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isn't to say that
Kracauer felt that photography has no use for memory, it is simply that he felt that photography held more potential for historical memory than for personal memory. Photography allows for a depth of detail that can be to the advantage of a collective memory, such as how a city or town once appeared because those aspects can be forgotten, or overridden throughout time as the physical landscape of the area changes.
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removes any depth or emotion that might otherwise be associated with the memory. In essence, photography cannot create a memory, but rather, it can create an artifact. Memory, on the other hand, is not beholden to one particular moment of time, nor is it purposefully created. Memories are impressions upon a person that they can recall due to the significance of the event or moment.
33:
429:
Although he wrote for both popular and scholarly publications throughout much of his career, in the United States (and in
English) he mainly concentrated on philosophical and sociological writings. This attracted some criticism from American scholars who found his style difficult to penetrate. At the
433:
In the decades following
Kracauer's death, translations of his earlier essays and works, such as "The Mass Ornament," and the publication of his letters in German, revealed a fuller portrait of Kracauer's style and gradually brought greater recognition in the United States. His former colleague from
253:
with me regularly on
Saturday afternoons. I am not exaggerating in the slightest when I say that I owe more to this reading than to my academic teachers. If in my later reading of philosophical texts I was not so much impressed with their unity and systematic consistency as I was concerned with the
412:
Siegfried
Kracauer's theories on memory revolved around the idea that memory was under threat and was being challenged by modern forms of technology. His most often cited example was the comparison of memory to photography. The reason for this comparison was that photography, in theory, replicates
416:
The differences in the functions of memory and the functions of photography, according to
Kracauer, is that photography creates one fixed moment in time whereas memory itself is not beholden to a singular instance. Photography is capable of capturing the physicality of a particular moment, but it
420:
Photography can also work to record time in a linear way, and
Kracauer even hints that floods of photographs ward off death by creating a sort of permanence. However, photography also excludes the essence of a person, and over time photographs lose meaning and become a "heap of details." This
323:, Benjamin praised the concreteness of Kracauer's analysis, writing that "he entire book is an attempt to grapple with a piece of everyday reality, constructed here and experienced now. Reality is pressed so closely that it is compelled to declare its colors and name names."
430:
time of his death in 1966, Kracauer was somewhat marginal in both
American and German intellectual contexts. He had long ago abandoned writing in German, yet his research remained difficult to place within American scientific and academic categories.
314:
employees. Spiritually homeless, and divorced from custom and tradition, these employees sought refuge in the new "distraction industries" of entertainment. Observers note that many of these lower-middle class employees were quick to adopt
341:
With the rise of the Nazis in
Germany in 1933, Kracauer migrated to Paris. In March 1941, thanks to the French ambassador Henri Hoppenot and his wife, Hélène Hoppenot, he emigrated to the United States, with other German refugees like
283:
Kracauer continued this trend over the next few years, building up theoretical methods of analyzing circuses, photography, films, advertising, tourism, city layout. In 1927, he published the work
438:, expressed pleasant surprise at the newfound fame that seemed to accumulate around Kracauer in his death. Since the 1980s and 1990s a new generation of film theorists and critics, including
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play of forces at work under the surface of every closed doctrine and viewed the codified philosophies as force fields in each case, it was certainly
Kracauer who impelled me to do so.
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In the last years of his life Kracauer worked as a sociologist for different institutes, amongst them in New York as a director of research for applied social sciences at
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228:, Kracauer studied architecture from 1907 to 1913, eventually obtaining a doctorate in engineering in 1914 and working as an architect in
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Siegfried Kracauer e il suo tempo (1903-1925). Il confronto con Marx, Simmel, Lukács, Bloch, Adorno, alle origini del pensiero critico
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Leslie, Esther (2010). "Siegfried Kracauer and Walter Benjamin: Memory from Weimar to Hitler". In Susannah Radstone;
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shows Karacauer's fascination with popular culture, particularly within the capitalist society of the United States.
243:, to whom he became an early philosophical mentor. In 1964, Adorno recalled the importance of Kracauer's influence:
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John Rewald to Henri Hoppenot, 3 October 1941, Bibliothèque littéraire Jacques Doucet, Paris, Ms 14117.
