Sera Monastery - Knowledge

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38 tenements were built with grants by the Government of India for the Monks to reside and pursue their vocation of monkshood coupled with tilling the surrounding allotted land for raising food crops for survival. Well established as an organised Monastery with dedicated efforts of the monks, an Assembly Prayer Hall that could accommodate 1500 monks was also completed in 1978. This Monastery is now the nodal monastery, with its affiliation to several smaller monasteries spread across various regions in Tibet; its popularity could be gauged by the 3000 or more monks living here now. Encouraged by this success and noting the pressure on existing infrastructure, an additional, much larger and an impressive Assembly hall (measuring 23,275 square feet (2,162.3 m), 31 feet (9.4 m) high with 110 pillars) has been built that can accommodate 3500 monks to assemble for prayers. With this development, Sera has now two facets, the original “Tibetan Sera” and the Bylakuppe “New Sera” of the “Tibetan Diaspora” with the counterpart Jé, Mé monasteries, with the Ngakpa college counterpart also added recently. The Sera-India monk community of the Bylakuppe Monastery, has gone global with their missionary activity by establishing “dharma centres” in many parts the world, thus removing the cultural isolation of pre-1959 years in Tibet.

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century. Such debates usually take place within the monastery's precincts. The defender has the onus to prove his point of view on the subject proposed for debate. The debate opens with an invocation to Manjushri recited in a loud and high pitched tone. The roles of the debater and the questioner are well defined; the questioner has to succinctly present his case (all on Buddhism related topics) and the defender has to answer within a fixed time frame. The finality of the debate is with specific answers like: “I accept (do), the reason is not established (ta madrup) or there is no pervasion (Kyappa majung)”. Many a time, the questions mooted are meant to mislead the defender. If the defender does not reply within a time frame, an expression of derision is witnessed. In the Tibetan debating sessions, there is no role for a witness and there is normally no adjudicator. This leads to “conflicting opinions of participants and listeners.” When there is direct contradiction on the defenders part, the outcome is, however, formally decided.

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gestures are: clapping after each question; holding right hand and stretching left hand forward and striking the left palm with the right palm; clapping hands loudly to stress the power and decisiveness of the defender's arguments denoting his self-assurance; in case of wrong answer presented by the defender, the opponent gestures three circles with his hand around the defenders head followed by loud screaming to unnerve the defender; opponent's mistake is demonstrated by wrapping his upper robe around his waist; loud clapping and intense verbal exchange is common; and the approach is to trap the defender into a wrong line of argument. Each time a new question is asked, the teacher strikes his outstretched left palm with his right palm. When a question is answered correctly, it is acknowledged by the teacher bringing the back of his right hand to his left palm. When the defender wins the debate he makes an allegorical dig at the questioner by questioning his basic wisdom as a Buddhist.

2201:) was a precariously perched cave hermitage inhabited by the great Tibetan guru Tsongkhapa. However, the original cave collapsed in a landslide. What is present now was rebuilt, adjoining the ruined Keutsang West Hermitage, at a safer location. As it exists now, Keutsang is located to the east of Sera on a hill side above Lhasa’s principal cemetery. Rakhadrak Hermitage is located below this hermitage, within a close distance. This hermitage is also part of the Sera Mountain Circumambulation Circuit (se ra’i ri ’khor) that pilgrims undertake during the ‘Sixth-Month Fourth-Day (drug pa tshe bzhi)’ celebrations. The hermitage had smooth relationship with Sera all through its history so much so that every official monk of the hermitage enjoyed de facto status of a monk of the Hamdong Regional House ( 1320: 2176:) is located in the far western end of the Nyang bran Valley. The former property of the Jokpo Lama’s estate before the Chinese invasion in 1959, it originally served as the meditation retreat of a monk named ’Jog po rin po che of the Sera Mé College. The monk was a great meditator and according to tradition, after he died, his body remained in a state of perpetual meditative equipoise and was kept inside the Zhungpa Regional House temple where the monks reported that his hair and nails continued to grow even after his death. Before the Chinese invasion his body was buried and decayed and when the regional house (khang tshan) was rebuilt in the 1980s, his bones were exhumed. These are today placed inside the altar's clay statue in the regional house temple. 2821:, the Sera Monastery, the Drepung Monastery and the JIC, not only in pre-modern Tibet but also in other similar monasteries established in exile, such as in Sera, India. At each location in Tibet, the debates are held under eight debating schedules in a year, depending on the rituals and festivals observed during the whole year. Each daily session is held between eight breaks when students debate on issues of Buddhist scriptures and related subjects. In the Sera monastery, the debate alternated by rituals has a daily schedule (with alterations to suit the climatic season) of the Morning debate (07:00 to 10:00), Noon debate (11:00 to 13:00), Afternoon debate (14:00 to 16:00) and Night debate (08:30 to 09:30). 1804: 3045: 171: 3009: 3021: 2997: 2308:). The Seventh Dalai Lama, who was a student, fully supported Bzod pa rgya mtsho to build the first temple (Temple of the Sixteen Arhats) and also a residence for himself to stay during his visits to the hermitage, which came to be known as the 'Upper Residence'. The Dalai Lama's reverence for his guru was so deep that when the Bzod pa rgya mtsho died, he even performed the last rites for him, got installed his funerary stūpa and statue. He also located the Incarnate Lama of his guru at 'Phan po' near Lhasa. The second Bzod pa rgya mtsho also had excellent equation with the Eighth Dalai Lama, Jampel Gyatso ( 2152:

the hermitage, still partly ruined, consists of five major sections; a main temple compound around a central courtyard with a temple, kitchen, and some of the monks’ living quarters, an extensive ruined terraced complex just south of the main temple which before 1959 served as the meeting rooms and the living quarters of the workers and business managers of the Drakri Lama's estate, a building that had served as the living quarters for the eight fully ordained monks who formed the ritual core of the monastic community, a stable for mdzo, a yak-cow hybrid and several huts. The main temple contains statues of

2985: 2571:), which means “The Place of Auspicious Dharma” is located 3 km (1.9 mi) from Sera on the hills to the north-west of Sera. The hermitage, which is south facing, is part of the pilgrimage of the "Sera Mountain Circumambulation Circuit (se ra ri ’khor)". The hermitage that was substantially destroyed during the Cultural Revolution was rebuilt during the 1990s. The hermitage is now a part of the Pabongkha Lama's estate, the present incarnation, (after his recent return to Tibet) and is stated to be functioning as an autonomous institution with minimum allegiance to Sera. 1854:(1360–1424) presented this image to Sera. Other images enshrined in the hall were of Maitreya, Gyeltsen Zangpo (first religious teacher of Sera), Pawangka Rinpoche, Tsongkhapa (with his principle disciples), Dalai Lama XIII, Chokyi Gyeltsen and Lodro Rinchen (founder of Sera Je). The two chapels housed many statues; in the Neten Lhakhang chapel of Shakyamuni Buddha along with images of 16 elders in double series (Upper series made in Tibetan style and the lower series in Chinese lacquer given by the Chinese Emperor); and the Jigje Lakhang chapel housed the 15th century image of 2392: 1884:

same village are housed together; however each monk is given a separate cell. Each Kamcun also has a prayer hall for exclusive study of Buddhist doctrine and also has annexed tea house. However, the main assembly hall here had minor images of Tsongkhapa, Choyi Gyeltsen, Shakhyamuni Buddha, Three Deities of Longevity, and two inner chapels – the Jampakhang with ‘speaking’ image of Tara (protector of the springs in Sera) and Lama Tubten Kunga (who renovated Sera Me) and Gonkhang chapel with the image of the protector deity Gyelchen Karma Trinle.

1796:, which was considered the protective deity of the monastery. This wrathful deity was worshipped as dispeller of obstacles with healing powers. Tokden Yonten Gonpo, worshipped this deity first and on divine injunction initiated his son Kunkhepa, to follow this tradition. Kunkhepa, with the blessings of Lama Tsongkhapa, institutionalised the name of Hayagriva or Tamdin Yangsang as the supreme protector deity of the monastery. The assembly hall of the college depicted frescoes of Buddha's life achievements, the thrones of the Dalai Lamas and 1527: 3057: 2585: 2460:) is derived from the Tibetan name dgon pa gsar, meaning “new monastery.” Today it lies completely in ruins but the hermitage belonged to the bla mas of the Dgon pa gsar incarnation lineage and was established as a Dge lugs hermitage by the first Gönpasar incarnation, Ngawang Döndrup. The hermitage was run by thirteen fully ordained monks before its destruction in 1959. Some foundations and fragments of walls remain, including some notable rock carvings and a large stupa. 2327:) is located in the valley, northeast and downhill from Phur lcog. Panglung lies completely in ruins although it once had a large temple and a Rdo rje shugs ldan oracle; an individual who would go into trance to make prognostications while possessed by the god. Panglung was attempted to be renovated in the 1990s, but met opposition from the local people because the site had always been associated with this controversial protector deity, so redevelopment was prevented. 5393: 8821: 292: 2731: 1613: 1518: 2793: 1838: 1988: 1979: 8832: 2336: 3033: 1746:. The college was built over an area of 1,600 square metres (17,000 sq ft) with 30 dwelling units. However, in 1761 lightning struck the main hall which was rebuilt in 1761. The hall, as finally refurbished, had 70 pillars (8 tall and 62 short pillars) which housed a galaxy of statues of Buddhist gurus with the main deity of Shakyamuni Buddha made in copper. The other Bodhisattvas enshrined along with the main deity were of Maitreya, 2185: 178: 2768: 2740: 6230: 2375:)’. Over the centuries, the monastery has seen many leading lights of the Tibetan monastic order playing a role in its building, such as the Zhang ’gro ba’i mgon po g.yu brag pa (1123–1193), female saint Ma cig lab sgron, Sgrub khang dge legs rgya mtsho's (1641–1713), Ngawang Jampa (Phur lcog sku phreng dang po ngag dbang byams pa, 1682–1762) and Pan chen blo bzang ye shes (1663–1737). Royal family members like the Queen Tsering Trashi ( 6217: 1328: 1556: 2300:) is said to have been found here). Several local legends are narrated in respect of the history of founding the hermitage by Bzod pa rgya mtsho who lived in a cave here under the direction of the local deity. It was established in 1706. The hermitage, now in ruins, was originally built in three tiers (one above the other): the lowest tier was the hermitage or the main compound, the middle tier was known as the Upper Residence ( 2246:), (now part of Kuetsang Hermitage) and the Purchok Hermitage. Its location is to the north of Lhasa. Prior to 1959, the hermitage belonged to Purchok Hermitage. It consisted of an assembly hall and monks’ quarters and was famous for the divine image of Avalokiteśvara who blessed the dead at the funeral ground here. There were ten resident monks. However, at present there no plans to rebuild the hermitage due to lack of funds. 1565: 2469: 1775: 5386: 1446: 2801: 1730: 1621: 6207: 1922: 1910: 1455: 2501:’s (1357–1419) meditation huts and Sgrub khang dge legs rgya mtsho (1641–1713) was reputed to have meditated here at end of the seventeenth or early eighteenth century. He was a distinguished meditator, who brought his knowledge of the philosophical tradition to Sera Utsé and attracted many students, amongst them included Phur lcog ngag dbang byams pa (1682–1762), and Mkhar rdo bzod pa rgya mtsho (1672–1749). 2136:) lies about three kilometres north and slightly east of central Lhasa. Drakri, believed to have been founded by the abbot of Pha bong kh in the 18th century, was used as a meditational retreat by Klong rdol bla ma ngag dbang blo bzang (1719–1794), one of the most renowned scholars of the Lhopa Regional House (Lho pa khang tshan) of the Jé College (Grwa tshang byes). Drakri Hermitage had control over 82: 1898: 2414:(Da lai bla ma sku phreng lnga pa) was the hermitage's benefactor. Under her patronage, the upper temple complex was built as a formal monastery. The hermitage was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution of 1959. In the 1980s, Sera took control of the hermitage complex. However, rebuilding activity has been sporadic and monastic rituals are not held. 2379:) and the Tibetan King Pho lha nas (1689–1747) also supported the activities of the hermitage. However, the most significant face of development occurred during the third Purchok incarnation Lozang Tsültrim Jampa Gyatso (Phur lcog sku phreng gsum pa blo bzang tshul khrims byams pa rgya mtsho) who was teacher of the 13th and 14th Dalai Lamas. 1850:. Devoted to tantric studies, the college had an assembly hall and two chapels in the ground floor. The Assembly hall was built with four tall and 42 short columns with elegantly carved capitals. The main image in the centre of the hall was of Jamchen Chojey (wearing a black hat), founder of the monastery. It was believed that the 1935:

stepped approaches, along the route. A new building has been constructed in place of the old hermitage, which was destroyed during the Revolution. Below the hermitage are the Upper Tantric College (Gyuto) and Lower Tantric College (Gyu-me) of Lhasa). A further climb up the hill leads to caves where Tsongkhapa meditated.

1383:, a much-venerated and highly-learned guru in Buddhist scriptures. It was under his tutelage — seen by followers as divine — that his disciple Jetsun Kunkhen Lodroe Rinchen Senge established the Sera Jey Monastery complex in the early 15th century AD. Kunkhyen Lodroe Rinchen Senge initially served as a teacher in the 2228: 2360:) pilgrimage circuit. Fairly fully rehabilitated, it is considered an attractive hermitage. The hills surrounding the monastery have been given name tags of the three protectors of the divine paradise namely the Avalokiteśvara, Mañjuśrī and Vajrapāni. It is also identified with the six syllables divine mantra ( 1344:

universities that catered to monks in the age range 8-70. All the structures within this complex formed a clockwise pilgrimage circuit, starting with the colleges (in the order stated), followed by the hall, the dwelling units and finally ending at the hermitage of Tsongkhapa above the Great Assembly Hall.

