926:
988:. Though the historian and the emperor continued to disagree on policies, Sima's enforced retirement proved essential for him to complete his chronological history over the following one and a half decades. Contemporary accounts relate that, in order to work more and sleep less when he was writing his great opus, the Zizhi Tongjian, he had a wooden pillow made from a log that was designed to slip from under his head whenever he rolled over. He called this Jingzhen 警枕 (Alert Pillow), and used it throughout the period of
569:, which increased government authority and spending. Sima argued that more state revenue would mean less money for farmers and that the government was immoral for competing with merchants. Somewhat counterintuitively, he emphasized the unifying role of the emperor more than the reformists; he wanted the emperor to manage the bureaucracy and control officials with rewards and punishments, while the reformists wanted to implement new policies for new problems. In response to
1041:
2123:
52:
781:
imperial edict abolished the system in the capital and its surrounding areas, with more restrictions imposed on this system in the following months. Reformist opposition to the system's abolition was weak and primarily logistical rather than ideological. Zhang Dun's call for moderate abolition was reasonable considering the shock that followed the rapid abolishment of the Baojia system.
818:. Zhang Dun continued to resist and pointed out Sima's hypocrisy regarding the law: in early 1086, Sima said that rich households were harmed by the law, while just 14 days later he said that rich households benefitted from their preferential treatment under the law. Zhang also criticized Sima's demand to abolish the law country-wide in a mere 5 days. Indeed, Sima was impressed when
965:("Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government"). Scholars interpret the "Mirror" of the title to denote a work of reference and guidance, indicating that Shenzong accepted Sima as his guide in the study of history and its application to government. The emperor maintained his support for the compilation of this comprehensive history until its completion in 1084.
834:
repercussions" and that a framework for the replacement system should be formulated first. Su Shi, Su Che's older brother, formed a third faction and proposed that the funds from the labor recruitment law should be used to buy up public lands to grant to volunteer laborers in addition to their wages. Sima did not accept dissent from either group.
643:. Massive famines and droughts fueled resentment towards Wang Anshi and garnered support for Sima, contributing to the conservative restoration of 1085. However, Sima was not restored to power following the unpopular Wang's retirement in 1076 since Shenzong took personal control over the New Policies.
573:
appointing him as head of the new Office of
Expenditure Reduction, Sima released a scathing report that criticized the oversized bureaucracy, imperial extravagance, and an inefficient army and which called for imperial discussion rather than offering specific solutions. Shenzong quickly dissolved the
459:
Rulers were supposed to only determine official assignments, reward achievement, punish failure, care about their servants, have good morals, and be immune to outside influence. On a wider level, a society with clear inferior-superior roles would be stable. His deeply anti-change perspective made him
805:
with professional laborers funded by service exemption fees paid by the richest rural households. Similar to the market exchange law, this law primarily became a method for revenue extraction. Sima argued that the law was simply another tax imposed on the commoners. Cai Que's refusal to remove the
780:
The compulsory Baojia village defense system trained and enrolled nearly 7 million men across the dynasty. Sima criticized the system's detracting from agricultural productivity and its potential for creating bandits. Wang Yansou criticized the unnecessary brutality of the system. In mid-1085, an
950:
of China, granting full access to imperial libraries, and allocating funds for the costs of compilation, including research assistance by experienced historians such as Liu Ban (劉攽, 1022–88), Liu Shu (劉恕, 1032–78), and Fan Zuyu (范祖禹, 1041–98). After
Yingzong died in 1067, Sima was invited to the
1008:
in legitimizing dynastic succession. For Sima, dynastic succession was instead a result of power struggles; dynasties rose and fell according to consistent factors. He believed that history was a "mirror" for the present and could provide the government with historical context for their current
512:
biological father, and
Emperor Renzong. This issue would dominate Yingzong's reign and cause political gridlock. Sima himself believed that priority should be given to Renzong since he was the emperor's ritual father. Yingzong overruled this belief and, partly due to personal affection for his
792:
The market exchange law established government monopolies that were intended to buy cheap products and sell dear products. However, the established agencies cornered the market in staple goods and became focused on generating revenue. Throughout 1085, executive orders forgave debt owed to the
439:
transformed humans from their original animal state using hierarchical order, property rights, moral instruction, and penal law. He believed that the problem with government was not in its structure, but rather in the people that ran it. He wrote multiple memorials detailing how to make the
833:
Nonetheless, the debate over how to remove the labor recruitment law revealed cracks in the conservative coalition. For example, Su Che (and many other conservatives who were typically closely aligned with Sima) argued that "an entire system could not be abolished overnight without serious
663:
For 40 years following the death of
Shenzong, the reformist and conservative factions alternated control over the Song government. Both factions engaged in "ethical factionalism" as they engaged in ruthless purges against each other. An attempted coup by the reformist faction (including
847:, was the only dissenter. His argument that the law could boost the dynasty's base revenue annoyed Sima Guang and he was only saved by Wang Yansou's intervention. This incident revealed the deepening divisions within Sima's coalition that would exacerbate after his death.
401:. A famous anecdote relates the young Sima Guang saving a playmate who had fallen into an enormous vat full of water. As other children scattered in panic, Sima calmly picked up a rock and smashed a hole in the base of the pot. Water leaked out, and his friend was saved.
866:
to the Xia was highly controversial and, along with 4 fortresses that were ostensibly ceded to Xia, remained a source of border tension for the following decades. The official truce was signed in 1089 and was broken by a 1096 invasion by the restored Zhang Dun.