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Im Vorraum der Geschichte. Siegfried Kracauers' History - The Last Things Before the Last
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Cinema and Experience: Siegfried Kracauer, Walter Benjamin, and Theodor W. Adorno
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Kracauer became increasingly critical of capitalism (having read the works of
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Walter Benjamin, "An Outsider Makes His Mark," trans. Rodney Livingstone, in
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From 1922 to 1933 he worked as the leading film and literature editor of the
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have interpreted and introduced his work for a new generation of scholars.
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Siegfried Kracauer's American Writings: Essays on Film and Popular Culture
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188:; February 8, 1889 – November 26, 1966) was a German writer, journalist,
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Ornaments of the Metropolis: Siegfried Kracauer and Modern Urban Culture
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Auszug aus der Innerlichkeit. Das literarische Werk Siegfried Kracauers
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Theodor W. Adorno, "The Curious Realist: On Siegfried Kracauer," in
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2020:
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From Caligari to Hitler: A Psychological History of the German Film
291:) which emphasizes the tremendous value of studying the masses and
272:, among others. Between 1923 and 1925, he wrote an essay entitled
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371:(1947), which traces the birth of Nazism from the cinema of the
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397:. He died there, in 1966, from the consequences of pneumonia.
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and the "terrorist totalitarianism" of the Soviet government.
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Near the end of the First World War, he befriended the young
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Culture in the Anteroom: The Legacies of Siegfried Kracauer
623:, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press, 1976, Part II.
561:
549:
Kracauer, Siegfried; Gwenda David; Eric Moshbacher (2002).
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The Salaried Masses: Duty and Distraction in Weimar Germany
646:
Kracauer, Siegfried (June 30, 2005). Levin, Thomas (ed.).
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Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
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846:, Milano-Udine: Mimesis, 2020, ISBN 978-88-5757-232-1
539:
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153:
156:
504:Kracauer, Siegfried; Paul Oskar Kristeller (1969).
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685:Theory of Film: The Redemption of Physical Reality
571:Kracauer, Siegfried; trans. Carl Skoggard (2016).
550:
495:Theory of Film: The Redemption of Physical Reality
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384:Theory of Film: The Redemption of Physical Reality
319:, three years later. In a contemporary review of
562:Kracauer, Siegfried; Johannes von Moltke (2012).
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839:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2012.
687:, New York: Oxford University Press, 1960, p.221
515:Der Detektiv-Roman – Ein philosophischer Traktat
375:as well as helping lay the foundation of modern
818:. Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag C. Winter 1999
802:Siegfried Kracauer. Le chiffonnier mélancolique
775:, University of California Press, 2011, p. vii.
898:
825:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.
725:. Fordham University Press. pp. 123–135.
884:
835:Von Moltke, Johannes and Gerd Gemünden, eds.
811:. Paderborn: Konstanz University Press, 2014.
531:Kracauer, Siegfried; Thomas Y. Levin (1995).
2268:Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to France
710:
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413:some of the tasks currently done by memory.
400:His last book is the posthumously published
200:. He has sometimes been associated with the
1030:Category:Translators of William Shakespeare
650:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
553:Jacques Offenbach and the Paris of His Time
540:Kracauer, Siegfried; Quintin Hoare (1998).
404:(New York, Oxford University Press, 1969).
168:
891:
877:
786:Siegfried Kracauer. Neue Interpretationen.
784:Michael Kessler and Thomas Y. Levin, eds,
390:is the most important function of cinema.
212:is the most important function of cinema.
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1144:Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen
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621:The Major Film Theories: An Introduction
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506:History: The Last Things Before the Last
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402:History, the Last Things Before the Last
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1154:Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau
788:, Tübingen: Stauffenburg Verlag, 1990.
749:, Boston: Little, Brown, 1965, p. 269.
714:
648:The Mass Ornament : Weimar Essays
872:
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330:) and eventually broke away from the
247:or years Siegfried Kracauer read the
183:
722:Memory: Histories, Theories, Debates
2333:Jewish American non-fiction writers
823:Siegfried Kracauer: An Introduction
760:Siegfried Kracauer: An Introduction
349:From 1941 to 1943 he worked in the
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215:
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2353:German philosophers of technology
1179:Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick
850:
832:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005.
208:. He is notable for arguing that
949:Early New High German literature
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533:The Mass Ornament: Weimar Essays
146:
2348:20th-century German journalists
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762:, Princeton: Princeton, p. vii.
353:in New York City, supported by
2368:German philosophers of history
2363:German philosophers of culture
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944:Middle High German literature
804:. Paris: CNRS Editions, 2010.