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sect to remember his late mother. After receiving permission from the Lhasa municipal government, he began renovating the site, although a former official of the Bari Lama's estate who had previously controlled the monastery initially objected to it being converted into Nyingma practice centre. Today

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The college had five chapels with plethora of statues and frescoes, which from west to east were: Tawok Lhkhang with images of Tawok, protection deity of the east, the Je Rinpoche Lhakhang with images of Tsongkhapa and Shakyamuni, the Neten Lhakhang with images of Buddha of Three Times in the company

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With forest land allotted by the Government of India, two arms of the Sera Monastery, representing the migrant monks of the Tibetan Sera Je and Sera Me colleges were established; 193 Sera je monks got 147.75 acres (59.79 ha) and 107 monks of Sera Me got an allotment of the balance area. Further,

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The debate among monks unfolds in the presence of their teachers, with a very well set rules of procedure for the defender and the questioners. The tradition of such debates is traced to the ancient ‘Hindu Orthodoxy’ in India and this practice permeated into Buddhist orthodoxy in Tibet in the eighth

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In the 1950s, the site began to be used as a religious retirement community by elderly Lhasans, who constructed small huts in which they could live out the final years of their lives in intensive Buddhist practice. Nuns began to renovate the site in the 1980s and founded the modern nunnery, as it is

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The hermitage belonged to Chubzang ye shes rgya mtsho for sometime who built a four-pillar temple with rear chapel and porticos at the site. It was later under the possession of Byang chub chos ’phel (1756–1838) and Khri byang sku phreng gsum pa blo bzang yeshes, who was a junior tutor to the living

2552:(1878–1941) on a visit to this area to find a site for locating his hermitage saw a crow which spoke to him. He interpreted it as a “revealed sign” to build his hermitage here. The hermitage mostly consists of caves with fascia at the entrance to the caves. It belongs to the Pabongkha Lama's estate ( 2528:

The bla ma’s residence which was inhabited by Sgrub khang bla also still exists and consists of two rooms with a central waiting room between them. There is also Sgrub khang pa's meditation hut, a small protector deity chapel, a Dharma enclosure (chos rwa), a ruined kitchen and various smaller huts,

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Some special aspects of the temple complex are: the belief that Maitreya (Byams pa) assures rebirth to those whose remains are brought to the cemetery below Keu tshang and it is also believed that light rays are exchanged between the Maitreya image here and the Maitreya Chapel at the northern end of

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The second floor of the college had the Nyima Lhakhang where image of Shakhyamuni Buddha was deified along with Tuwang Tsultrim, and the Khangyur Lhakhang with 1000 images of Tara which replaced the sacred texts that were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. The third floor was reserved for the

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Sera Me Tratsang or Sera Me Zhakan was the oldest college built here. It was established in 1419 during the Ming dynasty reign, initially for elementary or basic education in Buddhist religion. The college adopted a step-by-step approach to the studies of Buddhist doctrines; a practice particular to

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The Great Assembly Hall, the ‘Tsokchen' or 'Coqen Hall', dated to 1710, a four-story structure to the north east of the monastery, facing east, is where several religious rituals and rites are conducted. The hall measured an area of 2,000 square metres (22,000 sq ft) built with 125 pillars

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Over the years, the monastery developed into a hermitage where about 6000 monks resided. The monastery was one of the finest locations in Tibet to witness the debate sessions, which were held according to a fixed schedule. The monastery belongs to the Gelug Order and was one of the largest in Lhasa.

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preceptor, visited this location. He not only named the place as "Garu" but also ordained that it shall be a "Nunnery" not a monastery of monks, on the basis of prophetic events that occurred during his visit to the place. The Nunnery's fame in recent years is the leading and bold role that some of

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Sera Je Tretsang (College) or Zhekong, the largest college in Sera complex, measured an area of 17,000 m (180,000 sq ft). It was initially a three storied building; a fourth floor was added in the 18th century by strengthening the building with a total of 100 columns. It had a statue

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Further, he also perceived the "vision of a rain like 'AA' characters descending from the sky". It was only 12 years later that one of his pupils, Jamchen Choje, fulfilled the prophecy of his guru by establishing the Sera Je as a seat of learning knowledge of the complete teachings and practices of

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Debates are punctuated with vigorous gestures which enliven the ambience of the occasion. Each gesture has a meaning. The debater presents his case with subtlety, robed in a formal monk's attire. Some of the gestures (said to have symbolic value), made during the debates, generally subtle dramatic

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Homdong Khangtsang, also spelt ‘Kamcuns’ in Tibetan language, are the main dwelling units or dormitories which house the monks of the monastery; there are thirty-three Kamcuns surrounding the central courtyard. The size of the Kamcuns varied, depending on the strength of monks housed. Monks of the

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King Nedong Dagpa Gyaltsen supported the noble venture with required finances. In 1419, he performed the foundation laying ceremony for construction of the monastery. Lama Tsongkhapa oversaw further details including installing sacred images, idols, and other objects of worship. The monastery soon

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Like all of Se ra's hermitages, this one had an assembly hall and monks' quarters, and was home to about ten permanent monk residents. It was renowned for having a particularly holy statue of Avalokiteśvara. Like the Maitreya (Byams pa) statue at Keutsang West, this Avalokiteśvara was supposed to

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It was in 1970 that the group of 197 Sera Jey monks with 103 of Sera Mey monks established a special monastery within the resettlement of Bylakuppe as a counterpart of the Tibetan Sera Jey Monastery. As none of the monks of the Ngagpa Dratsang (Tantric College) had survived the invasion, only the

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were suspended from the ceiling on the side walls. A skylight at the centre provided the light in the hall during the day. Image of the founder of the monastery Jamchen Choje Shakya Yeshe was deified as the central image. Other deities installed were of Maitreya (5 metres (16 ft) height and

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in 1959 and sought asylum there. Starting from 18 March, Sera Jey Monastery was subject to bombardment, which resulted in death of hundreds of monks (in 1959, the count of monks living in Sera Jey was 5629), apart from destruction of ancient texts and loss of innumerable, invaluable, ancient and

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The monastery complex, encompassing 28 acres (11 ha) of land, housed several institutions in its precincts. The structures of notability were the Coqen Hall Tsokchen (Great Assembly Hall), the three Zhacangs (colleges) and Kamcun (dormitory) also called Homdong Kangtsang. In the main hall,

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Choding Khang is the hermitage located just behind the Great Assembly Hall (on the hill slope of Sera Utse). This is where Je Tsongkhapa meditated. The hermitage is accessed through a track where painted rock carvings of Tsongkhapa, Jamchen and Dharma Raja (the protector) are seen flanking the

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to attain higher levels of study. This exemplary debating tradition supplemented with gestures is said to be exclusive to this monastery, among the several other monasteries of Lhasa. Visitors also attend to witness these debates that are held as per a set schedule, every day in the 'Debating

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Sera Monastery that developed over the centuries into a renowned place of learning, which trained hundreds of scholars who attained name and fame in the Buddhist nations, has under its affiliation 19 hermitages, including four nunneries, which are all located in the foothills above Lhasa. The

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The Chapels which were circumambulated sequentially are: the Dusum Sangye Lhakhang which housed statues of “Buddhas of Three Times” and Eight Bodhistavas; the Tamdrin Lhakhang housed the main image of Hayagriva; the Jhampa Lhakhang contained images of Maitreya, Eleven-faced Mahakarunika, and

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Historically the monastery was of substantial size but following its destruction by the Chinese in 1959 it was drastically reduced and only a section rebuilt. Sera Utsé has a two-storied chapel and monks' quarters with magnificent views over the city of Lhasa. There is a protector shrine to

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The Sera complex is divided into two sectors by pathways; the eastern part contains the Great Assembly Hall and the dwellings and the western part has the well-known three colleges: the Sera Je Dratsang, the Sera Me Dratsang; and the Ngakpa Dratsang, all instituted by Tsongkhapa as monastic

2608:) discovery of the self-arisen stone image of the Buddha that is still located in Chupzang's lower temple. However, the initial hermitage fell into ruin and the official founding of the monastery is credited to Phrin las rgya mtsho's nephew, Sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho, in around 1696. 1335:

The original Sera Monastery is a complex of structures founded in 1419 by Jamchen Chojey Sakya Yeshe of Zel Gungtang (1355–1435), a disciple of Je Tsongkhapa. Prior to establishing this monastery, Tsongkhapa, assisted by his disciples, had set up hermitages at higher elevations above

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text; the Jowokhang with large Buddha image (replaced an earlier image of Miwang Jowo Shakyamuni) along with Eight Bodhisattvas, and gatekeepers Hayagriva and Acala; and the Tsongkhapa Lhakhang, the last chapel on the right, with several images – Je Rinpoche,

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The Ngakpa Tratsang, also spelled Ngaba Zhacang, was the smallest of the three colleges that was set up in the complex. It was a three storied building originally built in 1419 by Jetsun Kunkhen Lodroe Rinchen Senge. It was refurbished in the 18th century by

2280:. Its setting is in a charnel ground ideal to perform tantric rites. The hermitage known as the "abode of saints" is surrounded by mountains on three sides which are all assigned divine names such as the ‘Soul Mountain of the Buddhas of the Five Families ( 2627:

seen today, in 1984, and has since grown into one of the largest nunneries in the Lhasa Valley. However, somewhat unusually, the houses are owned individually by the nuns, but the nunnery has an administrative body and a site for communal gathering.

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However, the Cultural Revolution of 1959 saw almost total destruction of the hermitage. Since 1984, with approval of the local government, a reconstruction face was begun and the hermitage has been substantially restored now to its past glory.

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and also eight 'Medicine Buddhas', as also reliquaries (stupas) of Gyeltsen Zangpo and Jetsun Chokyi Gyeltsen. However, as per reports, this college was destroyed and all resident monks also died in the bombardment done by the Chinese in 1959.

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On the second floor, there were three chapels: the Zhelre Lhakhang from where Maitreya could be seen embossed with a small Tsongkhapa on its heart; the Tu-je Chenpo Lhakhang that had an Avalokiteshvara with eleven faces (found at Pawangka),

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The origin of its name is attributed to a fact that during construction, the hill behind the monastery was covered with blooming wild roses (or "sera" in Tibetan). (An alternate etymology holds that the location that was surrounded by

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the nuns have played in organizing silent demonstrations against the Chinese rule, and seeking freedom of Tibet. Many of the protesting nuns were arrested, incarcerated, brutally handled and released only after protracted detention.

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and other Buddhist commentators of India, gate keepers Havagriva and Acala; the Jampeyang Lhakhang to the north-east had two images of Manjushri, one in a Dharmacakramudra (teaching pose) looking towards the Debating Courtyard.

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Before 1959, Pabonka was independent of Sera Monastery, and from 1960 to the mid-1980s it was controlled by the Chinese. It then came under the control of Sera, whose monks renovated it and are continuing its traditions.

2841:. The Dalai Lama offers prayers to the Buddha to bestow strength and blesses the Pestle. Thereafter, the pestle is briefly placed on the heads of the monks and disciples by the Khenpo (president) of the Ngaba Zhacang. 2433:) before the 1959 Cultural Revolution. Located close to Sera and facing south, it has a yellow retreat house which was built first for the Tsongkhapa. The interesting story of this house is that a local 'site-spirit' ( 1590:

Its geographical location is at the base of Pubuchok mountain, also known as Tatipu Hill, located in the northern suburb of Lhasa City, which forms the watershed of the basins formed by Kyi Chi and Penpo Chu rivers.

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Sera Mey College and Sera Jey College were re-formed in India. The Bylakuppe Monastery now houses 5,000 Buddhist monks comprising some migrants and many other Tibetans who were not born in their ancestral homeland.

2437:) used to visit Tsongkhapa through a narrow window in the house. Tsong kha pa's mural image is seen here on the wall, which is credited with special powers as an “image that speaks” or known as speaking-statue ( 1820:

The second floor of the monastery on the west called the Zelre Lhakhang provided an overview of the main Hayagriva image in the floor below, and also a small image of Nine-headed Hayagriva along with images of

2674:. It was initially founded as a monastery with seventeen monks but later allotted in 1930 for exclusive use as a nunnery to provide personal security to the nuns who were then residing in a remote nunnery at 2077:

This temple is noted for its many shrines, and its blue and carved gold mantra in the hallway, inscribed with words meaning, "Hail to the jewel in the lotus". A number of stone relics were buried during the

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scriptures (scripted with gold powder), statues, scent cloth and murals were seen in profusion. The descriptions given here relate to the scenario that existed at the monastery prior to the 1959 invasion by

1308:. There are now 3000 or more monks living in Sera, India and this community has also spread its missionary activities to several countries by establishing Dharma centres, propagating knowledge of Buddhism. 5798: 2771: 1304:, India. After initial tribulations, they established a parallel Sera Monastery with Sera Me and Sera Je colleges and a Great Assembly Hall on similar lines to the original monastery, with help from the 5818: 4684:. Sera: Byams pa lha khang («champa lhakhang»), pp. 925, 948–949; Figs. XV–7, XV–9–10; Pls. 225–228; Sera: Tshogs chen («tsokchen»), pp. 719, 925, 948, 949, 1004; Figs. XI–5, XV–7, XV–9–10. 3083: 2219:

The hermitage was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. Rebuilding it was started by a former monk of the hermitage in 1991 and was completed by 1992. The rebuilt hermitage now houses 25 monks.

