1674:
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888:
2164:– Chardonnay, Pinot noir and Pinot Meunier – and in the ensuing decades availability of English sparkling wines made from these varieties increased. Today, there are over 100 vineyards in England producing sparkling wines with Nyetimber, Ridgeview and Chapel Down being some of the largest producers. In 2010, Chardonnay and Pinot noir were the two most commonly planted grape varieties in English vineyards. Along with Pinot Meunier, the three varieties combined accounted for around 40% of vines planted, which appears to reflect a significant growth in interest in English sparkling wines. Other varietals used are
1640:. According to CJEU (Court of Justice of the European Union) regulation, Sekt and the Term „Qualitätsschaumwein“ (German for quality sparkling wine) are the same. Quality sparkling wine is defined by means of precise specifications, including at least 10 per cent alcohol content and 3 bars (44 psi) pressure in the bottle, among other things. For quality sparkling wines PSR (produced in specified regions), additional geographical regions (storage sparkling wine) and vintage specifications (vintage sparkling wine) are permitted. Around 90 percent of Sekt is made at least partially from imported wines from
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36:
365:
708:
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2031:. Most likely, the name has stuck since Sovetskoye Shampanskoye was one of the few products or brands of the Soviet era which were seen as luxurious. Often the names have been altered to fit the exact country, e.g. Georgian Champagne. Nowadays, it is more common to encounter Sovetskoye Shampanskoye produced in a dry or semi-dry style. The products have some international popularity, thus Russian made dry and semi-dry versions can be found in the European markets and Moldovan made semi-sweet version from
492:
727:
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789:
95:
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611:
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brut to off-dry demi-secs, from blanc de blanc to blanc de noir to sparkling rosé. Valdivieso produce 60% of all sparkling wine in Chile. Most is inexpensive tank method fizz, but 20% is very good quality
Champagne method from Pinot and Chardonnay. There is also a product made from a blend of sparkling Pinot wine and fresh handpicked strawberry pulp.
719:. Nucleations are needed to stimulate the formation of bubbles because carbon dioxide has first to diffuse from the wine solution before it can rise out of the glass and into the air. A poured glass of sparkling wine will lose its bubbliness and carbon dioxide gas much more quickly than an open bottle alone would. The
1398:) is the Portuguese version of a sparkling wine. Unlike Cava, which is produced solely in northern climates, Espumante is not only produced in the northern wet region of Vinho Verde, but also throughout Portugal all the way to the southern region of the Alentejo, known for its extreme temperatures and arid climate.
940:, adding fruit and floral notes. The majority of Champagnes produced are non-vintage (or rather, multi-vintage) blends. Vintage Champagne, often a house's most prestigious and expensive wine, is also produced, but only in years when the producers feel that the grapes have the complexity and richness to warrant it.
2232:
Artwinery, which is the largest manufacturer in
Eastern Europe of sparkling wines created according to the traditional (Champenoise) method. Another famous Ukrainian winery, Shabo, has a sparkling wine house near its terroir that covers a total area of 1.4 hectares and ensures quality at all stages of production.
1749:
forbade
Germany the use of this name, long before European Union regulations prohibited its use outside the Champagne region. Sekt was initially an informal German name for sparkling wine, coined in Berlin 1825, but was in common use by the 1890s. Germany long attempted to have the name Sekt reserved
597:
that distinguishes sparkling wine production and gives the wine its characteristic bubbles. One of the by-products of fermentation is the creation of carbon dioxide gas. While this is able to be released during the first fermentation, efforts are taken during the second fermentation to retain the gas
348:
presented a paper detailing how the presence of sugar in a wine led to it eventually sparkling and that by adding sugar to a wine before bottling it, nearly any wine could be made to sparkle. This is one of the first known accounts of understanding the process of sparkling wine and even suggests that
312:
to prevent injury from spontaneously bursting bottles. The disturbance caused by one bottle's disintegration could cause a chain reaction, with it being routine for cellars to lose 20–90% of their bottles to instability. The mysterious circumstance surrounding the then unknown process of fermentation
2231:
terroir. The most widely planted selected variety is
Odeskyi Chornyi (Alibernet) and Sukholymanskyi Bilyi, while Saperavi, Aligote, Rkatsiteli, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, and Riesling are the most popular international varieties. One of the most popular Ukrainian sparkling wine manufacturers is
2163:
Commercial production of bottle fermented sparkling wines from grapes grown in
England started in the 1960s, although there has been a longer history of sparkling wines made in the UK from imported grapes. In the 1980s, some English winemakers started to grow the grape varieties as used in Champagne
1113:
As noted above, the designation Crémant was previously used for sparkling wines from the
Champagne region which were produced with slightly less carbon dioxide and somewhat lower bottle pressure (typically 2–3 atmospheres instead of 5–6). These wines were rare in comparison to regular, full-pressure
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Méthode Cap
Classique or MCC is any sparkling wine made by the classic method of undergoing second fermentation in the bottle. There are quality standards that all producers adhere to voluntarily, apart from the minimum time on the lees (nine months) and the bars of pressure, which are mandatory in
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grape variety has been creatively employed on its own or in blends, to make modern wines that have received favorable reviews. A rise in consumer demand and an ever-broadening selection of cool climate grapes has led to an increase in fresh and delightful sparkling wines ranging from bone dry extra
1401:
While Spain has one regulating body, DOC Cava, spread across several different political regions, quality
Espumante is produced solely in DOC Bairrada, located just south of Vinho Verde. In order for a wine to be certified as a quality Espumante from DOC Bairrada, it must be made in the traditional
912:
and richness that is difficult to replicate in other parts of the world. The
Champenois vigorously defend use of the term "Champagne" to relate the specific wine produced in the Champagne wine region. This includes objection to the term "Champagne style" to refer to sparkling wines produced outside
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for non-vintage and minimum 3 years for vintage
Champagne. It is not uncommon for a premium Champagne to age for 7 years or more prior to release. In the US, there are no minimum requirements, and aging length can vary from 8 months to 6 years. Another distinct difference for Californian sparkling
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Current US regulations ban the use of the term "champagne" on any wines not produced in Champagne except if the label was in use before 2006. No new labels including the term "champagne" will be approved by the US Government for wines produced outside of the Champagne region of France after 2006.
1580:
Trento DOC is an appellation for white and rosé sparkling wines made according to the méthode traditionnelle. Chardonnay, Pinot noir, Pinot blanc and Pinot Meunier grapes are used. There is a maximum vine yield of 150 q.l. per hectare for all varietals, and a maximum grape yield of 70%. The wines
1328:
plague, and the predominantly red vines were being replaced by large numbers of vines producing white grapes. After seeing the success of the Champagne region, Raventós decided to create the dry sparkling wine that has become the reason for the region's continued success. In the past the wine was
1319:
but grape varieties different from grapes used in Champagne making. Cava is a Greek term that was used to refer to a "high end" table wine or wine cellar, and comes from the Latin word "cava" which means cave in English. Caves were used in the early days of Cava production for the preservation or
2539:
Tasmania is a centre of Australian sparkling wine production. Wine commentator James Halliday states "the clear majority of the best sparkling wines are now solely sourced from Tasmania", and Tyson Stelzer says "Tasmania confidently holds its place as Australia's sparkling capital" with both the
920:
Blending is the hallmark of Champagne wine, with most Champagnes being the assembled product of several vineyards and vintages. In Champagne there are over 19,000 vineyard owners, only 5,000 of which are owned by Champagne producers. The rest sell their grapes to the various Champagne houses,
2559:
Chile produces around 12 million bottles of sparkling wine per year of which only around 1.6 million bottles are exported to overseas markets. Although sparkling wines have been made since 1879, they have not yet established a significant place in Chile's wine portfolio. In recent years, the
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produce "Sula Brut Crémant de Nashik" (up To 80% Chenin Blanc, the remainder Riesling and Viognier) and "Sula Brut Tropicale Crémant de Nashik" (60% Chenin Blanc, 40% Shiraz, Viognier) in India, which they differentiate from their "Méthode Classique" and "Méthode Traditionnelle" products.
2149:, they use traditional method and they make Blanc de Blanc Classic Brut, Rose Classic Brut (from Chardonnay, Pinot Noir & Meunier), a Classic Brut (from Chardonnay, Pinot Noir & Meunier) and Carassia Vintage 773 Brut. All their sparkling wines received numerous medals.
344:. When the wine was shipped to and bottled in England, the fermentation process would restart when the weather warmed and the cork-stoppered wine would begin to build pressure from carbon dioxide gas. When the wine was opened, it would be bubbly. In 1662, the English scientist
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to get rid of the bubbles since the pressure in the bottles caused many of them to burst in the cellar. Later, when deliberate sparkling wine production increased in the early 18th century, cellar workers would still have to wear a heavy iron mask that resembled a baseball
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as a designation for the traditional method, the term Crémant was given its present definition. This meant that the use of "Crémant" in the Champagne region was discontinued and additional French Crémant AOCs were created from 1990, starting with Bordeaux and Limoux.
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and co-operatives. The grapes, most commonly Chardonnay, Pinot noir and Pinot meunier, are used to make several base wines that are assembled together to make Champagne. Each grape adds its own unique imprint to the result. Chardonnay is prized for its finesse and
1569:, sparkling wine labeled under the Franciacorta DOCG is permitted to include no more than 15% Pinot nero. Both vintage and non-vintage Franciacorta sparkling wines are made which require 30 and 18 months, respectively, of aging on the lees. Franciacorta Satèn, a
1118:, without being defined as separate appellations. In 1975, Crémant de Loire was given formal recognition as an AOC, and was followed by Crémant de Bourgogne (1975) and Crémant d'Alsace (1976). When in the late 1980s lobbying by Champagne producers led to
1320:
aging of wine. Today Cavas have become integrated with Catalan and also Spanish family traditions and is often consumed at any kind of celebrations (baptism, marriages, banquets, dinners and parties). The sparkling wine of Cava was created in 1872 by
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though most producers tend to follow European standards with Brut wine having less than 1.5% sugar up to Doux having more than 5%. As the sparkling wine industry in California grew, foreign investments from some of the Champagne region's most noted
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There are also some other French appellations for sparkling wines, which do not carry the name Crémant. Some of these are exclusively sparkling wine appellations, and some are appellations allowing both still and sparkling wine to be made. The term
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grapes. Partly aided by foreign influence, the overall quality of Californian sparkling wine increased with the introduction of the more traditional sparkling wine grapes of Chardonnay, Pinot noir, Pinot Meunier and Pinot blanc into production. US
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fizzy, does not involve initiating a secondary fermentation but rather injecting carbon dioxide gas directly into the wine. This method produces large bubbles that quickly dissipate and is generally only used in the cheapest sparkling wines.
