1029:
explain how a state that has a population below one million falls into the category of a micro-state, but a state with a population over ten million would be better described as a medium-sized state. Also, that number is not necessarily the only one used for the measurement, mostly because of the similar sizes of some states. They use the examples of
Central European states such as the Czech Republic and Hungary and the Benelux states, the original ten million margin would more logically be moved to twelve, so that it could include these countries on the small state spectrum. The exploration of these parameters is a big part of the small state debate, especially in Europe. The authors also mention the big difference between European, and for example Latin American or African countries. The states in Latin America unquestionably have larger populations, but that still does not really affect their placement in the category of small states, because their weakness in the international system is still noticeable and influences the way the states are seen as “small”. This is an important approach, since it makes it clear how aside from the geographical and population size, the country's GDP, the ranking of a state in the international system, the political, economical and military power play an important role in putting a state somewhere on the spectrum.
940:
but, in general, size determines the extent of military power. It makes sense that a small state foreign policy would be formed to overcome the lack of capabilities the states battle within these areas. Take for example economic power where larger states can transfer money from boom regions to bust regions which most small states can't, which makes them more vulnerable to temporary volatility and economic fluctuation. Alesina and
Spolaore state that if there were only benefits from size, then the tendency should be for the entire world to be organized in a single country. They argue that the number of states in the international system is likely to increase. They name a few reasons. Firstly, it is democratization. Dictators prefer large states so that they can extract greater rents. More democracies lead to more states. Peacefulness is also a reason. Small states can more easily survive and be stable in a peaceful world. Free trade and international economic integration also plays a big role. Small states gain access to the markets that they depend on so more free trade and economic integration -leads to more states. The presence of international institutions to coordinate political and economic policies also plays a role as well as more comprehensive international law and better defined property rights.
1272:
survival does not mean that a state cannot use its buffer location as an advantage. In the cod wars (a fishing dispute over a 20-year period between
Iceland and the UK) the micro nation of Iceland was able to use both its small size and location as an advantage and won the conflict. One of the reasons is the threat by Icelandic authorities to leave NATO and remove the US defence force out of the country. It seems that the UK were not willing to go as far as the Icelandic government to win the dispute even though they had the military power to do so. According to Sverrir Steinsson, it seems that the simple liberal explanation is not enough on its own to explain the difference between the nations in a satisfactory way. Even though many Icelandic officials did not want to leave NATO over the fishing dispute, they had enormous pressure from the public to do so if the dispute would not end, while the UK had much less public pressure over the issue. According to Steinsson's result it seems that small powers are much more affected by domestic view than bigger powers which can increase the chances of a small state leaving an international organisation.
1054:"Similarly, Snyder assumes that the study of small state and great power behaviour require different analytical foci. He points out that 'among the great powers, domestic pressures often outweigh international ones in the calculations of national leaders'.'1 Since great powers 'enjoy a substantial buffer from the pressures of international competition', domestic political explanations are good predictors of their foreign policy strategies. When studying the foreign policies of small states, Snyder does not expect domestic political theories to fit as well. Whereas 'great powers adapt their foreign strategies to their domestic circumstances', small states are more 'exposed to the vagaries of international security and economic competition'. Since small state foreign policy strategies will reflect an attentiveness to external exigencies, international/structural explanations should suffice."
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states' status aim is often to stand in one or more peer groups of similar states. They might also seek recognition by great powers as useful allies, contributors to systems maintenance or as impartial arbiters. Smaller states do not seek status by seeking to match greater powers materially. Some degree of emulation can however pay off. States can be a major donor in the United
Nations and give competitive status among peer groups of small states while simultaneously acknowledge great powers for system maintenance. Small states can get access to the middle power club since this is a category with loose membership criteria, but access to the great power club is not possible. Small states may opt for a collective strategy of mobility into the middle power rank by taking on extended responsibilities for preserving international order.
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between states of various sizes. However, even if the formal voting itself is equal what happens in the background is not. Small states face size-related difficulties during negotiation processes in IO's such as the UN because they often possess fewer administrative, financial and economic resources, which hinders them in participating in the negotiation process at the same level as the larger states. They are simply spread too thin across various issues and therefore resort to concentrating all their resources towards the issue of highest significance. Therefore, small states are forced to choose between their interests in negotiations. They also produce better results if they use persuasion based strategies rather than bargaining ones because they lack bargaining leverage.
