Bourbon Restoration in France

3703: 4251:, supported financially and politically by the government. Its lands and financial endowments were not returned, but the government paid salaries and maintenance costs for normal church activities. The bishops regained control of Catholic affairs. The aristocracy before the Revolution was lukewarm to religious doctrine and practice, but the decades of exile created an alliance of throne and altar. The royalists who returned were much more devout, and much more aware of their need for a close alliance with the Church. They had discarded fashionable skepticism and now promoted the wave of Catholic religiosity that was sweeping Europe, with a new reverence for the Virgin Mary, the saints, and popular religious rituals such as praying the rosary. Devotion was far stronger and more visible in rural areas than in Paris and other cities. The population of 32 million included about 680,000 Protestants and 60,000 Jews, who were extended toleration. The anti-clericalism of Voltaire and the Enlightenment had not disappeared, but it was in abeyance. 3392: 3073: 542: 4277:

manufacturing such as textiles. The tariff on iron goods reached 120%. Agriculture had never needed protection, but now demanded it due to the lower prices of imported foodstuffs, such as Russian grain. French winegrowers strongly supported the tariff – their wines did not need it, but they insisted on a high tariff on the import of tea. One agrarian deputy explained: "Tea breaks down our national character by converting those who use it often into cold and stuffy Nordic types, while wine arouses in the soul that gentle gaiety that gives Frenchmen their amiable and witty national character." The French government falsified official statistics to claim that exports and imports were growing – actually there was stagnation, and the economic crisis of 1826–29 disillusioned the business community and readied them to support the revolution in 1830.

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possibilities. Although relieved of many of the old burdens, controls, and taxes, the peasantry was still highly traditional in its social and economic behaviour. Many eagerly took on mortgages to buy as much land as possible for their children, so debt was an important factor in their calculations. The working class in the cities was a small element, and had been freed of many restrictions imposed by medieval guilds. However, France was very slow to industrialise, and much of the work remained drudgery without machinery or technology to help. France was still split into localities, especially in terms of language, but now there was an emerging French nationalism that focused national pride in the Army and foreign affairs.

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of the Deputies, their rights within the Chamber of Deputies, and the rights of the majority bloc. Thus, in 1830, Charles X faced a significant problem. He could not overstep his constitutional bounds, and yet, he could not pursue his policies with a liberal majority within the Chamber of Deputies. He was ready for stark action and made his move after a final no-confidence vote by the liberal house majority, in March 1830. He set about to alter the Charter of 1814 by decree. These decrees, known as the "Four Ordinances", dissolved the Chamber of Deputies, suspended the liberty of the press, excluded the more liberal commercial middle-class from future elections, and called for new elections.

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animosities. Louis and Charles had little interest in foreign affairs, so France played only minor roles. For example, it helped the other powers deal with Greece and Turkey. Charles X mistakenly thought that foreign glory would cover domestic frustration, so he made an all-out effort to conquer Algiers in 1830. He sent a massive force of 38,000 soldiers and 4,500 horses carried by 103 warships and 469 merchant ships. The expedition was a dramatic military success. It even paid for itself with captured treasures. The episode launched the second French colonial empire, but it did not provide desperately needed political support for the King at home.

3767: 1155: 72: 4268:("The Genius of Christianity") had an enormous influence in reshaping French literature and intellectual life, emphasising the centrality of religion in creating European high culture. Chateaubriand's book "did more than any other single work to restore the credibility and prestige of Christianity in intellectual circles and launched a fashionable rediscovery of the Middle Ages and their Christian civilisation. The revival was by no means confined to an intellectual elite, however, but was evident in the real, if uneven, rechristianisation of the French countryside." 141: 3109: 2864: 3814:, met in Paris to decide upon a strategy to counter Charles X. It was decided then, nearly three weeks before the Revolution, that in the event of Charles' expected proclamations, the journalistic establishment of Paris would publish vitriolic criticisms of the king's policies in an attempt to mobilise the masses. Thus, when Charles X made his declarations on 25 July 1830, the liberal journalism machine mobilised, publishing articles and complaints decrying the despotism of the king's actions. 3324: 3135: 2587: 2531: 3941: 2543: 1076: 3628:. Martignac was deposed when his government lost a bill on local government. Charles and his advisers believed a new government could be formed with the support of the Villèle, Chateaubriand, and Decazes monarchist factions, but chose a chief minister, Polignac, in November 1829 who was repellent to the liberals and, worse, Chateaubriand. Though Charles remained nonchalant, the deadlock led some royalists to call for a 3216:, and altering the franchise to allow some rich men of trade and industry to vote, in an attempt to prevent the ultras from winning a majority in future elections. Press censorship was clarified and relaxed, some positions in the military hierarchy were made open to competition, and mutual schools were set up that encroached on the Catholic monopoly of public primary education. Decazes purged a number of ultra-royalist 3163:, given the nickname "unobtainable" by Louis, was dominated by an overwhelming ultra-royalist majority which quickly acquired the reputation of being "more royalist than the king". The legislature threw out the Talleyrand-Fouché government and sought to legitimize the White Terror, passing judgement against enemies of the state, sacking 50,000–80,000 civil servants, and dismissing 15,000 army officers. Richelieu, an 500: 475: 7097: 1091: 3175:, meanwhile, continued to aggressively uphold the place of the monarchy and the church, and called for more commemorations for historical royal figures. Over the course of the parliamentary term, the ultra-royalists increasingly began to fuse their brand of politics with state ceremony, much to Louis' chagrin. Decazes, perhaps the most moderate minister, moved to stop the politicisation of the 2693:, with some limits on its power. The new king, Louis XVIII, accepted the vast majority of reforms instituted from 1792 to 1814. Continuity was his basic policy. He did not try to recover land and property taken from the royalist exiles. He continued in peaceful fashion the main objectives of Napoleon's foreign policy, such as the limitation of Austrian influence. He reversed Napoleon regarding 3597:, who began removing certain voters who had failed to provide up-to-date documents since the 1824 election. 18,000 voters were added to the 60,000 on the first list; despite préfect attempts to register those who met the franchise and were supporters of the government, this can mainly be attributed to opposition activity. Organization was mainly divided behind Chateaubriand's Friends and the 4354:

France's population increased by three million, and prosperity was strong from 1815 to 1825, with the depression of 1825 caused by bad harvests. The national credit was strong, there was significant increase in public wealth, and the national budget showed a surplus every year. In the private sector, banking grew dramatically, making Paris a world center for finance, along with London. The

3501:, at least for owners of large estates, unless they chose otherwise. The liberals and the press rebelled, as did some dissident ultras, such as Chateaubriand. Their vociferous criticism prompted the government to introduce a bill to restrict the press in December, having largely withdrawn censorship in 1824. This only inflamed the opposition even more, and the bill was withdrawn. 3818:

the radical Parisian masses defended those publications. They also launched attacks against pro-Bourbon presses, and paralysed the coercive apparatus of the monarchy. Seizing the opportunity, the liberals in Parliament began drafting resolutions, complaints, and censures against the king. The king finally abdicated on 30 July 1830. Twenty minutes later, his son,

4362:(1792–1868). The communication system was improved, as roads were upgraded, canals were lengthened, and steamboat traffic became common. Industrialization was delayed in comparison to Britain and Belgium. The railway system had yet to make an appearance. Industry was heavily protected with tariffs, so there was little demand for entrepreneurship or innovation. 3822:, who had nominally succeeded as Louis XIX, also abdicated. The Crown nominally then fell upon the son of Louis Antoine's younger brother, Charles X's grandson, who was in line to become Henry V. However, the newly empowered Chamber of Deputies declared the throne vacant, and on 9 August, elevated Louis-Philippe, to the throne. Thus, the 2777:", ridiculed the older group as an outdated remnant of a discredited regime that had led the nation to disaster. Both groups shared a fear of social disorder, but the level of distrust as well as the cultural differences were too great, and the monarchy too inconsistent in its policies, for political cooperation to be possible. 3744:" in 1816, during which Louis XVIII relaxed tariffs during a series of famines, caused a downturn in prices, and incurred the ire of wealthy landowners, who were the traditional source of Bourbon legitimacy. Thus, between 1827 and 1830, peasants throughout France faced a period of relative economic hardship and rising prices. 4540:, p. 282 This included blocking the budget over plans to guarantee bonds on the sale of 400,000 hectares of forest previously owned by the church, reintroducing prohibition of divorce, demanding the death penalty for individuals found with the tricolore, and attempting to hand civil registers back to the church. 3910:

later referred to by the term "cheap multitude". Their political sights were set on a class favoritism. Political changes in the Chamber were due to abuse by the majority tendency, involving a dissolution and then an inversion of the majority, or critical events; for example, the assassination of the

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of 1830. The major cause of the regime's downfall, however, was that, while it managed to keep the support of the aristocracy, the Catholic Church and even much of the peasantry, the ultras' cause was deeply unpopular outside of parliament and with those who did not hold the franchise, especially the

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Disputes were a power struggle between the powerful (royalty against deputies) rather than a fight between royalty and populism. Although the deputies claimed to defend the interests of the people, most had an important fear of common people, of innovations, of socialism and even of simple measures,

3616:, who began his term in January 1828, tried to steer a middle course, appeasing liberals by loosening press controls, expelling Jesuits, modifying electoral registration, and restricting the formation of Catholic schools. Charles, unhappy with the new government, surrounded himself with men from the 3186:

Owing to tension between the King's government and the ultra-royalist Chamber of Deputies, the latter began to assert their rights. After they attempted to obstruct the 1816 budget, the government conceded that the chamber had the right to approve state expenditure. However, they were unable to gain

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and the return to pre-eminence of clergy and of nobility. They wished to lower the taxable quota to support the middle-class as a whole, to the detriment of the aristocracy, and thus they supported universal suffrage or at least a wide opening-up of the electoral system to the modest middle-classes

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The urban mobs of Paris also mobilised, driven by patriotic fervour and economic hardship, assembling barricades and attacking the infrastructure of Charles X. Within days, the situation escalated beyond the ability of the monarchy to control it. As the Crown moved to shut down liberal periodicals,

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The Charter of 1814 had made France a constitutional monarchy. While the king retained extensive power over policy-making, as well as the sole power of the Executive, he was, nonetheless, reliant upon the Parliament to accept and pass his legal decrees. The Charter also fixed the method of election

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While the French economy faltered, a series of elections brought a relatively powerful liberal bloc into the Chamber of Deputies. The 17-strong liberal bloc of 1824 grew to 180 in 1827, and 274 in 1830. This liberal majority grew increasingly dissatisfied with the policies of the centrist Martignac

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There is still considerable debate among historians as to the actual cause of the downfall of Charles X. What is generally conceded, though, is that between 1820 and 1830, a series of economic downturns combined with the rise of a liberal opposition within the Chamber of Deputies, ultimately felled

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With the restoration of the Bourbons in 1814, the reactionary aristocracy with its disdain for entrepreneurship returned to power. British goods flooded the market, and France responded with high tariffs and protectionism to protect its established businesses, especially handcrafts and small-scale

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By 1800 the Catholic Church was poor, dilapidated and disorganised, with a depleted and aging clergy. The younger generation had received little religious instruction, and was unfamiliar with traditional worship. However, in response to the external pressures of foreign wars, religious fervour was

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By 1830, the Restoration government of Charles X faced difficulties on all sides. The new liberal majority clearly had no intention of budging in the face of Polignac's aggressive policies. The rise of a liberal press within Paris which outsold the official government newspaper indicated a general

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Charles X repeatedly exacerbated internal tensions, and tried to neutralize his enemies with repressive measures. They totally failed and forced him into exile for the third time. However the government's handling of foreign affairs was a success. France kept a low profile, and Europe forgot its

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France had recovered from the strain and disorganization, the wars, the killings, the horrors, of two decades of disruption. It was at peace throughout the period. It paid a large war indemnity to the winners, but managed to finance that without distress; the occupation soldiers left peacefully.

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to the Swedish throne. Napoleon was offered to keep the throne in February 1814, on the condition that France return to its 1792 frontiers, but he refused. The feasibility of the Restoration was in doubt, but the allure of peace to a war-weary French public, and demonstrations of support for the

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and to some extent local schools as well, although this became a central political issue into the 20th century. Bishops were much less powerful than before, and had no political voice. However, the Catholic Church reinvented itself with a new emphasis on personal piety that gave it a hold on the

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which have endured into the 21st century. Each department had an identical administrative structure, and was tightly controlled by a prefect appointed by Paris. The thicket of overlapping legal jurisdictions of the old regime had all been abolished, and there was now one standardised legal code,

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The king was the supreme head of the state. He commanded the land and sea forces, declared war, made treaties of peace, alliance and commerce, appointed all public officials, and made the necessary regulations and ordinances for the execution of the laws and the security of the state. Louis was

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The city grew slowly in population from 714,000 in 1817 to 786,000 in 1831. During the period Parisians saw the first public transport system, the first gas street lights, and the first uniformed Paris policemen. In July 1830, a popular uprising in the streets of Paris brought down the Bourbon

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Public anti-clerical sentiment became stronger than ever before, but was now based in certain elements of the middle class and even the peasantry. The great masses of French people were peasants in the countryside or impoverished workers in the cities. They gained new rights and a new sense of

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Also, the growth of the liberal bloc within the Chamber of Deputies corresponded roughly with the rise of a liberal press within France. Generally centered around Paris, this press provided a counterpoint to the government's journalistic services, and to the newspapers of the right. It grew

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Some of them accepted the principle of monarchy, in a strictly ceremonial and parliamentary form, while others were moderate republicans. Constitutional issues aside, they agreed on seeking to restore the democratic principles of the French Revolution, such as the weakening of clerical and

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By the time of the election, the moderate royalists (constitutionalists) were also beginning to turn against Charles, as was the business community, in part due to a financial crisis in 1825, which they blamed on the government's law of indemnification. Hugo and a number of other writers,

3127:. France was ordered to pay 700 million francs in indemnities, and the country's borders were reduced to their 1790 status, rather than 1792 as in the previous treaty. Until 1818, France was occupied by 1.2 million foreign soldiers, including around 200,000 under the command of the 3763:

shift in Parisian politics towards the left. And yet, Charles' base of power was certainly toward the right of the political spectrum, as were his own views. He simply could not yield to the growing demands from within the Chamber of Deputies. The situation would soon come to a head.

