665:
3659:
3658:
3643:
3637:
3636:
3620:
3614:
3613:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3582:
3576:
3575:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3548:
3547:
3538:. Archived from
3527:
3521:
3520:
3510:
3470:
3464:
3463:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3373:
3358:
3349:
3348:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3295:
3287:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3244:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3195:
3147:
3141:
3140:
3130:
3128:10.1002/ecm.1366
3098:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3056:
3046:
3022:
3013:
3012:
3010:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2939:
2911:
2905:
2900:Round F.E. 1962
2898:
2892:
2891:
2865:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2810:
2804:
2803:
2793:
2765:
2756:
2755:
2737:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2664:
2658:
2657:
2632:
2626:
2625:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2590:
2584:
2583:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2509:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2499:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2401:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2313:
2307:
2298:
2297:
2289:
2283:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2215:
2209:
2208:
2190:
2173:(6): 3059–3067.
2158:
2147:
2146:
2105:(3): 1671–1694.
2096:
2087:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2053:
2043:
2019:
2008:
2007:
1982:(3–4): 304–310.
1970:
1964:
1963:
1937:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1872:
1840:
1831:
1830:
1802:
1796:
1790:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1747:
1738:
1727:
1726:
1716:
1706:
1680:
1669:
1668:
1646:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1633:
1618:
1603:
1602:
1594:
1585:
1584:
1539:
1530:
1529:
1527:
1503:
1497:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1453:
1429:
1234:Neolithic period
1196:and in the book
1150:
1148:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1139:
1123:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1088:
1086:
1085:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1054:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1027:
799:
798:
795:
794:
791:
788:
785:
776:
775:
772:
771:
768:
765:
762:
684:
680:
675:
674:
671:
670:
667:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
643:
640:
568:
556:
543:
530:
518:
505:
493:
481:
423:Economic impacts
367:nutrient cycling
356:invasive species
255:
176:(5.09%) and the
5278:
5277:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5223:
5169:Solomon Islands
5072:
5001:
4987:Photobioreactor
4958:
4880:
4798:
4773:
4742:
4699:
4670:Live fish trade
4656:
4548:
4486:Fish processing
4480:
4471:
4462:Fishing vessels
4432:Bottom trawling
4384:
4371:
4368:
4327:
4324:
4319:
4313:
4249:
4197:
4192:
4183:
4181:
4171:
4167:
4158:
4156:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4126:
4125:
4119:
4117:
4107:
4100:
4092:
4088:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4061:
4051:
4049:
4047:PhilStar Global
4039:
4035:
4008:
4004:
3994:
3992:
3982:
3978:
3939:
3935:
3925:
3923:
3914:
3913:
3909:
3899:
3897:
3887:
3883:
3873:
3871:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3843:
3841:
3830:
3826:
3813:
3809:
3801:
3797:
3789:
3780:
3770:
3762:
3758:
3747:
3738:
3734:
3725:
3723:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3701:
3699:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3677:
3675:
3667:
3666:
3662:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3621:
3617:
3598:
3594:
3584:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3558:
3554:
3545:
3543:
3528:
3524:
3471:
3467:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3409:
3405:
3396:
3394:
3384:
3380:
3371:
3369:
3359:
3352:
3309:
3305:
3289:
3288:
3276:
3262:
3258:
3227:(6): 20180236.
