356:), as well as a variety of other Arabic, Persian and Turkish titles both in a technical sense for the commander-in-chief of the army as well as the governors and army commanders of important regions, as well as in a more general sense of "general officer". The title was also used by the
596:) were commonly used in the titulature of the senior commanders in the 13th century, but it seems to have been debased and fallen out of use thereafter. It is still attested as late as 1475 for a Mamluk commander-in-chief, but by this time the term
670:
it declined to signify the commander of ten men. Aside from this technical meaning, the term continued to be used in the Muslim states of India in the 14th–15th centuries as a generic term for "general officer", e.g. under the
455:
309:
and its Arabic equivalents in its original sense of "commander-in-chief", but also for commanders of specific contingents of their army, alongside the use of "plain"
379:
diminished the use of the title, bringing to the fore
Turkish and Mongol ones instead, but it remained in widespread use in the isolated and conservative regions of
1194:
924:
841:
1229:
1249:
917:
1378:
1267:
666:
signified the commander-in-chief, but in the 13th century it denoted an officer in command of 100 cavalry, and under the
862:
1353:
1244:
1176:
430:
the most prominent person to occupy it. The post was abolished again in 1664/77, after which a commander-in-chief (
160:), which during the Islamic era fell out of general use and became a regnal title among certain local dynasties in
1262:
1201:
910:
1055:
893:
475:
238:, it was given as a sign of conciliation as well as of particular honour to two rebellious Turkish generals,
1358:
695:
of Khans"), the Mughal commander-in-chief, especially when he led the army in place of the Mughal emperor.
1181:
1144:
246:
in 974/5. With the growing instability of the Buyid states towards the end of the century, the usage of
239:
17:
845:
463:
111:
during the 10th–15th centuries, to denote the senior-most military commanders, but also as a generic
1293:
1224:
1149:
427:
1383:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1348:
1007:
530:, both for regional military commanders but also, uniquely, as one of the personal titles of the
1254:
933:
459:
1272:
1154:
184:
in the later 10th century, with the rise to power of
Iranian dynasties during the so-called "
614:) continued to be used but in a generic sense, the usual terms for commander-in-chief being
1160:
1113:
548:
was the commander-in-chief of the army and jointly responsible with the Head
Chamberlain (
252:
became debased, and it came to mean simply 'commander' or just 'officer'. Among the later
8:
1118:
1002:
1213:
582:
509:
189:
185:
886:
State and
Society in Iran: The Eclipse of the Qajars and the Emergence of the Pahlavis
1239:
889:
872:
680:
467:
423:
1320:
1219:
1037:
676:
573:
326:
257:
253:
38:
1287:
1234:
946:
565:
112:
293:
dynasties, the Arabic and
Persian titles were supplemented by the Turkish title
1019:
857:
853:
647:
601:
290:
124:
1342:
1188:
1167:
977:
876:
849:
723:
504:
451:
409:
376:
357:
322:
181:
108:
1013:
951:
704:
692:
672:
550:
396:
267:), the title was applied to the commander-in-chief of the army, while the
1131:
956:
902:
651:
600:
was also applied generally to the guards of the Mamluk sultan. Among the
1138:
1044:
989:
667:
417:
300:
161:
1313:
1050:
1024:
996:
1299:
1084:
1066:
655:
628:
527:
495:
438:) was appointed only in wartime. The title re-appeared in the form
392:
243:
165:
143:
787:
1207:
1079:
684:
633:
621:
609:
538:
519:
491:
414:, used until then. The office was apparently usually held by the
284:
149:
1280:
1089:
1073:
1060:
983:
799:
752:
616:
514:
471:
433:
388:
384:
276:
235:
139:
76:
820:
818:
816:
814:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
1306:
659:
541:
486:
Buyid, and especially Seljuq influence, led to the spread of
380:
273:
was a separate office, possibly commanding the slave troops (
195:
192:', the title was used in parallel to the usual Arabic titles
360:, originally Seljuq vassals, who employed a unique variant,
147:
127:
1124:
811:
764:
731:
523:
344:
142:
texts of the 9th century. It was the equivalent of the old
572:) for military organization. The title survived among the
458:
in 1858, the reformist
Minister of War (and soon after
481:
439:
431:
415:
361:
342:
330:
310:
304:
294:
247:
175:
169:
155:
47:
31:
27:
Military title historically used in the
Islamic world
512:. The title was also in common use among the Turkic
407:
316:
282:
274:
268:
220:
208:
193:
133:
95:
81:
490:, alongside other Persian titles, westwards to the
646:From the Ghaznavids, the title also passed to the
508:, one of the four great ministers of state of the
1340:
454:, being held as an honorific by Minister of War
329:used a number of variants of the title, such as
391:shore. In Persia proper, it was revived by the
918:
839:
824:
805:
781:
758:
746:
445:
367:
351:
336:
54:
591:
555:
226:
214:
202:
102:
88:
60:
1230:Marshal of the Mongolian People's Republic
932:
925:
911:
863:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
675:, or as "commander-in-chief", e.g. in the
118:
1250:Marshal of the German Democratic Republic
883:
871:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 208–210.