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The three inner chapels, sequentially, are the Jampa Lhakhang, the Neten Lhakhang and Jigje Lhakhang. A 6 metres (20 ft) high image of Maitreya was deified in Jampa Lhakhang ensconced by Eight

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and a few nuns of some of these nunneries held protest marches against the Chinese rule, and as a result suffered incarceration and indignities. Brief details of the hermitages and nunneries are:

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The monastery hosts an impressive festival, popularly known as the ‘Sera Bengqin Festival’, which is largely attended by monks and devotees. The festival is held some time in February as per the

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The hermitage notably has its own tradition of monthly and yearly ritual cycles. The most important of these yearly ritual events (at least for the laity) are the six-day (three sets of two-day)

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The Sera Monastery, as a complex of structures with the Great Assembly Hall and three colleges, was founded in 1419 by Jamchen Chojey of Sakya Yeshe of Zel Gungtang (1355–1435), a disciple of

2517:), a great statue of Yamāntaka Ekavīra, statues of the Buddha and the Sixteen Arhats, a speaking Tārā (Sgrol ma) statue, large images of Tsongkhapa and his two disciples, and statues of the 5919: 2600:

and requested his permission to build a hermitage for eight to sixteen monks in the foothills above his native Nyangbran and invited the Fifth Dalai Lama to perform a “site investigation” (

2717:). It functioned well as nunnery during her time and also during the next generation but went into decline thereafter. It was then brought under the jurisdiction of the Khardo Hermitage. 2082:

but when Sera monks restored the hermitage they excavated the relics and restored most of them. A central shrine, dating back 1300 years to Gampo, is located in the temple and depicts

3643: 3544: 3437: 2445:). He also taught here. It is also known as the hermitage where Tsongkhapa assigned his Tantric teachings to Rje shes rab seng ge (1383–1445), the founder of the Tantric Colleges. 2666:, northeast of Sera (and also of Lhasa). It is believed that it was originally a retreat of the Buddhist scholar of the Sera Jé College's (Grwa tshang byes) Gomdé Regional House ( 2140:

since its early history and supervised the training of the Garu nuns until 1959. In 1959, the monks of the hermitage were evicted and the hermitage was turned into the notorious

2044:

and the first seven monks of the new Tibetan Empire used to meditate at the hermitage and it became one of Tibet's very earliest Buddhist monasteries, possibly even pre-dating

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Debates among monks on the Buddhist doctrines are integral to the learning process in the colleges in the Sera Monastery complex. This facilitates better comprehension of the

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and the protector deities. One floor above this was the Namgyel Lhakhang and the last floor above this was the living quarters of the Dalai Lamas and teachers of Sera Je.

1485:

antique works of art. Many of those who survived (monks and common people) this onslaught by the Chinese fled to India, under severe winter weather conditions, across the

5980: 1535:

Left: Statue of Trijang Rinpoche, tutor of the present 14th Dalai Lama, Sera Mey Monastery, Bylakuppe, India.. Right: Monks in the Assembly Hall of Sera Mey in Bylakuppe

8899: 2098:, is Palden Lhamo Cave, a cave known to have been a meditation chamber of Songstan Gampo himself and contains statues of himself, his two wives and a rock carving of 8874: 3919: 2900: 1800:; seen on its north wall were stupas (reliquaries) and images of Dalai Lama VIII and Dalai Lama XIII, Reting Telkus II and IX, and Lodro Rinchen (founder of Sera). 4853: 2117:(they attract many people from Lhasa and the surrounding districts), and a ritual and other events that take place during the “Sixth-Month Fourth-Day” pilgrimage. 3044: 1489:. Following this mass exodus of people from Tibet (including, a few hundred Sera Jey lamas, geshes and monks), when they arrived in India, they were resettled at 4736: 2848:

held in the month of August in the Gregorian calendar. The festival represents the symbolic Buddha-Unfolding, where worship of the Buddha is the essential part.

1652:' (dated 1410) in 105 volumes (original 108 volumes) written in Tibetan is the treasured possession of the monastery. It is said that Chengzhu, emperor of the 1767:, Dalai Lamas I-III, Dalai Lama V, Jamchen Shakya Yeshe, Gyeltsen Zangpo (first teacher of Sera), Kunkhen Jangchub Penpa (founder of Sera Me) and many more. 8909: 3091: 2954: 6971: 5029: 1812:

Tsongkhapa with his disciples amidst a coveted library; the Tsongkhapa Lhakhang with images of Tsongkhapa with his best students, main Lamas of Sera Je,

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state among many other locations spread across the country, as one of the exclusive Tibetan establishments with ready assistance forthcoming from the

5929: 5034: 1282:

The original Sera Monastery is responsible for some 19 hermitages, including four nunneries, which are all located in the foothills north of Lhasa.

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who is stated to have meditated in two nearby caves in the 9th century. Founding the hermitage as a nunnery is credited to a nun (interpreted as a

241: 2441:). It was Tsongkhapa's favourite hermitage where he spent substantial time and composed his magnum opus, the “Great Commentary on the Prajñāmūla ( 7890: 5874: 5869: 5813: 4582: 2052:

in 841 AD during his campaign to destroy monastic Buddhism; it was rebuilt in the 11th century as a two-storied structure that housed 200 monks.

2984: 2596:

is believed to have been founded by Phrin las rgya mtsho (d. 1667), who was the regent of Tibet from 1665 to his death. He was a student of the

2356:

in the northern mountains at the north-east corner of the Lhasa Valley. It is the last hermitage to be visited on the “Sixth-Month Fourth-Day” (

8114: 2635: 2497:-hour walk up the hill from the main complex of Sera. It is reputedly older than Sera Gompa. According to tradition, the site contained one of 3947:

emit rays of light to guide to the pure land the minds of deceased persons brought to the funeral grounds located at the base of the mountain.

2966:

Sera, Tibet that housed more than 5,000 monks in 1959, though badly damaged during the 1959 uprising, is still functional after restoration.

2483:), meaning “Sera Peak” is located on the mountain directly behind Sera Monastery itself, which is about 5 km (3.1 mi) north of the 2091: 4676:. (Volume One: 655 pages with 766 illustrations; Volume Two: 675 pages with 987 illustrations). Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd. 201: 170: 8904: 6331: 5778: 1750:, Amatyas, Bhavishyaguru, Tsongkhapa (with his students), Dalai Lama VII, Pawanga Rinpoche and several other past teachers of the college. 4729: 4547:

The Bodhicittavivaraṇa : with the interwoven commentary of Ngawang dragpa and the oral commentary of Khensur Kangyur Lobsang thubten

3548: 3441: 3008: 6439: 5854: 3020: 97: 6174: 2156:

and several tantric deities and a three-dimensional model of Guru Rinpoche's celestial palace, the Glorious Copper-Coloured Mountain (

6196: 5808: 1289:. During the 1959 revolt in Lhasa, Sera monastery suffered severe damage, with its colleges destroyed and hundreds of monks killed. 2272:) is a historical hermitage in the Dodé Valley, to the northeast of Lhasa and Sera monastery, which is named after the local deity ( 5975: 4388: 2619:

In 1921, Pha bong kha bde chen snying po (1878–1941) stayed at Chubzang and published his teachings through his most famous work,

1721:

The third and the fourth floors were used as private apartments for the Dalai Lamas and the preceptors of the Main Assembly Hall.

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gilded) flanked by statues of two lions, Dalai Lamas V, VII and XII, Tsongkhapa (with his favourite disciples), Chokyi Gyeltsen,

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have revealed that Pabonka was converted into a monastery, possibly under the reign of the second great Buddhist king of Tibet

1648:

with one thousand hands and eleven faces. The ancient and delicately written scriptures ‘the Gangyur of Tripitaka’ also spelt '

1187: 664: 3776: 2094:, the so-called "Rigsum Gompo Trinity" from which the temple takes its name. Up the hill from the hermitage, past a group of 2011:), the largest and most important of the Sera hermitages is located about 8 km (5.0 mi) northwest of Lhasa in the 8869: 6524: 6366: 5894: 4208: 2160:). Today there are four tantric priests residing in the main temple compound and two nuns living in huts to the southeast. 1319: 3959: 3930: 8701: 3151: 2817:

The tradition of conducting debates in the Gelukpa tradition was set in many monasteries of the Gelukpa sect, namely the

2406:) is a historical hermitage, belonging to the Sera Monastery. It is located to the northeast of Sera and to the north of 2113:) celebrations, the sixteen-day (eight sets of two-day) Avalokiteśvara fasting rituals that take place during the fourth 567: 8894: 8884: 8598: 8148: 6243: 6051: 4434: 3255: 3116:

Tibet, a guide to the land of fascination: an overall perspective of Tibet of the ancient, medieval, and modern periods

1166: 4063: 4039: 6444: 5783: 4681: 4655: 4636: 4617: 4554: 4291: 4243: 4111: 4010: 3895: 3715: 3678: 3499: 3319: 3265: 1481: 1390:

The religious legend holds that the site was chosen because Tsongkhapa had a vision in which he saw the full text of

1180: 8691: 4704: 4087: 3182: 2920:- a highly revered Lama who lived in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century and was the Spiritual Guide of 1604:

but most of the monasteries are stated to be since restored, though the strength of the monks are said to be small.

8879: 8376: 8121: 5995: 5889: 4315: 4184: 3986: 3838: 3309: 487: 3862: 2969:

In 2011, according to local sources, there are about 300 monks. The reason for this decline is attributed to the

8768: 8758: 6587: 6107: 5849: 5286: 4808: 4267: 4151: 3668: 2927: 2556:). Yes i agree However, Dge lugs pa nuns, who have carried out restoration works at the hermitage now live here. 1104: 318: 8713: 8366: 8168: 8059: 8004: 6577: 5909: 2604:) to determine the most auspicious location on which to build the monastery. The Dalai Lama made the treasure ( 1227: 65: 17: 3056: 1355:

degree. The Ngakpa college, which predated the other two colleges, was exclusively devoted to the practice of

8683: 8381: 8064: 6356: 6189: 6005: 5295: 4755: 2144:, which gained a reputation for being one of the most severe penal institutions run by the Chinese in Tibet. 2030:

area by him during the 7th century after settlement. Although originally the site of his castle or fort, the

1601: 1379:

The history of the monastery is strongly connected to Master Lama Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), the founder of the

142: 70: 2913: 2544:) is situated to the east of Trashi Chöling Hermitage and to the north-east of Sera. According to a legend, 1870:

and many others. While the third story was the residence of the Dalai Lama, the second floor had the images

1803: 8266: 8138: 8109: 7811: 5970: 5884: 4511: 3369: 2860:

Geshe Ngawang Tsondu, Wisdom of The Staten Island, Dharma Centre, The Meditation Factory, and Tibet House,

2513:. A small assembly hall remains, which was once believed to contain a large metal statue of Vajrabhairava ( 194: 2292:)' for the hill to the left of the hermitage. A cave here is known by the name the 'Offering Place Cave ( 7957: 7866: 7336: 6981: 6494: 6389: 5864: 5773: 5109: 4745: 1142: 782: 7501: 5692: 4948: 4459: 2564: 8806: 8286: 7762: 7248: 6371: 6204: 6137: 6102: 6097: 6092: 6082: 5328: 5160: 5049: 4958: 1629:(86 tall and 39 short columns) and was constructed by Lhazang Qan. The entry portico had ten columns. 7696: 5677: 4933: 3114: 2453: 8696: 8509: 8499: 8371: 7354: 6934: 6695: 6670: 5768: 273: 6720: 5672: 4928: 3530: 3348: 3294: 2422: 609: 8801: 8153: 7967: 7945: 7938: 7841: 7374: 6994: 6810: 6755: 6376: 6182: 6087: 5839: 5753: 5253: 740: 681: 592: 313: 4966: 3226: 2371:) meditated here. The main cave where he did penance is known as the ‘Cavern of Dochung Chongzhi ( 1311:

Sera Monastery in Tibet and its counterpart in Mysore, India are noted for their debate sessions.

8859: 8738: 8718: 8049: 8029: 7786: 7516: 6760: 6142: 6072: 6000: 5914: 5758: 5622: 4888: 2872: 2312:

sho). This power equation resulted in two more monasteries being built as satellite monasteries.

2254: 2235: 2066:(1357–1419) lived at the site as a hermit, and it eventually became a scholarly institution. The 1584: 500: 469: 146: 86:

Monks assembled outside the Sera Me Tratsang college of Sera Monastery in India in December 2006.

3768: 1792:(said to have been sculpted by Lodro Rinchen himself in gilded copper), also known popularly as 1471:. Right: The Debate session in Bylakuppe during winter, a practice inherited from the Tibet Sera 8748: 8588: 8256: 8226: 7999: 7950: 7791: 7739: 7734: 7496: 7317: 7214: 6966: 6961: 6710: 5960: 5560: 4793: 2885: 1062: 1020: 901: 728: 637: 7078: 5682: 4938: 2476: 1337: 8753: 8723: 8304: 8236: 8069: 7984: 7979: 7903: 7898: 7816: 6346: 6077: 6067: 5515: 5099: 4971: 4763: 4545:

Ilia, Durovic; century, Ngawang dragpa, active 15th; Khensur Kangyur Lobsang thubten (2014).

3032: 2907: 2892:'s Geshe examinations; renowned scholar and yogi who spent 19 years in solitary dark retreat. 2525:) lineage. Today the hall is inhabited by three monks but is not in use for central worship. 2288:

where hand implements and bone ornaments of the deity were found, and the ‘Birth Deity Peak (

2070:

was known to be fond of the monastery and funded the building of an upper floor for Pabonka.

1435: 1219: 828: 374: 356: 54: 7369: 1573:

Left: Monastery complex. Right: Retreat House of Sera Monastery and Lhasa valley down below.