3221:Biology Letters
3213:
3209:
3148:
3144:
3099:
3095:
3086:
3084:
3074:
3070:
3023:
3016:
3008:
3000:
2996:
2965:
2961:
2912:
2908:
2899:
2895:
2838:
2834:
2811:
2807:
2766:
2759:
2714:
2710:
2703:
2687:
2683:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2633:
2629:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2601:
2591:
2587:
2544:
2540:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2510:
2506:
2497:
2495:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2476:
2454:
2450:
2441:
2439:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2412:
2408:
2399:
2397:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2375:
2373:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2332:
2328:
2320:
2316:
2308:
2301:
2290:
2286:
2277:
2275:
2273:Ocean Upwelling
2267:
2266:
2262:
2253:
2251:
2241:
2237:
2228:
2226:
2216:
2212:
2159:
2150:
2094:
2088:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2020:
2011:
1971:
1967:
1906:
1902:
1841:
1834:
1819:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1764:
1757:
1745:
1739:
1730:
1681:
1672:
1665:10.2172/1874372
1647:
1640:
1631:
1629:
1619:
1606:
1595:
1588:
1540:
1533:
1504:
1500:
1490:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1475:
1430:
1423:
1419:
1387:
1270:farming in the
1208:
1180:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1108:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1081:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1071:
1050:
1046:
1044:
1041:
1040:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
983:
964:
959:
958:
940:
932:
927:
926:
895:polysaccharides
853:
845:
840:
839:
806:polysaccharides
804:consisting of
782:
778:
759:
755:
749:
741:
736:
735:
712:edible seaweeds
705:polysaccharides
682:
678:
637:
633:
627:
619:
607:industrial food
603:pharmaceuticals
591:
579:
572:
569:
560:
557:
548:
544:
535:
531:
522:
519:
510:
506:
497:
494:
485:
482:
458:
425:
323:
250:
248:
224:carbon negative
56:Seaweed farming
36:farming in the
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5276:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5233:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5216:
5215:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5198:United States
5196:
5194:United Kingdom
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5009:
5007:
5003:
5002:
5000:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4968:
4966:
4960:
4959:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4890:
4888:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4856:Antimicrobials
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4826:Best practices
4823:
4818:
4812:
4810:
4800:
4799:
4783:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4750:
4748:
4747:Area fisheries
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4728:English Market
4725:
4720:
4715:
4709:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4666:
4664:
4662:Fish marketing
4658:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4558:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4547:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4529:Salmon cannery
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4490:
4488:
4482:
4481:
4474:
4472:
4470:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4407:Fish slaughter
4404:
4398:
4396:
4386:
4385:
4382:Wild fisheries
4373:
4372:
4367:
4366:
4359:
4352:
4344:
4338:
4337:
4323:
4322:External links
4320:
4318:
4317:
4311:
4298:
4289:
4280:
4271:
4262:
4253:
4247:
4230:
4220:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4190:
4165:
4140:
4098:
4096:, p. 111.
4086:
4059:
4033:
4002:
3976:
3933:
3916:"Eucheuma spp"
3907:
3881:
3851:
3824:
3807:
3795:
3793:, p. 112.
3778:
3769:경상도지리지(慶尙道地理志)
3756:
3732:
3708:
3684:
3660:
3638:
3623:Powers, Matt.
3615:
3592:
3577:
3570:
3552:
3522:
3485:(9): 748–754.
3465:
3462:. August 2017.
3447:
3428:
3421:
3403:
3378:
3350:
3323:(6): 467–474.
3303:
3274:
3256:
3207:
3142:
3093:
3068:
3014:
2994:
2975:(3): 277–286.
2959:
2906:
2893:
2832:
2821:(4): 475–482.
2815:Food Chemistry
2805:
2757:
2728:(4): 855–861.
2708:
2701:
2681:
2659:
2649:
2627:
2611:
2585:
2538:
2526:
2504:
2493:www.seaweed.ie
2480:
2474:
2448:
2423:
2406:
2382:
2358:
2344:
2326:
2314:
2299:
2284:
2260:
2235:
2210:
2148:
2077:
2065:
2009:
1965:
1900:
1832:
1817:
1797:
1782:
1770:
1755:
1728:
1670:
1638:
1627:Hakai Magazine
1604:
1586:
1551:(4): 391–406.
1531:
1498:
1473:
1444:(4): 855–861.