793:
134:
840:Bosworth, C. E. & Digby, S. (1978).
687:, it was a title sometimes given to the
494:and even the Christian countries of the
372:), for commanders of frontier regions.
14:
1341:
906:
641:
634:
622:
610:
592:
569:
556:
482:Use in the Caucasus and the Mashriq
446:
368:
352:
337:
227:
215:
203:
107:), was a title used in much of the
103:
89:
55:
42:
24:
25:
1395:
1245:Marshal of the Russian Federation
321:) for less exalted generals. The
474:—in 1871, and by chief minister
401:
262:
716:
406:), replacing the Arabic title
242:in 971, and, after his death,
13:
1:
710:
476:Mohammad Vali Khan Tonekaboni
466:—who also built the namesake
295:
180:came into prominence in the
148:
128:
7:
1145:First marshal of the empire
722:"Kursi-i hazrat Zartosht",
698:
440:
432:
416:
408:
362:
343:
331:
317:
311:
305:
283:
275:
269:
248:
221:
209:
194:
176:
170:
156:
96:
82:
48:
32:
10:
1400:
1379:Government of Safavid Iran
833:
796:, pp. 26–27, 35, 203.
1354:Persian words and phrases
1109:
1102:
972:
965:
940:
825:Bosworth & Digby 1978
806:Bosworth & Digby 1978
782:Bosworth & Digby 1978
759:Bosworth & Digby 1978
747:Bosworth & Digby 1978
464:Mirza Husayn Khan Qazwini
456:Mirza Muhammad Khan Qajar
1294:Supreme Allied Commander
1225:Marshal of the air force
1150:General of the Air Force
884:Katouzian, Homa (2006).
842:"Ispahsālār, Sipahsālār"
498:: in Armenian it became
1008:Domestic of the Schools
138:), already attested in
123:The title derives from
119:Islamic East and Persia
1255:Field marshal (Uganda)
934:Highest military ranks
1155:General of the Armies
662:. Under the Ghurids,
240:Sebüktigin al-Mu'izzi
1161:Generalfeldmarschall
1114:Admiral of the fleet
188:". In its sense of '
1359:Commanders in chief
1119:Admiral of the Navy
1003:Constable of France
808:, pp. 209–210.
761:, pp. 208–209.
332:ispahsalar-i buzurg
135:𐬯𐬞𐬁𐬵⸱𐬯𐬁𐬮𐬁𐬭
642:Islamic South Asia
502:, and in Georgian
441:sipahsalar i-a'zam
190:commander-in-chief
186:Iranian Intermezzo
1334:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1240:Marshal of Poland
1098:
1097:
681:Deccan sultanates
468:Sepahsalar Mosque
450:) under the late
16:(Redirected from
1391:
1220:Marshal of Italy
1107:
1106:
1038:Magister militum
970:
969:
927:
920:
913:
904:
903:
899:
880:
828:
822:
809:
803:
797:
791:
785:
779:
762:
756:
750:
744:
729:
720:
677:Bengal Sultanate
637:
636:
625:
624:
613:
612:
595:
594:
574:Mamluks of Egypt
571:
559:
558:
449:
448:
443:
437:
421:
413:
405:
404: 1587–1629
403:
377:Mongol conquests
371:
370:
365:
355:
354:
349:
340:
339:
334:
327:Sultanate of Rum
320:
315:(and in Arabic,
314:
308:
298:
288:
280:
272:
266:
264:
258:Khalaf ibn Ahmad
254:Saffarid dynasty
251:
230:
229:
224:
218:
217:
212:
206:
205:
200:
179:
173:
168:. The titles of
159:
153:
137:
136:
131:
106:
105:
99:
92:
91:
85:
74:
71:
68:
65:
62:
58:
57:
51:
44:
35:
21:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1326:
1288:Reichsmarschall
1235:Marshal of Peru
1094:
961:
947:General officer
936:
931:
896:
858:Bosworth, C. E.