8776: 8743: 8728: 8246: 8143: 8089: 7974: 7913: 7881: 7876: 7861: 7846: 7836: 7801: 7714: 7406: 7329: 6632: 6572: 6321: 6288: 6238: 6127: 6117: 5844: 5834: 5565: 5371: 5009: 4843: 3707: 2878:

Geshe Rabten, an eminent monk who directed Tharpa Chloing Buddhist Center in Mont Pelerin,

2257:

is also in ruins and at present the Keutsang Hermitage has been built next to these ruins.

1147: 580: 535: 8616: 7231: 7100: 7026: 6902: 6640: 2678:(in a remote higher valley to the east) away from the present location at Nedong Nunnery 8: 8583: 8462: 8296: 8271: 8261: 8221: 8198: 8081: 8054: 8014: 7933: 7923: 7851: 7778: 7209: 7066: 6847: 6825: 6777: 6597: 6397: 6253: 6233: 5965: 5924: 5793: 5738: 5662: 5657: 5550: 5279: 5235: 5165: 5137: 5039: 4986: 4923: 4918: 4788: 2970: 2755: 2399: 2345: 2339: 2079: 1502: 1305: 1279:

shrubs called 'Sewa' in Tibetan, that formed like a 'Rawa' in Tibetan, meaning "Fence".)

1159: 1154: 723: 301: 6557: 6484: 6036: 8646: 8551: 8393: 8356: 8351: 8281: 8231: 8178: 8173: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8024: 8009: 7994: 7989: 7928: 7908: 7871: 7796: 7601: 7302: 7226: 7104: 7046: 6887: 6787: 6715: 6690: 6336: 6266: 5652: 5627: 5617: 5248: 5200: 5185: 5180: 5132: 5127: 5054: 5024: 4913: 4883: 4572: 4392: 3757: 3518: 3488: 3336: 3282: 2938: 2830: 2320: 2194: 2188: 1672: 1114: 840: 799: 654: 620: 604: 8445: 5351: 2391: 8824: 8786: 8482: 8467: 8430: 8415: 8188: 8104: 8019: 7856: 7821: 7806: 7533: 7523: 7204: 7051: 7036: 6907: 6830: 6750: 6685: 6617: 6504: 6261: 6112: 5904: 5899: 5723: 5647: 5570: 5343: 5303: 5225: 5215: 5210: 5170: 5147: 5079: 5074: 4908: 4838: 4828: 4798: 4773: 4768: 4677: 4651: 4632: 4613: 4560: 4550: 4525: 3772: 3711: 3674: 3495: 3315: 3261: 2796:

Monks practicing their debating skills following afternoon meditation, Sera Monastery

2212:

During the 1959 Cultural Revolution, the present and the fifth Keutsang incarnation (

2004: 1996: 1715: 1656:, presented these scriptures (printed on wood blocks with gold cover engraved in red 1384: 1268: 988: 906: 850: 833: 823: 794: 659: 642: 630: 7768: 6562: 6462: 5333: 2106: 2019: 1793: 1526: 1347:

The Jé and Mé colleges were established to train monks, over a 20-year programme of

716: 8472: 8425: 8420: 8276: 8241: 8216: 8211: 7962: 7918: 7831: 7506: 7162: 7155: 6939: 6929: 6815: 6479: 6351: 6132: 6122: 5950: 5934: 5803: 5763: 5687: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5607: 5602: 5580: 5545: 5412: 5366: 5315: 5205: 5190: 5119: 5069: 5064: 4943: 4898: 4893: 4873: 4868: 4818: 4778: 2943: 2921: 2845: 2834: 2818: 2659: 2597: 2593: 2537: 2411: 2265: 2125: 2114: 2067: 1953: 1945: 1743: 1264: 1030: 1025: 862: 857: 816: 806: 291: 281: 261: 102: 59: 46: 40: 7551: 3701: 369: 343: 8836: 8781: 8733: 8661: 8531: 8329: 8309: 8251: 8163: 7826: 7724: 7571: 7307: 7290: 7275: 7253: 6805: 6675: 6509: 6489: 6031: 5748: 5585: 5243: 5195: 5089: 5084: 5044: 4823: 2950: 2613: 2205:) of the Jé College also. The monastery also observes all ritualistic practices. 2169: 1739: 1707: 1478: 1069: 894: 884: 879: 562: 557: 459: 379: 7581: 6735: 6725: 5361: 4714: 4699: 4487: 2216:) was incarcerated for a time and later he sought asylum in India in the 1980s. 8791: 8494: 8344: 8126: 7706: 7686: 7606: 7295: 7285: 7219: 7056: 6542: 6405: 5743: 5718: 5575: 5407: 5356: 5272: 4981: 4903: 4813: 2694: 2231:

Ruins of 16 Arhats of Keutsang or Keutsang East Hermitage, destroyed after 1959

2141: 2037: 2032: 2023: 1957: 1851: 1826: 1755: 1391: 1211: 1074: 1043: 1005: 995: 867: 789: 552: 389: 384: 3464: 3155: 2284:)' for a group of hills behind the monastery, 'Soul Mountain of Cakrasamvara ( 8853: 8561: 8410: 7719: 7621: 7479: 7280: 7258: 7194: 6865: 6660: 6655: 6547: 6216: 6163: 6021: 5990: 5985: 5859: 5525: 5497: 5004: 4564: 3764: 2896: 2861: 2838: 2706: 2153: 2063: 2041: 1903:

The Tsongkhapa and other deities painted on rock on the approach to hermitage

1822: 1286: 973: 872: 704: 547: 518: 482: 464: 444: 216: 203: 126: 7019: 7009: 6381: 5799:

Office building of the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region

5467: 4473: 4438: 4437:. Rabten Choling Buddhist Centre for Higher Buddhist Studies. Archived from 3391: 1754:

of 'Sixteen Elders' depicted in their mountain caves, volumes of the sacred

8651: 8636: 8606: 8556: 8546: 8388: 8183: 7676: 7511: 7389: 7177: 7172: 6999: 6870: 6745: 6206: 5788: 5612: 5462: 5457: 5014: 4878: 2868: 2137: 2099: 1949: 1867: 1847: 1797: 1718:

flanked by images of Gelukpa Lamas were placed in the Shakyamuni Lhakhang.

1699: 1653: 1327: 1109: 1094: 934: 454: 7434: 7419: 7379: 7076: 6740: 6316: 4601:

Tibet: A Fascinating Look at the Roof of the World, Its People and Culture

4544: 2957:, Founder of the Tibetan Sponsorship Scheme and Tibetan Buddhist Institute 2367:

History of the hermitage is traced to the 9th century when Padmasambhava (

1663:

The entrance to the hall was through a portico built on 10 columns. Large

610: 8621: 8450: 7591: 7576: 7359: 7167: 7095: 6875: 6705: 6607: 6454: 6326: 6158: 6046: 6041: 5728: 5540: 5530: 5019: 4833: 3112: 2934: 2879: 2856:

Graduates of Sera Jey and Mey College who are known in the West include:

2227: 1679: 1087: 625: 427: 8611: 7071: 5819:

Office of the Representative of the Central People's Government in Tibet

5452: 4413: 1664: 8566: 8524: 8400: 8206: 8131: 7745: 7729: 7691: 7671: 7566: 7541: 7449: 7384: 7364: 7110: 7041: 6912: 6795: 6765: 6700: 6650: 6308: 6298: 6271: 5733: 5487: 5175: 2889: 2833:

corresponding to specific date fixed by the monastery according to the

2498: 2147:

In the 1980s a citizen of Lhasa re-established the monastery under the

2087: 2049: 2012: 1863: 1637: 1612: 1407: 1124: 929: 769: 757: 747: 711: 449: 7586: 6582: 5472: 2792: 2730: 2584: 2335: 2048:. The original nine-storied monastery was partially destroyed by King 1837: 1587:. As built in 1419, it encompassed an area of 28 acres (11 ha). 1517: 8541: 8514: 7681: 7556: 7268: 7184: 7061: 6951: 6924: 6917: 6880: 6837: 6800: 6567: 6532: 6499: 6474: 6429: 6026: 5920:

Memorial Hall Marking the Emancipation of More Than One Million Serfs

5104: 2642:. The nunnery has an ancient history traced to the 11th century when 2242:), a small hermitage exists now only in ruins between Keutsang West ( 2184: 2083: 1987: 1978: 1813: 1789: 1764: 1747: 1683: 1498: 1490: 1486: 1464: 1359:

ritual. Before 1959, the administration of each college comprised an

1297: 1276: 1119: 752: 735: 505: 257: 249: 8314: 7150: 7004: 6770: 6552: 6421: 6413: 2837:. On the festival day, a Dorje Pestle is ceremoniously taken to the 1660:

and made in China) to Jamchen Chojey, the builder of the monastery.

963: 8831: 8671: 8626: 8571: 8536: 8440: 8099: 7666: 7661: 7611: 7546: 7464: 7429: 7424: 7085: 6956: 6944: 6855: 6514: 6211: 5713: 5520: 5482: 5477: 5427: 5417: 4996: 4694: 2739: 2647: 2510: 2095: 1871: 1859: 1855: 1711: 1695: 1691: 1645: 1633: 1423: 1411: 1402:

captioned in the sky. This vision gave him a full insight into the

1015: 951: 676: 432: 394: 323: 7656: 7646: 7631: 7454: 7324: 6592: 5385: 4710:

Chris Worldwide Travel Blog:Tibet Sera Monastery Travel Experience

2468: 1774: 1555: 407: 8576: 8519: 8504: 7651: 7641: 7616: 7491: 7486: 7444: 7414: 7346: 7312: 7199: 7140: 7135: 6989: 6892: 6730: 6680: 6467: 6293: 5708: 5555: 5535: 5442: 5432: 5422: 5220: 5094: 4803: 4783: 3699: 2844:

Another popular festival witnessed by visitors and locals is the

2800: 2484: 2148: 2045: 1729: 1667: 1657: 1649: 1620: 1564: 1445: 1380: 1260: 1099: 1055: 1050: 946: 845: 811: 599: 523: 308: 7263: 7031: 2888:, Sera Jey's debate representative for the occasion of the 14th 8656: 8641: 8477: 8339: 8319: 8094: 7756: 7636: 7626: 7561: 7189: 7145: 7130: 7120: 7090: 7014: 6897: 6665: 6537: 6281: 6276: 2710: 1921: 1909: 1760: 1641: 1494: 1468: 1454: 1395: 1356: 1301: 1235: 1000: 764: 699: 422: 417: 412: 333: 253: 3754: 8796: 8631: 8489: 8455: 8435: 8405: 8334: 7751: 7596: 7474: 7469: 7439: 7394: 7241: 7236: 7115: 6820: 6645: 6612: 6602: 5590: 5492: 5447: 5437: 5323: 4976: 4848: 2639: 2506: 2407: 2110: 2109:

fasting rituals that take place during the Tibetan New Year (

2059:

Je Tsongkhapa, who lived for some time as a hermit in Pabonka

2055: 2027: 1687: 1580: 1360: 1352: 1296:, many of the monks of Sera who survived the attack moved to 1293: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1245: 1010: 968: 958: 911: 338: 328: 150: 121: 114: 2662:, a historical hermitage, is located in the Lhasa suburb of 1632:

The five chapels in this building have statues or images of

8666: 7459: 7125: 6622: 5981:

Yangbajain Cosmic Ray National Field Scientific Observatory

5152: 5059: 4612:(2nd ed.). Bristol, England: Footprint Handbooks Ltd. 3670:

Circle of protest: political ritual in the Tibetan uprising

3545:"Buddhist Monks Wait at the Sera monastery in Lhasa, Tibet" 1364: 941: 109: 81: 4209:"Trashi Chöling Hermitage (Bkra shis chos gling ri khrod)" 8324: 6860: 2910:, a student of Lama Yeshe and presently director of FPMT. 2901:

Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition

1897: 5264: 1624:

Gilt images of a bodhisattva and lamas in Sera Monastery

4416:. Foundation for the Preservation of Mahayana Tradition 4112:"Sera Gönpasar Hermitage (se ra dgon pa gsar ri khrod)" 3084:"Drepung & Sera Monastery on Budget-Lhasa Day Tour" 3078: 3076: 2018:

The site, which is over 1,300 years old, dates back to

4629:

The Power-places of Central Tibet: The Pilgrim's Guide

4488:"Lama Zopa Rinpoche's Teachers: Thubten Zopa Rinpoche" 3050:

Woodblocks for printing, Sera monastery in Tibet, 2013

1579:

The monastery is located on the northern outskirts of

8890:

Major National Historical and Cultural Sites in Tibet

4526:"Sermey Khensur Lobsang Tharchin Rinpoche: 1921-2004" 4088:"Sera Chöding Hermitage (se ra chos sdings ri khrod)" 3960:"Keutsang East Hermitage (ke'u tshang shar ri khrod)" 3793: 3791: 2990:

Young monks printing scriptures. Sera Monastery, 1993

2304:) and top tier was the Temple of the Sixteen Arhats ( 8865:

Religious buildings and structures completed in 1419

3113:

Majupuria, Trilok Chandra; Majupuria, Indra (1988).