634:Notes on Literature, Volume 2
604:
361:scholarships for his work in
1230:Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock
522:Kracauer, Siegfried (1973).
513:Kracauer, Siegfried (1971).
491:Kracauer, Siegfried (1960).
480:Kracauer, Siegfried (1947).
471:Kracauer, Siegfried (1928).
424:
302:In 1930, Kracauer published
7:
2358:German philosophers of mind
2328:Jewish American journalists
2172:Adelbert von Chamisso Prize
1307:Annette von Droste-Hülshoff
1235:Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz
672:Selected Writings, Volume 2
587:
365:. Eventually, he published
10:
2389:
2298:Frankfurter Zeitung people
1357:Christian Friedrich Hebbel
1312:Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach
1247:(Friedrich von Hardenberg)
1215:Johann Christoph Gottsched
1210:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
1159:Johann Michael Moscherosch
1081:Walther von der Vogelweide
1035:Reformation era literature
939:Old High German literature
900:German-language literature
37:A young Siegfried Kracauer
2338:Jewish American novelists
2238:American anti-capitalists
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1261:Johann Gottfried Schnabel
1200:Barthold Heinrich Brockes
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287:(published in English as
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16:German writer (1889–1966)
1853:Fritz Zorn (Fritz Angst)
1266:Christoph Martin Wieland
1240:Gotthold Ephraim Lessing
1220:Johann Christian Günther
1101:Gottfried von Strassburg
934:History of Liechtenstein
464:
2288:German male journalists
2243:German anti-capitalists
2197:Leipzig Book Fair Prize
2157:Ingeborg Bachmann Prize
2079:Rudolf Christoph Eucken
1091:Albrecht von Johansdorf
1025:Swiss writers in German
747:I Lost It at the Movies
483:From Caligari to Hitler
250:Critique of Pure Reason
129:From Caligari to Hitler
2253:Writers from Frankfurt
1412:Conrad Ferdinand Meyer
1317:Joseph von Eichendorff
1086:Wolfram von Eschenbach
929:History of Switzerland
256:
2313:Exilliteratur writers
2293:German male novelists
2258:American film critics
1728:Christian Morgenstern
1613:Hugo von Hofmannsthal
1518:Rolf Dieter Brinkmann
1302:Adelbert von Chamisso
1096:Heinrich von Morungen
1020:Liechtenstein writers
382:In 1960, he released
245:
63:(present-day Germany)
2373:Propaganda theorists
2187:Heinrich Heine Prize
1753:Erich Maria Remarque
1723:Friederike Mayröcker
1558:Friedrich Dürrenmatt
865:at Wikimedia Commons
807:Baumann, Stephanie.
683:Siegfried Kracauer,
386:, which argued that
351:Museum of Modern Art
2343:German male writers
2308:Jewish sociologists
2303:German sociologists
2278:Jewish philosophers
2263:German film critics
2233:Anti-Stalinist left
2167:Sigmund Freud Prize
2162:Georg Büchner Prize
1976:Emine Sevgi Özdamar
1688:Else Lasker-Schüler
1553:Heimito von Doderer
1397:Heinrich von Kleist
1387:Friedrich Hölderlin
1225:Friedrich Hölderlin
1071:Reinmar von Hagenau
984:Austrian literature
395:Columbia University
332:Frankfurter Zeitung
308:The Salaried Masses
278:The Detective Novel
261:Frankfurter Zeitung
185:[ˈkʁakaʊ̯ɐ]
2177:Hans Fallada Prize
1758:Rainer Maria Rilke
1678:Siegfried Kracauer
1568:Marieluise Fleißer
1483:Johannes R. Becher
1362:Johann Peter Hebel
1256:Friedrich Schiller
1003:Related categories
924:History of Austria
919:History of Germany
863:Siegfried Kracauer
842:Attilio Bruzzone,
408:Theories on memory
297:Ornament der Masse
285:Ornament der Masse
274:Der Detektiv-Roman
142:Siegfried Kracauer
25:Siegfried Kracauer
2248:Anti-consumerists
2210:
2209:
2202:Nelly Sachs Prize
2089:Gerhart Hauptmann
2046:Wolf Wondratschek