1950:
the Hungarian wine sector was reborn. New and old wineries are seeking for the forgotten roots. Most of the Hungarian sparkling wines are made by the charmat and transvasée methods and a small but steadily growing amount by the traditional,
2511:
was first crafted by Canadian wine writer Konrad Ejbich in his home cellar in Toronto. Unique to Ontario and generally referred to as Icewine Dosage, this sparkling wine is produced by topping a Traditional Method dry sparkling wine with a
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must rest for a minimum of 15 months on their lees for non-vintage, 24 months for vintage, and 36 for riserva. Minimum alcohol content must be of 11.5%, or 12% for riserva. Trento DOC wines are distinguished by their straw-yellow color.
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is also an important wine-making region in Ukraine. The varietal diversity of grapes in Ukraine is represented by the international and autochthonous varieties. The most renowned autochthonous variety is Telti Kuruk, cultivated on the
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has since become one of the largest European producers of sparkling wine. The United States is a significant producer of sparkling wine today, with producers in numerous states. Recently, production of sparkling wine was restarted by
2405:
While traditionally aimed at the domestic market, Canadian sparkling wines have recently gained prominence internationally. In 2011, L'Acadie Vineyards won a silver medal at an international competition for sparkling wines in
841:) and production methods—sometimes referred to as the "Champagne method". French sparkling wines made according to the Champagne method of fermentation in the bottle, but sometimes use different grape varieties, are known as
780:
The amount of sugar (dosage) added after the second fermentation and aging varies and will dictate the sweetness level of the sparkling wine. Wines produced within the European Union must include the sweetness level on the
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grapes, with much of it drunk locally rather than exported. These Sekts are usually vintage dated with the village and vineyards that the grapes are from. Premium Sekt b.A. produced in smaller lots is often referred to as
683:
takes place in stainless steel fermentation tanks that are pressurized. The fresh yeast and sugar mixture is added to the wine which rapidly stimulates fermentation in the pressurized environment. The wine is then cooled,
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is bottled with a mixture of sugar and yeast. The introduction of a fresh yeast and food source (the sugar) triggers the fermentation process in the bottle that the wine will eventually be sold in. Through the process of
233:
from Spain, and Cap Classique from South Africa. Sparkling wines have been produced in Central and Eastern Europe since the early 19th-century. "Champagne" was further popularised in the region, late in the century, when
2598:
can also be found. Methode Cap Classique tends to be very fruity due to the high temperatures of the South African Wine lands. The quality of MCC in South Africa can be compared to the wines produced in Champagne.
2535:
Australian sparkling wine production has come a long way in a very short period of time, according to Wine Australia's 2014–2015 annual report with several notable French Champagne houses investing in production.
1758:
and individual winegrowers to produce and sell their own sparkling wines. Together, these two decision produced the situation of the name Sekt being possible to apply to sparkling wines of varying quality level.
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produce some sparkling wine, where annual production averages about 55,000 cases (500,000 litres). Sparkling wine is largely produced in the Traditional Method (65%), and a smaller proportion is produced in the
2402:. In particular, Ontario's appellations are emerging as strong producers of dry sparkling wines as their cooler climate conditions are very conducive to producing excellent, flavourful and not-too-ripe grapes.
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in a long drawn out growing season. Cool climate weather limits the varieties of grape, and the types of wine that can be made, but it is in this region that sparkling wine has found its standard bearer. The
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in diameter and expand as they gain buoyancy and rise to the surface. When they reach the surface they are approximately 1 millimeter in size. It is speculated that the bubbles in sparkling wine may speed up
495:
While harvesting grapes destined for sparkling wine, premium producers will take extra care to handle the grapes as gently as possible in order to minimize the extraction of harsh phenolic compounds from the
448:
each have a sizable production of red sparkling wines. Of these, Italy has the longest tradition in red sparkling wine-making, particularly along the Apennine side of the Po Valley. Notable wines include
1776:
tax, which since 2005 has been €136 per hectolitre (€5.15/US gal; €6.18/imp gal), corresponding to €1.02 per 0.75-litre (25 US fl oz) bottle. This tax was famously introduced by
759:. After 5 minutes following consumption, the group that had the sparkling wine had 54 milligrams of alcohol in their blood while the group that had the same sparkling wine, only flat, had 39 milligrams.
2117:, where the mountain climate is perfect for the second fermentation of white and rose sparkling wines in passively cooled above-ground cellars. Grapes used (obviously not grown in this climate) are
666:, after the wines have gone through the traditional method including riddling and disgorgement, the bottles are emptied into a large tank where they are then transferred to small and large format
593:. Producers with wide access to grapes will use wines from several hundred base wines to create a blend that reflect the "house style" of their non-vintage wine. It is through the initiation of a
316:
The British were the first to see the tendency of wines from Champagne to sparkle as a desirable trait and tried to understand why it produced bubbles. Wine was often transported to England in
857:
which skips the process of disgorgement and produces wines with slight sweetness and still containing the particles of dead yeast matter in the form of lees in the bottle. The regions of
829:
of France. On average, Champagne is responsible for about 8% of worldwide sparkling wine production with many other regions emulating the "Champagne style" in both grapes used (generally
3528:
1938:
nearby the capital creating a new center of production, the so-called "Hungarian Champagne" still existing nowadays. At the end of the 19th century the two most important wineries were
2322:. In California, cuvees are typically derived from around 20 wines taken from 1 to 2 years worth of vintages. Champagne laws require that the wine spend a minimum of 15 months on the
1930:, Slovakia) by Johann Fischer and Dr. Michael Schönbauer in 1825 (the first in Central-Europe) and Esch és Társa in 1835. A couple of decades later the main producers moved to the
2477:
grapes, which are the prominent varietals for Ontario sparkling wine. Ontario sparkling wines are often noted for having a character and aroma comparable to that of traditional
602:) and wine producers take care to package the wine in strong glass bottles. When the wine is opened and poured into a glass, the gas is released and the wine becomes sparkling.
1922:. The beginning of significant sparkling wine production in Hungary is dated back to the first half of the 19th century. The first wineries of sparkling wine were founded near
1624:
is a German term for some sparkling wine. The majority of Sekt produced (around 95%) is made by the Charmat method with the remaining premium Sekt being made according to the
2501:
2249:, often employ the latter method with more premium sparkling wines utilizing the former. The history of producing quality sparkling wine in California can be traced to the
2422:
champagne at a blind tasting held with noted critics, bringing attention to the country's wine industry. In Ontario, wineries recognized for their sparkling wines include
1523:
is also famous. Though Franciacorta wines are made according to the traditional method, most Italian sparkling wines, in particular Asti and Prosecco, are made with the
2011:. Most of this variety is sweet. This designation continued to be used for sparkling wine produced in several countries formerly part of the Soviet Union, including
1726:
738:
According to the wine academic Graham Harding, the average bottle of champagne contains enough carbon dioxide to potentially produce 49 million bubbles. Wine expert
715:
An initial burst of effervescence occurs when the sparkling wine contacts the dry glass on pouring. These bubbles form on imperfections in the glass that facilitate
1098:
Crémant de Limoux is produced in the forty one villages around the village of Limoux in the south of France. The wine is composed primarily of the indigenous grape
1212:
1227:
723:
or "mousse" of the wine, along with the average size and consistency of the bubbles, can vary depending on the quality of the wine and the type of glass used.
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1197:
785:. For wines produced outside the EU, the sweetness level is not required but if it is included on the label the terms used must conform to EU guidelines.
2582:
are mostly used for MCC production, however the use of other varieties are becoming increasingly popular and local MCC labels are seen with the likes of
2245:
Sparkling wines produced in the United States can be made in both the méthode traditionnelle and the charmat method. Lower cost sparkling wines, such as
2893:
1321:
1030:
is France's largest producer of sparkling wines outside of the Champagne region. The majority of these Crémant de Loire are produced around the city of
960:
pressures were thought to give them a creamy rather than fizzy mouth-feel. Though they may have full pressures today, they are still produced using the
432:
stage at the beginning of the secondary fermentation with more sugar producing an increased amount of carbon dioxide gas and thus pressure in the wine.
2331:
Those "grandfathered labels" can only use the term on a wine label if there appears next to that name the appellation of "the actual place of origin".
2133:, was established in 1892 and still uses the same methods and even tools from that era. In 2006, they have become once again official supplier to the
571:, though producers wishing to make fruitier, simpler wines will usually forgo this step. After fermentation the base wines are then blended to form a
1710:(winegrower's Sekt), since it is typically produced by a producer which has vineyards of his own, rather than by the large Sekt-producing companies (
1402:
champagne (indicating the year of harvest) and stamped with the VEQPRD (Vinho Espumante de Qualidade Produzido em Região Determinada) certification.
324:
used coal-fueled ovens and produced stronger, more durable glass bottles than the wood-fired French glass. The English also rediscovered the use of
3144:
1733:
from 1807 to 1826. The names used by the German producers for their sparkling wines in the 19th century were "Mousseux", "Sect" or "Champagne" (or
909:
2853:"No, putting a spoon in an open bottle of champagne doesn't keep it bubbly – but there is a better way | Geoff Scollary for The Conversation"
508:
practices of making sparkling wine have many similarities to the production of still wine with some noted divergence. At the vineyard, grapes are
1431:
is a sparkling wine that can be made by injecting the wine with gas in the traditional champagne, charmat, transfer method anywhere in Portugal.