836:
831:
823:
812:
804:
800:
792:
788:
780:
765:
757:
753:
745:
732:
721:
717:
713:
701:
658:, and northern
644:
562:Wazīr al-Ṣaghīr
484:
400:
270:hajib al-hujjab
265: 963–1002
261:
121:
113:general officer
72:
69:
66:
63:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1397:
1387:
1386:
1384:Ottoman titles
1381:
1376:
1374:Samanid Empire
1371:
1369:Titles in Iraq
1366:
1364:Titles in Iran
1361:
1356:
1351:
1349:Military ranks
1332:
1331:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1296:
1291:
1284:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1210:
1205:
1202:Jenderal besar
1198:
1195:Chom Thap Thai
1191:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1171:
1164:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1135:
1128:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1093:
1092:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1070:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1041:
1034:
1027:
1022:
1020:Grand Domestic
1017:
1010:
1005:
1000:
993:
986:
981:
973:
967:
963:
962:
960:
959:
954:
949:
944:
941:
938:
937:
930:
929:
922:
915:
907:
901:
900:
894:
888:. I.B.Tauris.
881:
846:van Donzel, E.
835:
832:
830:
829:
827:, p. 210.
810:
798:
794:Katouzian 2006
786:
784:, p. 209.
763:
751:
749:, p. 208.
730:
714:
712:
709:
708:
707:
700:
697:
648:Ghurid dynasty
643:
640:
588:al-Isfahsalārī
526:and later the
510:Georgian realm
483:
480:
460:chief minister
363:qir isfahsalar
353:امیر اسپهسالار
338:اسپهسالار بزرگ
222:sahib al-jaysh
210:hajib al-kabir
125:Middle Persian
120:
117:
70:army commander
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1396:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1344:
1337:
1323:
1322:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1268:General (YPA)
1266:
1264:
1263:Field Marshal
1261:
1260:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1190:
1189:Grand marshal
1187:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1177:Generalissimo
1175:
1174:
1173:Soviet Union
1172:
1170:
1169:
1168:Generalissimo
1165:
1163:
1162:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1129:
1127:
1126:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1108:
1105:
1101:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1035:
1033:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1015:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
998:
994:
992:
991:
987:
985:
982:
980:
979:
978:Amir al-umara
975:
974:
971:
968:
964:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
942:
939:
935:
928:
923:
921:
916:
914:
909:
908:
905:
897:
891:
887:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
864:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
838:
837:
826:
821:
819:
817:
815:
807:
802:
795:
790:
783:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
760:
755:
748:
743:
741:
739:
737:
735:
727:
726:
719:
715:
706:
703:
702:
696:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
639:
631:
630:
619:
618:
607:
603:
599:
589:
585:
584:
579:
576:, where both
575:
567:
563:
553:
552:
547:
543:
540:
535:
534:themselves.
533:
529:
525:
521:
518:dynasties of
517:
516:
511:
507:
506:
505:Amirspasalari
501:
497:
493:
489:
479:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:Qajar dynasty
447:سپهسالار اعظم
442:
436:
435:
429:
425:
420:
419:
412:
411:
410:amir al-umara
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
373:
369:قیر اسفهسالار
364:
359:
358:Khwarizmshahs
348:
347:-i ispahsalar
346:
333:
328:
324:
323:Seljuq Empire
319:
313:
307:
302:
297:
292:
289:). Among the
287:
286:
279:
278:
271:
259:
255:
250:
245:
241:
237:
232:
223:
211:
199:
197:
191:
187:
183:
182:Islamic world
178:
172:
167:
163:
158:
154:(New Persian
152:
151:
145:
141:
130:
126:
116:
114:
110:
109:Islamic world
100:
98:
86:
84:
78:
52:
50:
40:
36:
34:
19:
1336:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1298:
1286:
1279:
1212:
1200:
1193:
1166:
1159:
1137:
1130:
1123:
1072:
1065:
1043:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1014:Dux bellorum
1012:
995:
988:
976:
952:Flag officer
885:
868:
861:
801:
789:
754:
724:
718:
705:Amirspasalar
688:
683:. Under the
673:Lodi dynasty
663:
650:, rulers of
645:
627:
615:
605:
597:
587:
581:
577:
561:
551:Ṣāhib al-Bāb
549:
545:
536:
531:
513:
503:
499:
487:
485:
397:Shah Abbas I
374:
233:
122:
94:
80:
79:rendered as
46:
30:
29:
1259:Yugoslavia
1132:Dayuanshuai
957:Air officer
854:Pellat, Ch.