3095:, largely in the south, when unofficial groups supporting the monarchy sought revenge against those who had aided Napoleon's return: about 200–300 were killed, while thousands fled. About 70,000 government officials were dismissed. The pro-Bourbon perpetrators were often known as the 3755:

and the ultra-royalist Polignac, seeking to protect the limited protections of the Charter of 1814. They sought both the expansion of the franchise, and more liberal economic policies. They also demanded the right, as the majority bloc, to appoint the Prime Minister and the Cabinet.

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Politically, the period was characterized by a sharp conservative reaction, and consequent minor but persistent civil unrest and disturbances. Otherwise, the political establishment was relatively stable until the subsequent reign of Charles X. It also saw the reestablishment of the

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New legislation paid an indemnity to royalists whose lands had been confiscated during the Revolution. Although this law had been engineered by Louis, Charles was influential in seeing that it was passed. A bill to finance this compensation, by converting government debt (the

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dissatisfied with the reality of life under Charles X, also began to criticize the regime. In preparation for the 30 September registration cut-off for the election, opposition committees worked furiously to get as many voters as possible signed up, countering the actions of

3131:, and France was made to pay the costs of their accommodation and rations, on top of the reparations. The promise of tax cuts, prominent in 1814, was impracticable because of these payments. The legacy of this, and the White Terror, left Louis with a formidable opposition. 3320:, rallied to the ultras' cause. Both Hugo and Lamartine later became republicans, whilst Nodier was formerly. Soon, however, Villèle proved himself to be nearly as cautious as his master, and, so long as Louis lived, overtly reactionary policies were kept to a minimum. 3362:, ousting the Liberals with little fighting (April to September 1823), and would remain in Spain for five years. Support for the ultras amongst the voting rich was further strengthened by doling out favours in a similar fashion to the 1816 chamber, and fears over the 3235:—who, with the ultras, made up half the chamber—proved unmanageable, and Decazes and the king were looking for ways to revise the electoral laws again, to ensure a more tractable conservative majority. In February 1820, the assassination by a Bonapartist of the 3346:, fomented popular patriotic fervour. Despite British backing for the military action, the intervention was widely seen as an attempt to win back influence in Spain, which had been lost to the British under Napoleon. The French expeditionary army, called the 3723:

Between 1827 and 1830, France faced an economic downturn, industrial and agricultural, that was possibly worse than the one that sparked the revolution. A series of progressively worsening grain harvests in the late 1820s pushed up the prices on various

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increasingly important in conveying political opinions and the political situation to the Parisian public, and can thus be seen as a crucial link between the rise of the liberals and the increasingly agitated and economically suffering French masses.

3690:, and left for England. However, the liberal, bourgeois-controlled Chamber of Deputies refused to confirm the Comte de Chambord as Henry V. In a vote largely boycotted by conservative deputies, the body declared the French throne vacant, and elevated 2908:, who convinced the victorious Allied Powers of the desirability of a Bourbon Restoration. The Allies had initially split on the best candidate for the throne: Britain favoured the Bourbons, the Austrians considered a regency for Napoleon's son, the 3640:

and then dissolved parliament. Charles retained a belief that he was popular amongst the unenfranchised mass of the people, and he and Polignac chose to pursue an ambitious foreign policy of colonialism and expansionism, with the assistance of

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and rationalism. Now the aristocracy was much more conservative and supportive of the Catholic Church. For the best jobs, meritocracy was the new policy, and aristocrats had to compete directly with the growing business and professional class.

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set the standards for romantic art. Music, theater, science, and philosophy all flourished. Higher learning flourished at the Sorbonne. Major new institutions gave France world leadership in numerous advanced fields, as typified by the

3585:. Villèle suffered worse treatment, as liberal officers led troops to protest at his office. In response, the Guard was disbanded. Pamphlets continued to proliferate, which included accusations in September that Charles, on a trip to 2772:

Conservatism was bitterly split into the returning old aristocracy and the new elites arising under Napoleon after 1796. The old aristocracy was eager to regain its land, but felt no loyalty to the new regime. The newer elite, the

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to the brothers of Louis XVI. The First Bourbon Restoration lasted from about 6 April 1814. In July 1815 the First French Empire was succeeded by the Kingdom of France. This Kingdom existed until the popular uprisings of the

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At the opening of the session in March 1830, the King delivered a speech that contained veiled threats to the opposition; in response, 221 deputies (an absolute majority) condemned the government, and Charles subsequently

3581:. The garrison which Charles reviewed, under orders to express deference to the king but disapproval of his government, instead shouted derogatory anti-Jesuit remarks at his devoutly Catholic niece and daughter in law, 3510:, which sponsored Chateaubriand's articles. Chateaubriand, the most prominent of the anti-Villèle ultras, had combined with other opponents of press censorship (a new law had reimposed it on 24 July 1827) to form the 3533:, which worked within the confines of legislation banning the unauthorized meetings of more than 20 members. The group, emboldened by the rising tide of opposition, was of a more liberal composition (associated with 4118:: doctors and lawyers, men of law, and, in rural constituencies, merchants and traders of national goods. Electorally they benefitted from the slow emergence of a new middle-class elite, due to the start of the 6779:

Newman, Edgar Leon (March 1974). "The Blouse and the Frock Coat: The Alliance of the Common People of Paris with the Liberal Leadership and the Middle Class during the Last Years of the Bourbon Restoration".

6692: 541: 3476:), financed by government bonds at a value of 600 million francs at 3% interest. Around 18 million francs were paid per year. Unexpected beneficiaries of the law were some one million owners of 4369:(1766–1817) enjoyed Europe-wide reputations for their innovations in romantic literature. She made important contributions to political sociology, and the sociology of literature. History flourished; 4040:

were mostly rich and educated middle-class men: lawyers, senior officials of the Empire, and academics. They feared the triumph of the aristocracy, as much as that of the democrats. They accepted the

130: 2824:. It presented all Frenchmen as equal before the law, but retained substantial prerogatives for the king and nobility and limited voting to those paying at least 300 Francs a year in direct taxes. 2972:

was limited to men with considerable property holdings, and just 1% of people could vote. Many of the legal, administrative, and economic reforms of the revolutionary period were left intact; the

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says, "Frenchmen were, on the whole, well governed, prosperous, contented during the 15-year period; one historian even describes the restoration era as 'one of the happiest periods in history.

2992:. However, in spite of the fact that the Charter was a condition of the Restoration, the preamble declared it to be a "concession and grant", given "by the free exercise of our royal authority". 3702: 2723:

First, France was now highly centralised, with all important decisions made in Paris. The political geography was completely reorganised and made uniform, dividing the nation into more than 80

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had seen their returns grow disproportionately to their original investment, and that the redistribution was just. The final law allocated state funds of 988 million francs for compensation (

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were on the left to far-left, based among the workers. Workers had no vote and were not listened to. Their demonstrations were repressed or diverted, causing, at most, a reinforcement of

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to be too revolutionary. They wanted a re-establishment of privileges, a major political role for the Catholic Church, and a politically active, rather than ceremonial, king: Charles X.

3751:. This industrial downturn contributed to the rising poverty levels among Parisian artisans. Thus, by 1830, multiple demographics had suffered from the economic policies of Charles X. 2766:

controlling every element of the national educational system from Paris. New technical universities were opened in Paris which to this day have a critical role in training the elite.

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The accession to the throne of Charles X, the leader of the ultra-royalist faction, coincided with the ultras' control of power in the Chamber of Deputies; thus, the ministry of the

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attempts to repossess their former lands. Other groups bearing ill-feeling towards Louis included the army, non-Catholics, and workers hit by a post-war slump and British imports.

3551:. Pamphlets were sent out which evaded the censorship laws, and the group provided organizational assistance to liberal candidates against pro-government state officials in the 3683:, caused by a series of bad harvests 1827–1830. Workers living on the margin were very hard-pressed, and angry that the government paid little attention to their urgent needs. 2709:

as a major power in French politics. Throughout the Bourbon Restoration, France experienced a period of stable economic prosperity and the preliminaries of industrialisation.

2677:, the Bourbons were treated politely by the victorious monarchies, but had to give up nearly all the territorial gains made by revolutionary and Napoleonic France since 1789. 3456:, who set up a network of colleges for elite youth outside the official university system. The Jesuits were noted for their loyalty to the Pope and gave much less support to 3239:, the ultrareactionary son of Louis' ultrareactionary brother and heir-presumptive, the future Charles X, triggered Decazes' fall from power and the triumph of the Ultras. 3049:, most troops sent to stop his march, including some that were nominally royalist, felt more inclined to join the former Emperor than to stop him. Louis fled from Paris to 3228:. The ultras were strongly critical of the practice of giving civil service employment or promotions to deputies, as the government continued to consolidate its position. 3770:

The Great Nutcracker of 25 July. In this caricature, Charles X attempts to break a billiard ball marked "charter" with his teeth, but finds the nut too hard to crack.

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who formed the centre-right of the Restoration's political spectrum: they upheld both capitalism and Catholicism, and attempted to reconcile parliamentarism (in an

3468:) from 5% to 3% bonds, which would save the state 30 million francs a year in interest payments, was also put before the chambers. Villèle's government argued that 3146: 8823: 3810:

Opinion was outraged. On 10 July 1830, before the king had even made his declarations, a group of wealthy, liberal journalists and newspaper proprietors, led by

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because of their green cockets, which was the colour of the comte d'Artois – this being the title of Charles X at the time, who was associated with the hardline

3011:, who never ruled) and as "King of France" rather than "King of the French", and the monarchy's recognition of the anniversaries of the deaths of Louis XVI and 9391: 9381: 4486: 3105:, or Ultras. After a period in which local authorities looked on helplessly at the violence, the King and his ministers sent out officials to restore order. 7685: 2839:(1825–1830). Exasperated by public resistance and disrespect, the king and his ministers attempted to manipulate the general election of 1830 through their 283: 3391: 3115:, who served under several regimes, depicted "floating with the tide". Note the high heel of his left shoe, alluding both to his limp and the Devil's hoof. 2751:

All the old religious rites and ceremonies were retained, and the government maintained the religious buildings. The Church was allowed to operate its own

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Richelieu returned to power for a short interval, from 1820 to 1821. The press was more strongly censored, detention without trial was reintroduced, and

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The ultras broadened their support, and put a stop to growing military dissent in 1823, when intervention in Spain, in favour of Spanish Bourbon King

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to the rest of the farmland, and the peasants were no longer under their control. The pre-Revolutionary aristocracy had dallied with the ideas of the

7900: 2968:– their role was consultative (except on taxation), as only the King had the power to propose or sanction laws, and appoint or recall ministers. The 8043: 3198:

until 19 November 1819, and then Decazes (in reality the dominant minister from 1818 to 1820) until 20 February 1820. This was the era in which the

2629:, successively mounted the throne and instituted a conservative government intended to restore the proprieties, if not all the institutions, of the 3885:

Political parties saw substantial changes of alignment and membership under the Restoration. The Chamber of Deputies oscillated between repressive

2573: 1845: 3446:. The law was unenforceable and only enacted for symbolic purposes, though the act's passing caused a considerable uproar, particularly among the 3589:, was colluding with the Pope and planned to reinstate the tithe, and had suspended the Charter under the protection of a loyal garrison army. 1737: 6063:

Lucian Robinson, "Accounts of early Christian history in the thought of François Guizot, Benjamin Constant and Madame de Staël 1800–c. 1833."

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Anderson, Gordon K. (1994). "Old Nobles and Noblesse d'Empire, 1814–1830: In Search of a Conservative Interest in Post-Revolutionary France".

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Romanticism reshaped art and literature. It stimulated the emergence of a wide new middle class audience. Among the most popular works were:

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At the same time, international pressures, combined with weakened purchasing power from the provinces, led to decreased economic activity in

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The eras of the French Revolution and Napoleon brought a series of major changes to France which the Bourbon Restoration did not reverse.

2641:, the nation experienced a period of internal and external peace, stable economic prosperity and the preliminaries of industrialization. 118: 8028: 6663: 4365:

Culture flourished with the new romantic impulses. Oratory was highly regarded, and sophisticated debate flourished. Châteaubriand and

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was put down but there were otherwise few subversive acts favouring the Restoration, even though Napoleon's popularity began to flag.

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as a guarantee of freedom and civil equality which nevertheless reined in the ignorant and excitable masses. Ideologically they were

3280:, a leading Ultra who served for six years. The ultras found themselves back in power in favourable circumstances: Berry's wife, the 7497: 3424:

in the post-revolutionary years, the ultras worked to raise the status of the Roman Catholic Church once more. The Church and State

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excluded opponents of the monarchy from the political scene, but individuals of influence who had different visions of the French

3242: 2877: 8314: 7910: 7713: 7708: 7122: 4152: 3613: 3160: 2740:, selling them to innumerable middle-class buyers, and it was politically impossible to restore them. The bishop still ruled his 1112: 4078: 2904:

Louis XVIII's restoration to the throne in 1814 was effected largely through the support of Napoleon's former foreign minister,

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restored Louis XVIII of France to the throne, the brother and heir of the executed Louis XVI. A constitution was drafted: the

8616: 7464: 7316: 6393: 6231: 6185: 5913: 5781: 5709: 5672: 5624: 4727: 4586: 4458: 3645:. France had intervened in the Mediterranean a number of times after Villèle's resignation, and expeditions were now sent to 3625: 2515: 762: 3802:) commemorates the July Revolution of 1830, which led to the abdication of Charles X and the end of the Bourbon Restoration. 3482:, the old confiscated lands, whose property rights were now confirmed by the new law, leading to a sharp rise in its value. 9247: 7101: 4332: 4231: 3347: 3328: 2566: 1977: 403: 7564: 7419: 8970: 8733: 8389: 8379: 7844: 7782: 7195: 6581: 4438: 4259: 4111: 4097: 3301: 3246: 3232: 2774: 2275: 1942: 1553: 880: 8197: 3819: 3351: 8818: 8202: 7869: 7637: 7115: 2804: 1105: 17: 7762: 6701:

Kieswetter, James K. "The Imperial Restoration: Continuity in Personnel and Policy under Napoleon I and Louis XVIII."