460:
a political conservative (in contrast with Wang Anshi's reformism). For Sima, to be ethical was to accept one's social status, and personal cultivation meant exercising restraint; indeed Sima interpreted the "investigation of things", a fundamental tenet of the
842:
The green sprouts law was intended to give low-interest loans to farmers but, like many of the aforementioned policies, became a method of revenue extraction. Conservative opposition to this policy was unified and Fan
Chunren, the son of
747:
denunciations against Wang Anshi, saying: " was self-satisfied and self-righteous, and considered himself to be unparalleled by figures past and present." Sima also blamed the Song dynasty's defeat at Yongle City during the war with the
410:, a work of history dating to the 4th century BC. Fascinated, he was able to retell the stories to his family when he returned home. He became an avid reader, "to the point of not recognizing hunger, thirst, coldness or heat".
560:
in 1045 did not end the Song dynasty's problems, factions developed around how to solve these issues. Conservatives like Sima Guang advocated for a smaller government budget and gradual reform. As such, Sima opposed the
593:
in 1071, which would become the center of the conservative opposition. This made Wang largely unopposed in government. Sima was disturbed by the New Policy's control over the dynasty's people and resources.
452:. A static and well-maintained country would, according to him, last forever. Accordingly, he disliked commercial growth (which he believed encouraged social change) and preferred a recommendation-based
925:
946:; 'Comprehensive Records'), which chronicled Chinese history from 403 BCE to 207 BCE (the end of the Qin dynasty). The emperor issued an edict for the compilation of a groundbreaking
692:, a large crowd swarmed to touch his horse, and palace guardsmen saluted him as "Prime Minister Sima". He encouraged people to openly express their grievances about the New Policies.
752:
on poor, glory-oriented leadership, while presenting himself as the "savior of the dynasty". As the conservative leader, he headed his coalition to demote reformist leaders to lowly
902:("Chart of Successive Years"). It chronologically summarized events in Chinese history from 403 BCE to 959 CE and served as a prospectus for sponsorship of his ambitious project in
789:
The equal tax law was a system of land evaluation and taxation that was probably the most successful of the New
Policies. The law was removed with little opposition in late 1085.
764:, arguing that the latter was redundant: " serves no purpose except to double the number of clerks and multiply paperwork." The two departments would be combined in 1129.
496:
submitted a 10,000-word memorial in 1058 detailing a system of comprehensive reform. Sima Guang did the same thing in 1061, but his proposals were more conservative.
2154:
811:
955:. The new emperor not only confirmed the interest his father had shown, but showed his favor by bestowing an imperial preface in which he changed the title from
968:
From the late 1060s, Sima came to assume a role as leader of what has been identified as a conservative faction at court, resolutely opposed to the
793:
agencies and abolished loan bureaus before abolishing the law altogether. This signaled the turning point for the reformist-conservative conflict.
756:-level posts (while promoting conservatives into high positions and, one by one, abolished many of the New Policies. He also wanted to combine the
736:
1942:
728:
724:
505:
2368:
2972:
2696:
2635:
2527:
2142:
1029:
769:
684:
failed and aggravated the conservative faction. Sima was an old and tired man in
Luoyang and was reluctant to return to the capital, but
669:
2824:
673:
652:
2362:
765:
665:
644:
3053:
2003:
2936:
919:
830:
post after offending
Empress Gao during a debate. In spring 1086, Wang Anshi died. The conservative restoration was complete.
3058:
2837:
1875:
1856:
1795:
2264:
2249:
2236:
2201:
2166:
2137:
2269:
1837:
436:
1066:, but he died the following year, in 1086. His death fractured the conservative coalition, which split into the Shuo (
984:, where he remained with an official sinecure, providing sufficient time and resources to continue the compilation of
3083:
3073:
2033:
1935:
1781:
1767:
1013:
could thus use history as an aid to governance. His histories are structured in a way that promotes these theories.
826:, was the only one who abolished the law in under 5 days. 21 days after Cai Que resigned, Zhang Dun was demoted to a
614:
Money was not distributed evenly across the empire, so peasants would struggle to pay cash fees for the New
Policies.
3088:
2911:
2259:
2149:
589:. Frustrated with Wang Anshi's dominance over court and despite Shenzong's urging for him to stay, Sima retired to
851:
648:
814:
and Su Che; this pushed him to resign as chancellor of the right and he was reappointed as the administrator of
3068:
1991:
1894:
1809:
608:
Wealth gaps were beneficial to both the rich and the poor due to the stability that such inequalities provided.
300:
194:
3093:
2797:
2095:
1986:
213:
1910:
1740:
de
Crespigny, Rafe (1973). "Universal Histories". In Donald D. Leslie; Colin Mackerras; Wang Gungwu (eds.).
2295:
1964:
1928:
445:
1830:
China: A History (Volume 1): From Neolithic Cultures through the Great Qing Empire, (10,000 BCE - 1799 CE)
980:
until 1070, when he refused further appointment and withdrew from court. In 1071, he took up residence in
556:. Sima hoped that the "barbarians" would commend the Song dynasty's good government. Since the end of the
2756:
2287:
2283:
2209:
2181:
1960:
1157:
1063:
1005:
969:
562:
364:
2122:
2171:
1981:
1642:
700:
582:
1755:, William G. Beasley and Edwin G. Pulleyblank, eds., Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 135–66.
3063:
2043:
1804:
947:
1711:
2619:
2374:
2028:
1996:
952:
893:
732:
696:
570:
529:
509:
1774:
Politics and Conservatism in Northern Song China: The Career and Thought of Sima Guang (1019–1086)
440:
government more effective and argued that his views were in accord with history (in contrast with
2881:
2650:
2225:
2058:
1059:
977:
815:
807:
513:
biological father, gave Zhao Yurang high ritual honors in 1066. In the same year, Sima sponsored
489:
427:; 'metropolitan graduate'), and spent the next several years in official positions.