1292:. Through one of these three types of power can small states best seek their needs and interests. Middle or great powers are not precluded from these types of power, only the limitations of the small states force them to rely on them more. Small states have different goals and different bases, i.e., ideational, material and relational bases. Bases are the resources that a state has and can exploit in order to affect another's behavior. This variation of small states' bases lead to a variety of means of power. Means in this context are the ways a state utilizes its base. The three categories of power all have different bases and therefore different means, best understood as small states' properties and its actions.
1025:"One axis considers whether the factors involved are endogenous or exogenous: that is to say, whether the smallness lies in the internal aspects of a country itself (such as its population or Gross Domestic Product ) or in its relations with other states (such as the size of its armed forces or its alliance status). The other axis involves objective and subjective evaluations: that is, whether the smallness is seen in terms of ‘measureable’ elements (such as geographical area or size of the diplomatic corps) or ‘impressionistic’ elements (notably views held and/or expressed by practitioners and commentators either at home or abroad)."
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To find a balanced conclusion, we need to discern quantitative and qualitative approaches to analyze and define a small state. As a matter of fact, smallness and greatness can evolve in time and as Vital points out all states possess aspects of strength and weakness. In a realistic approach to small states theory we could observe how small powers are mostly defined by their actual lack of power, which is of course not the case. They are for instance quite relevant in the IR area, both to the political and social aspect. This could be, according to Chong and Maass (2010) an indicator of power, more precisely "foreign policy power".
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small power plays a dispensable and non-decisive part in a great power's array of political and military resources. Small powers therefore tend towards a policy of either strict neutrality or alliance. Those ‘located in geopolitical regions critical to maintaining a great power's position in the international system to opt for alliance’. In an alliance, small powers tend to follow the alliance leader closely, lend it what support they can and avoid antagonizing it. Under regional hegemony with a low probability of punishment, small powers tend to adopt neutrality.
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they lack in aggregate structural power. Small states can, therefore, develop power disproportionate relative to their size on the few issues of utmost importance to them. In addition to prioritization, small states have successfully employed the strategies of coalition-building and image-building. Even though small state administrations lack the resources of their larger counterparts, their informality, flexibility, and the autonomy of their diplomats can prove advantageous in negotiations and within institutional settings."
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1048:"By contrast, domestic politics will necessarily play a greater role in an explanation of great power foreign policy. Generally speaking, great powers are faced with a lower level of external threat in comparison to small states and thus have more options for action. This increased range of choice will tend to make foreign policy formation more susceptible to domestic political influences. Consequently, unit level variables cannot be ignored when explaining great power foreign policy."
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risks and attempt to internationalize those considered to be most serious. Small power policies, argues David Vital, are aimed at altering the external environment by ‘reducing an unfavourable discrepancy in strength, broadening the field of manoeuvre and choice, and increasing the total resources on which the state can count in times of stress’. Small powers are therefore status quo oriented. They work within the established order rather than attempting to revise the order itself.
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define the size of states, no one method will suffice to group the states of the world today because of their diversity. For example, the easiest and most often used indicators of the size of a state, population and geographical area, already pose a problem if the world's states are to be grouped in two: small or large. In that case, extremely different countries like San Marino and Sweden on one hand and Italy and China on the other would get grouped together.
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compulsory. A collective power is compulsory when a large state is directly pressured by small states to change its policies through promises or threats. Institutions can provide small states with protection and a voice. They can provide the ability for small states to influence rules and be used to broaden norms in the international field. International organizations are particularly useful for small states in terms of norm promoting activities.
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has one vote or in contexts in which decisions are made unanimously, if they are selective in negotiations and concentrate their capacities on the most important issues, engage in capacity-building activities to maximise their ideational resources, if they make use of institutional opportunity structures such as chairing meetings and engaging in agenda-setting, and if they individually or collectively apply persuasion strategies from early on".
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sector: the interests of fishermen are synonymous with government policy goals. Icelanders are uncompromising when it comes to fish’ (ibid, p. 127). This can be seen in more recent events when the
Icelandic government put membership to the EU to a national vote following the financial crisis, in which the Icelandic people voted ‘no’ – the fisheries being the too great of a risk factor following membership (ibid).
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administrative capabilities, domestic cohesion, and foreign policy consensus), economic size (GDP, market size, and development), perceptual size (how a state is perceived by internal or external actors), and preference size (the ideas, ambitions, and priorities of domestic elites regarding their role in the international system) are given equal value as opposed to just a single factor.