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of the Ultra-Royalists, and the universal suffrage of the liberal left and republicans. Important personalities were

2157: 1041: 7306: 7205: 4754:(2014). "Catholic Christianity in France from the Restoration to the separation of church and state, 1815–1905". In 3962:, domination by the nobility, and the monopoly of politics by "devoted Christians". They were anti-Republican, anti- 9058: 8899: 8853: 8210: 7884: 7874: 7449: 7001: 6403: 4254:

At the elite level, there was a dramatic change in intellectual climate from intellectual classicism to passionate

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The returning old aristocracy recovered much of the land they had owned directly. However, they lost all their old

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on grain to lower prices and ease their economic situation. However, Charles X, bowing to pressure from wealthier

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Louis XVIII died on 16 September 1824 and was succeeded by his brother, the Comte d'Artois, who took the title of

2633:. Exiled supporters of the monarchy returned to France but were unable to reverse most of the changes made by the 9371: 8033: 7675: 7579: 7434: 6719: 3460:

traditions. Inside and outside the Church they had enemies, and the king ended their institutional role in 1828.

2899: 2835:. The new king pursued a more conservative form of governance than Louis. His more reactionary laws included the 2559: 2240: 1136: 1063: 781: 140: 7459: 3041:

Napoleon's emissaries informed him of this brewing discontent, and, on 20 March 1815, he returned to Paris from

9078: 8653: 7261: 7073:(2012) original documents in English translation regarding politics, literature, history, philosophy, and art. 3195: 3190:

In September 1816, the chamber was dissolved by Louis for its reactionary measures, and electoral manipulation

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and sent again into exile, Louis returned. During his absence a small revolt in the traditionally pro-royalist

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Rooney, John W. Jr.; Reinerman, Alan J. (1986). "Continuity: French Foreign Policy Of The First Restoration".

4383: 4200: 3141:, remained loyal to the Bourbons during the Hundred Days and was the most powerful minister from 1818 to 1820. 9001: 8562: 8557: 7971: 7569: 7424: 6782: 4157: 3529: 3269: 2965: 1518: 1058: 1051: 1036: 1024: 1009: 358: 8643: 7839: 7632: 3789: 3272:. Under Richelieu, the franchise was changed to give the wealthiest electors a double vote, in time for the 71: 9351: 9329: 9068: 8547: 8384: 7627: 7612: 7011:

Sauvigny, G. de Bertier de (Spring 1981). "The Bourbon Restoration: One Century of French Historiography".

6884:—— (June 1989). "The Economic Crisis of 1827–32 and the 1830 Revolution in Provincial France". 3582: 3519: 2844: 2330: 2202: 1638: 1195: 234: 7905: 7444: 4346:

After two decades of war and revolution, the restoration brought peace and quiet, and general prosperity.

3091:, Napoleon's minister of police during the Hundred Days. This Second Restoration saw the beginning of the 2999:

quickly lost him support among the disenfranchised majority. Symbolic acts such as the replacement of the

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Le chaos français et ses signes: étude sur la symbolique de l'Etat français depuis la Révolution de 1789

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Re-Writing the French Revolutionary Tradition: Liberal Opposition and the Fall of the Bourbon Monarchy

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through the government in Paris. Bishops, priests, nuns and other religious were paid state salaries.

1927: 9277: 9033: 8948: 8921: 8838: 8633: 8478: 7915: 7747: 7013: 6731: 6458:

Artz, Frederick B. (1929). "The Electoral System in France during the Bourbon Restoration, 1815–30".

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was also active during this period, and made direct appeals to Louis XVIII before his death in 1824.

4065: 3432:, but, despite being signed, it was never validated. The Villèle government, under pressure from the 3425: 3254: 2961: 2949: 2706: 2261: 2232: 2197: 2105: 615: 558: 343: 4204: 2995:

After a first sentimental flush of popularity, Louis' gestures towards reversing the results of the

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Allegory of the Return of the Bourbons on 24 April 1814: Louis XVIII Lifting France from Its Ruins

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who had left in October 1789, who " had nothing at all to do with the new France", was appointed

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were significant. A more tangible source of antagonism was the pressure applied to possessors of

2843:. This sparked a revolution in the streets of Paris, Charles abdicated, and on 9 August 1830 the 2690: 2590: 2325: 2172: 1855: 1767: 1658: 1356: 1019: 1004: 999: 692: 241: 4391: 4387: 3766: 3712: 1543: 1219: 724: 9219: 9181: 9139: 9124: 8916: 8738: 8638: 8300: 8181: 7879: 7538: 6886: 6851: 4751: 4443: 4148: 4131: 3862: 3857:

remained in power until 1848. Following the ousting of the last king to rule France during the

3665:. However, foreign policy did not prove sufficient to divert attention from domestic problems. 3339: 3124: 3120: 3004: 2254: 2187: 2110: 1865: 1335: 1144: 952: 831: 91: 7940: 6849:(June 1982). "The Growth of Liberalism and the Crisis of the Bourbon Restoration, 1827–1830". 6267: 6091: 5701: 5664: 5616: 4782: 3849:

of 1830, and ruled, not as "King of France" but as "King of the French", marking the shift to

3732:. In response, the rural peasantry throughout France lobbied for the relaxation of protective 2988:

were not undone by the new king. Relations between church and state remained regulated by the

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The constitutions and other select documents illustrative of the history of France, 1789–1901

6729:

Kroen, Sheryl T. (Winter 1998). "Revolutionizing Religious Politics during the Restoration".

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The Villèle cabinet faced increasing pressure in 1827 from the liberal press, including the

3417:

was able to continue. The restraint Louis had exercised on the ultra-royalists was removed.

3087:

Talleyrand was again influential in seeing that the Bourbons were restored to power, as was

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The New Cambridge Modern History. Volume IX: War and Peace in an Age of Upheaval, 1793–1830

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administered by judges appointed by Paris, and supported by police under national control.

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The new chamber did not result in a clear majority for any side. Villèle's successor, the

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France: 1814–1919: The Rise of a liberal-Democratic Society (France, 1815 to the present)

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a form of democracy limited to those paying taxes above a high threshold, they found the

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which set up rigid control of the press, and his restriction of suffrage resulted in the

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Haynes, Christine. "Remembering and Forgetting the First Modern Occupations of France",

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a guarantee from the King that his cabinets would represent the majority in parliament.

2913: 2653:(1789–1799), Napoleon Bonaparte became ruler of France. After years of expansion of his 2377: 2225: 2019: 9164: 9109: 9063: 8911: 8877: 8461: 7935: 7169: 7151: 7030: 6903: 6868: 6799: 6748: 6634: 6475: 4163: 4115: 4049: 3662: 3661:

in early July. Plans were drawn up to invade Belgium, which was shortly to undergo its

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had been drafted in) by banning political demonstrations by the militia in July 1816.

2014: 1999: 1797: 1578: 9310: 9292: 9287: 9272: 9257: 9196: 9159: 9073: 9006: 8984: 8965: 8833: 8760: 8583: 8483: 8369: 8349: 8326: 7664: 7487: 6965: 6957: 6936: 6907: 6872: 6820: 6803: 6560: 6437: 6423: 6389: 6370: 6331: 6309: 6290: 6246: 6227: 6208: 6181: 6162: 6097: 5909: 5787: 5777: 5705: 5668: 5656: 5630: 5620: 4786: 4723: 4690: 4582: 4482:

The flag can be seen on top of government buildings in the following illustrations:

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and Madame de Staël drew lessons from the past to guide the future. The paintings of

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such as farmers and craftsmen. Important personalities were parliamentary monarchist

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All parties remained fearful of the common people, who had no voting rights and whom

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by successive military victories, a coalition of European powers defeated him in the

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Louis XVIII died in September 1824 and was succeeded by his brother, who reigned as

2436: 1618: 1503: 9224: 9176: 9048: 9023: 8513: 8012: 7723: 7280: 7138: 7022: 6919: 6895: 6860: 6791: 6740: 6626: 6467: 5554: 4823: 4073: 3691: 3646: 3217: 3021:(the lands confiscated by the revolution) by the Catholic Church and the returning 3012: 2929: 2917: 2848: 2606: 2443: 2182: 2095: 2039: 2034: 1663: 1583: 1513: 1508: 744: 8686: 8525: 6630: 4212: 4195:, which did not mean democratic evolution, only wider taxation. For some, such as 3204:

dominated policy, hoping to reconcile the monarchy with the French Revolution and

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The Revolutionary governments had confiscated all the lands and buildings of the

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Knapton, Ernest John. (1934) "Some Aspects of the Bourbon Restoration of 1814."

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Philip was the first Bourbon king of Spain, the country's present ruling house.

6846: 6591: 6362: 4417: 4248: 3999: 3949: 3935: 3907: 3842: 3811: 3740:, kept the tariffs in place. He did so based upon the Bourbon response to the " 3658: 3642: 3317: 3213: 3102: 3000: 2698: 2602: 2470: 2177: 2120: 2054: 2004: 1703: 1608: 1563: 1533: 1465: 1320: 1275: 1210: 1095: 681: 186: 77: 6899: 6864: 6817:

Historical Dictionary of France from the 1815 Restoration to the Second Empire

6578: 6531:—— (February 1956). "The French Restoration: 1814–1830 (Part 2)". 5558: 3323: 3224:

and republicans were elected, some of whom were backed by ultras resorting to

3212:. The following year, the government changed the electoral laws, resorting to 1962: 1947: 1558: 9345: 9324: 9154: 8938: 8626: 7285: 6614: 6573:

Counter, Andrew J. "A Nation of Foreigners: Chateaubriand and Repatriation."

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The principal political parties during the Restoration are described below.

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The Extreme Right in France, 1789 to the Present: From De Maistre to Le Pen

5981:

Popular French Romanticism: Authors, Readers, and Books in the 19th Century

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industrial workers and the bourgeoisie. A major reason was a sharp rise in

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Louis's chief ministers were at first moderate, including Talleyrand, the

1523: 1250: 8705: 8608: 8453: 8122: 8086: 7925: 6684:

Kelly, George A. "Liberalism and aristocracy in the French Restoration."

5700:. Heinemann Advanced History. Heinemann Educational Publishers. pp. 5545:

Pinkney, David H. (1961). "A new look at the French revolution of 1830".

4827: 4295: 4255: 4061: 3737: 3725: 3680: 3457: 3305: 3297: 3276:. After a resounding victory, a new Ultra ministry was formed, headed by 3250: 3221: 3076: 3023: 2909: 2618: 2508: 1418: 1304: 1236: 1231: 1205: 924: 352: 337: 198: 6998: 6706: 2781: 9214: 8443: 8066: 8038: 7359: 7190: 6716: 6479: 5304: 4084: 4005: 3748: 3650: 3586: 3220:

and sub-prefects, and in by-elections, an unusually high proportion of

3123:

was signed on 20 November 1815, which had more punitive terms than the

3008: 1366: 1340: 597: 8085:

Louis had no children; he died aged 10 in 1795. His uncle, the future

7084:(1968) 222pp; excerpts from 68 primary sources, plus 87pp introduction 7034: 6752: 6638: 3300:, remained interned in Austrian hands. Literary figures, most notably 2419: 8552: 7994: 7920: 7520: 7393: 7331: 4016: 3963: 3940: 3729: 3570: 3368: 2976:, which guaranteed legal equality and civil liberties, the peasants' 2938: 2626: 2398: 1292: 1257: 193: 3061: 8273: 7805: 7718: 7107: 7026: 6795: 6744: 6471: 4861:

The Charter of 1814, Form of the Government of the King: Article 14

4307: 4298:'s novel which is set in the 20 years after Napoleon's Hundred Days 4169: 3535: 3289: 2969: 2934: 2752: 2610: 2412: 1448: 1226: 1190: 441: 3359: 3083:

in his royal services, responds "I will take none." (18 July 1815)

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In April 1827, the King and Villèle were confronted by an unruly

3526:

were among the contributors. Another influential society was the

3453: 3209: 2741: 1299: 624: 213: 203: 8292: 6657:

Our Friends the Enemies. The Occupation of France after Napoleon

6617:(1951). "The Government and the Press in France, 1822 to 1827". 3838:

Louis-Philippe going from the Palais-Royal to city hall, 31 July

8755: 8323: 7096: 3733: 3497:. In 1826, Villèle introduced a bill reestablishing the law of 3355: 2762:

Public education was centralised, with the Grand Master of the

628: 6514:(January 1956). "The French Restoration: 1814–1830 (Part 1)". 5906:

France in Modern Times: From the Enlightenment to the Present

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Romantic Paris: histories of a cultural landscape, 1800–1850

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The July Monarchy: A Political History of France, 1830–1848

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With the Restoration, the Catholic Church again became the

3042: 2942: 2745: 2701:, restoring the friendships that had prevailed until 1792. 587: 8089:, proclaimed himself regent but both titles were disputed. 5613:

Lafayette: Lessons in Leadership from the Idealist General

3829: 5171: 4629:

Consortium on Revolutionary Europe 1750–1850: Proceedings

3354:, the comte d'Artois's son. The French troops marched to 2613:

in 1815. The Second Bourbon Restoration lasted until the

7066:(1971) pp 7–87. Primary sources translated into English. 6038:

The Economic Development of France and Germany 1815–1914

5565: 5490: 5478: 5430: 5343: 5331: 5319: 5286: 4944: 4891: 4852:

The Charter of 1814, Public Law of the French: Article 1

4834: 4401: 3873:, Napoleon declared himself Emperor Napoleon III of the 7216:

Henrietta Maria, Queen of England, Ireland and Scotland

6093:

The State Nobility: Elite Schools in the Field of Power

5418: 5384: 5382: 5224: 5222: 5207: 5195: 5149: 5147: 5132: 5108: 5086: 5084: 5057: 5047: 5045: 5043: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4881: 4879: 3194:. Richelieu served until 29 December 1818, followed by 3007:, the titling of Louis as the "XVIII" (as successor to 7312:Élisabeth Marguerite, Duchess of Alençon and Angoulême 7274:

Gabrielle Angelique, Duchess of La Valette and Epernon

6608:

Revolution and Counter-revolution in France, 1815–1852

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Charles's dissolution of the Chamber of Deputies, his

3452:. Much more controversial was the introduction of the 3442:

in January 1825, which punished by death the theft of

2712: 6014: 5946:

Economic Development of Continental Europe, 1780–1870

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relatively liberal, choosing many centrist cabinets.

5843: 5819: 5726: 5466: 5406: 5379: 5258: 5246: 5234: 5219: 5183: 5159: 5144: 5081: 5040: 5028: 5016: 5004: 4980: 4968: 4932: 4915: 4903: 4876: 4581:(in French). Presses Sainte-Radegonde. p. 217. 4244:

provided stability and ended attacks on the Church.