2475:
2023:
1849:
The Cambridge History of China Volume 5 Part One: The Sung Dynasty and its Precursors, 907-1279
930:
716:
636:
413:
Sima obtained early success as a scholar and officer. When he was barely twenty, he passed the
29:
3078:
3005:
2244:
1147:
796:
647:, a semi-reformist leader, blocked Sima's re-appointment to power despite the failure of the
3048:
3043:
2891:
2380:
2100:
1748:
827:
753:
518:
453:
414:
1762:, Kerry Brown, ed., Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire Publishing, vol. 2, pp. 664–683.
504:
In 1064, Sima, then just a policy critic, raised the issue between performing rituals for
8:
2930:
2770:
2159:
2105:
1152:
911:
651:. Cai nonetheless ingratiated him to the influential Sima by appointing Sima's disciple,
469:
376:
73:
2906:
2866:
2073:
2068:
1113:
322:
314:
394:
2945:
2785:
2780:
2717:
2254:
2078:
2063:
2053:
2048:
2008:
1890:
1871:
1852:
1833:
1791:
1777:
1763:
1058:
to the throne. Sima was recalled to court and appointed to lead the government under
882:
386:
284:
276:
2856:
2790:
2337:
2305:
2088:
2083:
1790:, Extract translations on Qin, Han, Xin and Xiongnu and Introduction. AuthorHouse.
1025:
1010:
740:
586:
465:
461:
363:, a monumental work of history. Sima was a political conservative, who opposed the
354:
241:
69:
837:
605:, so any increase in state revenue naturally meant taking away from the commoners.
2523:
2110:
2013:
1973:
1048:, Shanxi, is the Sima family graveyard and shrine, and Sima Guang's resting place
704:
681:
159:
24:
1086:
As well as his achievements as a statesman and historian, Sima Guang was also a
220:
201:
2843:
2493:
2214:
2176:
1134:
1054:
1001:
989:
985:
961:
907:
903:
877:
757:
628:
578:
557:
545:
485:
472:
postulation that humans were inherently evil and wrote a work called "Doubting
359:
262:
3037:
2922:
2916:
2901:
2723:
2711:
2191:
2186:
1108:
1087:
1078:) faction. This ushered in a period of political gridlock from 1086 to 1093.
707:
and herself a staunch conservative. He and other recalled conservatives like
602:
344:
139:
3017:
2896:
2871:
2705:
2656:
2505:
2397:
2352:
2347:
2219:
1951:
1917:
Chapters 54–59 (157–189 BCE), translated and annotated by Rafe de Crespigny
1162:
1141:
1117:
844:
761:
553:
351:
248:
77:
20:
1751:(1961). "Chinese Historical Criticism: Liu Chih-chi and Ssu-ma Kuang," in
797:
Abolishing the labor recruitment law and the fall of Cai Que and Zhang Dun
772:
would lead the reformist opposition against the conservative restoration.
3011:
2968:
2861:
2851:
2813:
2802:
2692:
2668:
2542:
2511:
2415:
2342:
2300:
915:
859:
855:
749:
549:
537:
350:, was a Chinese historian, politician, and writer. He was a high-ranking
2807:
2764:
2662:
2625:
2595:
2589:
2566:
2548:
2445:
2421:
1167:
1045:
973:
784:
744:
566:
493:
441:
390:
1920:
1868:
The Cambridge History of China Volume 5 Part Two: Sung China, 960–1279
1040:
929:
Brush pot with the pot-breaking episode from the story of Sima Guang,
476:" that criticized Mencius' encouraging of the overthrow of hierarchy.
223:
204:
2832:
2741:
2686:
2680:
2601:
2469:
2463:
2451:
2439:
2433:
2357:
2320:
2310:
720:
685:
640:
632:
597:
Sima had multiple objections to the New Policies. He believed that:
533:
406:
293:
51:
1577:
1575:
1475:
1473:
802:
2993:
2981:
2962:
2886:
2775:
2735:
2607:
2583:
2560:
2517:
2499:
2325:
1668:
1656:
906:. These dates were chosen because 403 BCE was the beginning of the
885:
describes him as "perhaps the greatest of all Chinese historians" (
819:
677:
611:
The economy functioned best with minimal governmental intervention.
149:
1526:
1524:
1212:
1200:
850:
Following the protracted, expensive, and ultimately disappointing
2999:
2987:
2876:
2631:
2409:
2403:
2330:
2315:
2038:
2018:
1692:
1623:
1611:
1599:
1572:
1560:
1548:
1470:
1458:
1446:
1374:
1253:
1251:
1098:
1075:
981:
914:
was subdivided, which eventually led to the establishment of the
863:
823:
689:
624:
590:
541:
473:
449:
398:
93:
1338:
1275:
1052:
Emperor Shenzong died in 1085, shortly after Sima had submitted
2613:
2554:
2536:
2487:
2481:
2427:
1744:. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. pp. 64–70.
1680:
1521:
1422:
1350:
1103:
1017:
838:
Abolishing the green sprouts law and peace with the Western Xia
712:
708:
514:
1248:
1236:
1224:
1124:(司馬溫公家訓) is also widely known and studied in China and Japan.
2674:
2644:
1536:
1497:
1434:
1410:
1398:
1386:
1362:
1299:
1092:
1071:
1067:
1016:
Sima and the other Yuanyou faction conservatives (except for
1587:
1509:
1287:
1263:
397:, and claimed descent from the 3rd century Cao Wei official
2729:
1485:
1788:
Wars With the Xiongnu – A translation From Zizhi tongjian
1021:
319:
305:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1311:
1195:
435:
Sima believed that civilization was created when the
404:
At the age of 6, Sima heard a lecture concerning the
281:
267:
253:
785:
Abolishing the equal tax law and market exchange law
739:
formed the Yuanyou faction, named after the current
1062:. He used this time in power to repeal many of the
936:In 1066, he presented a more detailed eight-volume
1885:Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Bickford, Maggie (2006).