1962:
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with many premium producers still choosing to harvest by hand rather than risk mechanical harvesting which may split the berries and encourage
3532:
2981:
1405:
VFQPRD is a regional sparkling wine made in the traditional champagne, charmat or transfer method in one of the following determined regions:
1138:), it may also be used by producers in other EU countries which fulfill the production criteria. Although such usage is rare, for example in
203:
produced in Southern France. Sparkling wines are produced around the world, and are often referred to by their local name or region, such as
3507:"US Code Collection [Section 5388(c) of Title 26 of the United States Code "Section 5388(c) of Title 26 of the United States Code"]"
1114:
Champagne. The Crémant designation was also used for sparkling wines from the Loire valley, in the form of Crémant de Saumur and Crémant de
3658:
2137:, after having this honor between 1920 and 1947. Their Rhein Extra, still produced in the same building, was served at the coronation of
1685:). The sudden drop of pressure causes a huge drop of temperature. The mositure in the air freezes, creating a smoke of tiny ice crystals.
1606:
1386:
674:
and small split sizes used on airlines. Numerous quality producers worldwide use the "Traditional" method to make their sparkling wines.
2310:
While many top American sparkling wine producers utilize the traditional methods of production, there are distinct differences in their
771:
3420:
3120:
1794:
662:(ancestral method), the disgorgement step is skipped and the wine is sold with the lees still present as sediment in the wine. In the
1902:
after J.E. Hubert of the Hubert family, which bought the company from Johann Fischer in 1877, continues to produce sekt until today.
1741:) and from the late 18th century onwards begins to appear in technical manuals published for the use of wine merchants, vintners and
392:. European Union regulations define a sparkling wine as any wine with an excess of 3 atmospheres in pressure. These include German
216:
4816:
3688:
2318:
blend will rarely have less than 30 wines and sometimes as many as 60 that are taken from grapes spanning 4–6 years of different
1428:
1023:
965:
847:
295:
and was disdained in early Champagne winemaking although it was the pride of other historic sparkling wine production areas like
189:
countries, the word "champagne" is reserved by law only for sparkling wine from the Champagne region of France. The French terms
2265:
in 1852) began producing sparkling wine according to the méthode champenoise. The first wines produced were made from Riesling,
1673:
291:
The tendency of still wine from the Champagne region to lightly sparkle was noted in the Middle Ages but this was considered a
2871:
3221:
2543:
Whilst most sparkling wine is produced from Chardonnay, Pinot noir and possibly Pinot Meuniere, an Australian speciality is
4638:
3636:
17:
1207:
762:
Putting a spoon in an open bottle of sparkling wine to keep it bubbly is a myth. A proper stopper is much more effective.
653:
mixture of fresh wine and some sugar syrup is used to adjust the sweetness level of the wine after it has been disgorged.
2184:. To put that in context, the current yield for all types of English wine averages to around 2 million bottles annually.
2134:
688:, and bottled using a counter pressure filler. The process of carbon injection (or carbonation), the method used to make
563:
of sparkling wine begins like most other wines, though winemakers may choose to use specially cultivated sparkling wine
280:
writers, but the cause of this mysterious appearance of bubbles was not understood. Over time it has been attributed to
3708:
Data provided by Vielle internationale des techniques effervescents. (www.veille.viteff.com) Accessed 31 December 2014.
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grapes. Most sparkling Shiraz is traditionally somewhat sweet, but some producers make it dry, full-bodied and tannic.
1487:
Sparkling wines are made throughout Italy but the Italian sparkling wines most widely seen on the world market are the
853:
658:
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through exposure to the color pigments in grape skins. While some skin exposure may be desirable in the production of
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79:
57:
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wines. Semi-sparkling wines are defined as those with between 1 and 2.5 atmospheres of pressures and include German
50:
1480:
was not used in a wine context until 1908, more than 40 years following the first Italian sparkling wine using the
618:
is used to make small and large format bottles of sparkling wine, such as this split (quarter bottle) of champagne.
329:
1754:
in 1975. Another legal decision in the 1970s abolished the large producers' monopoly on Sekt production, allowing
1750:
for sparkling wine from countries with German as an official language, but these regulations were annulled by the
1378:. Despite being a traditional Champagne grape, Chardonnay was not used in the production of Cava until the 1980s.
3875:
3303:
2070:
349:
British merchants were producing "sparkling Champagne" before the French Champenois were deliberately making it.
4189:
972:
556:(white of blacks), most sparkling wine producers take extended precautions to limit the amount of skin contact.
544:
can be used in the production of white sparkling wines because their juice is initially clear and is only later
4356:
2074:
1947:
1546:
style slightly sparkling version of Asti; it is sweeter and contains even less alcohol, typically around 5.5%.
536:
between the skins and juice. The press house is often close by the vineyard to where the grapes can be quickly
2919:
1957:
method. The sorts of grape used during production can be international like Chardonnay, Pinot noir, Riesling,
1565:, is home to the largest segment of Italian sparkling wine production. Made predominately from Chardonnay and
775:
4842:
2897:
2485:
1714:) which buy grapes or base wine on a large scale for their production. In Austria, the corresponding term is
594:
321:
3307:
Neues und vollständiges Handbuch für Weinhändler, Kommissionaire, Speditörs und alle Weinliebhaber überhaupt
1082:, AOC laws require that Crémant de Bourgogne be composed of at least thirty percent Pinot noir, Chardonnay,
166:
The sparkling quality of these wines comes from its carbon dioxide content and may be the result of natural
4847:
755:
in the United Kingdom gave subjects equal amounts of flat and sparkling champagne which contained the same
598:
and have it dissolve into the wine. This creates high pressure within the wine bottle (on average around 5
248:
2524:
2327:
wines is the favorable Californian climate which allows a vintage wine to be produced nearly every year.
2288:
1344:
which are: brut nature, brut (extra dry), seco (dry), semiseco (medium) and dulce (sweet). Under Spanish
1146:
appellation, rather than a separate appellation, but otherwise follows the same rules as French Crémant.
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1778:
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Since the designation Crémant is not reserved exclusively for French use (as a result of it replacing
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4857:
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1860:
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1721:
German production of sparkling wines dates back to 1826, when G. C. Kessler & Co. was founded in
887:
650:
529:
486:
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in October 1922. Another well known producer of sparkling wine is Carastelec; their brand is called
1346:
622:
There are several methods used to carry out this secondary fermentation. The most well known is the
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4502:
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851:(AOC) regulations. Another style of sparkling wine found in France are those made according to the
44:
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2063:
2008:
2002:
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125:
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3529:"Governor's Cup goes to Swedish Hill Riesling Cuvee – Penn Yan, NY – Penn Yan Chronicle-Express"
3424:
3319:
428:
wines. The amount of pressure in the wine is determined by the amount of sugar added during the
4605:
4528:
3973:
2423:
2223:
2158:
2138:
1890:
The first facility to produce Sekt following the original French recipe was founded in 1825 in
1755:
1682:
1434:
Espumoso is the cheapest and lowest level of sparkling wine, made by injecting the wine with CO
61:
2802:
1315:
1174:
is French for "sparkling" and can refer to a sparkling wine made using methods other than the
300:
4543:
4312:
3956:
948:
826:
381:
3127:
2457:
method (35%). The Niagara Peninsula region's micro-climate is well suited for the growth of
1898:) by Johann Fischer and Michael Schönbauer, both local burghers. The company, later renamed
4194:
3946:
2250:
2228:
2126:
1746:
1217:
1107:
983:
929:
752:
748:
524:
are not ideal and grapes destined for sparkling wine production may be harvested at higher
332:. During the cold winters of the Champagne region, temperatures would drop so low that the
273:
260:
200:
2492:
and is the fourth and newest Designated Viticultural Area (DVA) in the Province. Like the
1446:
8:
4772:
4724:
4624:
3868:
2529:
2513:
2323:
2219:
1880:
1722:
1394:
1269:
1222:
560:
521:
333:
313:
and carbonic gas caused some critics to call the sparkling creations "The Devil's Wine".
230:
208:
4174:
3365:
2314:
techniques that have a considerable effect on the taste of the wines. In Champagne, the
2222:, just as Champagne in France, which allows the production of the highest quality wine.
1821:
1636:(German for sparkling wine, literally "foam wine"), while semi-sparkling wine is called
956:
Sparkling wines designated Crémant ("creamy") were originally named because their lower
649:) are removed from the wine while still maintaining the dissolved carbon dioxide gas. A
4762:
4267:
3255:
2193:
1978:
1868:
1782:
1252:
1055:
961:
624:
513:
462:
345:
281:
235:
3600:
2292:
1242:
469:; in central Italy, lesser known Red Vernaccia produces semi-sweet sparkling reds. In
4716:
4663:
4247:
3985:
3788:
3722:
3489:
3378:
3349:
3287:
3204:
3183:
3162:
3138:
3093:
3069:
3048:
3027:
2962:
2941:
2834:
2785:
2764:
2740:
2719:
2698:
2677:
2645:
2493:
2441:
2283:
2012:
2007:
In the Soviet Union, sparkling wine was produced under the name Soviet Champagne, or
1539:
1496:
1341:
1079:
1071:
988:
599:
533:
377:
358:
152:
4184:
3806:"South Africa's Stellenrust Clement de Lure MCC wins World Sparkling Wine Challenge"
2362:
sparkling wine from other grapes such as the traditional Chardonnay and Pinot noir.
2173:
1875:
which Schlumberger bought in 1843, and the sparkling wine was an immediate success.
1538:. The wine is noted for its low alcohol levels around 8% and fresh, grapey flavors.
1102:
with some Chenin blanc and Chardonnay. The wine must spend a minimum of nine months
320:
where merchant houses would then bottle the wine for sale. During the 17th century,
4507:
4434:
4297:
4199:
2544:
2375:
2339:
2207:
1946:, France to Budafok in 1882 and Louis és César-François founded in 1886. After the
1911:
1500:
1414:
1298:
1075:
882:
866:
685:
509:
458:
364:
171:
3506:
2500:
and micro-climate are well suited for cool climate grapes where wineries, such as
2146:
1829:
895:
Champagne is produced at the far extreme of viticultural circumstances, where the
707:
4862:
4683:
4600:
4386:
4214:
4149:
4092:
4055:
3935:
3826:
2985:
2583:
2540:
traditional grape varieties and method of secondary fermentation being employed.