5454: 5442: 5394: 4864: 4663: 4651: 4603: 4553: 4341: 5750: 5661:The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848 5577: 5514: 5069: 4322:, set during the Restoration and the July Monarchy 4130:was not sufficiently democratic, and disliked the 2982:, and the new system of dividing the country into 6933:The Journalists and the July Revolution in France 6815:——; Simpson, Robert Lawrence (1987). 3079:, asked if he intends to include anyone from the 9343: 5305:BN (Barbara Neave, comtesse de Courson) (1879). 4358:was world-famous, with the French branch led by 3686:Charles abdicated in favor of his grandson, the 3153:; Louis himself followed a cautious policy. The 2900:Louis XVIII of France § Bourbon Restoration 910: 6178:France Under the Bourbon Restoration, 1814-1830 6089: 4626: 4318:, a sequence of almost 100 novels and plays by 4211:considered themselves to be Republicans, while 3408: 7050: 6759: 6549:A Social History of France in the 19th Century 6386:The Perilous Crown: France between Revolutions 6281:survey of political history by leading scholar 4720:A Social History of France in the 19th Century 4126:aristocratic power, and therefore thought the 4014:, named after the Bourbon white flag, and the 2116:National Centre of Independents & Peasants 1738:Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism 9392:States and territories disestablished in 1830 9382:States and territories disestablished in 1815 8308: 7544:Françoise d'Aubigné, Marchioness of Maintenon 7123: 6814: 4310:'s novel set in the final years of the regime 4176: 4106:Gilbert du Motier, marquis de Lafayette, 1825 4020:, named after the battle standard of France. 2567: 1788:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races 1113: 8684: 8663: 8523: 6672: 6052:Politics, Literature, and National Character 5774:Guizot: Aspects of French History, 1787–1874 4390:in 1829 for innovative engineering; and the 4235:The Pious Monarch, a caricature of Charles X 3774: 3067: 2506: 2335: 2316: 2307: 2298: 2289: 2273: 2259: 2245: 2223: 1409: 1382: 1345: 1309: 1290: 1241: 1217: 1179: 44: 7307:Marguerite Louise, Grand Duchess of Tuscany 7064:Government and society in France, 1814–1848 5936: 4240:strong, especially among women. Napoleon's 3845:ascended the throne on the strength of the 3632:, and prominent liberals for a tax strike. 3512:Société des amis de la liberté de la presse 2912:, and the Russians were open to either the 2889: 123:"The Return of the French Princes to Paris" 27:Period of French history, between 1814–1830 9387:States and territories established in 1815 9377:States and territories established in 1814 8315: 8301: 7824:Maria Carolina Sophia Felicity Leszczyńska 7130: 7116: 6554: 4510:Attaque Des Tuileries (le 29 Juillet 1830) 4394:for the fine arts, reestablished in 1830. 3192:resulted in a more liberal chamber in 1816 2680: 2574: 2560: 1120: 1106: 139: 7302:Anne Marie Louise, Duchess of Montpensier 6287:Ultra-Royalism and the French Restoration 6260:EM staff (January 1918). "State Papers". 6226:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6156: 5655: 5308:The Jesuits: their foundation and history 5213: 5201: 5138: 5126: 5114: 5102: 4998: 2858: 8133: 7758:Maria Teresa Rafaela, Dauphine of France 7628:Louise Marie Anne, Mademoiselle de Tours 7465:Élisabeth Charlotte, Duchess of Lorraine 7082:The Restoration Era in France, 1814–1830 7010: 6951:The restoration era in France, 1814–1830 6402: 6266:. Philological Society (Great Britain): 6263:The European Magazine, and London Review 6259: 6127:Nigel Falls, "The Conquest of Algiers," 6009: 5873: 5063: 4813: 4750: 4614: 4576: 4464:French Republicans under the Restoration 4230: 4183:French republicans under the Restoration 4101: 3981:Prominent ultra-royalist theorists were 3939: 3833: 3788: 3765: 3708:Charles X Distributing Awards to Artists 3701: 3557: 3390: 3322: 3241: 3133: 3107: 3071: 2876: 2862: 2803: 2585: 8215:Marie Thérèse, Mademoiselle d'Angoulême 8162: 7686:Louise Françoise, Mademoiselle du Maine 6918: 6883: 6845: 6613: 6505:Charles X of France: His Life and Times 6361: 6221: 6032: 5948:. Allen & Unwin. pp. 307–364. 5768: 5607: 5571: 5544: 5311:. New York: Benziger Brothers. p. 5280: 4776: 4424:, is based on the Bourbon Restoration. 4388:École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures 4199:, revolution seemed the only solution. 3830:Louis-Philippe and the House of Orléans 2851:as King of the French, ushering in the 2689:, the Restoration Bourbon regime was a 14: 9344: 8236:Louise Marie Thérèse, Duchess of Parma 7262:Catherine Henriette, Duchess of Elbeuf 7150: 6778: 6594:(October 2015). "Return of the King". 6530: 6510: 6352: 6303: 6284: 6240: 6005: 5900: 5825: 5756: 5695: 5532: 4962: 4781:. Cambridge University press. p. 4717: 4681: 4645: 3697: 3438:including many deputies, voted in the 3376:, another large majority was secured. 3327:Caricature of Louis preparing for the 3288:, seven months after the duc's death; 3113:Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord 2952:, granted a written constitution, the 2661:, ended the First Empire in 1814, and 2236:(formerly known as: Club de l'Horloge) 119:Le Retour des Princes français à Paris 8296: 8161: 8120: 8064: 7992: 7901:Princess Marie Therèse, Madame Royale 7803: 7575:Princess Marie Therèse, Madame Royale 7518: 7430:Princess Marie Therèse, Madame Royale 7357: 7317:Françoise Madeleine, Duchess of Savoy 7149: 7111: 6930: 6765:The Restoration and the July Monarchy 6728: 6590: 6414: 6383: 6274: 6050:Germaine de Stael and Monroe Berger, 5885: 5849: 5496: 5484: 5472: 5436: 5412: 5388: 5349: 5337: 5325: 5292: 5276: 5264: 5252: 5240: 5228: 5189: 5177: 5165: 5153: 5090: 5051: 5034: 5022: 5010: 4986: 4974: 4950: 4938: 4926: 4909: 4897: 4885: 4870: 4764:The Cambridge History of Christianity 4657: 4564: 4537: 4459:France in the long nineteenth century 4402:Restoration in recent popular culture 4280: 3993:, comte de La Bretèche and, in 1829, 3569:, ca. 1817, showing the uniform of a 2799: 2516:Social thinking of Arthur de Gobineau 284:President of the Council of Ministers 8013:Archduchess Maria Antonia of Austria 7691:Louis Jean Marie, Duke of Penthièvre 7623:Louise Françoise, Duchess of Bourbon 7281:Jeanne Baptiste, Abess of Fontevraud 7137: 6956: 6775:(1975). 7 long articles by scholars. 6490: 6457: 6436: 6365:(1999). Alexander, Martin S. (ed.). 6322: 6202: 6175: 6140: 6020: 5888:An economic history of modern France 5861: 5744: 5732: 5595: 5583: 5520: 5508: 5460: 5448: 5424: 5400: 5373: 5361: 5075: 4840: 4687:A Social History of France 1780–1880 4669: 4333:Paris during the Bourbon Restoration 3997:. The main royalist newspapers were 3348:Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis 2609:returned to power after the fall of 2591:Alternative royal standard of France 8077: 8029:Marie-Thérèse, Duchess of Angoulême 7783:Louis Alexandre, Prince of Lamballe 7768:Maria Antonietta, Queen of Sardinia 7748:Mariana Víctoria, Queen of Portugal 7633:Françoise Marie, Duchess of Orléans 7378:Infanta Ana Maria Mauricia of Spain 7231:Henri, Duke of Beaumont (1551–1553) 6040:. pp. 53–81, 104–107, 121–127. 4439:Pierre Louis Jean Casimir de Blacas 4098:Liberal Party (Bourbon Restoration) 3989:. Their parliamentary leaders were 3881:Political parties under Restoration 3284:, gave birth to a "miracle child", 3268:, were banned from teaching at the 3056:After Napoleon was defeated in the 3030: 2881:Louis XVIII making a return at the 2713:Permanent changes in French society 2276:Union Nationale Inter-universitaire 24: 7865:Marie Adélaïde, Duchess of Louvois 7840:Louise Élisabeth, Duchess of Parma 7638:Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse 7043: 6678:Restoration and Reaction 1815–1848 6493:Reaction and Revolution, 1814–1832 6450: 3929: 3877:, which lasted from 1852 to 1870. 3573:of the Royal Guard under Charles X 2808:The allied armies parading on the 1837:"The Future of the Intelligentsia" 25: 9403: 8322: 8141:Princess Marie Joséphine of Savoy 7460:Philippe Charles, Duke of Orléans 7286:Marie Henriette, Abess of Chelles 7234:Louis, Count of Marle (1555–1557) 7089: 6986: 6659:(Harvard University Press, 2018) 6575:Nineteenth-Century French Studies 6404:Sauvigny, Guillaume de Bertier de 6357:. London: Adam and Charles Black. 6096:. Stanford UP. pp. 133–135. 4209:Éléonore-Louis Godefroi Cavaignac 3869:as President (1848–1852). In the 3657:; victory was announced over the 3583:Marie Thérèse, Madame la Dauphine 2816:In April 1814, the Armies of the 2158:French Agrarian and Peasant Party 9367:1830 disestablishments in France 8211:Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Berry 8198:Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême 7778:Marie Louise Élisabeth d'Alençon 7450:Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois 7095: 7057:. The H. W. Wilson company 1904. 6176:Artz, Frederick Binkerd (1931). 6121: 6083: 4766:. Vol. 8. pp. 217–232. 4406:The 2007 French historical film 4342:Memory and historical evaluation 3991:François Régis de La Bourdonnaye 3865:was formed with the election of 3820:Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême 2625:, brothers of the executed King 2541: 2529: 1153: 1089: 1074: 540: 498: 473: 126: 84: 70: 8121: 8034:Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France 7968:Philippe, Duke of Narbonne-Lara 7676:Louis Auguste, Prince of Dombes 7580:Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou 7435:Philippe Charles, Duke of Anjou 7266:Alexandre, Chevalier de Vendôme 6935:. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. 6686:Journal of the History of Ideas 6555:Collingham, Hugh A. C. (1988). 6110:from the original on 2023-09-28 6070: 6057: 6044: 6026: 5999: 5986: 5973: 5960: 5930: 5894: 5879: 5831: 5806: 5776:. University of Toronto Press. 5762: 5698:France in Revolution, 1776–1830 5689: 5649: 5601: 5538: 5526: 5298: 5270: 4956: 4855: 4846: 4807: 4779:Education and French Revolution 4770: 4744: 4711: 4531: 4493:parismuseescollections.paris.fr 4488:Retour du Roi le 8 juillet 1815 4386:(1821) for historiography, the 4091: 4054:constitutional, ceremonial form 4023: 3692:Louis-Philippe, Duke of Orléans 3539:) and included members such as 3366:, the French equivalent of the 2241:Initiative and Liberty Movement 8654:Government of National Defense 8065: 7964:Agathe Louise de Saint-Antoine 7358: 7241:Catherine, Duchess of Lorraine 7206:Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans 6507:(Boulder: Pruett, 1971) 488 pp 6444:(2nd ed.). pp. 4–27. 6328:The Election of 1827 in France 6277:Revolutionary France 1770-1880 6161:. Cambridge University Press. 6149: 5994:Paris: The Biography of a City 5814:Benjamin Constant: A Biography 5615:. St. Martin's Press. p. 4689:. Routledge. pp. 93–173. 4675: 4620: 4570: 4476: 4260:François-René de Chateaubriand 3944:Prince Jules de Polignac, 1830 3893:phases. The repression of the 3653:. Polignac also initiated the 3620:and other ultras, such as the 3609:(constitutional monarchists). 3247:François-René de Chateaubriand 3196:Jean-Joseph, Marquis Dessolles 2948:Louis, in accordance with the 2945:, helped reassure the Allies. 303:Charles de Talleyrand-Périgord 13: 1: 9362:1814 establishments in France 8563:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 8558:War of the Spanish Succession 8098:Bourbon Restoration in France 7993: 7972:Louis, comte de Narbonne-Lara 7603:Marie Anne, Princess of Conti 7585:Louis François, Duke of Anjou 7539:Infanta María Teresa of Spain 7519: 7455:Anne Marie, Queen of Sardinia 7440:Louis François, Duke of Anjou 6924:The French Revolution of 1830 6783:The Journal of Modern History 6676:; Tudesq, Andre-Jean (1988). 6367:French History Since Napoleon 5908:. W. W. Norton. p. 147. 4547: 3958:which prevailed before 1789: 2960:with a hereditary/appointive 2644: 7936:Clothilde, Queen of Sardinia 7804: 7643:Louise, Baroness of La Queue 7613:Louis Auguste, Duke of Maine 7445:Marie Louise, Queen of Spain 6330:. Harvard University Press. 6285:Hudson, Nora Eileen (1973). 6180:. Harvard University Press. 5663:. Clarendon Press. pp. 4056:), while rejecting both the 3567:Grenadier of the Royal Guard 3409:1824–1830: Conservative turn 3386: 2756:psychology of the faithful. 2203:Union for a Popular Movement 235:semi-constitutional monarchy 7: 8268:Infante or Infanta of Spain 7885:Princess Louise (1737–1787) 7850:Princess Louise (1728–1733) 7618:Louis César, Count of Vexin 7327:Jean Gaston, Duke of Valois 7201:Christine, Duchess of Savoy 7071:Liberté, Vol. II: 1827–1847 6962:France: 1815 to the Present 6631:10.1093/ehr/LXVI.CCLVIII.51 6606:Fortescue, William. (1988) 6547:Charle, Christophe. (1994) 4718:Charle, Christophe (1994). 4454:French monarchs family tree 4427: 4384:École Nationale des Chartes 4226: 4219:were active as socialists. 3952:wished for a return to the 3720:the conservative Bourbons. 3420:As the country underwent a 10: 9408: 9044:French subdivisions by GDP 8791:2022 presidential election 8776:2017 presidential election 7875:Sophie, Duchess of Louvois 7681:Louis Charles, Count of Eu 7608:Louis, Count of Vermandois 6157:Alexander, Robert (2003). 