1971:Sharon Dodua Otoo
1808:Berta von Suttner
1783:Arthur Schnitzler
1773:Ernst von Salomon
1563:Lion Feuchtwanger
1468:Ingeborg Bachmann
1382:E. T. A. Hoffmann
1352:Gerhart Hauptmann
1337:Franz Grillparzer
1332:Jeremias Gotthelf
1282:Bettina von Arnim
1205:Christian Gellert
1106:Dietrich von Bern
1061:Der von Kürenberg
959:Weimar Classicism
861:Media related to
732:978-0-8232-3259-8
289:The Mass Ornament
241:Theodor W. Adorno
226:Frankfurt am Main
139:
138:
111:Literary movement
71:November 26, 1966
56:Frankfurt am Main
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2129:Elfriede Jelinek
2051:Feridun Zaimoğlu
2041:Peter Wawerzinek
1986:Julya Rabinowich
1946:Christian Kracht
1921:Wladimir Kaminer
1911:Elfriede Jelinek
1673:Egon Erwin Kisch
1618:Ödön von Horváth
1598:Marlen Haushofer
1432:Adalbert Stifter
1392:Gottfried Keller
1292:Clemens Brentano
1174:Angelus Silesius
1149:Andreas Gryphius
1076:Hartmann von Aue
1066:Dietmar von Aist
1010:Austrian writers
989:Swiss literature
969:Literary realism
907:Related articles
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295:. His essays in
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2006:Clemens J. Setz
1936:Alexander Kluge
1926:Daniel Kehlmann
1886:Jenny Erpenbeck
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121:Notable works
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78:New York City
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60:German Empire
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22:
19:
2192:Kleist Prize
2182:Goethe Prize
2139:Peter Handke
2134:Herta Müller
2124:Günter Grass
1996:Ingo Schulze
1991:Rafik Schami
1966:Herta Müller
1961:Terézia Mora
1951:Monika Maron
1901:Peter Handke
1867:Contemporary
1858:Stefan Zweig
1848:Christa Wolf
1843:Franz Werfel
1813:Ernst Toller
1803:Anna Seghers
1798:W. G. Sebald
1748:Robert Musil
1743:Adolf Muschg
1733:Erich Mühsam
1693:Kurd Laßwitz
1677:
1668:Sarah Kirsch
1663:Irmgard Keun
1643:Ernst Jünger
1628:Peter Huchel
1623:Ricarda Huch
1593:Peter Handke
1588:Günter Grass
1508:Volker Braun
1473:Hermann Bahr
1456:20th century
1442:Ludwig Tieck
1275:19th century
1193:18th century
1164:Martin Opitz
1134:Paul Fleming
1122:Early modern
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236:until 1920.
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73:(1966-11-26)
18:
2228:1966 deaths
2223:1889 births
2109:Nelly Sachs
2099:Thomas Mann
2016:Yoko Tawada
2001:Lutz Seiler
1876:Zsuzsa Bánk
1838:Peter Weiss
1818:Georg Trakl
1768:Nelly Sachs
1763:Joseph Roth
1718:Thomas Mann
1648:Franz Kafka
1638:Uwe Johnson
1633:Ernst Jandl
1573:Erich Fried
1342:Jacob Grimm
964:Romanticism
443: [
434:Frankfurt,
363:German film
359:Rockefeller
344:John Rewald
270:Ernst Bloch
190:sociologist
103:Nationality
93:sociologist
2217:Categories
2084:Paul Heyse
2031:Jan Wagner
1713:Klaus Mann
1698:Gert Ledig
1683:Karl Kraus
1608:Georg Heym
1578:Max Frisch
1543:Paul Celan
1478:Vicki Baum
1377:Paul Heyse
1169:Hans Sachs
1129:Simon Dach
605:References
355:Guggenheim
224:family in
220:Born to a
89:Journalist
85:Occupation
49:1889-02-08
1251:Jean Paul
1139:Hans Folz
1051:Minnesang
455:Tom Levin
425:Reception
336:Stalinism
328:Karl Marx
230:Osnabrück
2056:Juli Zeh
2021:Uwe Timm
1463:May Ayim
1407:Karl May
1044:Medieval
719:(eds.).
588:See also
1869:writers
1245:Novalis
473:Ginster
388:realism
210:realism
181:German:
729:
654:
580:
317:Nazism
234:Berlin
222:Jewish
196:, and
132:(1947)
106:German
573:Georg
524:Georg
465:Works
447:]
727:ISBN
652:ISBN
578:ISBN
457:and
357:and
268:and
68:Died
43:Born
204:of
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