2411:
2300:
2181:
2165:
1982:
1516:
1508:
1350:
laws, Cava can be produced in six wine regions and must be made according to the
1139:
1051:
751:
by helping the alcohol to reach the bloodstream faster. A study conducted at the
389:
325:
175:
144:
2246:
238:
started production in Hungary using French methods, learned as an apprentice in
4752:
4701:
4655:
4512:
4484:
4459:
4380:
4369:
4364:
4262:
4229:
4045:
3990:
3966:
3861:
3618:
2548:
2427:
2419:
2415:
2346:
wines from the region has resulted in an increasing number of producers making
2296:
2177:
2032:
1958:
1817:
1730:
1531:
1149:
1125:
1099:
1095:
1043:
1019:
957:
537:
491:
474:
470:
337:
269:
186:
121:
113:
4757:
2998:
1310:
388:) of pressure in the bottle. This is more than twice the pressure found in an
4906:
4881:
4782:
4691:
4589:
4497:
4492:
4169:
3961:
3770:
3324:
Gesetz zur Besteuerung von Schaumwein und Zwischenerzeugnissen (SchaumwZwStG)
2254:
1986:
1845:
1649:
1596:
1492:
964:, and have to fulfill strict production criteria. In France, there are eight
862:
838:
756:
739:
525:
516:. In areas like Australia, winemakers aim to harvest the grapes at 17 to 20°
385:
265:
124:
countries legally reserve that word for products exclusively produced in the
1970:
1872:
923:
825:
The most well-known example of sparkling wine is that of Champagne from the
589:, most sparkling wines are blends of several grape varieties, vineyards and
4568:
4159:
4097:
4087:
4040:
2587:
2561:
2353:
2335:
2169:
1966:
1645:
1641:
1115:
1103:
1039:
1027:
937:
772:
Sweetness of wine § Terms used to indicate sweetness of sparkling wine
726:
545:
501:
445:
341:
309:
285:
277:
148:
133:
4317:
1354:
with second fermentation in the bottle and uses a selection of the grapes
1161:
174:, in a large tank designed to withstand the pressures involved (as in the
4886:
4837:
4800:
4594:
4449:
4439:
4337:
4102:
4033:
3892:
2466:
2431:
2383:
2311:
1853:
1841:
1799:
1738:
1694:
1566:
1306:
1247:
1237:
1083:
993:
933:
702:
667:
646:
376:
Fully sparkling wines, such as Champagne, are generally sold with 5 to 6
220:
179:
4219:
3270:, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2010, ISBN 978-3527327522, S. 47
1363:
1274:
968:
for sparkling wine which include the designation Crémant in their name:
328:
stoppers, once used by the Romans but forgotten for centuries after the
4790:
4706:
4696:
4647:
4553:
4548:
4533:
4469:
4464:
4429:
4327:
4322:
4282:
4209:
4154:
4144:
4126:
4082:
4070:
4060:
4018:
3844:
3834:
3398:
2579:
2575:
2574:
order to use MCC on the label. Traditional Champagne varieties such as
2470:
2458:
2304:
2211:
2142:
2122:
2118:
1931:
1927:
1895:
1832:
grape. Austria's history of producing sparkling wine dates back to the
1742:
1737:), although "Sekt" already appears as a term and spelling in 1805 (see
1702:
1698:
1670:) only from grapes from one of the 13 quality wine regions in Germany.
1520:
1371:
1367:
1325:
1087:
1059:
1035:
834:
830:
782:
743:
720:
716:
642:
586:
541:
505:
317:
292:
212:
4139:
1091:
788:
520:(the sugar content of a solution). Unlike still wine production, high
195:
4668:
4558:
4538:
4474:
4454:
4444:
4404:
4342:
4224:
4164:
4065:
3910:
2478:
2395:
2387:
2274:
1891:
1876:
1512:
1504:
1484:
produced by Carlo Gancia which was then sold as "Moscato Champagne".
1422:
1359:
1290:
917:
has been banned in all wines produced or sold in the European Union.
901:
454:
450:
369:
140:
136:
117:
99:
94:
3464:
2048:
1939:
1595:) styles. The wine is produced in the cool hills around the town of
730:
As the bubbles rise to the surface of the glass, they form a frothy
243:
4414:
4409:
4399:
4292:
4272:
4239:
4204:
4050:
4013:
3925:
3920:
3905:
2595:
2462:
2391:
2343:
2270:
2266:
1768:(safety cage) to hold the cork in place despite its considerable CO
1690:
1584:
1554:
1549:
1488:
1468:
1442:
1418:
1294:
689:
638:
578:
400:
204:
4134:
2315:
1313:
in Catalonia, 40 km to the south west of Barcelona, with the
1047:
573:
199:
refer to sparkling wine not made in the Champagne region, such as
4867:
4673:
4424:
4277:
4252:
4179:
3915:
3559:
3446:
3377:
Gábor Rohály (ed) "Magyar Bor Könyve" pp. 94–97, Akó Press 2001,
2608:
2591:
2508:
2497:
2454:
2437:
2371:
2319:
2262:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
1990:
1974:
1935:
1923:
1849:
1764:
1562:
1462:
1410:
1375:
1355:
1110:
is composed predominately of Mauzac and is aged for nine months.
858:
742:
puts the number at 250 million. The bubbles initially form at 20
610:
590:
466:
4028:
2481:, including biscuit, subtle yeast and palate cleansing bubbles.
1863:, who presented his first sparkling wine in 1846 under the name
1825:
1450:
1094:
is often used to fill out the remaining parts of the blend. The
549:
441:
129:
4832:
4795:
4419:
4307:
4302:
3554:
3552:
3550:
2445:
2407:
2399:
2379:
2215:
2110:
1884:
1837:
1806:
1302:
1031:
936:
and fruit while Pinot meunier contributes substantially to the
429:
296:
116:
in it, making it fizzy. While it is common to refer to this as
2516:
of Icewine, which is slightly off-dry with a hint of Icewine.
1729:(1787–1842), who had previously worked at the Champagne house
1067:
223:
from Italy (the generic Italian term for sparkling wine being
4616:
4332:
4287:
4257:
2474:
2114:
1943:
1605:(Vini frizzanti di qualità prodotti in regioni determinate):
1406:
1165:
Blanquette de Limoux wine from the Languedoc region of France
1078:
but those grapes are rarely used in a significant amount. In
1063:
1026:. The wines must also be aged for a minimum of one year. The
908:
soil produces grapes that have a certain balance of acidity,
905:
564:
304:
239:
3547:
2356:
producers such as Glenora and Casa Larga are also producing
2282:
requirements and wine laws do not regulate sugar levels and
891:
Champagne can only come from the Champagne region of France.
132:, but there are examples of red sparkling wines such as the
3884:
3840:
1535:
517:
394:
109:
3278:
3276:
1453:
is an example of high-quality Espumante from this region.
3659:"Best of sparkling 2016 | Australian Wine Companion"
3228:. Chemistry Europe (chemistryviews.org). 17 December 2010
2979:
Institut Viti-Vinicole Grand Duché de Luxembourg: Cremant
2851:
Conversation, Geoff Scollary for The (31 December 2021).
1848:. Like its German counterpart, Austrian Sekt can be made
1666:
1599:
and are generally dry but sweeter examples are produced.
1184:
can only be used for wines that have been made using the
1022:
by hand with yields not exceeding a set amount for their
3248:
Sekt, Champagner & Co. So prickelnd kann Chemie sein
2484:
An emerging sparkling wine-focused region in Ontario is
2370:
Canada's sparkling wine producers are found in Southern
1577:
of pressure instead of 6 for an expression of softness.
163:
varieties (French for 'hard' and 'soft', respectively).
3853:
3273:
3068:
Third Edition pp 143–144, Oxford University Press 2006
2930:
2795:
2763:(third ed.), pp. 272–273. Oxford University Press 2006
2644:
Third Edition pp 656–660, Oxford University Press 2006
2528:
Australian sparkling wines from Domaine Chandon in the
2201:
2130:
1867:(White sparkling wine of Vöslau). It was produced from
1333:(no longer permitted under EU law), or colloquially as
1018:
French appellation laws dictate that a Crémant must be
3721:(3rd ed.), pp. 163–167. Oxford University Press, 2006
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
1309:) white or pink sparkling wine produced mainly in the
3771:"Méthode Cap Classique, Part 1: Viticulture – Vinlab"
3480:
3478:
3084:
3082:
2833:, pp. 136–137. New York: Clarkson Potter Publishing.
1879:-born Schlumberger had worked in the Champagne house
1824:
grapes giving the wine a golden hue color. Sparkling
540:
and separated from their skins. Red wine grapes like
128:
of France. Sparkling wine is usually either white or
1142:, Crémant de Luxembourg is a designation within the
1005:
There are also Crémant designations outside France:
2755:
2753:
2655:
2636:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2504:, specialize in the production of sparkling wines.
2291:came to set up wineries in the area. These include
2035:has been regularly available in the United States.
1689:Some of the premium wines are often made using the
1461:"Spumante" redirects here. Not to be confused with
457:. Also very well known and with rich tradition are
440:While the majority of sparkling wines are white or
3777:
3475:
3193:
3079:
3047:(3rd ed.), p. 209. Oxford University Press, 2006.
1859:The first Austrian producer of sparkling wine was
1324:. The vineyards of Penedés were devastated by the
913:the Champagne region. Since 1985, use of the term
3711:
3447:"Wines of Ukraine – Ukrainian wineries and wines"
3421:"UK Food Standards Agency, Wine Standards Branch"
3058:
2708:
2352:sparkling wines from primarily or 100% Riesling.
4904:
3738:Tapia P (2011), Descorchados, Santiago, Planeta.