3073: 2310:

Da lai bla ma sku phreng brgyad pa ’jam dpal rgya mt

1690:

at the entrance. Jigje Lhakhang houses the image of

4631:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 2682:(about a one-hour walk). The monks were shifted to 2026:, and was amongst the first buildings built in the 3788: 3756: 3673:. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. pp. 99–101. 3487: 3307: 2930:—former abbot of Sera Mey university in Bylakuppe. 1351:(philosophical knowledge), which concludes with a 8900:Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and temples in India 5930:Lhasa Economic and Technological Development Zone 4744: 4510:. Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive. 2010. Archived from 3260:. Footprint Travel Guides. pp. 119–122–130. 1422:came to be known as "the Seat of Theckchen ling ( 8875:Religious organizations established in the 1410s 8851: 5956:Tibet University of Traditional Tibetan Medicine 4386: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3738: 3736: 2951:Kyabje Khensur Kangurwa Lobsang Thubten Rinpoche 5875:Tibetan Hospital of the Tibet Autonomous Region 5814:Lhasa North and South Mountain Greening Project 4152:"Sera Utsé Hermitage (se ra dbu rtse ri khrod)" 3611: 3563: 3438:"Buddhist Monk of Sera Monastery, Lhasa, Tibet" 3183:"Buddhist Monk of Sera Monastery, Lhasa, Tibet" 2941:, and the subject of the 2008 documentary film 1259:and about 5 km (3.1 mi) north of the 4292:"Negodong Hermitage (Gnas sgo gdong ri khrod)" 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 2928:Sermey Khensur Rinpoche Geshe Lobsang Tharchin 2701:) is located to the east of Negodong Nunnery ( 6190: 5280: 4730: 4391:. Staten Island Dharma Center. Archived from 4040:"Purbochok Hermitage (Phur bu lcog ri khrod)" 3733: 2779:Monks debating at Sera monastery, Tibet, 2013 2715:Rje btsun nam mkha’ spyod sgrol rdor dbang mo 2713:) by name Jetsün (or Khachö) Dröldor Wangmo ( 2705:) in Lhasa prefecture. It is associated with 1255:, located 1.25 miles (2.01 km) north of 1188: 6972:Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna 5870:People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region 5779:Qinghai-Tibet-Sichuan-Tibet Highway Monument 4577:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4146: 4144: 4142: 4140: 3896:"Keutsang Hermitage (ke'u tshang ri khrod))" 2924:, the 14th Dalai Lama's own Spiritual Guide. 8910:Buildings and structures in Mysore district 4705:Life on the Tibetan Plateau: Sera Monastery 4361: 4359: 4238: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4228: 4064:"Rakhadrak Hermitage (ra kha brag ri khrod" 4011:"Panglung Hermitage (Spangs lung ri khrod)" 3987:"Panglung Hermitage (Spangs lung ri khrod)" 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3755:Mayhew, B.; Kelly, R.; Vincent, J. (2008). 3662: 3660: 3620: 3597: 3588: 3572: 3410: 3408: 2559: 1938: 27:Buddhist monastery near Lhasa, Tibet, China 6197: 6183: 5855:Tibet Himalaya Mountaineering Guide School 5287: 5273: 4737: 4723: 4581:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3700:Human Rights Watch (Organization) (1992). 3152:"Sera Jey Monastery: Introductory History" 3146: 2448: 2249: 2222: 1195: 1181: 80: 4337: 4335: 4185:"Takten Hermitage (rtags bstan ri khrod)" 4137: 3981: 3979: 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3392:"Sera Monastery and the Sera Mey College" 3144: 3142: 3140: 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3128: 3126: 2529:which are used mostly for storage today. 2417: 1807:Images of deities in a Chapel in the Sera 5976:Lhasa-Beijing Experimental Middle School 4356: 4225: 4034: 4032: 4030: 3879: 3666: 3657: 3405: 3221: 3219: 3154:. Sera Jey Monastery.org. Archived from 2799: 2791: 2766: 2583: 2467: 2390: 2334: 2226: 2183: 2054: 1836: 1802: 1773: 1728: 1619: 1611: 1326: 1318: 8159:Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal 5880:Tibet Autonomous Region Mass Art Museum 3462: 3416:"The Schedule of Debating Institutions" 3364: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3249: 3247: 3245: 3243: 3217: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3203: 3201: 3199: 2762: 185:Location within Tibet Autonomous Region 14: 8852: 8362:List of Buddhist architecture in China 5809:Tibet Working People's Cultural Palace 4645: 4626: 4332: 3976: 3818: 3308:Mayhew, Bradley; Michael Kohn (2005). 3177: 3175: 3173: 3123: 3014:Cooking at Sera Monastery, Lhasa. 1993 2463: 2386: 2330: 1968: 1682:, the treasured Kagyur and guarded by 1607: 177: 6178: 5268: 4718: 4607: 4249:. The Tibetan & Himalayan Library 4157:. The Tibetan & Himalayan Library 4117:. The Tibetan & Himalayan Library 4093:. The Tibetan & Himalayan Library 4069:. The Tibetan & Himalayan Library 4045:. The Tibetan & Himalayan Library 4027: 4016:. The Tibetan & Himalayan Library 3992:. The Tibetan & Himalayan Library 3965:. The Tibetan & Himalayan Library 3901:. The Tibetan & Himalayan Library 3868:. The Tibetan & Himalayan Library 3844:. The Tibetan & Himalayan Library 3839:"Drakri Hermitage (brag ri ri khrod)" 3693: 3430: 3301: 3253: 2352:) is situated in the Lhasa suburb of 2315: 2179: 1927:Images of frightful protector deities 1878: 5895:Lhasa Mass Culture and Sports Center 4610:Footprint Tibet Handbook with Bhutan 4598: 4367:"The Physicality of Tibetan Debates" 4316:"Nenang Nunnery (Gnas nang dgon pa)" 3863:"Jokpo Hermitage ('Jog po ri khrod)" 3537: 3485: 3479: 3355: 3240: 3196: 3026:Monks in an intense debating session 2918:Liberation in the Palm of Your Hands 2787: 2296:)', (a copy of the holy Scriptures ( 2290:Khrungs ba’i lha ri or ’Khrungs’ fro 1292:After the Dalai Lama took asylum in 8905:1970 establishments in Mysore State 4321:. The Tibetan and Himalayan Library 4297:. The Tibetan and Himalayan Library 4273:. The Tibetan and Himalayan Library 4244:"Chupzang Nunnery (Chu bzang dgon)" 4214:. The Tibetan and Himalayan Library 4190:. The Tibetan and Himalayan Library 3384: 3314:. Lonely Planet. pp. 123–125. 3227:"Travel China guide:Sera Monastery" 3170: 2654: 2579: 2532: 2260: 2120: 1724: 1429: 1331:Abbots of Sera Monastery, 1920-1921 24: 8149:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 6052:Tibet Autonomous Region Guesthouse 3920:"Keutsang East (Ke'u tshang shar)" 2163: 1832: 1782: 665:Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction 25: 8926: 5784:Consulate General of Nepal, Lhasa 4688: 4650:. London: Serindia Publications. 3927:The Tibetan and Himalayan Library 3815:The Tibetan and Himalayan Library 3644:"Essays on Individual Hermitages" 3490:Sera: the way of the Tibetan monk 2851: 2689: 2686:(the original home of the nuns). 2132:), also known as Bari Hermitage ( 8830: 8820: 8819: 8377:Thai temple art and architecture 8122:Huichang persecution of Buddhism 6362:Iconography in Laos and Thailand 6228: 6215: 6205: 5996:Lhasa 500kV Transmission Project 5890:Tibet Autonomous Region Archives 5391: 5384: 4695:Official Website (Indian Branch) 3370:"Introduction to Sera Monastery" 3055: 3043: 3031: 3019: 3007: 2995: 2983: 2961: 2804:Debating monks at Sera Monastery 2738: 2729: 2015:on the slopes of Mount Parasol. 1986: 1977: 1920: 1908: 1896: 1887: 1563: 1554: 1525: 1516: 1453: 1444: 1387:before he formed the Sera Jey. 290: 176: 169: 6229: 5850:Tibet Museum of Natural Science 4809:Nyethang Drolma Lhakhang Temple 4538: 4518: 4508:"Pabongka Rinpoche's Biography" 4500: 4480: 4466: 4452: 4427: 4414:"Venerable Geshe Sopa Rinpoche" 4406: 4389:"Teachings of Tibetan Buddhism" 4380: 4369:. The Tibetan Himalayan Library 4345:. The Tibetan Himalayan Library 4343:"Procedure and rules of debate" 4308: 4284: 4260: 4201: 4177: 4168: 4128: 4104: 4080: 4056: 4003: 3952: 3912: 3855: 3809: 3800: 3646:. The Tibetan Himalayan Library 3636: 3456: 3418:. The Tibetan Himalayan Library 3002:Kitchen at Sera Monastery, 1993 2630: 2550:Pha bong kha bde chen snying po 1594: 1463:Left: Sera Monastery, India at 1349:tsennyi mtshan nyid grwa tshang 8367:Japanese Buddhist architecture 8169:Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism 7249:Seven Factors of Enlightenment 6440:Places where the Buddha stayed 5910:Lhasa Donggar Wholesale Market 4648:Early Temples of Central Tibet 4268:"Gari Nunnery (Ga ru dgon pa)" 3706:. Human Rights Watch. p. 3106: 2521:of the Drupkhang incarnation ( 1944:nunneries established are the 1244:) is one of the "great three" 1240: 1231: 13: 1: 8915:Buddhist temples in Karnataka 8382:Tibetan Buddhist architecture 6006:One River, Two Rivers Project 4747:Buddhist monasteries in Tibet 4664:von Schroeder, Ulrich. 2001. 4592: 3494:. Columbia University Press. 2759:Courtyard' of the monastery. 2748:Debating monks and gesturing. 2569:Bkra shis chos gling ri khrod 1963: 1702:and other protector deities. 1314: 8139:Buddhism and the Roman world 8115:Decline of Buddhism in India 8110:History of Buddhism in India 6210: Topics in 5971:Lhasa No.1 Elementary School 5885:Lhasa Comprehensive Pavilion 4666:Buddhist Sculptures in Tibet 4460:"In Meditation for 19 years" 3703:Political prisoners in Tibet 3667:Schwartz, Ronald D. (1996). 2871:, professor emeritus at the 2824: 2574: 2377:Rgyal mo tshe ring bkra shis 2214:Keutshang sku phreng lnga pa 1545: 7: 8870:1419 establishments in Asia 7337:Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar 7077: 6108:G6 Beijing–Lhasa Expressway 5865:Lhasa Youth Activity Center 5110:Tsechen Monastery and Dzong 4599:Booz, Elizabeth B. (1986). 3257:Tibet handbook: with Bhutan 2812: 2458:se ra dgon pa gsar ri khrod 2373:Rdo cung cong zhi’i phug pa 2282:Rgyal ba’i rigs lnga bla ri 611: 10: 8931: 8287:The unanswerable questions 6138:Lhasa River Special Bridge 6093:Yangbajain railway station 6083:Lhasa West railway station 5161:Galden Jampaling Monastery 4700:The Sera Monastery Project 4603:. Chicago: Passport Books. 4474:"Ananda Dharma Center, CA" 4134:Dowman (1988), pp. 63, 66. 2976: 2914:Pabongkhapa Déchen Nyingpo 2720: 2427:Se ra chos sdings ri khrod 1433: 1374: 248:Its counterpart set up at 8895:Buddhist schools in Tibet 8885:Chengguan District, Lhasa 8815: 8767: 8682: 8597: 8372:Buddhist temples in Korea 8295: 8197: 8080: 7777: 7705: 7532: 7405: 7345: 6980: 6935:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 6846: 6838:Three planes of existence 6786: 6631: 6523: 6453: 6445:Buddha in world religions 6307: 6252: 6224: 6151: 6060: 6014: 5943: 5827: 5769:Potala Palace Inner Stele 5701: 5506: 5400: 5382: 5342: 5314: 5302: 5294: 5234: 5146: 5118: 4995: 4957: 4754: 3767:Country Guides. pp. 3062:Old Chorten at Sera, 1993 2429:) was a tantric college ( 2240:ke’u tshang shar ri khrod 1215: 247: 237: 232: 193: 164: 156: 137: 132: 120: 108: 96: 91: 79: 37: 32: 8154:Persecution of Buddhists 7375:Four stages of awakening 6756:Three marks of existence 6342:Physical characteristics 6088:Wumatang railway station 5774:Lhasa Martyrs' Mausoleum 5754:Monument of Jiangsu Road 5693:Trashi Chöling Hermitage 5254:Tsozong Gongba Monastery 4949:Trashi Chöling Hermitage 4646:Vitali, Roberto (1990). 3465:"1959 Uprising in Lhasa" 3067: 2565:Trashi Chöling Hermitage 2560:Trashi Chöling Hermitage 2364:)- "OM Mani Padme Hum". 1939:Hermitages and nunneries 1418:the Mahayana tradition. 1226:"Wild Roses Monastery"; 694:Practices and attainment 682:Pointing-out instruction 593:Three marks of existence 61:Chinese transcription(s) 42:Tibetan transcription(s) 8880:Buddhist caves in Tibet 7517:Ten principal disciples 6400:(aunt, adoptive mother) 6143:Lhasa Passenger Station 6073:Damxung railway station 6001:Lhasa Converter Station 5944:Education & Science 5915:Tibet Exhibition Center 5759:Treasure of the Plateau 5678:Sera Gönpasar Hermitage 5623:Keutsang East Hermitage 4934:Sera Gönpasar Hermitage 4889:Keutsang East Hermitage 4435:"Geshe Rabten Rinpoche" 3119:. S. Devi. p. 312. 2873:University of Wisconsin 2623:(Rnam grol lagbcangs). 2621:Liberation in Our Hands 2481:se ra dbu rtse ri khrod 2454:Sera Gönpasar Hermitage 2449:Sera Gönpasar Hermitage 2255:Keutsang West Hermitage 2250:Keutsang West Hermitage 2236:Keutsang East Hermitage 2223:Keutsang East Hermitage 1585:Tibet Autonomous Region 147:Tibet Autonomous Region 57:: se ra theg chen gling 8227:Buddhism and democracy 7740:Tibetan Buddhist canon 7735:Chinese Buddhist canon 6967:Pre-sectarian Buddhism 6962:Early Buddhist schools 5961:Lhasa Teachers College 5673:Sera Chöding Hermitage 5561:Drolma Lhakhang Temple 4929:Sera Chöding Hermitage 4854:Zhuowaqudeng Monastery 4794:Muru Nyingba Monastery 4627:Dowman, Keith (1988). 4608:Dorje, Gyurme (1999). 4387:Geshe Ngawang Tsondu. 4174:Gyurme (1999), p. 122. 3254:Dorje, Gyumye (1999). 2886:Kyabje Choden Rinpoche 2805: 2797: 2780: 2703:Gnas sgo gdong dgon pa 2672:Nam mkha’ rgyal mtshan 2644:Pha dam pa sangs rgyas 2589: 2554:Pha bong kha bla brang 2473: 2431:rgyud smad grwa tshang 2423:Sera Chöding Hermitage 2418:Sera Chöding Hermitage 2396: 2342: 2232: 2209:the Barskor in Lhasa. 2191: 2060: 1842: 1808: 1779: 1734: 1625: 1617: 1332: 1324: 1323:Sera Monastery in 1938 1249:university monasteries 1063:Tibetan Buddhist canon 195:Geographic coordinates 8237:Eight Consciousnesses 6347:Life of Buddha in art 6078:Lhasa railway station 5840:Tibetan People's Hall 5516:Architecture of Lhasa 5005:Changmoche and Lhatse 4972:Mindrolling Monastery 4967:Gongkar Chö Monastery 4764:Ani Tsankhung Nunnery 3806:Dowman 91988), p. 65. 3797:Dorje (1999), p. 123. 3486:Rock, Sheila (2003). 