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with up to 30 million inhabitants are sometimes considered small. Others, however, think of size as a relative concept where the influence of great powers is seen as far greater and the influence of middle powers moderately greater than those of small powers. Additionally, small states barely have the capabilities to influence the international system.
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between states. It is not always easy for the small states to negotiate on beneficial terms because "shelter providers may impose conditions on smaller states in exchange for the shelter, reducing the small partner's freedom of manoeuvre and choice." In Europe there are various important and inexpensive shelters available for small states.
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larger margin of time and error. So in some ways statesmen in small states have to watch more closely for external constraints. Using that reasoning, IR-theorists tend to believe that the foreign-policy of small states is more greatly influenced by the international system rather than their domestic politics.
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support of trade unions: The trade union movement supports the completion of the internal market’; ‘including the removal of the technical and physical barriers to trade, and the liberalization of competition within the EC’ Unlike
Iceland, Danish farmers welcomed the competition and access to more markets.
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Sweden was also very pro-EC and joined in 1995. The
Swedish industry had been international for a long time but after moving a lot of their operations into the European markets the businesses managed to convince the government it was in the national interest to follow their example. Such active, well
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However, Norway is in a much stronger position in the international community with less dependency on the ‘internationally oriented manufacturing sector and more reliant on a single industry for its export revenue: the petroleum sector’ (ibid, p. 129). Norwegians hold power with their petroleum
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Small states that lack material capabilities can try to persuade larger states to take actions that will increase their interests and thus derive power. In this category of power the base is the relationship between the great power and the small state. The means of this power will depend on the small
1300:
Small states lack many of the factors that usually determine capability. Some may, however, possess a particular form of intrinsic power. Particular-intrinsic assets can serve as the base of small states' power but the resources will only gain importance through the states actions. For example, small
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The location of a small power can be very important for its survival. If a small power is working as a so call "buffer state" between two bigger rival power then it is more likely for that state to cease to exist. Despite the fact that the buffer location can decrease the likelihood of a small powers
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Secondly small states can also use shaping strategies. Shaping strategies can include either legal, moral or normative argumentation applied in different negotiation settings. Framing and reframing is for example important for small states if there is a high number of delegations participating in the
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sees small powers as being geographically bound in the sense that their demands are restricted to their own and immediately adjacent areas, while great powers exert their influence on a global scale. Subsequently, small power strategic behaviour is characterized by a general reluctance to coerce and
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defines a risk averse power as an international actor that ‘defines and responds to the political states of a given identified risk in terms of a will to reduce its uncertainties and uncontrollable effects’. Due to the risks of extermination when challenging more powerful states, their ambitions are
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Small powers display variable geometry. In terms of military capabilities there is no ability to project power on a global scale. They are forced by their limited resources, their location and by the international system itself to establish clear priorities. To this end, they identify a hierarchy of
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In the same paper, they mention the difficulty of categorizing a state as a small state based only on its size. They argue how the population size can determine the decision if a small state is considered small, but the actual parameters used for that approach can be rather complicated. They go on to
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Industrialization and a search for larger markets and inter-regional trade led to regional consolidation. Professionalization of the
European military and innovation in military technology increased the financial cost of wars. This increased the benefits and power of a larger state. Outside of Europe
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It is quite clear that this “smallness” is not systematic, but as Long among others states, reduced size really depends on context. The concept of state as well as that of power are therefore not consequential to just one factor, but to many such as markers of population, GDP, or military indicators.