3172:
3151:
2891:
2750:
2621:
2414:winery's 2004 Brut Reserve placed higher than a
1258:
3348:(3rd ed.) p. 620, Oxford University Press 2006
3254:8. Dezember 2009: Vol. 43, Issue 6, S. 418–432
2896:(2nd ed.). Winepros.com.au. Archived from
2590:. Sparkling wine is also made according to the
1952:
1916:
357:"Frizzante" redirects here. For the horse, see
303:was originally charged by his superiors at the
2951:
2887:
2885:
1632:injection must not be called Sekt, but rather
1561:The Franciacorta region, located northwest of
1156:
776:History of Champagne § From sweet to brut
473:, red sparkling wines are often made from the
27:Wine with significant levels of carbon dioxide
4632:
3869:
3297:
3222:"Sparkling Wine, Champagne & Co – Part 2"
3110:
3108:
3106:
3016:
2774:
2687:
2674:The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia (4th Edition)
2109:In Romania, sparkling wine is mostly made in
1788:Germans also call some similar foreign wines
816:(fewer than 12 grams of sugar per litre)
3595:
3593:
3591:
3338:
3143:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3037:
3026:(3rd ed.), p. 460. Oxford University Press.
2850:
2825:
2823:
2357:
2347:
1836:. Most Austrian Sekt producers are based in
1656:is made exclusively from German grapes, and
1530:Asti is a slightly sweet wine made from the
1476:According to etymological sources, the term
1381:
1289:is the name of a type of Spanish (mostly in
1185:
1175:
1133:
1119:
810:(fewer than 6 grams of sugar per litre)
804:(fewer than 3 grams of sugar per litre)
792:A French champagne designated as "Extra Dry"
336:process was prematurely halted—leaving some
3423:. Food.gov.uk. 19 July 2006. Archived from
2882:
2235:
2187:
2077:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
528:. Care is taken to avoid tannins and other
224:
4639:
4625:
3876:
3862:
3413:
3103:
2386:, where growing conditions mirror that of
2240:
2038:
1996:
155:of sparkling wine can range from very dry
3588:
3286:pp. 528–529, 583 Workman Publishing 2001
3121:"Savor: Franciacorta de Meglio in Meglio"
3114:
2894:"Oxford Companion to Wine : Crémant"
2872:"Does putting a spoon in Champagne work?"
2820:
2152:
2113:. The same traditional method is used in
2097:Learn how and when to remove this message
1456:
605:
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
3839:
2940:, pp. 207, 267–268. Workman Publishing.
2523:
2444:, is the largest wine growing region in
1672:
1548:
1467:
1273:
1160:
947:
886:
820:
787:
725:
706:
609:
490:
363:
93:
43:This article includes a list of general
4817:Clarification and stabilization of wine
3637:"Sparkling Icewine – Uniquely Canadian"
2869:
2218:. Those regions are located around the
1441:Top-quality Espumantes can be found in
14:
4905:
3399:"United Kingdom Vineyards Association"
2920:"Savoie Fizz Joins The Cremant Family"
1812:In Austria, Sekt is often made in the
1340:Cava is produced in varying levels of
352:
4620:
3857:
3838:
2547:, a red sparkling wine produced from
1781:in 1902 to fund the expansion of the
1393:
869:are the most well-known producers of
435:
3391:
3199:M. Ewing-Mulligan & E. McCarthy
3178:M. Ewing-Mulligan & E. McCarthy
3157:M. Ewing-Mulligan & E. McCarthy
2676:pp 169–178, Dorling Kindersley 2005
2129:. Rhein Azuga Cellars, now owned by
2075:adding citations to reliable sources
2042:
29:
3787:, pp. 442–448. Dorling Kindersley.
3619:"Hinterland Wine Company, About Us"
3488:, pp. 652–655. Workman Publishing.
3092:pp 455–460 Workman Publishing 2001
2870:Douglas, Ellie (13 December 2016).
2718:pp 46–47, Harper Collins Publisher
1628:. Cheap sparkling wine made with CO
1573:, is produced with the reduced 4.5
24:
3226:Sparkling Wine, Champagne & Co
2206:) is mostly being produced in the
1472:A lightly sparkling Moscato d'Asti
1293:but also in other regions such as
1180:such as the Charmat method, while
170:, either in a bottle, as with the
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
4929:
3901:Annual growth cycle of grapevines
3820:
2924:Wine-Searcher News & Features
2737:1000 Years of Annoying the French
1914:equivalent for sparkling wine is
1840:and source their grapes from the
1587:is made in both fully sparkling (
1208:Blanquette méthode ancestrale AOC
845:and are governed under their own
585:(white of whites) made from 100%
182:in some cheaper sparkling wines.
4880:
4588:
2697:p. 25, Harper Collins Publisher
2210:of the country, particularly in
2131:Domeniile Alexandrion Rhein 1892
2047:
711:Bubbles in a rosé sparkling wine
330:fall of the Western Roman Empire
34:
3798:
3785:The Sotheby's Wine Encyclopedia
3763:
3741:
3732:
3702:
3681:
3651:
3629:
3611:
3570:
3521:
3509:. Cornell University Law School
3499:
3457:
3439:
3371:
3366:Wein-Plus Glossar: Schlumberger
3359:
3312:
3260:
3240:
3214:
3203:pp. 129–130, Hungry Minds 2001
2991:
2972:
2912:
2863:
2844:
2568:
1871:grapes growing in vineyards in
1772:pressure. It also comes with a
1613:are generally labeled as such.
1233:Either still or sparkling are:
848:Appellation d'origine contrôlée
645:, the dead yeast cells (called
512:early when there is still high
4646:
3560:"VQA Ontario Wines – Overview"
3346:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
3326:. Bundesministerium der Justiz
3066:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
2961:, p. 302. Workman Publishing.
2784:, p. 790. Workman Publishing.
2729:
2642:"The Oxford Companion to Wine"
2488:. The county is noted for its
2125:and a Romanian variety called
577:. While there are examples of
217:Oltrepò Pavese Metodo Classico
13:
1:
4843:Glossary of viticulture terms
3578:"Canada's bubbly personality"
3465:"Wineries – Wines of Ukraine"
2614:
2486:Prince Edward County, Ontario
1259:Other European sparkling wine
1014:Crémant de Wallonie (Belgium)
480:
4848:Glossary of winemaking terms
3719:The Oxford Companion to Wine
3182:pp 95–98, Hungry Minds 2001
3161:pp 61–62, Hungry Minds 2001
3045:The Oxford Companion to Wine
3024:The Oxford Companion to Wine
2803:"How Sparkling Wine is Made"
2761:The Oxford Companion to Wine
2519:
2192:In Ukraine, sparkling wine (
1762:Sekt typically comes with a
876:
765:
229:), Espumante from Portugal,
178:), or as a result of simple
7:
3828:De salubri potu dissertatio
3368:, accessed on 6 March 2013.
2988:, accessed on 1 April 2008.
2602:
2502:The Hinterland Wine Company
2202:
1611:made within defined regions
1157:Other French sparkling wine
1124:being forbidden within the
1106:on its lees. The sparkling
567:. The wines may go through
112:with significant levels of
10:
4934:
4768:Yeast assimilable nitrogen
3401:. Englishwineproducers.com
3256:doi:10.1002/ciuz.200900520
2892:Winepros Limited (2000) .
2739:p. 179, Bantam Press 2010
2450:Niagara Peninsula wineries
2448:. Approximately 26 of the
2156:
2000:
1865:Vöslauer weißer Schaumwein
1460:
1267:
943:
880:
769:
700:
696:
484:
356:
268:has been observed in wine
258:
254:
4876:
4858:History of the wine press
4825:
4809:
4781:
4748:Sparkling wine production
4733:
4715:
4682:
4654:
4582:
4521:
4483:
4378:
4355:
4238:
4125:
4113:
4006:
3934:
3891:
3851:
3305:Johann Christian Schedel
3201:Italian Wines for Dummies
3180:Italian Wines for Dummies
3159:Italian Wines for Dummies
2594:method and red sparkling
2496:, Prince Edward County's
2490:Prince Edward County Wine
2365:
2197:
1905:
1861:Robert Alwin Schlumberger
1752:European Court of Justice
1591:) and lightly sparkling (
1557:sparkling wine from Italy
1534:grape in the province of
1391:Portuguese pronunciation:
1382:Portuguese sparkling wine
581:sparkling wines, such as
552:sparkling wines and some
487:Sparkling wine production
284:as well as both good and
249:United Kingdom winemakers
4853:Wine tasting descriptors
4574:Wine tasting descriptors
4503:Phenolic content in wine
4395:Alternative wine closure
3979:Great French Wine Blight
3883:
3268:Chemische Köstlichkeiten
2984:23 December 2017 at the
2554:
2440:, and in particular the
2236:New World sparkling wine
2188:Ukrainian sparkling wine
1203:Blanquette de Limoux AOC
897:grape struggles to ripen
322:English glass production
180:carbon dioxide injection
4743:Malolactic fermentation
3810:Stellenrust Wine Estate
3309:, Leipzig 1790, p. 306.
2241:American sparkling wine
2039:Romanian sparkling wine
2009:Sovetskoye Shampanskoye
2003:Sovetskoye Shampanskoye
1997:Sovetskoye Shampanskoye
1834:Austro-Hungarian empire
1756:winemaking cooperatives
1727:Georg Christian Kessler
1662:bestimmter Anbaugebiete
1616:
1263:
1144:Moselle Luxembourgeoise
1034:and are a blend of the
569:malolactic fermentation
444:, Australia, Italy and
64:more precise citations.
3117:The World of Fine Wine
2714:D. & P. Kladstrup
2693:D. & P. Kladstrup
2532:
2424:Henry of Pelham Winery
2358:
2348:
2159:English sparkling wine
2153:English sparkling wine
2135:Royal House of Romania
1953:
1940:József Törley és Társa
1917:
1686:
1683:high-speed photography
1626:méthode traditionnelle
1558:
1473:
1457:Italian sparkling wine
1347:denominación de origen
1283:
1282:(semi-dry) rosado Cava
1213:Bourgogne mousseux AOC
1186:
1176:
1166:
1134:
1120:
953:
892:
793:
735:
712:
619:
606:Secondary fermentation
595:secondary fermentation
497:
373:
272:and has been noted by
102:
4544:Wine and food pairing
3783:T. Stevenson (2005).
3605:winecountryontario.ca
2527:
2507:Sparkling icewine in
2307:'s Domaine Carneros.
2214:, Prychornomoria and
1745:in general. The 1919
1676:
1552:
1471:
1277:
1228:Touraine mousseux AOC
1164:
1010:Crémant de Luxembourg
951:
890:
827:Champagne wine region
821:French sparkling wine
791:
770:Further information:
729:
710:
613:
494:
367:
251:after a long hiatus.