652:Afghanistan
593:الإسفهسلاري
570:وزير الصغير
428:Rustam Khan
216:حاجب الكبير
204:حاجب الحجاب
1343:Categories
1139:Dai-gensui
1045:Megas doux
1031:Ispahsalar
990:Autokrator
895:1845112725
867:Volume IV:
711:References
689:Khankhanan
668:Tughluqids
664:Isfahsalar
606:sipāhsālār
598:isbahsalar
578:Isfahsalar
557:صاحب الباب
546:Isfahsalar
488:Ispahsalar
424:Azerbaijan
418:beglerbegi
306:sipahsalar
301:Ghaznavids
249:ispahsalar
234:Among the
228:صاحب الجيش
177:sipahsalar
171:ispahsalar
162:Tabaristan
129:spāh-sālār
97:iṣbahsalār
83:isfahsalār
49:sipahsālār
33:Ispahsālār
18:Sepahsalar
1314:Yuanshuai
1056:Rigsmarsk
1051:Polemarch
1025:Imperator
997:Beylerbey
877:758278456
850:Lewis, B.
611:سپاهسالار
478:in 1910.
303:employed
198:al-hujjab
157:ispahbadh
146:title of
43:اسپهسالار
1300:Taewonsu
1085:Sparapet
1067:Serasker
869:Iran–Kha
860:(eds.).
699:See also
656:Pakistan
629:serasker
602:Ottomans
580:and the
528:Ayyubids
500:spasalar
496:Caucasus
393:Safavids
325:and the
244:Alptakin
166:Khurasan
144:Sasanian
104:إصبهسلار
90:إسفهسلار
56:سپهسالار
1321:Marshal
1273:Marshal
1214:Mareşal
1208:Marshal
1182:Marshal
1080:Spahbed
966:Ancient
834:Sources
725:Nirangs
685:Mughals
679:or the
539:Fatimid
532:Atabegs
492:Mashriq
426:, with
389:Caspian
387:on the
296:sübashi
285:ghilman
277:mamalik
150:spahbed
64:
39:Persian
1281:Mushir
1103:Modern
1090:Hetman
1074:Shōgun
1061:Sardar
984:Ataman
892:
875:
856:&
635:سرعسكر
626:) and
617:serdār
566:Arabic
544:, the
515:Atabeg
472:Tehran
434:sardar
395:under
385:Daylam
299:. The
291:Turkic
256:under
236:Buyids
140:Pazend
115:rank.
77:Arabic
75:), in
1307:Wonsu
844:. In
660:India
623:سردار
583:nisba
542:Egypt
520:Syria
381:Gilan
341:) or
318:hajib
312:salar
219:) or
196:hajib
93:) or
45:) or
1125:Aluf
890:ISBN
873:OCLC
693:Khan
524:Iraq
522:and
383:and
375:The
345:amir
174:and
164:and
61:lit.
638:).
590:" (
560:or
537:In
470:in
422:of
281:or
231:).
207:),
1345::
865:.
852:;
848:;
813:^
766:^
733:^
691:("
654:,
604:,
568::
564:,
554:,
462:)
402:r.
263:r.
59:;
41::
926:e
919:t
912:v
898:.
879:.
728:.
632:(
620:(
608:(
586:"
444:(
399:(
366:(
350:(
335:(
260:(
225:(
213:(
201:(
132:(
101:(
87:(
73:'
67:'
53:(
37:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.