4449:French Empire mantel clock 4330: 4271: 4180: 4177:Republicans and Socialists 4095: 4027: 3970:. Although they tolerated 3933: 3795:Liberty Leading the People 3778: 3655:French conquest of Algeria 3530:Aide-toi, le ciel t'aidera 3493:, the traditional site of 3344:Liberal Spanish Government 3296:in 1821, and his son, the 3034: 2893: 2659:War of the Sixth Coalition 2141:VIA, the Way of the People 1876:The Tears of the White Man 1748:The Genius of Christianity 29: 9305: 9195: 9105: 9096: 8992: 8983: 8885: 8876: 8814: 8805: 8726: 8607: 8576: 8548:Second Hundred Years' War 8499: 8452: 8419: 8398: 8390:Liberalism and radicalism 8342: 8333: 8257: 8229:Princess Louise Élisabeth 8222: 8190: 8174: 8170: 8157: 8129: 8116: 8073: 8060: 8021: 8005: 8001: 7988: 7949: 7916:Xavier, Duke of Aquitaine 7893: 7832: 7816: 7812: 7799: 7699: 7651: 7593: 7552: 7531: 7527: 7514: 7473: 7407: 7399:Philippe, Duke of Orléans 7386: 7370: 7366: 7353: 7337:Philippe, Duke of Orléans 7294: 7249: 7224: 7196:Elisabeth, Queen of Spain 7183: 7162: 7158: 7145: 7014:French Historical Studies 6995:Journal of Modern History 6931:Rader, Daniel L. (1973). 6900:10.1017/S0018246X00012176 6865:10.1017/S0018246X00011596 6732:French Historical Studies 6713:Journal of Modern History 6619:English Historical Review 6503:Beach, Vincent W. (1971) 6460:Journal of Modern History 6065:History of European Ideas 5559:10.1017/S003467050002307X 4360:James Mayer de Rothschild 4066:Pierre Paul Royer-Collard 3919:such as the extension of 3775:1830: The July Revolution 3426:Concordat of 11 June 1817 3068:Second Restoration (1815) 2950:Declaration of Saint-Ouen 2262:Nouvelle Action Royaliste 452: 440: 430: 426: 413: 400: 386: 376: 372: 364: 349: 334: 324: 320: 308: 296: 292: 282: 278: 266: 254: 250: 240: 224: 212: 174: 164: 154: 138: 112: 100: 66: 61: 39: 8819:Administrative divisions 8241:Henri, Count of Chambord 7906:Princess Marie Zéphyrine 7855:Louis, Dauphin of France 7773:Charles, Duke of Alençon 7560:Louis, Dauphin of France 7415:Louis, Dauphin of France 7069:Lindsann, Olchar E. ed. 6715:(1934) 6#4 pp: 405–424. 6275:Furet, François (1995). 6090:Pierre Bourdieu (1998). 5886:Caron, François (1979). 4577:Pinoteau, Hervé (1998). 4469: 4434:French Restoration style 4326: 4155:. Their newspapers were 4145:Maximilien Sebastien Foy 4143:, officer of the Empire 4076:. Their newspapers were 4050:elite, wealth-based form 3867:Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte 3859:February 1848 Revolution 3278:Jean-Baptiste de Villèle 3270:École Normale Supérieure 2922:Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte 2890:First Restoration (1814) 2849:Louis Phillipe d'Orleans 2338:Service d'Action Civique 1828:Enquête sur la monarchie 1728:Considerations on France 1281:Catholic social teaching 1135:This article is part of 899: 861: 691: 680: 659: 30:Not to be confused with 9039:Franc (former currency) 8644:Coup of 2 December 1851 8617:Long nineteenth century 7911:Louis, Duke of Burgundy 7860:Philippe, Duke of Anjou 7763:Luis, Count of Chinchón 7714:Louis, Duke of Brittany 7709:Louis, Duke of Brittany 7659:Louis, Duke of Burgundy 7565:Princess Anne Élisabeth 7483:Louis, Duke of Burgundy 7420:Princess Anne Élisabeth 7277:Antoine, Count of Moret 7270:Henri, Duke of Verneuil 7211:Gaston, Duke of Orléans 7080:Stewart, John Hall ed. 7051:Anderson, F.M. (1904). 6647:The Bourbon Restoration 6491:—— (1934). 6408:The Bourbon Restoration 6304:Ingram, Philip (1998). 6222:Crawley, C. W. (1969). 6008:, p. 105, quoting 4052:) and monarchism (in a 3901:constitutional monarchy 3889:phases and progressive 3601:which backed liberals, 3487:Coronation of Charles X 3474:le milliard des émigrés 3428:was set to replace the 3139:Élie, 1st comte Decazes 2883:Hôtel de Ville de Paris 2691:constitutional monarchy 2681:Constitutional monarchy 2536:Conservatism portal 2326:Independent Republicans 2173:Independent Republicans 1856:Violence and the Sacred 1768:St Petersburg Dialogues 9372:19th century in France 9059:Science and technology 8716:Provisional Government 8685: 8664: 8524: 8274:Archduchess of Austria 8182:Maria Theresa of Savoy 8044:Princess Sophie Hélène 7950:Illegitimate children 7671:Charles, Duke of Berry 7665:King Felipe V of Spain 7498:Louis, Duke of Orléans 7493:Charles, Duke of Berry 7257:César, Duke of Vendôme 7059:, complete text online 6887:The Historical Journal 6852:The Historical Journal 6771:Merriman, John M. ed. 6688:26.4 (1965): 509–530. 6577:46.3 (2018): 285–306. 6384:Price, Munro. (2008). 6355:A History of Socialism 6241:Davies, Peter (2002). 6203:Bury, J.P.T. (2003) . 6131:(2005) 55#10 pp 44–51. 5696:Waller, Sally (2002). 4777:Barnard, H.C. (1969). 4444:Mathieu de Montmorency 4265:Génie du christianisme 4236: 4149:Jacques-Antoine Manuel 4132:peace treaties of 1815 4128:constitutional Charter 4107: 3945: 3863:French Second Republic 3839: 3803: 3771: 3716: 3574: 3553:November 1827 election 3405: 3335: 3274:November 1820 election 3257: 3253:writer who sat in the 3142: 3116: 3084: 2886: 2874: 2859:Louis XVIII, 1814–1824 2813: 2685:Unlike the absolutist 2594: 2507: 2336: 2317: 2308: 2299: 2290: 2274: 2260: 2246: 2233:Carrefour de l'Horloge 2224: 2188:Rally for the Republic 2111:Future with Confidence 1866:The Camp of the Saints 1410: 1383: 1346: 1310: 1291: 1242: 1218: 1180: 1146:Conservatism in France 735:Valois-Angoulême kings 45: 7959:Charles de Vintimille 7753:Philip, Duke of Parma 7735:Ferdinand VI of Spain 7250:Illegitimate children 6997:88:3 (2016): 535–571 6067:43#6 (2017): 628–648. 4303:The Red and the Black 4234: 4120:Industrial Revolution 4105: 3943: 3837: 3792: 3769: 3742:Year Without a Summer 3705: 3561: 3397:Portrait of Charles X 3394: 3326: 3245: 3137: 3111: 3075: 2958:bicameral legislature 2956:, which guaranteed a 2880: 2872:Louis-Philippe Crépin 2866: 2807: 2663:restored the monarchy 2589: 2497:Immigrant criminality 2477:Clerical philosophers 2193:Republican Federation 1846:The Reign of Quantity 1519:Blanc de Saint-Bonnet 1434:Thermidorian Reaction 1392:Traditional authority 1196:Political Catholicism 165:Common languages 106:Montjoie Saint Denis! 8864:World Heritage Sites 8781:Coronavirus pandemic 7740:Charles III of Spain 7488:King Felipe of Spain 7104:at Wikimedia Commons 7062:Collins, Irene, ed. 6949:Stewart, John Hall. 6761:Lucas-Dubreton, Jean 6705:45.1 (1982): 31–46. 6695:30 June 2018 at the 5279:, pp. 340–341; 5180:, pp. 289, 290. 4843:, pp. 9, 19–21. 4392:École des Beaux-Arts 4153:Marquis de Lafayette 4147:, republican lawyer 4079:Le Courrier français 4010:supplemented by the 3851:national sovereignty 3713:François Joseph Heim 3618:Chevaliers de la Foi 3614:vicomte de Martignac 3435:Chevaliers de la Foi 2924:, Napoleon's former 2810:Place de la Concorde 2764:University of France 2487:French–German enmity 1886:The Tyranny of Guilt 1778:Democracy in America 1471:Second French Empire 1220:Révolution nationale 943:Provisional Republic 725:Valois-Orléans kings 9352:Bourbon Restoration 9002:Automotive industry 8786:2021 labor protests 8543:Peace of Westphalia 8411:History of Normandy 8406:History of Brittany 8164:Charles X of France 7744:Francisco of Spain 7570:Princess Marie Anne 7425:Princess Marie Anne 7322:Princess Marie Anne 7102:Restauration period 6819:. Greenwood Press. 6655:Haynes, Christine. 6559:. London: Longman. 6422:. London: Longman. 6353:Kirkup, T. (1892). 6306:Napoleon and Europe 6279:. pp. 269–325. 5979:James Smith Allen, 5876:, pp. 217–232. 5535:, pp. 182, 183 5499:, pp. 349–350. 5487:, pp. 348–349. 5439:, pp. 346–347. 5427:, pp. 107–110. 5352:, pp. 344–345. 5340:, pp. 342–343. 5328:, pp. 116–117. 5295:, pp. 341–342. 4953:, pp. 332–333. 4900:, pp. 330–331. 4409:Jacquou le Croquant 3871:French coup of 1851 3698:1827–1830: Tensions 3516:Choiseul-Stainville 3485:On 29 May 1825 the 3233:opposition liberals 3173:chambre introuvable 3156:chambre introuvable 3093:Second White Terror 2966:Chamber of Deputies 2933:Bourbons in Paris, 2845:Chamber of Deputies 2637:. Exhausted by the 2599:Bourbon Restoration 2392:La Nation française 2168:Movement for France 2163:French Social Party 1978:Political positions 1968:Le Pen (Jean-Marie) 1574:Fustel de Coulanges 1461:Bourbon Restoration 1456:Second White Terror 1201:Christian democracy 481:First French Empire 378:• Restoration 359:Chamber of Deputies 9357:Counter-revolution 9069:Telecommunications 8771:2015 Paris attacks 8634:Revolution of 1848 8462:Visigothic Kingdom 7941:Princess Élisabeth 7845:Princess Henriette 7170:Margaret of Valois 7152:Henry IV of France 7004:2020-02-25 at the 6722:2016-03-12 at the 6666:2020-02-25 at the 6610:(Blackwell, 1988). 6584:2018-07-01 at the 6308:. Nelson Thornes. 6076:Michael Marrinan, 5996:(2006) pp 263–299. 5970:(1968), pp. 83–87. 5864:, pp. 99–171. 5657:Schroeder, Paul W. 5547:Review of Politics 5511:, pp. 39, 42. 5129:, pp. 54, 58. 5105:, pp. 37, 38. 5001:, pp. 32, 33. 4828:10.1093/fh/8.2.149 4752:McMillan, James F. 4315:La Comédie humaine 4281:Art and literature 4258:. An 1802 book by 4237: 4164:Le Constitutionnel 4116:petite-bourgeoisie 4108: 4046:classical liberals 3968:Government on High 3946: 3840: 3804: 3772: 3717: 3622:Prince de Polignac 3575: 3507:Journal des débats 3495:French coronations 3440:Anti-Sacrilege Act 3406: 3342:, and against the 3336: 3329:Spanish expedition 3258: 3143: 3129:Duke of Wellington 3117: 3085: 3081:House of Bonaparte 3058:Battle of Waterloo 2887: 2875: 2837:Anti-Sacrilege Act 2814: 2800:Political overview 2782:seigneurial rights 2675:Congress of Vienna 2601:was the period of 2595: 2482:European New Right 2406:Le Figaro Magazine 2371:Famille chrétienne 2248:La Manif pour tous 1896:The French Suicide 1494:Barbey d'Aurevilly 1444:Companions of Jehu 1439:First White Terror 1286:Counter-revolution 1170:French nationalism 1096:History portal 592: until 50 BC 18:Second Restoration 9339: 9338: 9301: 9300: 9092: 9091: 8979: 8978: 8971:Political parties 8907:Foreign relations 8872: 8871: 8801: 8800: 8584:French Revolution 8538:Thirty Years' War 8519:Absolute monarchy 8484:Kingdom of France 8380:Foreign relations 8360:Political history 8290: 8289: 8253: 8252: 8249: 8248: 8153: 8152: 8149: 8148: 8112: 8111: 8108: 8107: 8056: 8055: 8052: 8051: 7984: 7983: 7980: 7979: 7870:Princess Victoire 7795: 7794: 7791: 7790: 7510: 7509: 7506: 7505: 7349: 7348: 7345: 7344: 7100:Media related to 6964:. pp. 1–75. 6920:Pinkney, David H. 6767:. pp. 1–173. 6395:978-0-3304-2638-1 6289:. Octagon Press. 6233:978-0-5210-4547-6 6205:France, 1814–1940 6187:978-0-8462-0380-3 6143:, pp. 43–44. 6023:, pp. 41–42. 5915:978-0-3939-6705-0 5890:. pp. 95–96. 5840:68 (2010): 16–21. 5783:978-0-8371-8566-8 5747:, pp. 18–44. 5711:978-0-4353-2732-3 5674:978-0-1982-0654-5 5626:978-0-2301-0504-1 5598:, pp. 33–44. 5574:, pp. 40–41. 5376:, pp. 84–89. 5364:, pp. 81–83. 4729:978-0-8549-6913-5 4722:. pp. 7–27. 4648:, pp. 47–54. 4588:978-2-9085-7117-2 4422:Marie-Josée Croze 4414:Laurent Boutonnat 4375:Benjamin Constant 4356:Rothschild family 4242:Concordat of 1801 4141:Benjamin Constant 3995:Jules de Polignac 3987:Joseph de Maistre 3960:absolute monarchy 3688:Comte de Chambord 3607:contre-opposition 3563:Eugène-Louis Lami 3444:consecrated hosts 3430:Concordat of 1801 3422:Christian revival 3350:, was led by the 3333:George Cruikshank 3298:duc de Reichstadt 3282:duchesse de Berry 3264:leaders, such as 3151:Élie, duc Decazes 2997:French Revolution 2990:Concordat of 1801 2896:First Restoration 2885:on 29 August 1814 2793:Citizens' rights: 2775:noblesse d'empire 2651:French Revolution 2635:French Revolution 2617:of 26 July 1830. 2605:during which the 2584: 2583: 2548:France portal 2492:French Revolution 2451:Valeurs actuelles 1953:de La Tour du Pin 1808:What Is a Nation? 1429:War in the Vendée 1130: 1129: 1081:France portal 974: 973: 871: 870: 782:Kingdom of France 772:French Revolution 763:Long 19th century 753: 752: 701: 700: 671:Kingdom of France 606: 605: 514: 513: 510: 509: 506: 505: 486: 485: 404:Invasion of Spain 315:Jules de Polignac 310:• 1829–1830 268:• 1824–1830 256:• 1815–1824 147:Kingdom of France 131: 46:Royaume de France 41:Kingdom of France 32:First Restoration 16:(Redirected from 9399: 9103: 9102: 9019:Economic history 8990: 8989: 8883: 8882: 8812: 8811: 8690: 8669: 8568:Seven Years' War 8533:Wars of Religion 8529: 8514:House of Bourbon 8509:Early modern era 8489:Fundamental laws 8365:Military history 8340: 8339: 8317: 8310: 8303: 8294: 8293: 8283: 8263: 8172: 8171: 8159: 8158: 8131: 8130: 8118: 8117: 8090: 8075: 8074: 8062: 8061: 8003: 8002: 7990: 7989: 7880:Princess Thérèse 7814: 7813: 7801: 7800: 7731:Felipe of Spain 7728:Felipe of Spain 7724:Louis I of Spain 7529: 7528: 7516: 7515: 7368: 7367: 7355: 7354: 7237:Madeleine (1556) 7175:Marie de' Medici 7160: 7159: 7147: 7146: 7139:House of Bourbon 7132: 7125: 7118: 7109: 7108: 7099: 7058: 7038: 6981: 6946: 6927: 6911: 6876: 6838: 6807: 6768: 6756: 6681: 6642: 6603: 6570: 6540: 6523: 6496: 6483: 6445: 6433: 6420:France 1814–1914 6411: 6399: 6380: 6358: 6349: 6319: 6300: 6280: 6271: 6256: 6237: 6218: 6199: 6172: 6144: 6138: 6132: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6116: 6115: 6087: 6081: 6074: 6068: 6061: 6055: 6048: 6042: 6041: 6034:Clapham, John H. 6030: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6003: 5997: 5990: 5984: 5977: 5971: 5964: 5958: 5957: 5942:Saul, S. Berrick 5938:Milward, Alan S. 5934: 5928: 5927: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5883: 5877: 5871: 5865: 5859: 5853: 5847: 5841: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5817: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5770:Johnson, Douglas 5766: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5735:, pp. 9–99. 