97:
4195:Muscat of Alexandria
3663:winecompanion.com.au
2295:'s Domaine Chandon,
2257:where, in 1892, the
2251:Russian River Valley
2071:improve this section
1747:Treaty of Versailles
1677:Opening a bottle of
1395:[ɨʃpuˈmɐ̃tɨ]
1218:Clairette de Die AOC
1193:Sparkling-only are:
1108:Blanquette de Limoux
1046:. AOC laws do allow
980:Crémant de Bourgogne
753:University of Surrey
749:alcohol intoxication
378:standard atmospheres
305:Abbey of Hautvillers
261:History of Champagne
201:Blanquette de Limoux
18:Semi-sparkling wines
4773:Yeast in winemaking
4725:Carbonic maceration
3689:"Australian report"
3484:K. MacNeil (2001).
3252:Chemie unserer Zeit
3043:J. Robinson (ed.).
3022:J. Robinson (ed.).
2957:K. MacNeil (2001).
2936:K. MacNeil (2001).
2829:G. Harding (2005).
2780:K. MacNeil (2001).
2359:méthode champenoise
2349:méthode champenoise
2342:and the success of
2220:46th parallel north
1883:before he moved to
1814:méthode champenoise
1723:Esslingen am Neckar
1482:méthode champenoise
1342:dryness of the wine
1316:méthode champenoise
1270:Cava (Spanish wine)
1223:Saumur mousseux AOC
1187:méthode champenoise
1177:méthode champenoise
1135:méthode champenoise
1121:méthode champenoise
977:Crémant de Bordeaux
915:methode champenoise
353:Semi-sparkling wine
318:wooden wine barrels
4763:Traditional method
4564:Wine personalities
4268:Cabernet Sauvignon
3773:. 11 January 2017.
3717:J. Robinson (ed.)
3669:on 1 December 2017
3623:hinterlandwine.com
3266:Prof. Klaus Roth:
3246:Prof. Klaus Roth:
2759:J. Robinson (ed.)
2672:T. Stevenson, ed.
2533:
2334:The growth of the
1869:Blauer Portugieser
1828:are made from the
1779:Emperor Wilhelm II
1687:
1667:Qualitätswein b.A.
1652:. Sekt labeled as
1559:
1474:
1352:Traditional Method
1284:
1198:Anjou mousseux AOC
1167:
1056:Cabernet Sauvignon
962:traditional method
954:
952:A Crémant d'Alsace
932:. Pinot noir adds
893:
871:methode ancestrale
854:methode ancestrale
794:
736:
713:
659:methode ancestrale
630:"champagne method"
620:
530:phenolic compounds
498:
436:Red sparkling wine
384:; 510 to 610
374:
346:Christopher Merret
282:phases of the moon
270:throughout history
172:traditional method
159:styles to sweeter
103:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4893:
4664:Late harvest wine
4614:
4613:
4351:
4350:
4248:Alicante Bouschet
3996:Judgment of Paris
3831:free Google ebook
3535:on 6 October 2011
3344:J. Robinson (ed)
3320:"§ 2 Steuertarif"
3064:J. Robinson (ed)
2831:A Wine Miscellany
2640:J. Robinson (ed)
2494:Niagara Peninsula
2442:Niagara Peninsula
2338:wine industry in
2284:sweetness of wine
2107:
2106:
2099:
1805:(often red) from
1664:, in parallel to
1331:Spanish Champagne
1001:Crémant de Savoie
994:Crémant de Limoux
757:levels of alcohol
359:Frizzante (horse)
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
4925:
4918:Wine terminology
4885:
4884:
4641:
4634:
4627:
4618:
4617:
4593:
4592:
4508:Proteins in wine
4175:Grüner Veltliner
4123:
4122:
3878:
3871:
3864:
3855:
3854:
3836:
3835:
3814:
3813:
3802:
3796:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3758:
3756:
3745:
3739:
3736:
3730:
3715:
3709:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3696:tysonstelzer.com
3693:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3665:. Archived from
3655:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3644:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3597:
3586:
3585:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3556:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3531:. Archived from
3525:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3503:
3497:
3482:
3473:
3472:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3406:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3342:
3336:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3316:
3310:
3301:
3295:
3280:
3271:
3264:
3258:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3218:
3212:
3197:
3191:
3176:
3170:
3155:
3149:
3148:
3142:
3134:
3133:on 13 July 2011.
3132:
3126:. Archived from
3125:
3115:Stevenson, Tom,
3112:
3101:
3086:
3077:
3062:
3056:
3041:
3035:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
2995:
2989:
2976:
2970:
2955:
2949:
2934:
2928:
2927:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2900:on 9 August 2008
2889:
2880:
2879:
2867:
2861:
2860:
2848:
2842:
2827:
2818:
2817:
2815:
2813:
2799:
2793:
2778:
2772:
2757:
2748:
2733:
2727:
2712:
2706:
2691:
2685:
2670:
2653:
2638:
2545:sparkling Shiraz
2376:British Columbia
2361:
2351:
2340:New York (state)
2289:champagne houses
2261:(emigrated from
2205:
2199:
2139:King Ferdinand I
2102:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2082:
2051:
2043:
1965:or natives like
1956:
1920:
1822:Grüner Veltliner
1803:
1397:
1392:
1189:
1179:
1137:
1123:
998:Crémant de Loire
973:Crémant d'Alsace
883:Champagne (wine)
867:Clairette de Die
670:such as 3 litre
126:Champagne region
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
4933:
4932:
4928:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4923:
4922:
4913:Sparkling wines
4903:
4902:
4901:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4887:Wine portal
4879:
4872:
4863:History of wine
4821:
4805:
4777:
4729:
4711:
4692:Deacidification
4678:
4650:
4645:
4615:
4610:
4595:Wine portal
4587:
4578:
4517:
4479:
4384:
4374:
4347:
4234:
4215:Sauvignon blanc
4150:Cayetana blanca
4118:
4116:grape varieties
4109:
4002:
3930:
3887:
3882:
3847:
3823:
3818:
3817:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3782:
3778:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3754:
3752:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3733:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3670:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3642:
3640:
3639:. 14 March 2012
3635:
3634:
3630:
3617:
3616:
3612:
3599:
3598:
3589:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3558:
3557:
3548:
3538:
3536:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3512:
3510:
3505:
3504:
3500:
3483:
3476:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3430:
3428:
3419:
3418:
3414:
3404:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3392:
3385:
3376:
3372:
3364:
3360:
3343:
3339:
3329:
3327:
3318:
3317:
3313:
3302:
3298:
3281:
3274:
3265:
3261:
3245:
3241:
3231:
3229:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3198:
3194:
3177:
3173:
3156:
3152:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3123:
3113:
3104:
3087:
3080:
3063:
3059:
3042:
3038:
3021:
3017:
3007:
3005:
2999:"Sula Classics"
2997:
2996:
2992:
2986:Wayback Machine
2977:
2973:
2956:
2952:
2935:
2931:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2903:
2901:
2890:
2883:
2868:
2864:
2849:
2845:
2828:
2821:
2811:
2809:
2801:
2800:
2796:
2779:
2775:
2758:
2751:
2734:
2730:
2713:
2709:
2692:
2688:
2671:
2656:
2639:
2622:
2617:
2605:
2584:Sauvignon blanc
2571:
2557:
2522:
2412:Benjamin Bridge
2368:
2301:Roederer Estate
2293:Moët et Chandon
2259:Korbel brothers
2243:
2238:
2190:
2161:
2155:
2127:Fetească Regală
2103:
2092:
2086:
2083:
2068:
2052:
2041:
2005:
1999:
1908:
1797:
1771:
1631:
1619:
1571:Blanc de blancs
1466:
1459:
1437:
1390:
1384:
1329:referred to as
1272:
1266:
1261:
1243:Saint-Péray AOC
1159:
1052:Sauvignon blanc
989:Crémant du Jura
946:
885:
879:
823:
778:
768:
705:
699:
664:transfer method
641:and eventually
632:where the base
616:transfer method
608:
583:blanc de blancs
489:
483:
438:
390:automobile tire
380:(73 to 88
362:
355:
263:
257:
176:Charmat process
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4931:
4921:
4920:
4915:
4898:
4897:
4892:
4891:
4877:
4874:
4873:
4871:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4829:
4827:
4823:
4822:
4820:
4819:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4787:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4753:Sugars in wine
4750:
4745:
4739:
4737:
4731:
4730:
4728:
4727:
4721:
4719:
4713:
4712:
4710:
4709:
4704:
4702:Chaptalization
4699:
4694:
4688:
4686:
4680:
4679:
4677:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4660:
4658:
4652:
4651:
4644:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4621:
4612:
4611:
4609:
4608:
4603:
4598:
4583:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4529:Classification
4525:
4523:
4519:
4518:
4516:
4515:
4513:Sugars in wine
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4489:
4487:
4485:Wine chemistry
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4460:Wine dispenser
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4391:
4389:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4361:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4349:
4348:
4346:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4263:Cabernet Franc
4260:
4255:
4250:
4244:
4242:
4236:
4235:
4233:
4232:
4230:Welschriesling
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4185:Müller-Thurgau
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4131:
4129:
4120:
4111:
4110:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4021:
4016:
4010:
4008:
4004:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3998:
3988:
3983:
3982:
3981:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3952:Ancient Greece
3949:
3940:
3938:
3932:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3897:
3895:
3889:
3888:
3881:
3880:
3873:
3866:
3858:
3852:
3849:
3848:
3833:
3832:
3822:
3821:External links
3819:
3816:
3815:
3797:
3776:
3762:
3740:
3731:
3710:
3701:
3680:
3650:
3628:
3610:
3587:
3569:
3546:
3520:
3498:
3486:The Wine Bible
3474:
3456:
3438:
3427:on 7 June 2012
3412:
3390:
3386:(in Hungarian)
3370:
3358:
3337:
3311:
3296:
3284:The Wine Bible
3272:
3259:
3239:
3213:
3192:
3171:
3150:
3102:
3090:The Wine Bible
3078:
3057:
3036:
3015:
3003:Sula Vineyards
2990:
2971:
2959:The Wine Bible
2950:
2938:The Wine Bible
2929:
2911:
2881:
2862:
2843:
2819:
2794:
2782:The Wine Bible
2773:
2749:
2728:
2707:
2686:
2654:
2619:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2604:
2601:
2570:
2567:
2556:
2553:
2521:
2518:
2428:Jackson-Triggs
2420:Cristal (wine)
2416:Louis Roederer
2367:
2364:
2297:Louis Roederer
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2224:Transcarpathia
2189:
2186:
2178:Reichensteiner
2174:Müller-Thurgau
2157:Main article:
2154:
2151:
2105:
2104:
2055:
2053:
2046:
2040:
2037:
2001:Main article:
1998:
1995:
1959:Muscat Ottonel
1907:
1904:
1856:(medium dry).