1420:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1386:
1383:
1207:
1204:
1179:
1176:
1168:carbon dioxide
1156:carbon removal
1138:
1134:
1111:
1107:
1084:
1080:
1068:brown seaweeds
1053:
1049:
1026:
1022:
981:
963:
960:
941:
933:
931:
928:
856:Edible seaweed
854:
850:Edible seaweed
846:
844:
841:
750:
742:
740:
737:
628:
620:
618:
615:
590:
587:
578:
575:
574:
573:
570:
563:
561:
558:
551:
549:
545:
538:
536:
532:
525:
523:
520:
513:
511:
507:
500:
498:
495:
488:
486:
483:
476:
457:
454:
424:
421:
322:
319:
277:North Sulawesi
247:
244:
149:is farmed for
49:Nusa Lembongan
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5275:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5220:
5217:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5203:
5200:
5199:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5079:
5075:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5038:Marine shrimp
5036:
5034:
5033:Hirudiculture
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5008:
5006:Other species
5004:
4998:
4995:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4978:
4975:
4973:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4955:
4954:US hatcheries
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4929:Fish stocking
4927:
4925:
4924:Fish hatchery
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4905:
4902:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4892:
4891:
4889:
4887:
4883:
4877:
4876:Recirculating
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4854:
4852:
4849:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4841:Inland saline
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4831:Copper alloys
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4793:
4788:
4784:
4770:
4767:
4765:
4764:Fishing banks
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4739:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4724:
4721:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4710:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4645:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4587:Fish emulsion
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4577:Cod liver oil
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4555:
4554:Fish products
4551:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4519:Filleted fish
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4491:
4489:
4487:
4483:
4478:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4422:Pair trawling
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4395:
4391:
4387:
4383:
4378:
4374:
4365:
4360:
4358:
4353:
4351:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4325:
4314:
4312:0-8213-4235-5
4308:
4304:
4299:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4272:
4268:
4263:
4259:
4254:
4250:
4248:0-8109-1604-5
4244:
4239:
4238:
4231:
4227:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4216:
4211:
4207:
4202:
4180:
4176:
4169:
4154:
4153:ideas.ted.com
4150:
4144:
4136:
4130:
4116:
4112:
4105:
4103:
4095:
4090:
4071:
4070:
4063:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4012:Hydrobiologia
4006:
3991:
3987:
3980:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3937:
3921:
3917:
3911:
3896:
3892:
3885:
3870:on 2014-08-26
3869:
3865:
3861:
3855:
3839:
3835:
3828:
3820:
3819:
3811:
3805:, p. 73.
3804:
3799:
3792:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3774:
3767:
3760:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3736:
3722:
3718:
3712:
3698:
3694:
3688:
3674:
3670:
3664:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3642:
3634:
3630:
3626:
3619:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3588:
3581:
3573:
3571:9780143130444
3567:
3563:
3556:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3526:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3476:
3469:
3461:
3460:ABC Australia
3457:
3451:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3424:
3422:9781925498684
3418:
3414:
3407:
3393:
3389:
3382:
3368:
3364:
3357:
3355:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3307:
3299:
3293:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3271:
3267:
3260:
3252:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3203:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3146:
3138:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3113:(3): e01366.
3112:
3108:
3104:
3097:
3083:
3079:
3072:
3064:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3019:
3007:
3006:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2938:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2910:
2903:
2897:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2836:
2828:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2809:
2801:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2764:
2762:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2712:
2704:
2698:
2694:
2693:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2656:
2652:
2650:1-85573-501-6
2646:
2642:
2638:
2631:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2600:
2596:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2529:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2477:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2452:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2419:
2418:
2410:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2372:
2368:
2362:
2347:
2345:9789048185696
2341:
2337:
2330:
2323:
2318:
2312:, p. 54.
2311:
2306:
2304:
2295:
2288:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2250:
2246:
2239:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2075:, p. 53.
2074:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2052:
2051:11250/2631445
2047:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1969:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1839:
1837:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1810:
1809:
1801:
1795:, p. 79.
1794:
1793:Pollnac 1997b
1789:
1787:
1780:, p. 67.