1032:, an important Neoconfucian, was Sima's disciple.
875:Sima Guang is best remembered for his masterwork,
379:, his birthplace, and where his father Sima Chi (
3035:
1865:
1686:
1674:
1662:
1530:
1428:
1356:
1257:
1242:
1230:
1218:
1206:
574:office but continued to accept Sima's counsel.
775:
468:, as "restraining things". He also agreed with
1846:
1698:
1629:
1617:
1605:
1581:
1566:
1554:
1542:
1503:
1479:
1464:
1452:
1440:
1416:
1404:
1392:
1380:
1368:
1305:
1293:
1281:
1269:
1020:, who had an unorthodox interpretation of the
1936:
1884:
1593:
1515:
1491:
1344:
688:convinced him to do so. When Sima arrived in
627:from 1071 to 1085. While there, he wrote the
380:
218:
199:
2369:Along the River During the Qingming Festival
1887:Emperor Huizong and Late Northern Song China
1847:Twitchett, Denis; Smith, Paul Jakov (2009).
1739:
1116:, many of which were coined in the Song and
951:palace to introduce his work-in-progress to
886:
540:and favored a defensive stance towards the
1943:
1929:
50:
1760:Berkshire Dictionary of Chinese Biography
1742:Essays on the Sources for Chinese History
524:
499:
2955:
1866:Chaffee, John; Twitchett, Denis (2015).
1096:), and spent decades compiling his 1066
1039:
924:
658:
479:
370:
1950:
1776:, Hong Kong: Chinese University Press.
1758:Strange, Mark (2014), "Sima Guang", in
1185:
1183:
976:. Sima presented increasingly critical
922:and the beginning of the Song dynasty.
389:. The Sima family were originally from
3036:
2937:Collected Cases of Injustice Rectified
2862:Endless power transmitting chain drive
1827:
1332:
1317:
1024:) would be positively associated with
920:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period
343:(17 November 1019 – 11 October 1086),
321:
283:
1924:
430:
1803:
1189:
1180:
536:in late 1067. He opposed Shenzong's
1832:. Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.
1712:"The family precepts by Sima Guang"
801:The labor recruitment law replaced
13:
1889:. Harvard University Asia Center.
1106:) dictionary. It was based on the
870:
14:
3105:
1904:
1643:"Sima Guang and His History Book"
995:
806:labor recruitment law led to his
2121:
1102:("Classified Chapters", cf. the
881:, and the Australian sinologist
631:and cultivated friendships with
16:Song dynasty scholar (1019–1086)
3054:11th-century Chinese historians
1704:
1635:
1081:
1000:Sima rejected the roles of the
320:
306:
2363:Great Bodhisattva of Zhengding
1870:. Cambridge University Press.
1851:. Cambridge University Press.
938:
898:
854:, the conservatives wanted to
577:By 1070, Sima was part of the
419:
381:
282:
268:
254:
219:
200:
1:
2798:Southern Song dynasty coinage
1911:Emperor Huan and Emperor Ling
1753:Historians of China and Japan
1173:
1122:Family Precepts of Sima Guang
959:("Comprehensive Records") to
862:for peace. The concession of
618:
134:Historian, politician, writer
3059:11th-century Chinese writers
1807:; et al., eds. (1345).
1687:Chaffee & Twitchett 2015
1675:Chaffee & Twitchett 2015
1663:Chaffee & Twitchett 2015
1531:Chaffee & Twitchett 2015
1429:Chaffee & Twitchett 2015
1357:Chaffee & Twitchett 2015
1258:Chaffee & Twitchett 2015
1243:Chaffee & Twitchett 2015
1231:Chaffee & Twitchett 2015
1219:Chaffee & Twitchett 2015
1207:Chaffee & Twitchett 2015
776:Abolishing the Baojia system
7:
2210:Department of State Affairs
1158:History of the Song dynasty
1127:
918:—959 CE was the end of the
892:In 1064, Sima presented to
852:war against the Western Xia
649:war against the Western Xia
375:Sima Guang was named after
10:
3110:
2172:Bureau of Military Affairs
1732:
1699:Twitchett & Smith 2009
1630:Twitchett & Smith 2009
1618:Twitchett & Smith 2009
1606:Twitchett & Smith 2009
1582:Twitchett & Smith 2009
1567:Twitchett & Smith 2009
1555:Twitchett & Smith 2009
1543:Twitchett & Smith 2009
1504:Twitchett & Smith 2009
1480:Twitchett & Smith 2009
1465:Twitchett & Smith 2009
1453:Twitchett & Smith 2009
1441:Twitchett & Smith 2009
1417:Twitchett & Smith 2009
1405:Twitchett & Smith 2009
1393:Twitchett & Smith 2009
1381:Twitchett & Smith 2009
1369:Twitchett & Smith 2009
1306:Twitchett & Smith 2009
1294:Twitchett & Smith 2009
1282:Twitchett & Smith 2009
1270:Twitchett & Smith 2009
583:Bureau of Military Affairs
18:
2823:
2755:
2576:
2390:
2282:
2235:
2200:
2130:
2119:
2044:Alliance Conducted at Sea
2034:Song–Viet war (1075–1077)
1959:
1594:Ebrey & Bickford 2006
1516:Ebrey & Bickford 2006
1492:Ebrey & Bickford 2006
1345:Ebrey & Bickford 2006
943:
910:period, when the ancient
484:After the failure of the
424:
417:with the highest rank of
334:
313:
299:
292:
275:
261:
247:
240:
235:
231:
212:
193:
189:
184:
176:
168:
158:
148:
138:
130:
116:
108:
100:
83:
63:
58:
49:
38:
3084:Song dynasty chancellors
3074:Politicians from Xinyang
2375:Four Great Books of Song
1090:(who perhaps edited the
1074:) faction, and the Shu (
1035:
953:Emperor Shenzong of Song
894:Emperor Yingzong of Song
571:Emperor Shenzong of Song
488:under an unenthusiastic
195:Traditional Chinese
3089:Song dynasty historians
2226:Secretariat-Chancellery
1828:Tanner, Harold (2010).