1818:Welschriesling
1769:
1731:Veuve Clicquot
1712:Sektkellereien
1654:Deutscher Sekt
1629:
1618:
1615:
1609:vini frizzanti
1540:Moscato d'Asti
1525:Charmat method
1458:
1455:
1445:region and in
1435:
1383:
1380:
1322:Josep Raventós
1268:Main article:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1231:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1158:
1155:
1150:Sula Vineyards
1126:European Union
1096:Languedoc wine
1072:Pineau d'aunis
1044:Cabernet franc
1016:
1015:
1012:
1003:
1002:
999:
996:
991:
986:
984:Crémant de Die
981:
978:
975:
958:carbon dioxide
945:
942:
881:Main article:
878:
875:
822:
819:
818:
817:
811:
805:
767:
764:
698:
695:
680:Charmat method
607:
604:
554:blanc de noirs
485:Main article:
482:
479:
465:and sparkling
437:
434:
354:
351:
338:residual sugar
310:catcher's mask
256:
253:
187:European Union
139:, Bonarda and
122:European Union
114:carbon dioxide
106:Sparkling wine
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4930:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4875:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4830:
4828:
4824:
4818:
4815:
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4812:
4808:
4802:
4799:
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4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4780:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4720:
4718:
4714:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4693:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4642:
4637:
4635:
4630:
4628:
4623:
4622:
4619:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4520:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4498:Acids in wine
4496:
4494:
4493:Aroma of wine
4491:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4390:
4388:
4382:
4377:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4357:Major regions
4354:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4313:Montepulciano
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4243:
4241:
4237:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4223:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4211:
4208:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4112:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4078:
4077:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4005:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3933:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3874:
3872:
3867:
3865:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3837:
3830:
3829:
3825:
3824:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3794:
3793:0-7566-1324-8
3790:
3786:
3780:
3772:
3766:
3750:
3749:"Wine styles"
3744:
3735:
3728:
3727:0-19-860990-6
3724:
3720:
3714:
3705:
3697:
3690:
3684:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3654:
3638:
3632:
3624:
3620:
3614:
3606:
3602:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3565:
3564:vqaontario.ca
3561:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3508:
3502:
3495:
3494:1-56305-434-5
3491:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3426:
3422:
3416:
3400:
3394:
3384:
3383:963-00-7729-9
3380:
3374:
3367:
3362:
3355:
3354:0-19-860990-6
3351:
3347:
3341:
3325:
3321:
3315:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3293:
3292:1-56305-434-5
3289:
3285:
3279:
3277:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3243:
3227:
3223:
3217:
3210:
3209:0-7645-5355-0
3206:
3202:
3196:
3189:
3188:0-7645-5355-0
3185:
3181:
3175:
3168:
3167:0-7645-5355-0
3164:
3160:
3154:
3146:
3140:
3129:
3122:
3119:(June 2008).
3118:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3099:
3098:1-56305-434-5
3095:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3075:
3074:0-19-860990-6
3071:
3067:
3061:
3054:
3053:0-19-860990-6
3050:
3046:
3040:
3033:
3032:0-19-860990-6
3029:
3025:
3019:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2975:
2968:
2967:1-56305-434-5
2964:
2960:
2954:
2947:
2946:1-56305-434-5
2943:
2939:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2899:
2895:
2888:
2886:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2839:0-307-34635-8
2836:
2832:
2826:
2824:
2808:
2804:
2798:
2791:
2790:1-56305-434-5
2787:
2783:
2777:
2770:
2769:0-19-860990-6
2766:
2762:
2756:
2754:
2746:
2745:9780593062722
2742:
2738:
2732:
2725:
2724:0-06-073792-1
2721:
2717:
2711:
2704:
2703:0-06-073792-1
2700:
2696:
2690:
2683:
2682:0-7513-3740-4
2679:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2651:
2650:0-19-860990-6
2647:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2620:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2566:
2563:
2552:
2550:
2546:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2526:
2517:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2410:and in 2012,
2409:
2403:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2341:
2337:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2255:Sonoma County
2252:
2248:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2204:
2195:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2121:and a mix of
2120:
2116:
2112:
2101:
2098:
2090:
2087:February 2021
2080:
2076:
2072:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2056:This section
2054:
2050:
2045:
2044:
2036:
2034:
2033:Muscat grapes
2030:
2027:, Russia and
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1979:Királyleányka
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1919:
1913:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1846:Lower Austria
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1830:Blaufränkisch
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1808:
1804:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1783:Imperial Navy
1780:
1775:
1767:
1766:
1760:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1604:
1600:
1598:
1597:Valdobbiadene
1594:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1470:
1464:
1454:
1452:
1449:sub region –
1448:
1447:Távora-Varosa
1444:
1439:
1432:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1388:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1254:
1253:Montlouis AOC
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1173:
1163:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1006:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
979:
976:
974:
971:
970:
969:
967:
963:
959:
950:
941:
939:
935:
931:
930:aging ability
926:
925:
918:
916:
911:
907:
903:
898:
889:
884:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
855:
850:
849:
844:
840:
839:Pinot Meunier
836:
832:
828:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
799:
796:
795:
790:
786:
784:
777:
773:
763:
760:
758:
754:
750:
745:
741:
740:Tom Stevenson
733:
728:
724:
722:
718:
709:
704:
694:
691:
687:
682:
681:
675:
673:
669:
665:
661:
660:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
631:
627:
626:
617:
612:
603:
601:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
575:
570:
566:
562:
557:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
493:
488:
478:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
443:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
402:
397:
396:
391:
387:
383:
379:
371:
366:
360:
350:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
314:
311:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:Ancient Greek
271:
267:
266:Effervescence
262:
252:
250:
245:
241:
237:
236:József Törley
232:
228:
227:
222:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
197:
192:
188:
183:
181:
177:
173:
169:
164:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
101:
96:
92:
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
4878:
4735:Fermentation
4586:
4569:Wine tasting
4190:Muscat blanc
4160:Chenin blanc
4023:
3957:Ancient Rome
3827:
3809:
3800:
3784:
3779:
3765:
3755:22 September
3753:. Retrieved
3751:. Wosa.co.za
3743:
3734:
3718:
3713:
3704:
3695:
3683:
3671:. Retrieved
3667:the original
3662:
3653:
3641:. Retrieved
3631:
3622:
3613:
3604:
3581:
3572:
3563:
3537:. Retrieved
3533:the original
3523:
3511:. Retrieved
3501:
3485:
3468:
3459:
3450:
3441:
3429:. Retrieved
3425:the original
3415:
3403:. Retrieved
3393:
3373:
3361:
3345:
3340:
3328:. Retrieved
3323:
3314:
3306:
3299:
3283:
3267:
3262:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3230:. Retrieved
3225:
3216:
3200:
3195:
3179:
3174:
3158:
3153:
3128:the original
3116:
3089:
3065:
3060:
3044:
3039:
3023:
3018:
3006:. Retrieved
3002:
2993:
2974:
2958:
2953:
2937:
2932:
2923:
2914:
2902:. Retrieved
2898:the original
2875:
2865:
2857:The Guardian
2856:
2846:
2830:
2810:. Retrieved
2806:
2797:
2781:
2776:
2760:
2736:
2731:
2715:
2710:
2694:
2689:
2673:
2641:
2588:Chenin blanc
2572:
2569:South Africa
2558:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:Yarra Valley
2506:
2483:
2436:
2404:
2369:
2354:Finger Lakes
2336:Finger Lakes
2333:
2329:
2309:
2244:
2203:ihryste vyno
2198:ігристе вино
2191:
2170:Seyval blanc
2162:
2108:
2093:
2084:
2069:Please help
2057:
2006:
1967:Olaszrizling
1963:Muscat Lunel
1954:champagneois
1942:moving from
1915:
1909:
1899:
1889:
1864:
1858:
1813:
1811:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1773:
1763:
1761:
1734:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1688:
1678:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1608:
1603:v.f.q.p.r.d.
1602:
1601:
1592:
1588:
1583:
1579:
1570:
1567:Pinot bianco
1560:
1543:
1529:
1497:Franciacorta
1486:
1481:
1477:
1475:
1440:
1433:
1427:
1404:
1400:
1385:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1337:in Spanish.
1334:
1330:
1314:
1311:Alto Penedés
1286:
1285:
1279:
1232:
1192:
1181:
1171:
1168:
1148:
1143:
1131:
1112:
1040:Chenin blanc
1028:Loire Valley
1017:
1004:
966:appellations
955:
922:
919:
914:
894:
870:
852:
846:
842:
824:
813:
807:
801:
798:Brut Natural
797:
779:
761:
737:
731:
714:
678:
676:
671:
668:wine bottles
657:
655:
643:disgorgement
633:
629:
623:
621:
582:
572:
561:fermentation
559:The primary
558:
553:
522:sugar levels
502:viticultural
499:
439:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
399:
393:
375:
340:and dormant
334:fermentation
315:
301:Dom Pérignon
290:
286:evil spirits
264:
225:
209:Franciacorta
194:
190:
184:
168:fermentation
165:
160:
156:
105:
104:
91:
76:
70:October 2016
67:
48:
4838:Wine bottle
4810:Other steps
4801:Wine cellar
4758:Süssreserve
4450:Wine cellar
4440:Wine bottle
4381:accessories
4379:Packaging,
4338:Tempranillo
3967:Noah's wine
3947:Phoenicians
3893:Viticulture
3601:"Sparkling"
3582:macleans.ca
3282:K. MacNeil
3088:K. MacNeil
2467:Vidal Blanc
2432:Inniskillin
2384:Nova Scotia
2312:wine making
1900:Hubert J.E.