1779:
1778:Pollnac 1997a
1774:
1767:
1766:Crawford 2002
1762:
1760:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1724:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1686:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1645:
1643:
1628:
1624:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1600:
1593:
1591:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1538:
1536:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1502:
1487:
1483:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1428:
1426:
1421:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1382:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1329:
1328:
1323:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1288:
1282:
1280:
1273:
1269:
1268:
1263:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1203:
1201:
1200:
1195:
1194:
1189:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1136:
1132:
1109:
1105:
1082:
1078:
1069:
1051:
1047:
1024:
1020:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
985:
979:
975:
974:
969:
956:
952:
948:
944:
938:
924:
920:
919:phycocolloids
916:
915:hydrocolloids
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
873:
872:multicellular
869:
865:
861:
857:
851:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
816:
811:
807:
803:
797:
774:
753:
747:
733:
732:drug delivery
729:
725:
721:
717:
716:food industry
713:
710:
706:
703:
699:
698:
697:
691:
687:
686:
673:
631:
625:
614:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
586:
584:
567:
562:
555:
550:
542:
537:
529:
524:
517:
512:
504:
499:
492:
487:
480:
475:
474:
473:
471:
467:
462:
453:
450:
446:
443:
442:
437:
432:
430:
417:
412:
408:
405:
403:
402:
396:
395:
390:
385:
383:
378:
376:
370:
368:
364:
359:
357:
352:
350:
346:
341:
339:
332:
327:
318:
314:
313:
311:
306:
305:
300:
299:
294:
293:
288:
287:
282:
278:
273:
270:
269:
260:
243:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
220:
218:
214:
210:
205:
203:
200:, 0.5%), and
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
168:(58.62%) and
167:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
143:gelling agent
140:
136:
132:
128:
127:
122:
121:
116:
115:
110:
109:
104:
103:
98:
97:
92:
91:
86:
81:
79:
75:
72:
68:
64:
62:
57:
50:
45:
39:
35:
34:
28:
22:
5174:South Africa
5058:Sea cucumber
5013:Brine shrimp
4996:
4992:Raceway pond
4934:Spawning bed
4914:Fish farming
4886:Fish farming
4723:Maine Avenue
4713:Billingsgate
4705:Fish markets
4680:Chasse-marée
4652:Surströmming
4642:Shrimp paste
4567:Fish as food
4499:Factory ship
4494:Fish factory
4332:
4302:
4293:
4284:
4275:
4266:
4257:
4236:
4225:
4214:
4206:free content
4198:
4182:. Retrieved
4179:RenewEconomy
4178:
4168:
4157:. Retrieved
4155:. 2017-07-26
4152:
4143:
4118:. Retrieved
4114:
4094:Borgese 1980
4089:
4077:. Retrieved
4068:
4062:
4050:. Retrieved
4046:
4036:
4011:
4005:
3993:. Retrieved
3989:
3979:
3946:
3942:
3936:
3924:. Retrieved
3919:
3910:
3898:. Retrieved
3894:
3884:
3872:. Retrieved
3868:the original
3863:
3854:
3842:. Retrieved
3837:
3827:
3817:
3810:
3798:
3791:Borgese 1980
3772:
3765:
3759:
3750:
3742:
3735:
3724:. Retrieved
3720:
3711:
3700:. Retrieved
3696:
3687:
3676:. Retrieved
3672:
3663:
3650:
3641:
3628:
3618:
3605:
3595:
3586:
3580:
3561:
3555:
3544:. Retrieved
3540:the original
3535:
3525:
3508:10754/656768
3482:
3478:
3468:
3459:
3450:
3441:
3431:
3412:
3406:
3395:. Retrieved
3391:
3381:
3370:. Retrieved
3366:
3320:
3316:
3306:
3265:
3259:
3224:
3220:
3210:
3162:(1): 17180.
3159:
3155:
3145:
3110:
3106:
3096:
3085:. Retrieved
3081:
3071:
3054:10754/623247
3034:
3030:
3004:
2997:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2901:
2896:
2845:
2841:
2835:
2818:
2814:
2808:
2773:
2769:
2725:
2721:
2711:
2691:
2684:
2675:
2662:
2654:
2640:
2630:
2620:
2614:
2602:. Retrieved
2598:
2588:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2531:, retrieved
2517:
2507:
2496:. Retrieved
2492:
2483:
2457:
2451:
2440:. Retrieved
2438:. 2020-11-14
2435:
2426:
2416:
2409:
2398:. Retrieved
2394:
2385:
2374:. Retrieved
2370:
2361:
2349:. Retrieved
2338:. Springer.
2329:
2324:, p. 4.
2317:
2287:
2276:. Retrieved
2272:
2263:
2252:. Retrieved
2248:
2238:
2227:. Retrieved
2223:
2213:
2170:
2166:
2127:10871/128931
2102:
2098:
2068:
2031:
2027:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1917:
1913:
1903:
1852:
1848:
1807:
1800:
1773:
1768:, p. 2.