2908:Thubten Zopa Rinpoche 2803: 2795: 2778: 2587: 2523:Sgrub khang sprul sku 2471: 2394: 2350:Phur bu lcog ri khrod 2338: 2278:Mkhar rdo srong btsan 2230: 2203:Har gdong khang tshan 2187: 2058: 2040:. Detsen, along with 2022:, the founder of the 2009:pha bong kha ri khrod 1840: 1806: 1777: 1732: 1623: 1615: 1436:1959 Tibetan uprising 1330: 1322: 1263:. (The other two are 638:Dependent origination 217:29.69806°N 91.13333°E 55:Wylie transliteration 8714:East Asian religions 8144:Buddhism in the West 7715:Early Buddhist texts 7330:Four Right Exertions 6796:Ten spiritual realms 6289:Noble Eightfold Path 6118:Central Beijing Road 5835:Potala Palace Square 5566:Yangpachen Monastery 5010:Chokorgyel Monastery 4844:Yangpachen Monastery 4441:on November 14, 2008 2763:Procedures and rules 2668:Sgom sde khang tshan 2638:is located north of 2542:Rtags bstan ri khrod 2404:Ra kha brag ri khrod 2325:spangs lung ri khrod 2199:Ke’u tshang ri khrod 1858:along with those of 1733:Sera Monastery, 2008 1363:with council of ten 1137:History and overview 536:Samding Dorje Phagmo 401:Second dissemination 8837:Religion portal 8584:Temple of the Tooth 8463:Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi 7502:Upāsaka and Upāsikā 6995:Bodhipakkhiyādhammā 6778:Two truths doctrine 6598:Mahapajapati Gotamī 6398:Mahapajapati Gotamī 5966:Lhasa Middle School 5925:Lhasa Half Marathon 5794:Shirin Dorje Pohang 5739:Hutoushan Reservoir 5683:Sera Utsé Hermitage 5663:Rakhadrak Hermitage 5658:Purbuchok Hermitage 5551:Kundeling Monastery 5236:Nyingchi Prefecture 5166:Karma Gon Monastery 5138:Simbiling Monastery 5040:Manmogang Monastery 4987:Yungbulakang Palace 4939:Sera Utsé Hermitage 4924:Rakhadrak Hermitage 4919:Purbuchok Hermitage 4789:Kundeling Monastery 3038:Sera Utsé Hermitage 2971:2008 Tibetan unrest 2756:Buddhist philosophy 2477:Sera Utsé Hermitage 2472:Sera Utsé Hermitage 2464:Sera Utsé Hermitage 2400:Rakhadrak Hermitage 2395:Rakhadrak Hermitage 2387:Rakhadrak Hermitage 2346:Purbuchok Hermitage 2340:Purbuchok Hermitage 2331:Purbuchok Hermitage 2302:Gzims khang gong ma 2102:, the protectress. 2080:Cultural Revolution 1969:Pabongkha Hermitage 1608:Great Assembly Hall 1503:Government of India 1338:Sera Utsé Hermitage 1306:Government of India 924:Institutional roles 363:First dissemination 213: / 51:སེ་ར་ཐེག་ཆེན་གླིང་། 8759:Western philosophy 8357:Dzong architecture 8179:Vipassana movement 8174:Buddhist modernism 7602:Emperor Wen of Sui 7370:Pratyekabuddhayāna 7303:Threefold Training 7105:Vipassana movement 6821:Hungry Ghost realm 6641:Avidyā (Ignorance) 6588:Puṇṇa Mantānīputta 6337:Great Renunciation 6332:Eight Great Events 6214: 6015:Hotels & Parks 5828:Culture & Life 5653:Panglung Hermitage 5628:Keutsang Hermitage 5618:Keutsang Hermitage 5401:Towns and villages 5249:Lamaling Monastery 5201:Nanwu Si Monastery 5186:Dzongsar Monastery 5181:Dzogchen Monastery 5133:Mangnang Monastery 5128:Khorzhak Monastery 5055:Narthang Monastery 5025:Drongtse Monastery 4914:Panglung Hermitage 4884:Keutsang Hermitage 3783:Pabonka Hermitage. 3617:Dorje, pp. 120-121 3569:Dorje, pp. 121-122 3158:on 22 October 2009 2939:Geshe Lama Konchog 2831:Gregorian calendar 2806: 2798: 2781: 2590: 2546:Dge lugs pa bla ma 2515:Rdo rje ’jigs byed 2474: 2443:Rtsa shes Dīk chen 2397: 2343: 2321:Panglung Hermitage 2316:Panglung Hermitage 2306:Gnas bcu lha khang 2270:Mkhar rdo ri khrod 2233: 2195:Keutsang Hermitage 2192: 2189:Keutsang Hermitage 2180:Keutsang Hermitage 2158:Zangs mdog dpal ri 2061: 1879:Homdong Khangtsang 1843: 1809: 1780: 1735: 1673:Desi Sangye Gyatso 1644:, Tsongkhapa, and 1626: 1618: 1424:Mahayana Tradition 1367:for each college. 1333: 1325: 1115:Tree of physiology 655:Four Tenets system 222:29.69806; 91.13333 141:Wangbur Mountain, 8845: 8844: 8483:Om mani padme hum 8189:Women in Buddhism 8105:Buddhist councils 7975:Western countries 7763:Madhyamakālaṃkāra 7524:Shaolin Monastery 7101:Samatha-vipassanā 6711:Pratītyasamutpāda 6515:Metteyya/Maitreya 6433: 6425: 6417: 6409: 6401: 6393: 6385: 6262:Four Noble Truths 6172: 6171: 6113:North Linkor Road 5905:Tibet Rug Mansion 5900:Lhasa Cinema City 5724:Lhasa Zhol Pillar 5648:Pabonka Hermitage 5571:Drepung Monastery 5380: 5379: 5262: 5261: 5226:Tongkor Monastery 5216:Shechen Monastery 5211:Riwoche Monastery 5171:Benchen Monastery 5148:Chamdo Prefecture 5080:Samding Monastery 5075:Rongbuk Monastery 5030:Donggar Monastery 4909:Pabonka Hermitage 4839:Tsurphu Monastery 4829:Taklung Monastery 4799:Namgyal Monastery 4774:Drigung Monastery 4769:Drepung Monastery 4674:Tibet & China 4670:India & Nepal 4462:. 7 October 2017. 3778:978-1-74104-569-7 3094:on 21 August 2019 2899:, founder of the 2788:Physical gestures 2776: 2699:Gnas nang dgon pa 2369:Padma ’byung gnas 2358:drug pa tshe bzhi 2286:Bde mchog bla ri) 2013:Nyang bran Valley 2005:Pabonka Hermitage 1997:Pabonka Hermitage 1716:Shakyamuni Buddha 1694:with his consort 1583:, the capital of 1406:(Fundamentals of 1385:Drepung Monastery 1269:Drepung Monastery 1205: 1204: 1167:Index of articles 783:Major monasteries 741:Tantra techniques 660:Rangtong-Shentong 568:10th Panchen Lama 357:Key personalities 267: 266: 16:(Redirected from 8922: 8835: 8834: 8823: 8822: 8662:Sacred languages 8510:Maya Devi Temple 8473:Mahabodhi Temple 8277:Secular Buddhism 8242:Engaged Buddhism 7082: 6930:Tibetan Buddhism 6881:Vietnamese Thiền 6480:Mahāsthāmaprāpta 6431: 6423: 6415: 6407: 6399: 6391: 6383: 6232: 6231: 6219: 6209: 6199: 6192: 6185: 6176: 6175: 6133:Jinzhu West Road 6123:Norbulingka Road 6037:Banak Shöl Hotel 5951:Tibet University 5935:Lhasa Television 5804:Lhasa Auditorium 5764:Lhasa Racecourse 5688:Takten Hermitage 5643:Nenang Monastery 5638:Negodong Nunnery 5633:Khardo Hermitage 5608:Drakri Hermitage 5603:Chupzang Nunnery 5581:Reting Monastery 5546:Ganden Monastery 5395: 5388: 5312: 5311: 5289: 5282: 5275: 5266: 5265: 5206:Palyul Monastery 5191:Kandze Monastery 5120:Ngari Prefecture 5070:Ralung Monastery 5065:Palcho Monastery 4959:Lhoka Prefecture 4944:Takten Hermitage 4899:Negodong Nunnery 4894:Khardo Hermitage 4874:Drakri Hermitage 4869:Chupzang Nunnery 4819:Reting Monastery 4779:Ganden Monastery 4748: 4739: 4732: 4725: 4716: 4715: 4661: 4642: 4623: 4604: 4587: 4586: 4576: 4568: 4542: 4536: 4535: 4533: 4532: 4522: 4516: 4515: 4504: 4498: 4497: 4495: 4494: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4470: 4464: 4463: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4446: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4421: 4410: 4404: 4403: 4401: 4400: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4374: 4363: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4350: 4339: 4330: 4329: 4327: 4326: 4320: 4312: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4302: 4296: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4272: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4254: 4248: 4240: 4223: 4222: 4220: 4219: 4213: 4205: 4199: 4198: 4196: 4195: 4189: 4181: 4175: 4172: 4166: 4165: 4163: 4162: 4156: 4148: 4135: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4123: 4122: 4116: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4098: 4092: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4075: 4074: 4068: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4044: 4036: 4025: 4024: 4022: 4021: 4015: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3998: 3997: 3991: 3983: 3974: 3973: 3971: 3970: 3964: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3943: 3941: 3935: 3929:. Archived from 3924: 3916: 3910: 3909: 3907: 3906: 3900: 3892: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3873: 3867: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3849: 3843: 3835: 3816: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3786: 3785: 3762: 3752: 3731: 3730: 3725: 3724: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3688: 3687: 3664: 3655: 3654: 3652: 3651: 3640: 3634: 3631: 3618: 3615: 3609: 3606: 3595: 3592: 3586: 3583: 3570: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3547:. Archived from 3541: 3535: 3534: 3528: 3524: 3522: 3514: 3509: 3508: 3493: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3440:. Archived from 3434: 3428: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3412: 3403: 3402: 3400: 3398: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3372:. Sera Monastery 3366: 3353: 3352: 3346: 3342: 3340: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3292: 3288: 3286: 3278: 3276: 3274: 3251: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3233: 3223: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3190: 3179: 3168: 3167: 3165: 3163: 3148: 3121: 3120: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3090:. Archived from 3080: 3059: 3047: 3035: 3023: 3011: 2999: 2987: 2944:Unmistaken Child 2922:Trijang Rinpoche 2846:Sho Dun Festival 2835:Tibetan calendar 2819:Ganden Monastery 2777: 2742: 2733: 2660:Negodong Nunnery 2655:Negodong Nunnery 2598:Fifth Dalai Lama 2588:Chubzang Nunnery 2580:Chupzang Nunnery 2538:Takten Hermitage 2533:Takten Hermitage 2496: 2495: 2491: 2412:Fifth Dalai Lama 2410:. Mother of the 2266:Khardo Hermitage 2261:Khardo Hermitage 2174:’jog po ri khrod 2130:brag ri ri khrod 2126:Drakri Hermitage 2121:Drakri Hermitage 2068:Fifth Dalai Lama 1990: 1981: 1954:Negodong Nunnery 1946:Chupzang Nunnery 1924: 1912: 1900: 1841:Ngakpa Tratsang. 1744:Tibetan Buddhism 1725:Sera Me Tratsang 1567: 1558: 1529: 1520: 1457: 1448: 1430:Post-1959 events 1265:Ganden Monastery 1242: 1233: 1217: 1197: 1190: 1183: 1120:Festival thangka 614: 587:General Buddhist 294: 284: 283:Tibetan Buddhism 269: 268: 262:Tibetan diaspora 228: 227: 225: 224: 223: 218: 214: 211: 210: 209: 206: 180: 179: 173: 103:Tibetan Buddhism 84: 62: 43: 30: 29: 21: 8930: 8929: 8925: 8924: 8923: 8921: 8920: 8919: 8850: 8849: 8846: 8841: 8829: 8811: 8763: 8678: 8593: 8330:Ordination hall 8291: 8193: 8164:Buddhist crisis 8076: 7773: 7725:Mahayana sutras 7701: 7697:Thích Nhất Hạnh 7528: 7401: 7341: 7291:Bodhisattva vow 6976: 6842: 6782: 6741:Taṇhā (Craving) 6676:Five hindrances 6627: 6519: 6449: 6303: 6248: 6220: 6203: 6173: 6168: 6147: 6056: 6032:Cisongtang Park 6010: 5939: 5823: 5749:Labrang Nyingba 5702:Other landmarks 5697: 5586:Sanga Monastery 5508: 5502: 5413:Chundui (Codoi) 5396: 5390: 5389: 5376: 5338: 5307: 5298: 5293: 5263: 5258: 5244:Buchu Monastery 5230: 5196:Katok Monastery 5150: 5142: 5114: 5090:Shalu Monastery 5085:Sakya Monastery 5050:Milarepa's Cave 5045:Menri Monastery 5035:Garju Monastery 4991: 4953: 4824:Sanga Monastery 4750: 4746: 4743: 4691: 4658: 4639: 4620: 4595: 4590: 4570: 4569: 4557: 4543: 4539: 4530: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4519: 4506: 4505: 4501: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4444: 4442: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4419: 4417: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4398: 4396: 4385: 4381: 4372: 4370: 4365: 4364: 4357: 4348: 4346: 4341: 4340: 4333: 4324: 4322: 4318: 4314: 4313: 4309: 4300: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4289: 4285: 4276: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4226: 4217: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4206: 4202: 4193: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4169: 4160: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4149: 4138: 4133: 4129: 4120: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4109: 4105: 4096: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4085: 4081: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4061: 4057: 4048: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4037: 4028: 4019: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4008: 4004: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3984: 3977: 3968: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3957: 3953: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3922: 3918: 3917: 3913: 3904: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3893: 3880: 3871: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3836: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3789: 3779: 3753: 3734: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3698: 3694: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3665: 3658: 3649: 3647: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3621: 3616: 3612: 3607: 3598: 3593: 3589: 3584: 3573: 3568: 3564: 3554: 3552: 3551:on 15 June 2011 3543: 3542: 3538: 3526: 3525: 3516: 3515: 3512:Sera Monastery. 