1854:halbtrocken
1842:Weinviertel
1798: [
1739:Weltsekttag
1695:Pinot blanc
1575:atmospheres
1451:Murganheira
1423:Estremadura
1307:Extremadura
1248:Vouvray AOC
1238:Gaillac AOC
1084:Pinot blanc
744:micrometers
703:Carbonation
625:traditional
600:atmospheres
514:acid levels
424:and French
408:and French
368:A glass of
98:A glass of
62:introducing
4907:Categories
4717:Maceration
4707:Wine press
4697:Destemming
4648:Winemaking
4554:Wine fraud
4549:Wine fault
4534:Oenophilia
4470:Wine label
4465:Wine glass
4430:Port tongs
4328:Sangiovese
4323:Pinot noir
4283:Douce noir
4210:Rkatsiteli
4155:Chardonnay
4145:Catarratto
4119:by acreage
4093:Biodynamic
4056:Aromatized
3845:winemaking
3673:17 January
3513:11 January
3008:28 October
2807:Wine Folly
2615:References
2580:Pinot noir
2576:Chardonnay
2471:Pinot Noir
2459:Chardonnay
2305:Taittinger
2212:Bessarabia
2143:Alba Iulia
2123:Chardonnay
2119:Chardonnay
1983:Hárslevelű
1971:Kékfrankos
1948:Soviet era
1932:Buda Hills
1928:Bratislava
1896:Bratislava
1873:Bad Vöslau
1844:region in
1774:Schaumwein
1743:oenophiles
1735:Champagner
1708:Winzersekt
1703:Pinot noir
1699:Pinot gris
1634:Schaumwein
1521:Trento DOC
1372:Pinot noir
1368:Chardonnay
1326:phylloxera
1140:Luxembourg
1088:Pinot gris
1060:Pinot noir
1036:Chardonnay
924:négociants
835:Pinot noir
831:Chardonnay
808:Extra Brut
783:wine label
721:frothiness
717:nucleation
701:See also:
587:Chardonnay
546:tinted red
542:Pinot noir
534:maceration
506:winemaking
481:Production
420:, Italian
404:, Italian
398:, Spanish
372:from Italy
293:wine fault
259:See also:
213:Trento DOC
147:sparkling
145:Australian
143:, and the
45:references
4669:Noble rot
4559:Winemaker
4539:Sommelier
4475:Wine rack
4455:Wine cork
4445:Wine cave
4435:Screw cap
4405:Corkscrew
4370:New World
4365:Old World
4343:Zinfandel
4318:Mourvèdre
4225:Trebbiano
4165:Colombard
4066:Noble rot
4046:Fortified
4024:Sparkling
3991:New World
3643:8 October
2735:S Clarke
2716:Champagne
2695:Champagne
2520:Australia
2479:Champagne
2396:Languedoc
2388:Champagne
2275:Chasselas
2194:Ukrainian
2166:Auxerrois
2058:does not
1912:Hungarian
1892:Pressburg
1887:in 1842.
1877:Stuttgart
1852:(dry) or
1816:with the
1716:Hauersekt
1658:Sekt b.A.
1593:frizzante
1544:frizzante
1513:Lambrusco
1387:Espumante
1360:Parellada
1291:Catalonia
1280:semi-seco
1020:harvested
902:limestone
877:Champagne
802:Brut Zéro
766:Sweetness
686:clarified
510:harvested
471:Australia
459:Gutturnio
455:Lambrusco
451:Brachetto
426:pétillant
422:frizzante
370:Lambrusco
153:sweetness
141:Lambrusco
137:Brachetto
118:champagne
100:champagne
4684:Pressing
4606:Glossary
4522:Industry
4415:Jug wine
4410:Decanter
4400:Box wine
4298:Isabella
4293:Grenache
4273:Carignan
4220:Sémillon
4205:Riesling
4200:Palomino
3943:Ancient
3926:Vineyard
3921:Veraison
3906:Oenology
3469:ukr.wine
3451:ukr.wine
3232:17 April
3139:cite web
2982:Archived
2876:Decanter
2603:See also
2596:Pinotage
2463:Riesling
2392:Provence
2344:Riesling
2320:vintages
2271:Traminer
2267:Muscatel
2147:Carassia
1987:Kéknyelű
1795:Krimsekt
1691:Riesling
1638:Perlwein
1607:quality
1589:spumante
1585:Prosecco
1555:Prosecco
1509:Piedmont
1501:Lombardy
1489:Prosecco
1478:spumante
1443:Bairrada
1419:Alentejo
1411:Ribatejo
1364:Xarel·lo
1335:champaña
1299:La Rioja
1295:Valencia
1172:Mousseux
1080:Burgundy
1076:Grolleau
843:Crémants
690:soda pop
672:jeroboam
639:riddling
591:vintages
579:varietal
418:spritzig
414:Mousseux
406:Spumante
401:Espumoso
226:spumante
205:Prosecco
191:Mousseux
4868:Terroir
4826:Related
4674:Vintage
4656:Harvest
4601:Outline
4425:Muselet
4387:storage
4278:Cinsaut
4253:Barbera
4180:Macabeo
4140:Aligoté
4098:Organic
4088:Natural
4041:Dessert
3986:Georgia
3936:History
3916:Terroir
3911:Species
3698:. 2017.
2812:7 March
2609:Muselet
2592:Charmat
2509:Ontario
2498:terroir
2455:Charmat
2438:Ontario
2372:Ontario
2263:Bohemia
2182:Bacchus
2079:removed
2064:sources
2029:Ukraine
2025:Moldova
2021:Belarus
2017:Armenia
2013:Georgia
1991:Juhfark
1975:Furmint
1936:Budafok
1926:(today
1924:Pozsony
1881:Ruinart
1850:trocken
1792:, like
1765:muselet
1563:Brescia
1532:Moscato
1463:Spumoni
1376:Subirat
1356:Macabeu
1182:Crémant
1116:Vouvray
1092:Aligoté
944:Crémant
910:extract
873:wines.
859:Gaillac
697:Bubbles
656:In the
538:pressed
477:grape.
467:Barbera
463:Bonarda
446:Moldova
410:Crémant
255:History
196:Crémant
134:Italian
58:improve
4833:Winery
4796:Solera
4420:Kvevri
4308:Merlot
4303:Malbec
4103:Kosher
4079:Other
4034:Orange
4007:Styles
3974:France
3791:
3725:
3539:31 May
3492:
3431:17 May
3405:17 May
3381:
3352:
3330:17 May
3290:
3207:
3186:
3165:
3096:
3072:
3051:
3030:
2965:
2944:
2904:17 May
2837:
2788:
2767:
2743:
2722:
2701:
2680:
2648:
2549:Shiraz
2514:dosage
2446:Canada
2408:France
2400:France
2380:Quebec
2366:Canada
2303:, and
2216:Crimea
2180:, and
2111:Panciu
1918:pezsgő
1906:Pezsgő
1885:Vienna
1838:Vienna
1807:Crimea
1650:France
1519:. The
1517:Emilia
1493:Veneto
1374:, and
1303:Aragon
1100:Mauzac
1048:cuvées
1032:Saumur
863:Limoux
774:, and
732:mousse
651:dosage
565:yeasts
526:yields
475:Shiraz
430:tirage
297:Limoux
244:Törley
151:. The
149:Shiraz
47:, but
4783:Aging
4333:Syrah
4288:Gamay
4258:Bobal
4170:Glera
4135:Airén
4127:White
4083:Table
4071:Straw
4061:Fruit
4019:White
3962:China
3841:Wines
3692:(PDF)
3131:(PDF)
3124:(PDF)
2555:Chile
2475:Gamay
2418:2004
2316:cuvée
2247:André
2229:Shabo
2208:south
2115:Azuga
1944:Reims
1802:]
1646:Spain
1642:Italy
1542:is a
1515:from
1507:from
1499:from
1491:from
1429:VQPRD
1415:Minho
1407:Douro
1104:aging
1064:Gamay
1050:with
938:aroma
906:chalk
634:cuvée
574:cuvée
496:skin.
342:yeast
278:Roman
240:Reims
108:is a
4385:and
4114:Top
4029:Rosé
3885:Wine
3843:and
3789:ISBN
3757:2018
3723:ISBN
3675:2022
3645:2017
3541:2011
3515:2011
3490:ISBN
3433:2014
3407:2014
3379:ISBN
3350:ISBN
3332:2008
3288:ISBN
3234:2023
3205:ISBN
3184:ISBN
3163:ISBN
3145:link
3094:ISBN
3070:ISBN
3049:ISBN
3028:ISBN
3010:2022
2963:ISBN
2942:ISBN
2906:2014
2835:ISBN
2814:2023
2786:ISBN
2765:ISBN
2741:ISBN
2720:ISBN
2699:ISBN
2678:ISBN
2646:ISBN
2586:and
2578:and
2562:Pais
2473:and
2430:and
2394:and
2382:and
2324:lees
2273:and
2062:any
2060:cite
1989:and
1934:and
1910:The
1826:rosé
1820:and
1790:Sekt
1701:and
1679:Sekt
1648:and
1622:Sekt
1617:Sekt
1536:Asti
1511:and
1505:Asti
1287:Cava
1264:Cava
1074:and
1042:and
934:body
865:and
837:and
814:Brut
677:The
647:lees
614:The
550:rosé
518:brix
504:and
500:The
453:and
442:rosé
395:Sekt
326:cork
276:and
231:Cava
221:Asti
219:and
193:and
161:doux
157:brut
130:rosé
110:wine
4791:Oak
4240:Red
4051:Ice
4014:Red
3250:in
2398:of
2299:'s
2280:AVA
2253:of
2141:at
2073:by
1725:by
1421:or
1086:or
1068:Côt
1024:AOC
800:or
628:or
412:or
386:kPa
382:psi
185:In
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3694:.
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3621:.
3603:.
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2168:,
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1977:,
1973:,
1969:,
1961:,
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1697:,
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