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The weakening of the non-alignment movement during the 1970s coincided with a gradual decline in small-state studies, culminating in Peter Baehr's critical appraisal of the research tradition in which he questioned smallness as a useful framework for analysis. The small-power category was first taken
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Small and middle powers play a role in constituting great powers and the greater posers depend on non-great powers to acknowledge their greatness. International status seeking cannot be separated from domestic legitimation, especially with small states that are integrated in global politics. Smaller
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According to constructivists, the behavior of states is subject to change when the identities and interests of states change. That means that small states do not necessarily do what is practical, but can pursue ideational goals as well. Neumann and de
Carvalho stated that small states primarily seek
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For example, Iceland is a nation that is heavily dependent on fishing as its main export and therefore seeks to protect its fisheries. If
Iceland would join the EU it would have to share the market as well as its fishing grounds with for example Spain and Portugal. In Iceland, fishing is a strategic
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It needs to be taken into account that these vulnerabilities come with a cost if small states look towards shelter by either organisations or larger states. The agreements small states have to make need to be beneficial for both them and the state providing the shelter, although the costs may differ
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is very important for small states, it means having economic assistance, access to a common market and even beneficial loans amongst other factors, and it can be from an organisation or another state. In fact, "small domestic markets and concentrated production make small states acutely dependent on
901:. While a small power in the international system may never equal or surpass the effect of larger powers, they can nevertheless influence the workings of the international system together with others. The formalization of the division between small and great powers came about with the signing of the
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Smaller powers have status insecurity to an extent that established great powers do not have, therefore making the status game even more important to them. It is important to distinguish the status-seeking of smaller powers from greater powers. Smaller states have limited power resources and aiming
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A benefit of a larger state is a larger market and more efficient provision of public goods. States can also grow to create larger internal markets to internalize the benefits of free trade opportunities. In a free trade regime, states can remain smaller. Historically times of war have led to state
952:
Even though the most common factor for defining small powers is the size of the population, there is not an agreement of how populous states should be to be defined as small or middle powers. Although states with less than 10 or 15 million inhabitants are regarded as small by most academics, states
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Alesina and Spolaore presented that the benefits of being a large state included (but were not limited too) being less economically vulnerable, militarily powerful, cheaper public goods, greater administrative strength and greater diplomatic power. Small countries can enter into military alliances,
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Small states can under some circumstances have a disproportionately great influence. According to Diana Panke, "Small states tend to be most likely to punch above their weight if the negotiations take place in an institutionalised arena with majority-based decision-making rules in which each state
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is all about power, be it military or diplomatic. When a state does not have the sources to defend itself, it means that it lacks hard power, for example military, and diplomatic power which means poor administrative capacity. Therefore, is it essential for the small states to "be sheltered by the
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To answer the question of what constitutes a small state, many different criteria must be regarded. Many factors, both subjective and objective, can contribute to what is perceived as the size of a state, so there is no one entirely fulfilling definition. No matter how diverse criteria are used to
948:
There is no one definition of small powers. Therefore, they have been defined in various ways. As Thorhallsson and Steinsson point out, shortage of the resources and capabilities that determine power and influence are central to most definitions of small powers. The most common factor for defining
908:
According to a 2017 review study, "What scholars can agree on is that small states generally prefer multilateralism as both a path to influence and a means to restrain larger states. Studies of influential small states indicate that they are able to develop issue-specific power to make up for what
1358:
Ingebritsen noted that: Each Nordic government had to respond to a different set of interest groups – some that anticipated positive benefits of European integration and others that anticipated undesirable costs. One of the major differences is how dependant nations are on their raw materials and
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A size-related obstacle would for example be the EU which uses a system of weighted voting, which gives bigger states a greater political leverage than smaller states. On the other hand, a lot of International Organisations use a "one state, one vote" principle which may appear to secure equality
1216:
Small powers are the primary beneficiaries of international institutions and are, by necessity, lovers of the law. A small power will often seek to minimize the costs of conducting foreign policy and will increase the weight behind its policies by engaging in concerted efforts with other actors.
1208:
The strategic behaviour of small powers is characterized by dependence. A small power recognizes that it cannot obtain security by relying solely on its own capabilities. They cannot affect the international system alone but with some concerted effort they can affect the way the system works. A
1370:
Denmark joined the EC in 1973 although with agriculture being the dominant sector at the time, however in recent years manufactured goods have become the largest sector for the Danish national income. (ibid, p. 122). Danes remained quite supportive and optimistic about the EC with even the
1065:
In comparison with the more traditional international relations view that small states will always be obligated to seek protection from more powerful neighboring states and form alliances with them, the theory of alliance of shelter expands on and differs from this claim and viewpoint in six key
1057:
More and more research is being done specifically on small states, how they develop their foreign policy, and how they are at some level completely different from larger states. Authors Alyson J.K. Bailes, Bradley A. Thayer, and Baldur Thorhallsson make the argument that small states differ from
1021:
Clive Archer and Neill Nugent mention Raimo Väyrynen's definition of the axes along which the properties of small states had been measured in international relations literature by the time of Väyrynen's survey's publication in 1971. Although not perfect, it remains useful now despite its age, to
1037:
Small states are usually more vulnerable to changes in the international system since they are more focused on survival than the bigger states. The costs of being exploited are way higher for small states and the effects of foreign-policy mistakes are much bigger, since the bigger states have a
917:
Almost all studies of power in international relations focus on great power politics and it will for this reason not be discussed here. For, as László Réczei noted, power status hinges on the capacity for violence: "If the notion of war were unknown in international relations, the definition of
1318:
The base of collective power is the relationship a small state has to other small states. This type of power can be achieved through single-issue groupings, institutionalism or by leveraging allies in pursuance of one state's cause. Furthermore, collective power can be either institutional or
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There are a number of ways that small states can try to counter size-related obstacles. Small states can engage in capacity-building, for example through contacts with or through joining coalitions. Capacity building can increase a state's ideational capacities and amplify the effectiveness of
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A Realist perspective takes little notice of small states. It focuses on hard power - military and economic resources. According to Realism small states will always be weak in negotiations. Small states are not powerful according to traditional measures of power and are primarily ignored or
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is about identity and being recognised by others. Unfortunately, "small states risk cultural, educational and technological stagnation without the free flow of people, goods and ideas." That is why it is not only important but necessary for small states to rely on others in order to prevent
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Liberal Institutionalism sees small states as actors with great potential. A lack of influence is only evidence of a lack of cooperation - or collective action problems. International institutions can decrease the price of cooperation, facilitate information sharing and provide a venue for
1374:
Despite this the Danes have remained active in judging new treaties in the EC/EU and been very observant for national interests, for example by voting no to the Maastricht Treaty on 2 June 1992. However, it did not affect the Danes in the long run, and they did sign the treaty eventually.
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For example, Thorhallsson proposes a framework that intertwines multiple factors. In that regard, factors such as fixed size (population and territory), sovereignty size (the degree to which a state controls its internal affairs and borders and is recognized), political size (military and
1217:
Generally, this leads to a high degree of participation in and support for international organizations, which leads to a tendency to adopt ‘moral’ or ‘normative’ policy positions. Formal rules are actively encouraged in order to curb the great powers and strengthen their own position.
1062:. They acknowledge that small states are naturally more vulnerable than larger states, due to smaller militaries, economies, and overall population size. However, they also argue that small states are not without power, especially when viewed through the theory of alliance of shelter.
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In addition, delegates from smaller states tend to have speaking points for fewer issues and smaller budgets than the delegates from the larger nations; This gives the larger states a better position to influence outcomes both in weighted and equal weight voting systems.
1248:
Small states encounter size-related obstacles in different negotiation settings (the negotiation settings ranging between everything from the UN and the EU to the WTO) as well as in capacity-building and shaping strategies used to influence negotiation outcomes.
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The majority of the states in the world can be considered small states, but somehow there is less than ideal information about the activities of small states within international organisations particularly when it comes to influencing policy outcomes.
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Small states are at a disadvantage in the UN Security Council (UNSC) due to economic, administrative and military weaknesses. According to Baldur Thorhallsson these weaknesses are related to small territories, small economies and small populations.
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Sectoral differences between the Nordic applicants to the EC in the 1970s (Norway and Denmark) can account for the reason why the Danes decided to enter the EC and the Norwegian government failed to achieve a majority in favor of joining the EC.
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empires (China, the Ottoman Empire and India) tended to expand with the incentive to tax and support the elite. However, history has demonstrated that expansion often was the downfall of empires and that there was a more optimal size for states.
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A traditional, realist view of small states is that they are disadvantaged within the international system. A Liberal Institutionalist view emphasizes the institutionalization of the international system through international cooperation.
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Most of the small-state studies that make up the backbone of the small power research tradition were carried out in the heyday of non-alignment by scholars such as David Vital, Robert Rothstein, Maurice East and Robert Keohane.
1904:
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The inherent geographical constraint on England is partially credited with the effective development of a sustainable state in the late 16th and 17th centuries, rather than a conquest driven effort of territorial acquisition.
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Small powers are risk averse. They see more dangers than opportunities in international politics, which leads them both to shun system-upholding tasks and to display a penchant for token participation in such endeavours.
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Réczei, (1971). The Political Aims and Experiences of Small Socialist States. In Schou, A. & Brundtland, A. O. (eds) Small States in International Relations. New York: Wiley Interscience Division, p.
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consolidation due to the cost and benefits of a centralized military. Larger states tend to correlate with stronger central governments while democratization tends to generate smaller states.
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Alliance of shelter theory allows small states to avoid isolation with the outside world using their alliances, which can have a profound social and cultural impact on the small state.
918:‘small power’ would have no significance; just as in the domestic life of a nation it has no significance whether a man is less tall or has a weaker physique than his fellow citizen."