5730: 5724: 5723: 5693: 5687: 5686: 5653: 5647: 5646: 5605: 5599: 5593: 5587: 5581: 5575: 5569: 5563: 5562: 5542: 5536: 5530: 5524: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5488: 5482: 5476: 5470: 5464: 5458: 5452: 5446: 5440: 5434: 5428: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5377: 5371: 5365: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5316: 5302: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5217: 5211: 5205: 5199: 5193: 5187: 5181: 5175: 5169: 5163: 5157: 5151: 5142: 5136: 5130: 5124: 5118: 5112: 5106: 5100: 5094: 5088: 5079: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4960: 4954: 4948: 4942: 4936: 4930: 4924: 4913: 4907: 4901: 4895: 4889: 4883: 4874: 4868: 4862: 4859: 4853: 4850: 4844: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4811: 4805: 4804: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4756:Gilley, Sheridan 4748: 4742: 4741: 4715: 4709: 4708: 4679: 4673: 4672:, pp. 4–27. 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4636: 4624: 4618: 4612: 4601: 4600: 4574: 4568: 4562: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4522: 4504: 4502: 4500: 4480: 4379:Eugène Delacroix 4320:Honoré de Balzac 4187:The only active 3972:vote censitaire, 3800:Eugène Delacroix 3603:constitutionnels 3415:comte de Villèle 3255:Chamber of Peers 3147:Duc de Richelieu 3031:The Hundred Days 3013:Marie Antoinette 2962:Chamber of Peers 2930:heir-presumptive 2770:The aristocracy: 2607:House of Bourbon 2576: 2569: 2562: 2546: 2545: 2544: 2534: 2533: 2532: 2512: 2444:Radio Courtoisie 2425: 2341: 2322: 2313: 2304: 2295: 2279: 2265: 2251: 2237: 2229: 2226:Action Française 2198:Resistance Party 2183:Rally for France 2106:The Nationalists 2096:Debout la France 1943:de Chateaubriand 1911: 1901: 1891: 1881: 1871: 1861: 1851: 1841: 1833: 1823: 1813: 1803: 1798:The Ancient City 1793: 1783: 1773: 1763: 1753: 1743: 1733: 1554:de Chateaubriand 1415: 1388: 1373:Social hierarchy 1351: 1315: 1296: 1247: 1223: 1185: 1157: 1147: 1132: 1131: 1122: 1115: 1108: 1094: 1093: 1092: 1079: 1078: 1077: 970: 886: 885: 768: 767: 721: 720: 682:Direct Capetians 621: 620: 564: 563: 544: 534: 516: 515: 502: 501: 490: 489: 477: 476: 470: 469: 454: 453: 344:Chamber of Peers 190: 143: 133: 132: 124: 88: 74: 56: 48: 37: 36: 21: 9407: 9406: 9402: 9401: 9400: 9398: 9397: 9396: 9342: 9341: 9340: 9335: 9334: 9315: 9297: 9278:Public holidays 9191: 9150:Life expectancy 9088: 8975: 8868: 8797: 8766:Great Recession 8739:Fourth Republic 8734:1900 to present 8722: 8639:Second Republic 8603: 8572: 8495: 8448: 8415: 8394: 8329: 8321: 8291: 8286: 8281: 8261: 8245: 8218: 8186: 8166: 8145: 8125: 8104: 8084: 8069: 8048: 8017: 7997: 7976: 7951: 7945: 7889: 7828: 7808: 7787: 7701: 7695: 7647: 7595: 7589: 7548: 7523: 7502: 7475: 7469: 7403: 7382: 7362: 7341: 7290: 7245: 7220: 7179: 7154: 7141: 7136: 7092: 7087: 7046: 7044:Primary sources 7041: 7006:Wayback Machine 6989: 6984: 6943: 6847:Pilbeam, Pamela 6827: 6724:Wayback Machine 6697:Wayback Machine 6668:Wayback Machine 6592:Fenby, Jonathan 6586:Wayback Machine 6567: 6453: 6451:Further reading 6448: 6430: 6396: 6377: 6363:Pilbeam, Pamela 6338: 6316: 6297: 6253: 6234: 6215: 6188: 6169: 6152: 6147: 6139: 6135: 6126: 6122: 6113: 6111: 6104: 6088: 6084: 6075: 6071: 6062: 6058: 6049: 6045: 6031: 6027: 6019: 6015: 6004: 6000: 5991: 5987: 5978: 5974: 5968:Restoration Era 5965: 5961: 5935: 5931: 5916: 5899: 5895: 5884: 5880: 5872: 5868: 5860: 5856: 5848: 5844: 5836: 5832: 5824: 5820: 5811: 5807: 5784: 5767: 5763: 5755: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5731: 5727: 5712: 5694: 5690: 5675: 5654: 5650: 5627: 5606: 5602: 5594: 5590: 5582: 5578: 5570: 5566: 5543: 5539: 5531: 5527: 5519: 5515: 5507: 5503: 5495: 5491: 5483: 5479: 5471: 5467: 5459: 5455: 5447: 5443: 5435: 5431: 5423: 5419: 5411: 5407: 5399: 5395: 5387: 5380: 5372: 5368: 5360: 5356: 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3932: 3930:Ultra-royalists 3903:still clashed. 3883: 3847:July Revolution 3832: 3787: 3785:July Revolution 3781:July Ordinances 3779:Main articles: 3777: 3700: 3676:July Revolution 3671:July Ordinances 3491:Reims Cathedral 3479:biens nationaux 3411: 3402:Thomas Lawrence 3389: 3352:duc d'Angoulême 3266:François Guizot 3226:tactical voting 3161:elected in 1815 3121:Treaty of Paris 3103:ultra-royalists 3070: 3039: 3033: 3018:biens nationaux 2979:biens nationaux 2974:Napoleonic Code 2964:and an elected 2954:Charter of 1814 2902: 2892: 2861: 2841:July Ordinances 2822:Charter of 1814 2818:Sixth Coalition 2802: 2738:Catholic Church 2721:Administration: 2715: 2707:Catholic Church 2683: 2668:July Revolution 2647: 2639:Napoleonic Wars 2615:July Revolution 2580: 2542: 2540: 2530: 2528: 2521: 2520: 2465: 2457: 2456: 2423: 2353: 2345: 2344: 2301:Cercle Proudhon 2292:Camelots du Roi 2269:Student Cockade 2235: 2216: 2208: 2207: 2131:The Republicans 2091:Alliance Royale 2083: 2075: 2074: 1973:Le Pen (Marine) 1923: 1915: 1914: 1909: 1899: 1889: 1879: 1869: 1859: 1849: 1839: 1831: 1821: 1811: 1801: 1791: 1781: 1771: 1761: 1751: 1741: 1731: 1722: 1714: 1713: 1489: 1481: 1480: 1466:Ultra-royalists 1405: 1397: 1396: 1312:Noblesse oblige 1271: 1263: 1262: 1182:Nouvelle Droite 1165: 1145: 1126: 1090: 1088: 1075: 1073: 1068: 976: 975: 968: 953:Fourth Republic 934: 901:Interwar period 883: 873: 872: 832:Second Republic 765: 755: 754: 713: 703: 702: 618: 608: 607: 561: 532: 525: 499: 474: 419: 417:July Revolution 406: 393: 390:Charter of 1815 379: 355: 340: 311: 299: 269: 257: 208: 184: 182:Catholic Church 150: 134: 127: 122: 96: 95: 94: 89: 81: 80: 75: 57: 50: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9405: 9395: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9337: 9336: 9333: 9332: 9327: 9322: 9316: 9314: 9313: 9307: 9306: 9303: 9302: 9299: 9298: 9296: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9234:Cultural icons 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9201: 9199: 9193: 9192: 9190: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9174: 9173: 9172: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9106: 9100: 9094: 9093: 9090: 9089: 9087: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9054:Stock exchange 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9015: 9014: 9004: 8999: 8993: 8987: 8981: 8980: 8977: 8976: 8974: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8958: 8957: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8936: 8931: 8930: 8929: 8924: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8903: 8902: 8892: 8886: 8880: 8874: 8873: 8870: 8869: 8867: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8854:National parks 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8829:Climate change 8826: 8821: 8815: 8809: 8803: 8802: 8799: 8798: 8796: 8795: 8794: 8793: 8788: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8751:Fifth Republic 8748: 8747: 8746: 8736: 8730: 8728: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8720: 8719: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8693: 8692: 8691: 8677: 8672: 8671: 8670: 8659:Third Republic 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8630: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8613: 8611: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8601: 8596: 8594:First Republic 8591: 8589:Napoleonic era 8586: 8580: 8578: 8574: 8573: 8571: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8505: 8503: 8497: 8496: 8494: 8493: 8492: 8491: 8481: 8476: 8475: 8474: 8464: 8458: 8456: 8450: 8449: 8447: 8446: 8441: 8436: 8434:Greek colonies 8431: 8425: 8423: 8417: 8416: 8414: 8413: 8408: 8402: 8400: 8396: 8395: 8393: 8392: 8387: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8346: 8344: 8337: 8331: 8330: 8320: 8319: 8312: 8305: 8297: 8288: 8287: 8285: 8284: 8279: 8276: 8270: 8264: 8258: 8255: 8254: 8251: 8250: 8247: 8246: 8244: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8230: 8226: 8224: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8216: 8213: 8208: 8200: 8194: 8192: 8188: 8187: 8185: 8184: 8178: 8176: 8168: 8167: 8155: 8154: 8151: 8150: 8147: 8146: 8144: 8143: 8137: 8135: 8127: 8126: 8114: 8113: 8110: 8109: 8106: 8105: 8103: 8102: 8092: 8091: 8081: 8079: 8071: 8070: 8058: 8057: 8054: 8053: 8050: 8049: 8047: 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8025: 8023: 8019: 8018: 8016: 8015: 8009: 8007: 7999: 7998: 7986: 7985: 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6500: 6499: 6498: 6497: 6485: 6484: 6472:10.1086/235451 6466:(2): 205–218. 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6446: 6434: 6428: 6412: 6400: 6394: 6381: 6375: 6359: 6350: 6336: 6320: 6314: 6301: 6295: 6282: 6272: 6257: 6251: 6238: 6232: 6219: 6213: 6200: 6186: 6173: 6167: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6145: 6133: 6120: 6102: 6082: 6069: 6056: 6043: 6025: 6013: 5998: 5985: 5972: 5959: 5929: 5914: 5902:Wright, Gordon 5893: 5878: 5866: 5854: 5852:, p. 241. 5842: 5838:History Review 5830: 5818: 5805: 5782: 5761: 5749: 5737: 5725: 5710: 5688: 5673: 5648: 5625: 5600: 5588: 5576: 5564: 5553:(4): 490–506. 5537: 5525: 5513: 5501: 5489: 5477: 5475:, p. 348. 5465: 5463:, p. 121. 5453: 5451:, p. 116. 5441: 5429: 5417: 5415:, p. 344. 5405: 5403:, p. 111. 5393: 5391:, p. 345. 5378: 5366: 5354: 5342: 5330: 5318: 5297: 5285: 5269: 5267:, p. 295. 5257: 5255:, p. 340. 5245: 5243:, p. 291. 5233: 5231:, p. 339. 5218: 5214:Alexander 2003 5206: 5202:Alexander 2003 5194: 5192:, p. 290. 5182: 5170: 5168:, p. 289. 5158: 5156:, p. 338. 5143: 5139:Alexander 2003 5131: 5127:Alexander 2003 5119: 5115:Alexander 2003 5107: 5103:Alexander 2003 5095: 5093:, p. 281. 5080: 5068: 5066:, p. 161. 5056: 5054:, p. 337. 5039: 5037:, p. 336. 5027: 5025:, p. 279. 5015: 5013:, p. 335. 5003: 4999:Alexander 2003 4991: 4989:, p. 278. 4979: 4977:, p. 334. 4967: 4955: 4943: 4941:, p. 332. 4931: 4929:, p. 272. 4914: 4912:, p. 271. 4902: 4890: 4888:, p. 329. 4875: 4863: 4854: 4845: 4833: 4822:(2): 149–166. 4816:French History 4806: 4791: 4769: 4760:Stanley, Brian 4743: 4728: 4710: 4695: 4674: 4662: 4660:, p. 296. 4650: 4638: 4619: 4602: 4587: 4569: 4567:, p. 333. 4551: 4549: 4546: 4543: 4542: 4530: 4528: 4527: 4515:gallica.bnf.fr 4505: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4429: 4426: 4418:Gaspard Ulliel 4412:, directed by 4403: 4400: 4343: 4340: 4331:Main article: 4328: 4325: 4324: 4323: 4311: 4299: 4291:Les Misérables 4282: 4279: 4273: 4270: 4249:state religion 4228: 4225: 4181:Main article: 4178: 4175: 4096:Main article: 4093: 4090: 4074:count of Serre 4028:Main article: 4025: 4022: 4000:La Quotidienne 3936:Ultra-royalist 3934:Main article: 3931: 3928: 3908:Adolphe Thiers 3887:ultra-royalist 3882: 3879: 3843:Louis-Philippe 3831: 3828: 3812:Adolphe Thiers 3776: 3773: 3699: 3696: 3663:own revolution 3659:Dey of Algiers 3626:La Bourdonnaye 3579:National Guard 3489:took place at 3410: 3407: 3388: 3385: 3214:gerrymandering 3177:National Guard 3169:Prime Minister 3069: 3066: 3047:Route Napoléon 3035:Main article: 3032: 3029: 3003:flag with the 2918:Louis Philippe 2891: 2888: 2860: 2857: 2801: 2798: 2714: 2711: 2699:Ottoman Empire 2682: 2679: 2649:Following the 2646: 2643: 2603:French history 2582: 2581: 2579: 2578: 2571: 2564: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2551: 2550: 2538: 2523: 2522: 2519: 2518: 2513: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2471:Archeofuturism 2466: 2464:Related topics 2463: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2455: 2454: 2447: 2440: 2437:Nouvelle École 2433: 2426: 2416: 2409: 2402: 2395: 2388: 2381: 2374: 2367: 2360: 2354: 2351: 2350: 2347: 2346: 2343: 2342: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2314: 2305: 2296: 2281: 2280: 2271: 2266: 2257: 2255:March for Life 2252: 2243: 2238: 2230: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2209: 2206: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2178:Party of Order 2175: 2170: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2144: 2143: 2138: 2133: 2128: 2123: 2121:National Rally 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2084: 2081: 2080: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2072: 2067: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2047: 2042: 2037: 2032: 2027: 2022: 2017: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1981: 1980: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1924: 1921: 1920: 1917: 1916: 1913: 1912: 1902: 1892: 1882: 1872: 1862: 1852: 1842: 1834: 1824: 1814: 1804: 1794: 1784: 1774: 1764: 1754: 1744: 1734: 1723: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1711: 1706: 1701: 1699:de Tocqueville 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1566: 1561: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1496: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1463: 1458: 1453: 1452: 1451: 1446: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1380: 1375: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1338: 1333: 1331:French culture 1328: 1323: 1321:Ethnopluralism 1318: 1317: 1316: 1307: 1297: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1276:Anti-communism 1272: 1269: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1261: 1260: 1255: 1254: 1253: 1248: 1239: 1234: 1224: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1211:Ultramontanism 1208: 1203: 