1786:Yap, Joseph P. (2009),
1060:Emperor Zhezong of Song
1044:Sima Wengong Temple in
978:memorials to the throne
808:character assassination
680:) intended to dethrone
492:, the future reformist
214:Simplified Chinese
172:Sushui Xiansheng (涑水先生)
2857:Early Bessemer process
2825:Science and technology
2024:Nong Zhigao rebellions
1112:, and included 31,319
1049:
933:
931:transitional porcelain
525:Under Emperor Shenzong
500:Under Emperor Yingzong
3069:Historians from Henan
2245:Ministry of Personnel
2150:Imperial examinations
1772:Xiao-bin, Ji (2005),
1749:Pulleyblank, Edwin G.
1716:Vincent's Calligraphy
1148:Twenty-Four Histories
1043:
928:
810:by the conservatives
659:Under Emperor Zhezong
517:for a special decree
480:Under Emperor Renzong
371:Early life and career
365:reforms of Wang Anshi
3094:Writers from Xinyang
2381:Dongjing Meng Hua Lu
2155:Administrative units
2029:Song–Tibet relations
2004:Song–Đại Cồ Việt war
1070:) faction, the Luo (
454:imperial examination
415:Imperial examination
2931:Forensic entomology
2892:Watertight bulkhead
2771:Joint-stock company
2265:Ministry of Justice
2250:Ministry of Revenue
2160:Sixteen Prefectures
1701:, pp. 508–510.
1677:, pp. 728–729.
1665:, pp. 690–691.
1632:, pp. 505–508.
1620:, pp. 504–505.
1608:, pp. 502–504.
1584:, pp. 498–502.
1569:, pp. 496–498.
1557:, pp. 494–496.
1482:, pp. 487–488.
1467:, pp. 486–487.
1455:, pp. 478–479.
1383:, pp. 371–373.
1347:, pp. 178–179.
1284:, pp. 340–343.
1221:, pp. 693–694.
1209:, pp. 689–690.
1153:Chancellor of China
701:Empress Dowager Gao
695:Sima was soon made
444:'s emphasis on the
2867:Astronomical clock
2074:Treaty of Shaoxing
1114:Chinese characters
1050:
934:
601:The economy was a
510:Emperor Yingzong's
431:Political ideology
3031:
3030:
3027:
3026:
2946:Dream Pool Essays
2838:Gunpowder weapons
2751:
2750:
2278:
2277:
2270:Ministry of Works
2255:Ministry of Rites
2202:Three Departments
2039:Fang La rebellion
2019:Wang Ze rebellion
1877:978-0-521-81248-1
1858:978-0-521-24330-8
1796:978-1-4490-0604-4
948:universal history
887:de Crespigny 1973
883:Rafe de Crespigny
828:prefectural-level
703:, the regent for
532:promoted Sima to
387:county magistrate
357:who authored the
338:
337:
330:
329:
301:Yale Romanization
242:Standard Mandarin
180:
179:
123:Sima Chi (father)
3101:
3064:Chinese scholars
2977:
2974:
2953:
2952:
2701:
2700: 1174–1189
2698:
2640:
2639: 1050–1080
2637:
2532:
2531: 1111–1117
2529:
2388:
2387:
2338:Longquan celadon
2306:Five Great Kilns
2198:
2197:
2125:
1945:
1938:
1931:
1922:
1921:
1900:
1881:
1862:
1843:
1821:
1802:
1745:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1708:
1702:
1696:
1690:
1684:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1639:
1633:
1627:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1468:
1462:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1342:
1336:
1330:
1321:
1315:
1309:
1303:
1297:
1291:
1285:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1261:
1255:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1187:
1026:Neo-confucianism
992:'s compilation.
945:
940:
900:
896:the five-volume
655:, as a scholar.
623:Sima retired in
587:Council of State
530:Emperor Shenzong
466:Neo-confucianism
462:Cheng-Zhu school
450:Heaven-and-Earth
426:
421:
384:
383:
377:Guang Prefecture
355:scholar-official
326:
325:
324:
309:
308:
288:
287:
286:
271:
270:
257:
256:
233:
232:
227:
226:
208:
207:
182:
181:
90:
87:October 11, 1086
74:Guāng Prefecture
70:Guangshan County
67:17 November 1019
59:Personal details
54:
44:
36:
35:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3098:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3023:
2975:
2951:
2907:Horner's method
2819:
2747:
2699:
2651:Emperor Huizong
2638:
2572:
2530:
2386:
2274:
2260:Ministry of War
2231:
2196:
2126:
2117:
2096:Mongol conquest
2014:Chanyuan Treaty
1974:Chenqiao mutiny
1955:
1949:
1907:
1897:
1878:
1859:
1840:
1824:
1818:History of Song
1800:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1720:
1718:
1710:
1709:
1705:
1697:
1693:
1685:
1681:
1673:
1669:
1661:
1657:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1628:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1604:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1580:
1573:
1565:
1561:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1529:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1502:
1498:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1471:
1463:
1459:
1451:
1447:
1439:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1415:
1411:
1403:
1399:
1391:
1387:
1379:
1375:
1367:
1363:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1331:
1324:
1316:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1292:
1288:
1280:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1256:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1229:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1201:
1188:
1181:
1176:
1130:
1084:
1038:
998:
873:
871:Historical work
840:
822:, the mayor of
799:
787:
778:
705:Emperor Zhezong
697:chief councilor
682:Emperor Zhezong
661:
621:
527:
502:
490:Emperor Renzong
482:
433:
395:Shǎn Prefecture
373:
160:Posthumous name
126:
92:
88:
68:
45:
42:
41:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3107:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3029:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2976: 10th c.