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states’ goals and the type of relationship it has with the larger state. In a friendly relationship, for example, there can be the possibility for an access to policy discourses.
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takes a view where great powers and small powers distinguish themselves through patterns of behaviour. Small powers are not down scaled great powers – or oversized microstates.
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Baldur Thorhallsson and Alyson J. K. Bailes take the shelter theory even further and talk about how small states have three vulnerabilities, political, economic and societal.
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state size, however, they continue is population size. Besides the size of population, other variables such as territory, economy, and military capabilities are also used.
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From the 14th to 17th century European city-states were unified around politics and economics and had many of the characteristics of modern small, democratic countries.
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The size of small states is affected by several variables. These tend to result in a balance between the diversity of the population and the benefits of a larger state.
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status and that small powers suffer from status insecurity to an extent that established great powers do not, which makes the status game even more important to them.
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Bailes, Alyson J. K.; Thayer, Bradley A.; Thorhallsson, Baldur (2016). "Alliance theory and alliance 'Shelter': the complexities of small state alliance behaviour".
1355:, do not. The five Nordic states have differences that are important to their industrial structures as Lars Mjoset, a Norwegian political economist, pointed out.
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Thorhallsson, Baldur (2017), "Small States in the UNSC and the EU: Structural Weaknesses and Ability to Influence", in Butler, Petra; Morris, Caroline (eds.),
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Shelter theory recognizes that small states are 'fundamentally different' from large states and therefore must act and make decisions using different logic.
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for status can be the only possible choice. Small states' identities are constituted in relation to great powers and are therefore initially hierarchical.
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Due to these alliances, small states may undergo a transformation, both internationally and domestically, which can come at a high cost to the small state.
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When decisions are taken according to a one-state, one-vote, majority voting procedure – such as the WTO and the UN – small states are at the advantage.
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Though a single definition has proved elusive due to the number of potential variables and their particular interpretation under given conditions,
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in 1814. Before that the assumption had been that all independent states were in theory equal regardless of actual strength and responsibilities.
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claims to have found recurring traits in the research literature regarding the behavioural patterns of small powers on the international stage:
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The alliances that small states form reflect not only the international reasons why the alliance is necessary, but the domestic reasons as well.
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coordinated deep integration outside Sweden was only seen in Finland who embraced the EC into the roots of society (ibid, pp. 143–144).
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Vital, D. (1967). The Inequality of States: a Study of Small Power in International Relations. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
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states may rely on their strategic location or material possessions. Identity can also be a potential base for the exercise of power.
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Vital, D. (1967) The Inequality of States: A Study of Small Power in International Relations, Oxford: Oxford University Press. p.134
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Steinsson, Sverrir (1 July 2017). "Neoclassical Realism in the North Atlantic: Explaining Behaviors and Outcomes in the Cod Wars".
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The costs of the diversity within the population occurs from different needs and preferences within the population. These include:
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She continues to quote Snyder where he points out the importance of the size of state when its foreign policy is being analysed:
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When decisions are taken according to a weighted voting system – such as the EU – small states are disproportionately weakened.
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Fox, A. B. (1959) The Power of Small States: Diplomacy in World War Two, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 3, fn. 8.
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persuasion-based strategies. Coalitions have burden-sharing effects and can increase the discursive leverage of its members
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Thorhallsson, Baldur (1 March 2006). "The Size of States in the European Union: Theoretical and Conceptual Perspectives".
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Small states are able to benefit from alliances with larger states and reap greater relative gains than the larger state.
930:) in 1933. Mitrany argued that the international community consisted only of two tiers of state powers: great and small.
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Elman, Miriam Fendius (April 1995). "The foreign policies of small states: challenging neorealism in its own backyard".
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sector and have access to important markets for petroleum in Europe without having to join the EU (ibid, p. 130).
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According to Diana Panke, small states can be strategically benefited by a multilateral institutionalized environment.
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2800:"Moral authority and status in International Relations: Good states and the social dimension of status seeking"
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These strategies help small states compete, but they are not always enough for them to compete successfully.
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Toje, A. (2010). The European Union as a small power: After the post-Cold War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
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3233:
1820:
Mitrany, D. (1933). The Progress of International Government. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, p. 9.