1193: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1177: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1150: 1149: 1141: 1140: 1128: 1127: 1125: 1124: 1117: 1110: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1070: 1069: 1067: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1034: 1029: 1028: 1027: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1002: 997: 992: 986: 983: 982: 978: 977: 972: 971: 965: 963:Fifth Republic 959: 958: 955: 949: 948: 945: 939: 938: 935: 933: 932: 927: 921: 918: 917: 914: 907: 906: 903: 896: 895: 892: 890:Third Republic 884: 879: 878: 875: 874: 869: 868: 865: 858: 857: 854: 852:Third Republic 848: 847: 844: 838: 837: 834: 828: 827: 824: 818: 817: 814: 808: 807: 804: 798: 797: 794: 792:First Republic 788: 787: 784: 778: 777: 774: 766: 761: 760: 757: 756: 751: 750: 747: 741: 740: 737: 731: 730: 727: 714: 709: 708: 705: 704: 699: 698: 695: 688: 687: 684: 677: 676: 673: 667: 666: 663: 656: 655: 652: 646: 645: 642: 636: 635: 632: 619: 614: 613: 610: 609: 604: 603: 602:50 BC – 486 AD 600: 594: 593: 590: 584: 583: 582:600 BC – 49 BC 580: 578:Greek colonies 574: 573: 570: 562: 557: 556: 553: 552: 546: 545: 537: 536: 527: 526: 519: 512: 511: 508: 507: 504: 503: 496: 487: 484: 483: 478: 466: 465: 460: 450: 449: 444: 438: 437: 432: 428: 427: 424: 423: 420: 414: 411: 410: 407: 401: 398: 397: 394: 387: 384: 383: 380: 377: 374: 373: 370: 369: 366: 362: 361: 356: 350: 347: 346: 341: 335: 332: 331: 326: 322: 321: 318: 317: 312: 309: 306: 305: 300: 297: 294: 293: 290: 289: 286: 280: 279: 276: 275: 270: 267: 264: 263: 258: 255: 252: 251: 248: 247: 244: 238: 237: 233:parliamentary 228: 222: 221: 216: 210: 209: 207: 206: 201: 196: 191: 187:state religion 178: 176: 172: 171: 166: 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 144: 136: 135: 125: 110: 109: 98: 97: 90: 83: 82: 76: 69: 68: 67: 64: 63: 59: 58: 43: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9404: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9349: 9347: 9331: 9328: 9326: 9323: 9321: 9318: 9317: 9312: 9309: 9308: 9304: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9202: 9200: 9198: 9194: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9171: 9168: 9167: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9115:Birth control 9113: 9111: 9108: 9107: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9095: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9013: 9010: 9009: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8994: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8982: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8941: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8920: 8919: 8918: 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8901: 8898: 8897: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8890:Constitutions 8888: 8887: 8884: 8881: 8879: 8875: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8816: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8804: 8792: 8789: 8787: 8784: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8753: 8752: 8749: 8745: 8742: 8741: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8731: 8729: 8725: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8698: 8697: 8694: 8689: 8688: 8687:Années folles 8683: 8682: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8668: 8667: 8662: 8661: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8649:Second Empire 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8631: 8628: 8627:July Monarchy 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8614: 8612: 8610: 8606: 8600: 8597: 8595: 8592: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8581: 8579: 8575: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8528: 8527: 8526:Ancien Régime 8522: 8520: 8517: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8506: 8504: 8502: 8498: 8490: 8487: 8486: 8485: 8482: 8480: 8477: 8473: 8470: 8469: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8455: 8451: 8445: 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8430: 8427: 8426: 8424: 8422: 8418: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8397: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8347: 8345: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8325: 8318: 8313: 8311: 8306: 8304: 8299: 8298: 8295: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8271: 8269: 8265: 8260: 8259: 8256: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8231: 8228: 8227: 8225: 8223:Grandchildren 8221: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8206: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8195: 8193: 8189: 8183: 8180: 8179: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8160: 8156: 8142: 8139: 8138: 8136: 8132: 8128: 8124: 8119: 8115: 8100: 8099: 8094: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8063: 8059: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8020: 8014: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7991: 7987: 7973: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7956: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7902: 7899: 7898: 7896: 7894:Grandchildren 7892: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7837: 7835: 7831: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7819: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7802: 7798: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7706: 7704: 7702:grandchildren 7698: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7666: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7652:Grandchildren 7650: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7592: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7571: 7568: 7566: 7563: 7561: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7551: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7522: 7517: 7513: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7480: 7478: 7476:grandchildren 7472: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7408:Grandchildren 7406: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7385: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7356: 7352: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7295:Grandchildren 7293: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7248: 7242: 7239: 7236: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7223: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7182: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7167: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7148: 7144: 7140: 7133: 7128: 7126: 7121: 7119: 7114: 7113: 7110: 7103: 7098: 7094: 7093: 7083: 7079: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7065: 7061: 7056: 7055: 7049: 7048: 7036: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7015: 7009: 7007: 7003: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6991: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6958:Wolf, John B. 6955: 6952: 6948: 6944: 6942:9-0247-1552-0 6938: 6934: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6916: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6888: 6882: 6881: 6880: 6879: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6853: 6848: 6844: 6843: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6826:0-3132-2751-9 6822: 6818: 6813: 6812: 6811: 6810: 6805: 6801: 6797: 6793: 6789: 6785: 6784: 6777: 6774: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6733: 6727: 6725: 6721: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6698: 6694: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6674:Jardin, Andre 6671: 6669: 6665: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6596:History Today 6593: 6589: 6587: 6583: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6566:0-5820-2186-3 6562: 6558: 6553: 6550: 6546: 6545: 6539:(2): 104–109. 6538: 6534: 6533:History Today 6529: 6528: 6527: 6526: 6521: 6517: 6516:History Today 6513: 6512:Brogan, D. W. 6509: 6506: 6502: 6501: 6494: 6489: 6488: 6487: 6486: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6456: 6455: 6443: 6439: 6438:Wolf, John B. 6435: 6431: 6429:0-5824-9314-5 6425: 6421: 6417: 6416:Tombs, Robert 6413: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6391: 6387: 6382: 6378: 6376:0-3406-7731-7 6372: 6368: 6364: 6360: 6356: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6337:0-6742-4321-8 6333: 6329: 6325: 6324:Kent, Sherman 6321: 6317: 6315:0-7487-3954-8 6311: 6307: 6302: 6298: 6296:0-3749-4027-4 6292: 6288: 6283: 6278: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6264: 6258: 6254: 6252:0-4152-3982-6 6248: 6245:. Routledge. 6244: 6239: 6235: 6229: 6225: 6220: 6216: 6214:0-4153-1600-6 6210: 6207:. Routledge. 6206: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6183: 6179: 6174: 6170: 6168:0-5218-0122-2 6164: 6160: 6155: 6154: 6142: 6137: 6130: 6129:History Today 6124: 6109: 6105: 6103:9780804733465 6099: 6095: 6094: 6086: 6079: 6073: 6066: 6060: 6053: 6047: 6039: 6035: 6029: 6022: 6017: 6011: 6010:Sauvigny 1966 6007: 6002: 5995: 5992:Colin Jones, 5989: 5982: 5976: 5969: 5963: 5955: 5951: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5933: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5897: 5889: 5882: 5875: 5874:McMillan 2014 5870: 5863: 5858: 5851: 5846: 5839: 5834: 5828:, p. 21. 5827: 5822: 5815: 5812:Dennis Wood, 5809: 5801: 5797: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5765: 5758: 5753: 5746: 5741: 5734: 5729: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5692: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5652: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5622: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5609:Leepson, Marc 5604: 5597: 5592: 5586:, p. 38. 5585: 5580: 5573: 5568: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5541: 5534: 5529: 5523:, p. 34. 5522: 5517: 5510: 5505: 5498: 5493: 5486: 5481: 5474: 5469: 5462: 5457: 5450: 5445: 5438: 5433: 5426: 5421: 5414: 5409: 5402: 5397: 5390: 5385: 5383: 5375: 5370: 5363: 5358: 5351: 5346: 5339: 5334: 5327: 5322: 5314: 5310: 5309: 5301: 5294: 5289: 5283:, p. 681 5282: 5278: 5273: 5266: 5261: 5254: 5249: 5242: 5237: 5230: 5225: 5223: 5216:, p. 81. 5215: 5210: 5204:, p. 99. 5203: 5198: 5191: 5186: 5179: 5174: 5167: 5162: 5155: 5150: 5148: 5141:, p. 36. 5140: 5135: 5128: 5123: 5117:, p. 39. 5116: 5111: 5104: 5099: 5092: 5087: 5085: 5078:, p. 19. 5077: 5072: 5065: 5064:EM staff 1918 5060: 5053: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5036: 5031: 5024: 5019: 5012: 5007: 5000: 4995: 4988: 4983: 4976: 4971: 4964: 4959: 4952: 4947: 4940: 4935: 4928: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4911: 4906: 4899: 4894: 4887: 4882: 4880: 4873:, p. 93. 4872: 4867: 4858: 4849: 4842: 4837: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4810: 4802: 4798: 4794: 4792:0-5210-7256-5 4788: 4784: 4780: 4773: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4747: 4739: 4735: 4731: 4725: 4721: 4714: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4696:0-4150-1616-9 4692: 4688: 4684: 4683:McPhee, Peter 4678: 4671: 4666: 4659: 4654: 4647: 4642: 4634: 4630: 4623: 4616: 4615:Sauvigny 1966 4611: 4609: 4607: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4584: 4580: 4573: 4566: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4552: 4539: 4534: 4516: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4494: 4490: 4489: 4484: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4425: 4423: 4419: 4416:and starring 4415: 4411: 4410: 4399: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4349: 4348:Gordon Wright 4339: 4334: 4321: 4317: 4316: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4297: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4287: 4286: 4278: 4269: 4267: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4250: 4245: 4243: 4233: 4224: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4201:Garnier-Pagès 4198: 4194: 4190: 4184: 4174: 4172: 4171: 4166: 4165: 4160: 4159: 4154: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4104: 4099: 4089: 4087: 4086: 4081: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4042:Royal Charter 4039: 4038: 4031: 4021: 4019: 4018: 4013: 4012:Drapeau Blanc 4009: 4007: 4002: 4001: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3957: 3956: 3955:Ancien Régime 3951: 3942: 3937: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3921:voting rights 3916: 3914: 3909: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3878: 3876: 3875:Second Empire 3872: 3868: 3864: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3836: 3827: 3825: 3824:July Monarchy 3821: 3815: 3813: 3808: 3801: 3797: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3750: 3749:urban centers 3745: 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3721: 3714: 3710: 3709: 3704: 3695: 3693: 3689: 3684: 3682: 3677: 3673: 3672: 3666: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3537: 3532: 3531: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3508: 3502: 3500: 3499:primogeniture 3496: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3481: 3480: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3418: 3416: 3403: 3399: 3398: 3393: 3384: 3382: 3377: 3375: 3374:1824 election 3371: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3340:Ferdinand VII 3334: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3302:Chateaubriand 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3231:By 1820, the 3229: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3202: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3157: 3152: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3114: 3110: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3089:Joseph Fouché 3082: 3078: 3074: 3065: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3053:on 19 March. 