1749:
1714:10754/623247
1694:
1688:
1651:
1630:. Retrieved
1626:
1598:
1548:
1544:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1489:. Retrieved
1485:
1476:
1441:
1437:
1379:
1356:
1353:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1319:
1304:Gavino Trono
1295:
1285:
1283:
1278:
1276:
1265:
1237:
1231:
1219:
1198:
1192:
1184:permaculture
1181:
1153:
1011:
1007:Tim Flannery
1005:
986:
971:
965:
813:
693:
630:Carrageenans
592:
580:
463:
459:
451:
447:
439:
433:
426:
406:
400:
393:
389:biodiversity
386:
379:
371:
360:
353:
342:
335:
315:
308:
302:
296:
290:
284:
274:
266:
264:
221:
212:
206:
163:
146:
134:
130:
124:
118:
112:
106:
100:
94:
88:
82:
59:
55:
54:
31:
5253:Blue carbon
5248:Algaculture
5179:South Korea
5159:Philippines
5144:New Zealand
5063:Sea sponges
4964:Algaculture
4851:Mariculture
4808:Aquaculture
4792:Aquaculture
4769:Other areas
4539:Smoked fish
4534:Salted fish
4467:Power block
4442:Gillnetting
3803:Naylor 1976
2791:10197/12493
2604:19 December
2558:: 385–400.
2249:Scienceline
1976:Aquaculture
1396:Algaculture
1373:. The IPCC
1367:aquaculture
1345:Philippines
1316:carrageenan
1272:Philippines
1242:(laver) in
968:blue carbon
923:emulsifying
907:carrageenan
887:brown algae
883:green algae
832:agarophytes
828:agaropectin
820:Gelidiaceae
688:; from
624:Carrageenan
617:Carrageenan
595:carrageenan
338:aquaculture
331:South Korea
304:Kappaphycus
230:. The IPCC
217:aquaculture
182:North Korea
178:Philippines
174:South Korea
139:carrageenan
67:cultivating
38:Philippines
30:Underwater
5242:Categories
5129:Madagascar
5104:East Timor
5077:By country
4977:Microalgae
4972:Giant kelp
4894:Broodstock
4821:Aquaponics
4685:Fishmonger
4612:Fish sauce
4514:Dried fish
4509:Slurry ice
4447:Longlining
4184:2024-08-27
4159:2020-05-07
4120:2020-05-07
4079:8 February
4052:8 February
3995:8 February
3926:8 February
3900:8 February
3874:8 February
3844:26 October
3838:BAR Digest
3726:2020-07-05
3702:2020-07-05
3678:2020-07-05
3546:2021-11-15
3397:2021-10-29
3372:2019-04-28
3087:2021-11-25
2937:10197/8228
2863:10197/8191
2533:2020-05-07
2498:2020-05-07
2442:2021-11-24
2400:2020-05-06
2376:2020-05-06
2351:1 December
2322:Trono 1990
2278:2024-01-11
2254:2024-01-11
2229:2021-08-11
2224:Civil Eats
1920:: 110962.
1632:2023-03-19
1491:1 December
1417:References
1336:spp., and
1333:Gracilaria
1216:Tama River
989:mitigating
978:biomethane
949:that uses
943:Algae fuel
937:Algae fuel
891:extraction
836:Rhodophyta
815:Gracilaria
416:North Cape
310:Gracilaria
286:Saccharina
159:seagrasses
147:Gracilaria
123:spp., and
102:Gracilaria
78:life cycle
71:harvesting
5119:Indonesia
5084:Australia
4949:Tailwater
4919:Fish feed
4592:Fish meal
3517:199448971
3337:0957-5820
3292:cite book
3284:906925033
3184:2045-2322
3137:1557-7015
3063:2296-7745
2946:0963-9969
2872:0963-9969
2776:: 15–45.
2744:0002-9165
2637:"2: Agar"
2205:252024699
2197:1573-5176
2143:247242097
2135:1753-5131
2060:2296-7745
2004:0044-8486
1960:219105485
1944:0025-326X
1879:0025-326X
1855:: 53–64.
1827:778436274
1723:2296-7745
1573:0967-0262
1460:0002-9165
1371:GreenWave
1351:in 2008.
1349:Indonesia
1341:durvillei
1339:Halymenia
1312:East Asia
1248:Tokyo Bay
1228:, c. 1921
1224:algae in
1066:tons for
879:red algae
810:red algae
696:carraigín
611:cosmetics
589:Chemicals
534:sunlight.
509:shampoos.