3506: 3504: 3502: 3484: 3480: 3470: 3468: 3467:. Walleah Press 3461: 3457: 3447: 3445: 3444:on 15 June 2011 3436: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3414: 3413: 3406: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3375: 3373: 3368: 3367: 3356: 3344: 3343: 3334: 3333: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3306: 3302: 3290: 3289: 3280: 3279: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3252: 3241: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3224: 3197: 3188: 3186: 3185:. pp. 9–12 3181: 3180: 3171: 3161: 3159: 3150: 3149: 3124: 3111: 3107: 3097: 3095: 3082: 3081: 3074: 3070: 3063: 3060: 3051: 3048: 3039: 3036: 3027: 3024: 3015: 3012: 3003: 3000: 2991: 2988: 2979: 2964: 2937:, attendant of 2854: 2827: 2815: 2790: 2767: 2765: 2752: 2751: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2743: 2735: 2734: 2723: 2692: 2657: 2633: 2614:14th Dalai Lama 2582: 2577: 2562: 2535: 2493: 2489: 2488: 2466: 2451: 2420: 2389: 2333: 2318: 2263: 2252: 2244:Ke’u tshang nub 2225: 2182: 2170:Jokpo Hermitage 2166: 2164:Jokpo Hermitage 2134:sba ri ri khrod 2123: 2002: 2001: 2000: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1991: 1983: 1982: 1971: 1966: 1941: 1932: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1928: 1925: 1917: 1916: 1915:Image of Buddha 1913: 1905: 1904: 1901: 1890: 1881: 1835: 1833:Ngakpa Tratsang 1785: 1783:Sera Je College 1740:Yellow Hat sect 1738:the Gelukpa or 1727: 1675:and many more. 1610: 1597: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1560: 1559: 1548: 1539: 1538: 1537: 1536: 1532: 1531: 1530: 1522: 1521: 1479:14th Dalai Lama 1475: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1460: 1459: 1458: 1450: 1449: 1438: 1432: 1377: 1317: 1201: 1172: 1171: 1138: 1130: 1129: 1090: 1080: 1079: 1070:Mahayana sutras 1046: 1036: 1035: 991: 981: 980: 925: 917: 916: 785: 775: 774: 695: 687: 686: 583: 573: 572: 563:14th Dalai Lama 558:13th Dalai Lama 542: 531: 513: 495: 477: 460:Patrul Rinpoche 402: 364: 359: 349: 348: 304: 282: 221: 219: 215: 212: 207: 204: 202: 200: 199: 189: 188: 187: 186: 183: 182: 181: 87: 75: 74: 69: 64: 60: 58: 53: 52: 45: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8928: 8918: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8860:Sera Monastery 8843: 8842: 8840: 8839: 8827: 8816: 8813: 8812: 8810: 8809: 8804: 8799: 8794: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8773: 8771: 8765: 8764: 8762: 8761: 8756: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8710: 8709: 8704: 8694: 8688: 8686: 8680: 8679: 8677: 8676: 8675: 8674: 8669: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8629: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8603: 8601: 8595: 8594: 8592: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8580: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8528: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8486: 8485: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8459: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8397: 8396: 8394:Greco-Buddhist 8386: 8385: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8369: 8364: 8359: 8354: 8349: 8348: 8347: 8345:Burmese pagoda 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8301: 8299: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8224: 8219: 8214: 8209: 8203: 8201: 8195: 8194: 8192: 8191: 8186: 8181: 8176: 8171: 8166: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8135: 8134: 8127:Greco-Buddhism 8124: 8119: 8118: 8117: 8107: 8102: 8097: 8092: 8086: 8084: 8078: 8077: 8075: 8074: 8073: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8060:United Kingdom 8057: 8052: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8005:Czech Republic 8002: 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7972: 7971: 7970: 7965: 7955: 7954: 7953: 7943: 7942: 7941: 7936: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7895: 7894: 7884: 7879: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7819: 7814: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7783: 7781: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7771: 7769:Abhidharmadīpa 7766: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7742: 7737: 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7711: 7709: 7703: 7702: 7700: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7687:B. R. Ambedkar 7684: 7679: 7674: 7669: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7607:Songtsen Gampo 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7538: 7536: 7530: 7529: 7527: 7526: 7521: 7520: 7519: 7509: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7489: 7484: 7483: 7482: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7411: 7409: 7403: 7402: 7400: 7399: 7398: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7372: 7367: 7362: 7357: 7351: 7349: 7343: 7342: 7340: 7339: 7334: 7333: 7332: 7322: 7321: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7300: 7299: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7286:Eight precepts 7283: 7273: 7272: 7271: 7266: 7261: 7256: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7223: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7181: 7180: 7175: 7165: 7160: 7159: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7074: 7064: 7059: 7057:Five Strengths 7054: 7049: 7044: 7039: 7034: 7029: 7024: 7023: 7022: 7017: 7012: 7007: 6997: 6992: 6986: 6984: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6974: 6969: 6964: 6959: 6954: 6949: 6948: 6947: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6885: 6884: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6852: 6850: 6844: 6843: 6841: 6840: 6835: 6834: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6798: 6792: 6790: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6780: 6775: 6774: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6753: 6748: 6743: 6738: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6696:Mental factors 6693: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6643: 6637: 6635: 6629: 6628: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6548:Mahamoggallāna 6545: 6540: 6535: 6529: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6471: 6470: 6463:Avalokiteśvara 6459: 6457: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6447: 6442: 6437: 6436: 6435: 6427: 6419: 6411: 6403: 6395: 6387: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6313: 6311: 6305: 6304: 6302: 6301: 6296: 6291: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6264: 6258: 6256: 6250: 6249: 6247: 6246: 6241: 6236: 6225: 6222: 6221: 6202: 6201: 6194: 6187: 6179: 6170: 6169: 6167: 6166: 6161: 6155: 6153: 6149: 6148: 6146: 6145: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6095: 6090: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6024: 6018: 6016: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6008: 6003: 5998: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5940: 5938: 5937: 5932: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5902: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5831: 5829: 5825: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5744:Samdrup Pohang 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5719:Drapchi Prison 5716: 5711: 5705: 5703: 5699: 5698: 5696: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5668:Sera Monastery 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5630: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5598:Sera Monastery 5594: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5576:Ramoche Temple 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5512: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5455: 5450: 5445: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5397: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5374: 5372:Maizhokunggar 5369: 5364: 5359: 5354: 5348: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5337: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5320: 5318: 5309: 5300: 5299: 5292: 5291: 5284: 5277: 5269: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5240: 5238: 5232: 5231: 5229: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5157: 5155: 5144: 5143: 5141: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5124: 5122: 5116: 5115: 5113: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5001: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4989: 4984: 4982:Tradruk Temple 4979: 4974: 4969: 4963: 4961: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4904:Nenang Nunnery 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4862:Sera Monastery 4857: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4814:Ramoche Temple 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4760: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4742: 4741: 4734: 4727: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4690: 4689:External links 4687: 4686: 4685: 4662: 4656: 4643: 4637: 4624: 4618: 4605: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4588: 4555: 4537: 4517: 4514:on 2011-06-10. 4499: 4479: 4465: 4451: 4426: 4405: 4379: 4355: 4331: 4307: 4283: 4259: 4224: 4200: 4176: 4167: 4136: 4127: 4103: 4079: 4055: 4026: 4002: 3975: 3951: 3936:on 1 June 2017 3911: 3878: 3854: 3817: 3808: 3799: 3787: 3777: 3732: 3716: 3692: 3679: 3656: 3635: 3619: 3610: 3596: 3587: 3571: 3562: 3536: 3500: 3478: 3455: 3429: 3404: 3383: 3354: 3320: 3300: 3266: 3239: 3195: 3169: 3122: 3105: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3064: 3061: 3054: 3052: 3049: 3042: 3040: 3037: 3030: 3028: 3025: 3018: 3016: 3013: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2994: 2992: 2989: 2982: 2978: 2975: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2958: 2948: 2931: 2925: 2911: 2904: 2893: 2883: 2876: 2865: 2853: 2852:Notable alumni 2850: 2826: 2823: 2814: 2811: 2789: 2786: 2764: 2761: 2747: 2746: 2737: 2736: 2728: 2727: 2726: 2725: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2695:Nenang Nunnery 2691: 2690:Nenang Nunnery 2688: 2680:Gnas sgo gdong 2656: 2653: 2632: 2629: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2573: 2561: 2558: 2534: 2531: 2465: 2462: 2450: 2447: 2419: 2416: 2388: 2385: 2332: 2329: 2317: 2314: 2262: 2259: 2251: 2248: 2224: 2221: 2181: 2178: 2165: 2162: 2142:Drapchi Prison 2122: 2119: 2107:Avalokiteśvara 2038:Trisong Detsen 2033:Tibetan Annals 2024:Tibetan Empire 2020:Songtsän Gampo 1995: 1994: 1985: 1984: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1958:Nenang Nunnery 1940: 1937: 1926: 1919: 1918: 1914: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1895: 1894: 1893: 1892: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1880: 1877: 1852:Yongle Emperor 1834: 1831: 1827:5th Dalai Lama 1794:Avalokiteśvara 1784: 1781: 1756:Prajnaparamita 1726: 1723: 1714:. The idol of 1710:and six–armed 1616:Sera Monastery 1609: 1606: 1596: 1593: 1572: 1571: 1562: 1561: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1550: 1549: 1547: 1544: 1534: 1533: 1524: 1523: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1511: 1462: 1461: 1452: 1451: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1431: 1428: 1392:Prajnaparamita 1376: 1373: 1316: 1313: 1208:Sera Monastery 1203: 1202: 1200: 1199: 1192: 1185: 1177: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1151: 1150: 1145: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1107: 1105:Wall paintings 1102: 1097: 1091: 1086: 1085: 1082: 1081: 1078: 1077: 1075:Nyingma Gyubum 1072: 1066: 1065: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1047: 1042: 1041: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1018: 1013: 1008: 1006:Galdan Namchot 1003: 998: 996:Chotrul Duchen 992: 987: 986: 983: 982: 979: 978: 977: 976: 966: 961: 955: 954: 949: 944: 938: 937: 932: 926: 923: 922: 919: 918: 915: 914: 909: 904: 898: 897: 892: 887: 882: 876: 875: 870: 865: 860: 854: 853: 848: 843: 837: 836: 831: 826: 820: 819: 814: 809: 803: 802: 797: 792: 786: 781: 780: 777: 776: 773: 772: 767: 761: 760: 755: 750: 744: 743: 738: 732: 731: 726: 720: 719: 717:Avalokiteśvara 714: 708: 707: 702: 696: 693: 692: 689: 688: 685: 684: 679: 673: 672: 668: 667: 662: 657: 651: 650: 646: 645: 640: 634: 633: 628: 623: 617: 616: 607: 602: 596: 595: 589: 588: 584: 579: 578: 575: 574: 571: 570: 565: 560: 555: 553:5th Dalai Lama 550: 544: 543: 533: 532: 527: 526: 521: 515: 514: 509: 508: 503: 497: 496: 491: 490: 488:Rangjung Dorje 485: 479: 478: 473: 472: 467: 462: 457: 452: 447: 441: 440: 436: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 404: 403: 398: 397: 392: 390:Trisong Detsen 387: 385:Songtsen Gampo 382: 377: 372: 366: 365: 360: 355: 354: 351: 350: 347: 346: 341: 336: 331: 326: 321: 316: 311: 305: 300: 299: 296: 295: 287: 286: 278: 277: 265: 264: 245: 244: 242:Jamchen Chojey 239: 235: 234: 230: 229: 197: 191: 190: 184: 175: 174: 168: 167: 166: 165: 162: 161: 158: 154: 153: 139: 135: 134: 130: 129: 124: 118: 117: 112: 106: 105: 100: 94: 93: 89: 88: 85: 77: 76: 50: 39: 38: 35: 34: 33:Séra Monastery 26: 18:Sera monastery 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8927: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8857: 8855: 8848: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8826: 8818: 8817: 8814: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8775: 8774: 8772: 8770: 8766: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8699: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8689: 8687: 8685: 8681: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8664: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8600: 8599:Miscellaneous 8596: 8590: 8589:Vegetarianism 8587: 8585: 8582: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8554: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8502: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8484: 8481: 8480: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8457: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8433: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8411:Buddha in art 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8395: 8392: 8391: 8390: 8387: 8383: 8380: 8378: 8375: 8373: 8370: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8360: 8358: 8355: 8353: 8350: 8346: 8343: 8342: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8307: 8306: 8303: 8302: 8300: 8298: 8294: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8225: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8213: 8210: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8200: 8196: 8190: 8187: 8185: 8182: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8170: 8167: 8165: 8162: 8160: 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8133: 8130: 8129: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8116: 8113: 8112: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8087: 8085: 8083: 