3052: 3048: 3044: 3038: 3028: 3026: 3025: 3020: 3019: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2991: 2987: 2986: 2981: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2914:duc d'Orléans 2911: 2907: 2901: 2897: 2884: 2879: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2856: 2854: 2853:July Monarchy 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2806: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2787: 2786:Enlightenment 2783: 2778: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2754: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2722: 2718: 2710: 2708: 2702: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2687:Ancien Régime 2678: 2676: 2673:At the peace 2671: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2655:French Empire 2652: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2631:Ancien régime 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2592: 2588: 2577: 2572: 2570: 2565: 2563: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2554: 2549: 2539: 2537: 2527: 2526: 2525: 2524: 2517: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2505: 2503: 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2472: 2468: 2467: 2461: 2460: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2446: 2445: 2441: 2439: 2438: 2434: 2432: 2431: 2427: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2408: 2407: 2403: 2401: 2400: 2396: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2380: 2379: 2378:L'Écho du Sud 2375: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2355: 2349: 2348: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2320: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2306: 2303: 2302: 2297: 2294: 2293: 2288: 2287: 2286: 2285: 2278: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2264: 2263: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2234: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2222: 2221: 2220: 2215:Organisations 2212: 2211: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2181: 2179: 2176: 2174: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2159: 2156: 2154: 2151: 2150: 2149: 2148: 2142: 2139: 2137: 2136:Soyons libres 2134: 2132: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2122: 2119: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2101:French Future 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2088: 2087: 2079: 2078: 2071: 2068: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2016: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1979: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1908: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1868: 1867: 1863: 1858: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1838: 1835: 1830: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1819: 1815: 1809: 1805: 1800: 1799: 1795: 1790: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1779: 1775: 1770: 1769: 1765: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1729: 1725: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1700: 1697: 1695: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1685: 1682: 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1667: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1652: 1650: 1647: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1604:de La Mennais 1602: 1600: 1597: 1595: 1592: 1590: 1587: 1585: 1582: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1572: 1570: 1567: 1565: 1562: 1560: 1557: 1555: 1552: 1550: 1547: 1545: 1542: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1530: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1505: 1502: 1500: 1497: 1495: 1492: 1491: 1488:Intellectuals 1485: 1484: 1477: 1474: 1472: 1469: 1467: 1464: 1462: 1459: 1457: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1412:Ancien Régime 1408: 1407: 1401: 1400: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1386: 1385:Souverainisme 1381: 1379: 1376: 1374: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1329: 1327: 1326:Family values 1324: 1322: 1319: 1314: 1313: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1282: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1267: 1266: 1259: 1256: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1245: 1240: 1238: 1235: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1222: 1221: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1192: 1189: 1184: 1183: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1167: 1161: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1143: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1133: 1123: 1118: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1104: 1103: 1101: 1100: 1097: 1086: 1082: 1072: 1071: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1026: 1023: 1022: 1021: 1018: 1016: 1013: 1011: 1008: 1006: 1003: 1001: 998: 996: 993: 991: 988: 987: 985: 984: 980: 979: 966: 964: 961: 960: 956: 954: 951: 950: 946: 944: 941: 940: 936: 931: 928: 926: 923: 922: 920: 919: 915: 913: 912:Années folles 909: 908: 904: 902: 898: 897: 893: 891: 888: 887: 882: 877: 876: 866: 864: 860: 859: 855: 853: 850: 849: 845: 843: 842:Second Empire 840: 839: 835: 833: 830: 829: 825: 823: 822:July Monarchy 820: 819: 815: 813: 810: 809: 805: 803: 800: 799: 795: 793: 790: 789: 785: 783: 780: 779: 775: 773: 770: 769: 764: 759: 758: 748: 746: 745:Bourbon kings 743: 742: 738: 736: 733: 732: 728: 726: 723: 722: 719: 718: 717:Ancien Régime 712: 707: 706: 696: 694: 690: 689: 685: 683: 679: 678: 674: 672: 669: 668: 664: 662: 658: 657: 653: 651: 648: 647: 643: 641: 638: 637: 633: 630: 626: 623: 622: 617: 612: 611: 601: 599: 596: 595: 591: 589: 586: 585: 581: 579: 576: 575: 571: 569: 566: 565: 560: 555: 554: 551: 548: 547: 543: 539: 538: 535: 529: 528: 523: 518: 517: 497: 495: 494:July Monarchy 492: 491: 488: 482: 479: 472: 471: 468: 467: 464: 461: 459: 456: 455: 451: 448: 445: 443: 442:ISO 3166 code 439: 436: 433: 429: 425: 421: 418: 412: 408: 405: 399: 395: 391: 385: 381: 375: 371: 367: 363: 360: 357: 354: 348: 345: 342: 339: 333: 330: 327: 323: 319: 316: 313: 307: 304: 301: 295: 291: 287: 285: 281: 277: 274: 271: 265: 262: 259: 253: 249: 245: 243: 239: 236: 232: 229: 227: 223: 220: 217: 215: 211: 205: 202: 200: 197: 195: 192: 188: 183: 180: 179: 177: 173: 170: 167: 163: 160: 157: 153: 148: 142: 137: 121: 120: 115: 111: 108: 107: 103: 99: 93: 87: 79: 73: 65: 60: 54: 47: 38: 33: 19: 9220:Coat of arms 9210:Architecture 9182:Social class 9140:Homelessness 9125:Demographics 9079:Trade unions 9012:Central bank 8954:criminal law 8917:Human rights 8900:presidential 8744:Algerian War 8727:Contemporary 8701:Vichy France 8696:World War II 8666:Belle Époque 8621: 8599:First Empire 8501:Early Modern 8472:West Francia 8232:Prince Louis 8205:Mademoiselle 8204: 8097: 8096: 7663: 7594:Illegitimate 7081: 7070: 7063: 7053: 7021:(1): 41–67. 7018: 7012: 6994: 6961: 6953:(1968) 223pp 6950: 6932: 6923: 6891: 6885: 6856: 6850: 6816: 6790:(1): 26–59. 6787: 6781: 6772: 6764: 6739:(1): 27–53. 6736: 6730: 6712: 6702: 6685: 6677: 6656: 6646: 6622: 6618: 6607: 6602:(10): 49–54. 6599: 6595: 6574: 6556: 6548: 6536: 6532: 6519: 6515: 6504: 6492: 6463: 6459: 6441: 6419: 6407: 6385: 6366: 6354: 6327: 6305: 6286: 6276: 6261: 6242: 6223: 6204: 6177: 6158: 6136: 6128: 6123: 6112:. 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Retrieved 4492: 4487: 4478: 4407: 4405: 4396: 4364: 4352: 4345: 4336: 4313: 4301: 4289: 4284: 4275: 4263: 4253: 4246: 4238: 4205:Louis-Eugène 4186: 4168: 4162: 4156: 4136:White Terror 4124: 4114:were mostly 4109: 4092:Liberal Left 4083: 4077: 4037:Doctrinaires 4035: 4033: 4030:Doctrinaires 4024:Doctrinaires 4015: 4011: 4004: 3998: 3980: 3971: 3967: 3954: 3947: 3925: 3917: 3913:Duc de Berry 3905: 3896:White Terror 3894: 3890: 3886: 3884: 3841: 3816: 3809: 3805: 3793: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3746: 3726:staple foods 3722: 3718: 3706: 3694:, to power. 3685: 3669: 3667: 3634: 3629: 3617: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3591: 3576: 3566: 3534: 3527: 3511: 3505: 3503: 3484: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3462: 3449:Doctrinaires 3447: 3433: 3419: 3412: 3395: 3378: 3367: 3364:charbonnerie 3363: 3358:and then to 3337: 3294:Saint Helena 3261: 3259: 3237:Duc de Berry 3230: 3222:Bonapartists 3201:Doctrinaires 3199: 3189: 3185: 3180: 3172: 3164: 3154: 3144: 3118: 3096: 3086: 3055: 3040: 3037:Hundred Days 3022: 3016: 2994: 2983: 2977: 2947: 2910:King of Rome 2903: 2867: 2830: 2826: 2815: 2792: 2791: 2779: 2769: 2768: 2759: 2758: 2750: 2733: 2732: 2726:départements 2724: 2720: 2719: 2716: 2703: 2684: 2672: 2648: 2598: 2596: 2469: 2449: 2442: 2435: 2428: 2418: 2411: 2404: 2397: 2390: 2383: 2376: 2369: 2362: 2319:Croix-de-Feu 2283: 2282: 2218: 2146: 2145: 2085: 2045:de La Rocque 1904: 1894: 1884: 1874: 1864: 1854: 1844: 1826: 1816: 1796: 1786: 1776: 1766: 1756: 1746: 1736: 1726: 1476:Vichy France 1460: 1378:Social order 1357:Metapolitics 1348:Restauration 1244:Maurrassisme 1084: 1042:Christianity 930:Vichy France 881:20th century 863:Belle Époque 811: 802:First Empire 715: 711:Early modern 661:West Francia 650:Carolingians 640:Merovingians 463:Succeeded by 462: 457: 435:French franc 422:26 July 1830 409:6 April 1823 298:• 1815 117: 113: 104: 102:Motto: 101: 92:Coat of arms 9330:WikiProject 9145:Immigration 9135:Health care 8997:Agriculture 8949:enforcement 8706:Free France 8675:World War I 8622:Restoration 8609:Late Modern 8479:Middle Ages 8454:Middle Ages 8439:Celtic Gaul 8123:Louis XVIII 8087:Louis XVIII 7926:Louis XVIII 7075:online free 6651:online free 6522:(1): 28–36. 6150:Works cited 6006:Wright 1995 5826:Kirkup 1892 5757:Hudson 1973 5533:Hudson 1973 4963:Ingram 1998 4646:Davies 2002 4521:25 November 4499:12 December 4296:Victor Hugo 4256:romanticism 4221:Saint-Simon 4189:Republicans 4062:clericalism 3681:food prices 3304:, but also 3262:Doctrinaire 3125:1814 treaty 3077:Louis XVIII 2985:départments 2734:The church: 2619:Louis XVIII 2597:The Second 2593:(1814–1830) 2509:Sinistrisme 2502:Remigration 2060:de Vaublanc 2030:de Polignac 1938:Cathelineau 1922:Politicians 1599:de Jouvenel 1594:Houellebecq 1589:de Gobineau 1419:Monarchiens 1336:Imperialism 1305:Meritocracy 1232:Bonapartism 1206:Integralism 995:Health care 925:Free France 812:Restoration 616:Middle Ages 588:Celtic Gaul 531:History of 458:Preceded by 353:Lower house 338:Upper house 325:Legislature 261:Louis XVIII 199:Lutheranism 9346:Categories 9273:Philosophy 9258:Literature 9170:secularism 8966:Parliament 8761:2005 riots 8711:Liberation 8577:Revolution 8444:Roman Gaul 8429:Prehistory 8385:Journalism 8067:Louis XVII 8039:Louis XVII 7360:Louis XIII 7191:Louis XIII 6369:. Arnold. 6114:2018-07-02 5850:Tombs 1996 5497:Tombs 1996 5485:Tombs 1996 5473:Tombs 1996 5437:Tombs 1996 5413:Tombs 1996 5389:Tombs 1996 5350:Tombs 1996 5338:Tombs 1996 5326:Price 2008 5293:Tombs 1996 5277:Tombs 1996 5265:Furet 1995 5253:Tombs 1996 5241:Furet 1995 5229:Tombs 1996 5190:Furet 1995 5178:Furet 1995 5166:Furet 1995 5154:Tombs 1996 5091:Furet 1995 5052:Tombs 1996 5035:Tombs 1996 5023:Furet 1995 5011:Tombs 1996 4987:Furet 1995 4975:Tombs 1996 4951:Tombs 1996 4939:Tombs 1996 4927:Furet 1995 4910:Furet 1995 4898:Tombs 1996 4886:Tombs 1996 4871:Price 2008 4658:Furet 1995 4635:: 275–288. 4565:Tombs 1996 4548:References 4538:Furet 1995 4338:monarchy. 4158:La Minerve 4151:, and the 4085:Le Censeur 4072:, and the 4058:absolutism 4006:La Gazette 3964:democratic 3855:Orléanists 3738:landowners 3730:cash crops 3651:Madagascar 3605:, and the 3587:Saint-Omer 3009:Louis XVII 3005:white flag 2928:, who was 2906:Talleyrand 2894:See also: 2760:Education: 2753:seminaries 2645:Background 2153:Feuillants 2126:Reconquête 2065:de Villèle 2040:Retailleau 1906:Submission 1721:Literature 1684:de Rivarol 1664:Peyrefitte 1659:d'Ornellas 1634:de Maistre 1544:Brunetière 1514:de Benoist 1367:Patriotism 1341:Monarchism 1270:Principles 1237:Legitimism 1164:Ideologies 631:settlement 598:Roman Gaul 568:Prehistory 329:Parliament 226:Government 214:Demonym(s) 9130:Education 9084:Transport 8934:Judiciary 8895:Elections 8849:Mountains 8807:Geography 8553:Louis XIV 8343:Overviews 8175:Spouse(s) 8134:Spouse(s) 8006:Spouse(s) 7995:Louis XVI 7931:Charles X 7921:Louis XVI 7817:Spouse(s) 7532:Spouse(s) 7521:Louis XIV 7394:Louis XIV 7371:Spouse(s) 7332:Louis XIV 7163:Spouse(s) 6908:154412637 6873:154630064 6804:153370679 6703:Historian 6196:26840286M 6141:Bury 2003 6021:Bury 2003 5966:Stewart, 5862:Artz 1931 5745:Bury 2003 5733:Artz 1931 5683:28536287M 5643:26007181M 5635:651011968 5596:Bury 2003 5584:Bury 2003 5521:Bury 2003 5509:Bury 2003 5461:Kent 1975 5449:Kent 1975 5425:Kent 1975 5401:Kent 1975 5374:Kent 1975 5362:Kent 1975 5076:Bury 2003 4841:Wolf 1962 4801:21492257M 4705:15032217M 4670:Wolf 1962 4262:entitled 4017:Oriflamme 3915:in 1820. 3638:prorogued 3599:Aide-toi, 3571:Grenadier 3524:Villemain 3387:Charles X 3381:Charles X 3372:. 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Bourbon Restoration in France

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