345:mangroves
281:Indonesia
268:Laminaria
259:GreenWave
192:(0.53%),
188:(1.15%),
170:Indonesia
155:mangroves
5258:Seaweeds
5124:Kiribati
5053:Scallops
4861:Offshore
4690:Fishwife
4632:Lutefisk
4602:Fish oil
4582:Fish roe
4457:Dredging
4452:Trolling
4417:Trawling
4129:cite web
4028:27265034
3971:23287433
3655:Archived
3633:Archived
3610:Archived
3345:98479418
3251:29925564
3202:30464260
2989:20399634
2954:28865623
2888:10531419
2880:28865611
2800:82049384
2752:35820048
2670:(1871).
2580:51953085
2572:30093014
2395:BBC News
1952:32469791
1895:51715114
1887:30041346
1581:53640917
1468:35820048
1385:See also
1321:Eucheuma
1267:Eucheuma
1221:Porphyra
1170:) in an
1166:and 40%
1070:; 9.0 ×
899:alginate
897:such as
864:culinary
860:seaweeds
702:sulfated
583:biofuels
470:Zanzibar
464:In 1982
456:Tanzania
441:Eucheuma
418:(Canada)
365:such as
349:eelgrass
298:Eucheuma
272:method.
198:Tanzania
194:Zanzibar
190:Malaysia
184:(1.6%),
131:Eucheuma
90:Eucheuma
33:Eucheuma
5219:Vanuatu
5068:Turtles
5048:Oysters
5043:Octopus
5028:Geoduck
4997:Seaweed
4944:Tilapia
4899:Catfish
4871:Raceway
4866:Organic
4738:Tsukiji
4637:Rakfisk
4617:Gravlax
4562:Seafood
4544:Kippers
4524:Gibbing
4437:Seining
4333:YouTube
4195:Sources
3951:Bibcode
3651:Youtube
3629:Youtube
3606:Youtube
3487:Bibcode
3242:6030603
3193:6249265
3164:Bibcode
3115:Bibcode
3037:: 100.
2436:UN News
2175:Bibcode
2107:Bibcode
1984:Bibcode
1922:Bibcode
1857:Bibcode
1553:Bibcode
1256:estuary
1206:History
1164:methane
955:seaweed
824:agarose
436:hectare
401:ucheuma
394:Siginid
292:Undaria
246:Methods
120:Pyropia
74:seaweed
63:farming
5207:Hawaii
5202:Alaska
5189:Tuvalu
5089:Canada
4939:Salmon
4733:Scania
4718:Fulton
4647:Surimi
4622:Hákarl
4572:Caviar
4309:
4245:
4026:
3969:
3568:
3515:
3419:
3343:
3335:
3282:
3272:
3249:
3239:
3200:
3190:
3182:
3135:
3061:
2987:
2952:
2944:
2886:
2878:
2870:
2798:
2750:
2742:
2699:
2672:"agar"
2647:
2595:"Agar"
2578:
2570:
2524:
2472:
2342:
2292:NOAA.
2203:
2195:
2141:
2133:
2058:
2002:
1958:
1950:
1942:
1893:
1885:
1877:
1825:
1815:
1721:
1579:
1571:
1466:
1458:
1324:spp.,
1300:Mactan
1252:bamboo
1160:biogas
885:, and
877:: the
609:, and
307:, and
105:spp.,
93:spp.,
5212:Maine
5184:Tonga
5164:Samoa
5149:Palau
5139:Nauru
5099:China
5094:Chile
5018:Coral
4904:Cobia
4073:(PDF)
4024:S2CID
3967:S2CID
3771:[
3749:[
3513:S2CID
3341:S2CID
3009:(PDF)
2884:S2CID
2796:S2CID
2576:S2CID
2201:S2CID
2139:S2CID
2095:(PDF)
1956:S2CID
1891:S2CID
1746:(PDF)
1577:S2CID
1518:(1).
1244:Korea
1226:Japan
1162:(60%
951:algae
875:algae
868:fiber
692:
690:Irish
685:-nənz
202:Chile
186:Japan
166:China
5114:Fiji
4794:and
4307:ISBN
4243:ISBN
4135:link
4081:2021
4054:2021
3997:2021
3928:2021
3902:2021
3876:2021
3846:2020
3587:2040
3566:ISBN
3417:ISBN
3333:ISSN
3298:link
3280:OCLC
3270:ISBN
3247:PMID
3198:PMID
3180:ISSN
3133:ISSN
3059:ISSN
2985:PMID
2950:PMID
2942:ISSN
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