574:
89:
1874:
3684:
3281:
2290:
395:
30:
This article is about small powers. For nation-states possessing the smallest populations or area, see
1045:, adding that foreign policy of bigger states tends to be more influenced by their domestic politics:
3488:
3269:
3147:
1651:
1179:
Norm entrepreneurship - develop and promote ‘new’ ideas such as equality and sustainable development
3694:
3416:
3331:
2710:
2387:
Panke, Diana (September 2012). "Small states in multilateral negotiations. What have we learned?".
145:
2614:"Small States, Great Power? Gaining Influence Through Intrinsic, Derivative, and Collective Power"
3715:
3600:
3311:
803:
370:
2508:
Laïdi, Z. (2010) Europe as a Risk Averse Power – A hypothesis, Garnet Policy Brief No. 11, p. 1.
1467:
1139:
Small states have less representational ability to engage with each international agenda item.
818:
385:
1327:
Small states are more dependent on their leading economic sector more than larger states. The
1226:
generally ‘defensive’. They have a narrow range of interests and little freedom of activity.
3785:
3689:
3371:
1786:
Keohane, Robert O. (1969). "Lilliputians' Dilemmas: Small States in International Politics".
1691:
813:
676:
273:
2798:
Wohlforth, William C.; de Carvalho, Benjamin; Leira, Halvard; Neumann, Iver B. (July 2018).
3770:
3157:
2231:"Alliance theory and alliance 'Shelter': the complexities of small state alliance behavior"
8:
3765:
3442:
3326:
3321:
1733:
Rothstein, R. L. (1968). Alliances and Small Powers. New York: Columbia University Press.
1185:
Diplomats are more flexible, autonomous, and directly influential in domestic government.
1060:
Alliance theory and alliance 'Shelter': the complexities of small state alliance behavior
737:
646:
603:
390:
155:
3504:
Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)
1079:
In order to survive and thrive, small states rely heavily on alliance of shelter theory.
2672:
2552:
2482:
2412:
2360:
2313:
2280:
2211:
2176:
2168:
2128:
2025:
1982:
1932:
1803:
1768:
1760:
902:
375:
160:
135:
1322:
3549:
3316:
3276:
3064:
2831:
2587:
2556:
2544:
2486:
2478:
2446:
2416:
2404:
2348:
2338:
2268:
2258:
2215:
2180:
2132:
2069:
2059:
2029:
2017:
1974:
1936:
1924:
1861:
1848:
1844:
1807:
1772:
1695:
1227:
808:
529:
360:
312:
140:
73:
3569:
2676:
2052:
1986:
3306:
3259:
3243:
3180:
3003:
2821:
2811:
2662:
2654:
2625:
2579:
2536:
2474:
2438:
2396:
2203:
2160:
2120:
2111:
Väyrynen, Raimo (1971). "On the definition and measurement of small power status".
2009:
1966:
1916:
1840:
1795:
1752:
1743:
East, Maurice A. (1973). "Size and Foreign Policy Behavior: A Test of Two Models".
1687:
1231:
a tendency to promote multilateral, non-military solutions to security challenges.”
641:
564:
534:
408:
150:
130:
2207:
3286:
3207:
3195:
2975:
2400:
1617:
852:
825:
681:
671:
468:
365:
2442:
1043:
The foreign policies of small states: challenging neorealism in its own backyard
3801:
3740:
3725:
3621:
3564:
3559:
3200:
3142:
3137:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3059:
2846:
2124:
1408:
The following is a list of countries that are described as being small powers:
1344:
1148:
Maximize influence through strategic priorities, e.g., climate change, equality
830:
761:
666:
499:
413:
58:
50:
2816:
2799:
2658:
2540:
2164:
2013:
1970:
1920:
1799:
3824:
3390:
3190:
3184:
2835:
2591:
2548:
2408:
2352:
2272:
2021:
1978:
1928:
1328:
1191:
More focused interests and therefore able to form coalitions and trade votes.
717:
612:
514:
504:
345:
2337:. Neal, Andrew W., 1978-. Cambridge: Open book Publishers. pp. 53, 54.
2073:
1952:"It's not the size, it's the relationship: from 'small states' to asymmetry"
3132:
2916:"Small States' Responses to the Great Depression: A case study of Bulgaria"
2527:
Fazal, Tanisha M. (April 2004). "State Death in the International System".
766:
693:
687:
661:
656:
632:
622:
559:
448:
268:
192:
54:
2092:
Archer, Clive; Neill, Nugent (2002). "Introduction: Small States and EU".