2966:
2959:
2957:
2950:
2949:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2919:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2848:
2847:
2844:Wujing Zongyao
2840:
2829:
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2773:
2768:
2761:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2739:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2666:
2660:
2654:
2648:
2642:
2629:
2623:
2617:
2611:
2605:
2599:
2593:
2587:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2540:
2534:
2521:
2515:
2509:
2503:
2497:
2494:Huang Tingjian
2491:
2485:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2461:
2455:
2449:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2413:
2407:
2401:
2394:
2392:
2385:
2384:
2377:
2372:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2334:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2303:
2298:
2292:
2290:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2241:
2239:
2237:Six Ministries
2233:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2195:
2194:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2177:Qingli Reforms
2174:
2169:
2164:
2163:
2162:
2152:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2127:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2093:
2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
2000:
1999:
1997:Gaoliang River
1994:
1989:
1984:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1933:
1925:
1919:
1918:
1915:Zizhi Tongjian
1906:
1905:External links
1903:
1902:
1901:
1895:
1882:
1876:
1863:
1857:
1844:
1839:978-1603842020
1838:
1823:
1822:
1798:
1784:
1770:
1756:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1703:
1691:
1689:, p. 756.
1679:
1667:
1655:
1634:
1622:
1610:
1598:
1596:, p. 543.
1586:
1571:
1559:
1547:
1545:, p. 491.
1535:
1533:, p. 127.
1520:
1518:, p. 133.
1508:
1506:, p. 489.
1496:
1484:
1469:
1457:
1445:
1443:, p. 455.
1433:
1431:, p. 340.
1421:
1419:, p. 438.
1409:
1407:, p. 387.
1397:
1395:, p. 383.
1385:
1373:
1371:, p. 356.
1361:
1359:, p. 150.
1349:
1337:
1335:, p. 213.
1322:
1320:, p. 212.
1310:
1308:, p. 354.
1298:
1296:, p. 345.
1286:
1274:
1272:, p. 350.
1262:
1260:, p. 693.
1247:
1245:, p. 692.
1235:
1233:, p. 689.
1223:
1211:
1199:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1171:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1135:Zizhi Tongjian
1129:
1126:
1083:
1080:
1055:Zizhi Tongjian
1037:
1034:
1002:dynastic cycle
997:
996:Historiography
994:
990:Zizhi Tongjian
986:Zizhi Tongjian
972:of Chancellor
962:Zizhi Tongjian
908:Warring States
904:historiography
878:Zizhi Tongjian
872:
869:
839:
836:
798:
795:
786:
783:
777:
774:
660:
657:
629:Zizhi Tongjian
620:
617:
616:
615:
612:
609:
606:
579:Hanlin Academy
558:Qingli Reforms
526:
523:
501:
498:
486:Qingli Reforms
481:
478:
432:
429:
385:) served as a
372:
369:
360:Zizhi Tongjian
336:
335:
332:
331:
328:
327:
317:
311:
310:
303:
297:
296:
294:Yue: Cantonese
290:
289:
279:
273:
272:
265:
259:
258:
251:
245:
244:
238:
237:
236:Transcriptions
229:
228:
216:
210:
209:
197:
191:
190:
187:
186:
178:
177:
174:
173:
170:
166:
165:
162:
156:
155:
152:
146:
145:
142:
136:
135:
132:
128:
127:
125:
124:
120:
118:
114:
113:
110:
106:
105:
102:
98:
97:
91:(aged 66)
85:
81:
80:
65:
61:
60:
56:
55:
47:
46:
39:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3106:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2970:
2967:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2923:Yingzao Fashi
2920:
2918:
2917:Liaodi Pagoda
2915:
2914:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2902:Tianchi basin
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2743:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2724:Zhao Mengjian
2722:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2712:Wuzhun Shifan
2710:
2707:
2704:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2606:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2525:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2227:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2203:
2199:
2193:
2192:Three Bureaus
2190:
2188:
2187:Baojia system
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2129:
2124:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2097:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2059:Huangtiandang
2057:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2050:
2049:Jin–Song Wars
2047:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2009:Song–Xia wars
2007:
2005:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1992:Southern Tang
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1946:
1941:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1898:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1869:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1831:
1826:
1825:
1819:
1815:
1812:
1811:
1806:
1799:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1782:962-996-183-0
1779:
1775:
1771:
1769:
1768:9781614729006