8079: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8065:United States 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7977: 7976: 7973: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7960: 7959: 7956: 7952: 7949: 7948: 7947: 7944: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7931: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7892: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7776: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7764: 7760: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7747: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7712: 7710: 7708: 7704: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7673: 7670: 7668: 7665: 7663: 7660: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7622:Padmasambhava 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7535: 7534:Major figures 7531: 7525: 7522: 7518: 7515: 7514: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7503: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7493: 7490: 7488: 7485: 7481: 7480:Western tulku 7478: 7477: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7404: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7377: 7376: 7373: 7371: 7368: 7366: 7363: 7361: 7358: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7350: 7348: 7344: 7338: 7335: 7331: 7328: 7327: 7326: 7323: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7305: 7304: 7301: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7281:Five precepts 7279: 7278: 7277: 7274: 7270: 7267: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7259:Dhamma vicaya 7257: 7255: 7252: 7251: 7250: 7247: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7207: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7170: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7106: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7053: 7050: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7040: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7027:Buddhābhiṣeka 7025: 7021: 7018: 7016: 7013: 7011: 7008: 7006: 7003: 7002: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6979: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6965: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953: 6950: 6946: 6943: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6927: 6926: 6923: 6919: 6916: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6863: 6862: 6859: 6858: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6851: 6849: 6845: 6839: 6836: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6803: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6785: 6779: 6776: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6762: 6759: 6758: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6714: 6712: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6702: 6699: 6697: 6694: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6671:Enlightenment 6669: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6661:Dhamma theory 6659: 6657: 6656:Buddha-nature 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6634: 6630: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6522: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6495:Samantabhadra 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6469: 6466: 6465: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6456: 6452: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6438: 6434: 6428: 6426: 6420: 6418: 6412: 6410: 6404: 6402: 6396: 6394: 6388: 6386: 6380: 6379: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6306: 6300: 6297: 6295: 6292: 6290: 6287: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6251: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6235: 6227: 6226: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6200: 6195: 6193: 6188: 6186: 6181: 6180: 6177: 6165: 6164:Jigme Namgyal 6162: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6150: 6144: 6141: 6139: 6136: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6068:Lhasa Airport 6066: 6065: 6063: 6059: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6022:Chagpori Park 6020: 6019: 6017: 6013: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5997: 5994: 5992: 5991:Lhasa Library 5989: 5987: 5986:Tibet Library 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5942: 5936: 5933: 5931: 5928: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5860:Tibet Stadium 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5700: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5629: 5626: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5526:Potala Palace 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5513: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5405: 5403: 5399: 5394: 5387: 5373: 5370: 5368: 5365: 5363: 5360: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5349: 5347: 5345: 5341: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5310: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5290: 5285: 5283: 5278: 5276: 5271: 5270: 5267: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5239: 5237: 5233: 5227: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5149: 5145: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5121: 5117: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4994: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4740: 4735: 4733: 4728: 4726: 4721: 4720: 4717: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4692: 4683: 4682:962-7049-07-7 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4657:0-906026-25-3 4653: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4638:9780710213709 4634: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4619:9780844221908 4615: 4611: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4596: 4584: 4580: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4556:9780987142108 4552: 4548: 4541: 4527: 4521: 4513: 4509: 4503: 4489: 4483: 4475: 4469: 4461: 4455: 4440: 4436: 4430: 4415: 4409: 4395:on 2011-07-28 4394: 4390: 4383: 4368: 4362: 4360: 4344: 4338: 4336: 4317: 4311: 4293: 4287: 4269: 4263: 4245: 4239: 4237: 4235: 4233: 4231: 4229: 4210: 4204: 4186: 4180: 4171: 4153: 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 4131: 4113: 4107: 4089: 4083: 4065: 4059: 4041: 4035: 4033: 4031: 4012: 4006: 3988: 3982: 3980: 3961: 3955: 3948: 3932: 3928: 3921: 3915: 3897: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3885: 3883: 3864: 3858: 3840: 3834: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3812: 3803: 3794: 3792: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3765:Lonely Planet 3761: 3760: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3737: 3729: 3728:Garu Nunnery. 3719: 3717:1-56432-055-3 3713: 3709: 3705: 3704: 3696: 3682: 3680:81-208-1370-7 3676: 3672: 3671: 3663: 3661: 3645: 3639: 3633:Dorje, p. 121 3630: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3614: 3608:Dorje, p. 120 3605: 3603: 3601: 3594:Dorje, p. 119 3591: 3585:Dorje, p. 122 3582: 3580: 3578: 3576: 3566: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3532: 3520: 3513: 3503: 3501:0-231-12890-8 3497: 3492: 3491: 3482: 3466: 3463:Gibson, Jen. 3459: 3443: 3439: 3433: 3417: 3411: 3409: 3393: 3387: 3371: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3350: 3338: 3323: 3321:1-74059-523-8 3317: 3313: 3312: 3304: 3296: 3284: 3269: 3267:1-900949-33-4 3263: 3259: 3258: 3250: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3228: 3222: 3220: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3202: 3200: 3184: 3178: 3176: 3174: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3118: 3117: 3109: 3093: 3089: 3088:Lonely Planet 3085: 3079: 3077: 3072: 3058: 3053: 3046: 3041: 3034: 3029: 3022: 3017: 3010: 3005: 2998: 2993: 2986: 2981: 2980: 2974: 2972: 2967: 2962:Recent Events 2956: 2952: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2929: 2926: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2905: 2902: 2898: 2897:Thubten Yeshe 2894: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2877: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2863: 2862:New York City 2859: 2858: 2857: 2849: 2847: 2842: 2840: 2839:Potala Palace 2836: 2832: 2822: 2820: 2810: 2802: 2794: 2785: 2760: 2757: 2741: 2732: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2707:Padmasambhava 2704: 2700: 2696: 2687: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2652: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2628: 2624: 2622: 2617: 2615: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2586: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2557: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2530: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2500: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2470: 2461: 2459: 2455: 2446: 2444: 2440: 2439:gsung byon ma 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2415: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2393: 2384: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2341: 2337: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2299: 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7173:Mindful Yoga 7086:Recollection 7000:Brahmavihara 6871:Japanese Zen 6866:Chinese Chan 6826:Animal realm 6633:Key concepts 6455:Bodhisattvas 6267:Three Jewels 6128:Jiangsu Road 5845:Tibet Museum 5789:Lhalu Pohang 5667: 5613:Garu Nunnery 5597: 5507:Monasteries 5463:Niu New Area 5329:Doilungdêqên 5015:Daklha Gampo 4879:Garu Nunnery 4861: 4860: 4673: 4672:; Vol. Two: 4669: 4668:. 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Jamgon. 4531:2010-04-10 4493:2010-04-10 4445:2010-03-16 4420:2010-04-10 4399:2010-03-16 4373:2010-03-11 4349:2010-03-11 4325:2010-03-03 4301:2010-03-03 4277:2010-03-02 4253:2010-02-28 4218:2010-03-03 4194:2010-03-03 4161:2010-02-28 4121:2010-02-28 4097:2010-02-28 4073:2010-03-03 4049:2010-03-03 4020:2010-02-28 3996:2010-03-03 3969:2010-03-03 3905:2010-03-03 3872:2010-02-28 3848:2010-02-28 3723:2010-03-01 3686:2010-03-01 3650:2010-03-03 3555:9 February 3507:2010-02-27 3448:9 February 3189:2010-02-09 3162:9 February 3098:28 October 2955:69th Abbot 2890:Dalai Lama 2875:, Madison. 2499:Tsongkhapa 2088:Jampelyang 2050:Langdharma 1964:Hermitages 1864:Dharmaraja 1778:Coqen Hall 1638:Shakyamuni 1434:See also: 1408:Madhyamika 1315:Background 1125:Mani stone 930:Dalai Lama 770:Buddhahood 758:Dream yoga 748:Deity yoga 724:Meditation 712:Bodhicitta 450:Longchenpa 380:Kamalaśīla 205:29°41′53″N 71:Simplified 8807:Festivals 8787:Buddhists 8749:Theosophy 8552:Symbolism 8542:Hama yumi 8515:Bodh Gaya 8282:Socialism 8257:Evolution 8232:Economics 8070:Venezuela 7985:Australia 7980:Argentina 7904:Sri Lanka 7899:Singapore 7817:Indonesia 7779:Countries 7720:Tripiṭaka 7682:Ajahn Mun 7557:Nagarjuna 7552:Aśvaghoṣa 7435:Anagārika 7430:Śrāmaṇerī 7425:Śrāmaṇera 7420:Bhikkhunī 7380:Sotāpanna 7269:Passaddhi 7210:Offerings 7185:Nekkhamma 7062:Iddhipada 6982:Practices 6952:Theravada 6925:Vajrayana 6918:Yogachara 6888:Pure Land 6801:Six Paths 6788:Cosmology 6568:Anuruddha 6543:Sāriputta 6533:Kaundinya 6525:Disciples 6500:Vajrapāṇi 6352:Footprint 6317:Tathāgata 6061:Transport 6027:Liwu Park 5324:Chengguan 5308:divisions 5105:Tsi Nesar 4573:cite book 4565:893526017 3529:ignored ( 3519:cite book 3471:31 August 3347:ignored ( 3337:cite book 3293:ignored ( 3283:cite book 2825:Festivals 2684:Gnas nang 2676:Gnas nang 2594:hermitage 2575:Nunneries 2435:gzhi bdag 2274:gnas bdag 2084:Chenresig 1814:Nagarjuna 1790:Hayagriva 1765:Dromtonpa 1748:Manjushri 1700:Shri Devi 1684:Hayagriva 1546:Geography 1499:Karnataka 1491:Bylakuppe 1487:Himalayas 1465:Bylakuppe 1414:) text. 1298:Bylakuppe 1277:raspberry 989:Festivals 753:Guru yoga 736:Vajrayana 705:Pāramitās 605:Cosmology 581:Teachings 506:Taranatha 258:Karnataka 250:Bylakuppe 8825:Category 8754:Violence 8724:Hinduism 8672:Sanskrit 8627:Hinayana 8612:Amitābha 8572:Swastika 8441:Uposatha 8431:Holidays 8416:Calendar 8262:Humanism 8100:Kanishka 8090:Timeline 7914:Thailand 7882:Kalmykia 7877:Buryatia 7862:Pakistan 7847:Mongolia 7842:Maldives 7837:Malaysia 7802:Cambodia 7667:Shamarpa 7662:Nichiren 7612:Xuanzang 7547:Nagasena 7465:Rinpoche 7195:Pāramitā 7037:Devotion 6957:Navayana 6945:Dzogchen 6908:Nichiren 6856:Mahayana 6848:Branches 6726:Saṅkhāra 6475:Mañjuśrī 6432:(cousin) 6424:(cousin) 6392:(mother) 6384:(father) 6372:Miracles 6322:Birthday 6239:Glossary 6212:Buddhism 5714:Chokpori 5521:Lingkhor 5483:Wumatang 5478:Qiannang 5453:Lhünzhub 5428:Gongtang 5418:Dangquka 5352:Lhünzhub 5344:Counties 5316:District 4997:Shigatse 3422:11 March 2813:Schedule 2648:Buddhist 2602:sa brtag 2511:Shridevi 2298:Bka’gyur 2096:chortens 1956:and the 1872:Amitayus 1868:Shridevi 1860:Mahakala 1856:Bhairava 1712:Mahakala 1696:Bhairavi 1692:Bhairava 1668:Thangkas 1665:appliqué 1646:Kwan-yin 1634:Maitreya 1412:Shunyata 1400:Shunyata 1148:Timeline 1016:Dosmoche 952:Rinpoche 841:Narthang 800:Dzogchen 677:Dzogchen 530:Bodongpa 433:Milarepa 395:Ralpacan 274:a series 272:Part of 208:91°8′0″E 138:Location 133:Location 92:Religion 8802:Temples 8782:Buddhas 8744:Science 8734:Judaism 8729:Jainism 8647:Lineage 8607:Abhijñā 8577:Thangka 8520:Sarnath 8505:Lumbini 8426:Funeral 8421:Cuisine 8297:Culture 8272:Reality 8222:Creator 8212:Atomism 8082:History 8055:Ukraine 8015:Germany 7934:Senegal 7924:Vietnam 7852:Myanmar 7652:Shinran 7642:Karmapa 7617:Shandao 7587:Dignāga 7512:Śrāvaka 7492:Donchee 7487:Kappiya 7445:Sayadaw 7415:Bhikkhu 7390:Anāgāmi 7347:Nirvana 7313:Samadhi 7200:Paritta 7141:Tonglen 7136:Mandala 7091:Smarana 7072:Mantras 7020:Upekkha 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