1765:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1750:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1737:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1700:
1695:
1688:
1683:
1676:
1671:
1664:
1659:
1644:
1638:
1631:
1626:
1619:
1614:
1607:
1602:
1595:
1590:
1583:
1578:
1576:
1568:
1563:
1556:
1551:
1544:
1539:
1532:
1527:
1525:
1517:
1512:
1505:
1500:
1493:
1488:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1466:
1461:
1454:
1449:
1442:
1437:
1430:
1425:
1418:
1413:
1406:
1401:
1394:
1389:
1382:
1377:
1370:
1365:
1358:
1353:
1346:
1341:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1319:
1314:
1307:
1302:
1295:
1290:
1283:
1278:
1271:
1266:
1259:
1254:
1252:
1244:
1239:
1232:
1227:
1220:
1215:
1208:
1203:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1136:
1132:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1109:Shuowen Jiezi
1105:
1101:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1088:lexicographer
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1047:
1042:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1003:
993:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
966:
964:
963:
958:
954:
949:
941:
932:
927:
923:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
895:
890:
888:
884:
880:
879:
868:
865:
861:
857:
853:
848:
846:
835:
831:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
809:
804:
794:
790:
782:
773:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
693:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
613:
610:
607:
604:
603:zero-sum game
600:
599:
598:
595:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
572:
568:
564:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
522:
520:
516:
511:
507:
497:
495:
491:
487:
477:
475:
471:
467:
463:
457:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
428:
422:
416:
411:
409:
408:
402:
400:
396:
392:
388:
378:
368:
366:
362:
361:
356:
353:
349:
346:
345:courtesy name
342:
333:
323:
318:
316:
312:
304:
302:
298:
295:
291:
285:
280:
278:
274:
266:
264:
260:
252:
250:
246:
243:
239:
234:
230:
225:
222:
217:
215:
211:
206:
203:
198:
196:
192:
188:
183:
175:
171:
167:
164:Wenzheng (文正)
163:
161:
157:
153:
151:
147:
143:
141:
140:Courtesy name
137:
133:
129:
122:
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
96:, Song Empire
95:
86:
82:
79:
75:
71:
66:
62:
57:
53:
48:
37:
32:
31:
26:
22:
3079:Royal tutors
3018:Guo Shoujing
2944:
2935:
2921:
2912:Architecture
2897:Fishing reel
2872:Movable type
2842:
2812:
2706:Zhou Jichang
2657:Zhang Zeduan
2506:Zhou Bangyan
2457:
2398:Fan Zhongyan
2379:
2367:
2353:Yaozhou ware
2348:Qingbai ware
2182:New Policies
1987:Southern Han
1978:Unification
1952:Song dynasty
1914:
1886:
1867:
1848:
1829:
1817:
1814:
1808:
1801:(in Chinese)
1787:
1773:
1759:
1752:
1741:
1719:. Retrieved
1715:
1706:
1694:
1682:
1670:
1658:
1648:29 September
1646:. Retrieved
1637:
1625:
1613:
1601:
1589:
1562:
1550:
1538:
1511:
1499:
1494:, p. 7.
1487:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1424:
1412:
1400:
1388:
1376:
1364:
1352:
1340:
1313:
1301:
1289:
1277:
1265:
1238:
1226:
1214:
1202:
1190:
1163:Fan Zhongyan
1142:Sushui Jiwen
1140:
1133:
1121:
1118:Tang dynasty
1107:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1082:Achievements
1064:New Policies
1053:
1051:
1015:
999:
970:New Policies
967:
960:
956:
937:
935:
912:State of Jin
897:
891:
876:
874:
849:
845:Fan Zhongyan
841:
832:
803:corvée labor
800:
791:
788:
779:
743:. Sima made
694:
662:
622:
596:
576:
563:New Policies
554:Liao dynasty
534:chief censor
528:
503:
483:
458:
434:
418:
412:
405:
403:
374:
358:
352:Song dynasty
347:
340:
339:
307:Sī-máh Gwōng
269:Ssŭ-ma Kuang
249:Hanyu Pinyin
89:(1086-10-11)
78:Song dynasty
28:
21:Chinese name
3049:1086 deaths
3044:1019 births
3020:(1231–1316)
3014:(1202–1261)
3012:Qin Jiushao
3008:(1192-1279)
3002:(1186–1249)
2996:(1031–1095)
2990:(1020–1101)
2984:(1010–1070)
2969:Zhang Sixun
2814:Zhu Fan Zhi
2803:Champa rice
2767:(1021–1086)
2744:(1235–1305)
2738:(1222–1307)
2732:(1210–1269)
2726:(1199–1295)
2720:(1190–1230)
2714:(1178–1249)
2693:Lin Tinggui
2689:(1140–1210)
2683:(1120–1182)
2677:(1100–1197)
2671:(1096–1119)
2669:Wang Ximeng
2665:(1094-1172)
2659:(1085–1145)
2653:(1082–1135)
2647:(1051–1107)
2628:(1049–1106)
2622:(1036–1093)
2616:(1020–1090)
2610:(1019–1079)
2604:(1000–1064)
2569:(1170–1231)
2563:(1140–1207)
2557:(1130–1200)
2551:(1127–1206)
2545:(1126–1193)
2543:Fan Chengda
2539:(1125–1209)
2520:(1085–1144)
2514:(1084–1155)
2512:Li Qingzhao
2508:(1056–1121)
2502:(1047–1126)
2496:(1045–1105)
2490:(1039–1112)
2484:(1037–1101)
2478:(1033–1107)
2472:(1032–1085)
2466:(1022–1077)
2460:(1019–1086)
2454:(1019–1083)
2448:(1017–1073)
2442:(1012–1067)
2436:(1011–1077)
2430:(1009–1066)
2424:(1007–1072)
2418:(1002–1060)
2416:Mei Yaochen
2343:Cizhou ware
2220:Chancellery
2215:Secretariat
2143:Family tree
2101:Diaoyucheng
1333:Tanner 2010
1318:Tanner 2010
1009:situation.
1006:Five Phases
916:Qin dynasty
860:Western Xia
762:Chancellery
758:Secretariat
754:prefectural
750:Western Xia
729:Fan Chunren
725:Wang Yansou
550:Western Xia
538:irridentism
519:examination
506:Zhao Yurang
169:Other names
144:Junshi (君實)
25:family name
3038:Categories
2965:(972–1051)
2882:Pound lock
2808:Nanhai One
2765:Wang Anshi
2663:Su Hanchen
2626:Li Gonglin
2596:Zhao Chang
2592:(970–1053)
2590:Xu Daoning
2586:(960–1030)
2567:Zhao Rukuo
2549:Yang Wanli
2458:Sima Guang
2446:Zhou Dunyi
2422:Ouyang Xiu
2412:(998–1061)
2406:(991–1055)
2400:(989–1052)
2131:Government
1896:0674021274
1721:2018-01-20
1174:References
1168:Wang Anshi
1046:Xia County
974:Wang Anshi
745:ad hominem
737:Lü Gongzhu
619:Retirement
585:, and the
567:Wang Anshi
494:Wang Anshi
442:Wang Anshi
437:sage kings
391:Xia County
341:Sima Guang
263:Wade–Giles
255:Sīmǎ Guāng
185:Sima Guang
154:Yusou (迂叟)
131:Occupation
104:Lady Zhang
40:Sima Guang
2956:Inventors
2833:Gunpowder
2742:Qian Xuan
2708:(12th c.)
2687:Liang Kai
2681:Zhao Boju
2620:Wang Shen
2602:Yi Yuanji
2598:(10th c.)
2470:Cheng Hao
2464:Zhang Zai
2452:Zeng Gong
2440:Cai Xiang
2434:Shao Yong
2358:Jian ware
2321:Guan ware
2311:Ding ware
2106:Xiangyang
1982:Later Shu
1030:Liu Anshi
770:Zhang Dun
733:Wen Yanbo
721:Cheng Hao
686:Cheng Hao
670:Zhang Dun
641:Cheng Hao
633:Shao Yong
407:Zuo Zhuan
112:Sima Kang
2994:Shen Kuo
2982:Jia Xian
2963:Bi Sheng
2887:Dry dock
2776:Banknote
2736:Gong Kai
2608:Wen Tong
2584:Fan Kuan
2577:Painters
2561:Xin Qiji
2518:Zhu Bian
2500:Cai Jing
2476:Cheng Yi
2326:Jun ware
2296:Religion
2167:Military
2138:Emperors
2069:Yancheng
2054:Jingkang
1965:Timeline
1810:Song Shi
1196:ch. 336.
1191:Song Shi
1128:See also
1011:Literati
899:Liniantu
820:Cai Jing
816:Chenzhou
760:and the
717:Cheng Yi
678:Cai Jing
674:Xing Shu
653:Xing Shu
637:Cheng Yi
546:Tibetans
456:system.
446:Classics
150:Art name
109:Children
19:In this
3000:Song Ci
2988:Su Song
2877:Compass
2757:Economy
2718:Li Song
2632:Cui Bai
2410:Song Qi
2404:Yan Shu
2391:Writers
2331:Ru ware
2316:Ge ware
2288:Society
2284:Culture
2089:Caizhou
2079:Tangdao
1961:History
1805:Toqto'a
1733:Sources
1099:Leipian
1076:Sichuan
982:Luoyang
957:Tongzhi
939:Tongzhi
864:Lanzhou
856:appease
824:Kaifeng
812:Liu Chi
766:Cai Que
690:Kaifeng
666:Cai Que
645:Cai Que
625:Luoyang
591:Luoyang
542:Uyghurs
474:Mencius
470:Xunzi's
399:Sima Fu
94:Kaifeng
2786:Guanzi
2781:Jiaozi
2614:Guo Xi
2555:Zhu Xi
2537:Lu You
2524:Zhu Yu
2488:Su Zhe
2482:Su Shi
2428:Su Xun
2301:Poetry
2084:Caishi
1954:topics
1893:
1874:
1855:
1836:
1820:].
1794:
1780:
1766:
1120:. His
1104:Yupian
1018:Su Shi
889::65).
735:, and
713:Su Che
709:Su Shi
676:, and
639:, and
581:, the
552:, and
515:Su Zhe
448:) and
420:jìnshì
348:Junshi
117:Parent
101:Spouse
23:, the
3006:Li Ye
2791:Huizi
2675:Li Di
2645:Mi Fu
2111:Yamen
2064:De'an
1816:[
1093:Jiyun
1072:Henan
1068:Hebei
1036:Death
2852:Coke
2730:Muqi
2286:and
1891:ISBN
1872:ISBN
1853:ISBN
1834:ISBN
1813:(宋史)
1792:ISBN
1778:ISBN
1764:ISBN
1650:2018
1004:and
858:the
768:and
84:Died
64:Born
30:Sima
2973:fl.
2697:fl.
2636:fl.
2528:fl.
1022:Tao
741:era
699:by
565:of
464:of
393:in
382:司馬池
315:IPA
277:IPA
43:司馬光
27:is
3040::
1913:,
1714:.
1574:^
1523:^
1472:^
1325:^
1250:^
1194:,
1182:^
1028:.
944:通志
731:,
727:,
723:,
719:,
715:,
711:,
672:,
668:,
635:,
548:,
544:,
521:.
508:,
425:進士
367:.
221:司马
202:司馬
76:,
72:,
2978:)
2971:(
2702:)
2695:(
2641:)
2634:(
2533:)
2526:(
2228:)
2224:(
1967:)
1963:(
1944:e
1937:t
1930:v
1899:.
1880:.
1861:.
1842:.
1724:.
1652:.
942:(
423:(
224:光
205:光
33:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