3760:
3755:
3509:
Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA)
3411:
3172:
3152:
3106:
3101:
3095:
2826:
2782:
2630:
2613:
2583:
771:
698:
569:
433:
232:
227:
207:
197:
187:
46:
35:
2645:
Mjoset, Lars (1987). "Nordic Economic Policies in the 1970s and 1980s".
1022:
capture the different approaches used when small states are identified:
847:
3730:
3162:
3111:
3074:
3069:
2667:
1764:
1497:
776:
732:
727:
722:
708:
549:
340:
222:
217:
81:
42:
31:
2742:. Copenhagen: The Danish Federation of Trade Unions. 1989. p. 12.
2172:
2785:
Small State Status Seeking: Norway's Quest for International Standing
1587:
1201:
933:
926:
into serious account with David Mitrany's study on world government (
579:
473:
463:
458:
443:
438:
428:
302:
263:
252:
247:
237:
202:
170:
114:
109:
1756:
3457:
2306:
Economy, territory, identity: Politics of West European Peripheries
1482:
1323:
The effect of industrial sectors on small (Nordic) states' behavior
1119:
651:
212:
182:
125:
2772:. United States of America: Cornell University Press. p. 125.
2728:. United States of America: Cornell University Press. p. 116.
2845:
Material was copied from this source, which is available under a
1527:
1512:
1452:
1422:
1348:
1340:
1332:
453:
290:
280:
2797:
1905:"Lilliputians' Dilemmas: Small States in International Politics"
1632:
1602:
1572:
1542:
1437:
1352:
1336:
617:
1235:
1142:
3776:
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
3745:
3710:
3679:
3498:
2841:
1557:
3775:
3680:
Australia–New Zealand–United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)
3626:
3462:
2957:
Lessons From Europe For the Economic Policy of Small States
2866:
Small States and International Security: Europe and Beyond
2465:
Toje, Asle (2010). "The European Union as a Small Power".
2428:
2426:
1188:
Less bureaucratic and therefore potentially faster acting.
1058:
larger states in how they form alliances in their article
992:
3750:
3417:
Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
3519:
South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
3453:
Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)
2335:
Security in a small nation Scotland, democracy, politics
2255:
Security in a small nation Scotland, democracy, politics
2193:
1678:
Thorhallsson, Baldur; Steinsson, Sverrir (24 May 2017).
1458:
984:
Economic factors (income and industrialization patterns)
3735:
2423:
3370:
2847:
Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
2036:
1386:
2757:. United States of America: Cornell University Press.
2437:, Springer International Publishing, pp. 35–64,
1677:
1182:
Issue specific power - e.g. fisheries, oil production
1041:
Miriam Fendius Elman talks about this in her article
3781:
Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF)
3033:
2332:
3545:Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation
2783:De Carvalho, Benjamin and Iver B. Neumann (2015).
2333:Thorhallsson, Bailes, Baldur, Alyson J.K. (1983).
2051:
1832:
1195:
981:Non-economic factors (culture, religion, language)
2058:. Spolaore, Enrico. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
2049:
1608:
1032:
1019:Introduction: Small states and the European Union
1008:
3822:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
1173:
1120:Power maximization in international negotiations
3766:India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA)
2936:
3711:Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)
3591:Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)
3499:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
1157:Individual or collective persuasion strategies
3019:
2373:
2303:
1295:
1097:norms and rules of the international system."
870:
2740:The Internal Market and the Social Dimension
2432:
2365:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2318:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2228:
1999:
1839:"The Size of Nations", The MIT Press, 2003,
1488:
2852:
2767:
2752:
2723:
2704:
2257:. Neal, Andrew W., 1978-. Cambridge. 2017.
2091:
1578:
1236:Small powers in international organizations
1143:Influential techniques used by small states
964:
3721:Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries
3448:Central American Integration System (SICA)
3026:
3012:
2995:National and University Library of Iceland
2969:Latvia: Some Notes on Small State Security
2884:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2285:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1887:
1647:Balance of power (international relations)
1473:
1280:Small states' power can be categorized as
877:
863:
3659:South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone
3627:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
3463:North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
3422:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)
2950:
2825:
2815:
2666:
2629:
2569:
2389:Cambridge Review of International Affairs
1518:
1503:
1443:
1413:
969:
912:
94:List of countries by system of government
3675:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
3586:Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
3529:Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat (TCS)
3494:Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
3473:Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)
2607:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2229:Thorhallsson, Baldure (10 August 2016).
2110:
2094:Current Politics and Economics of Europe
1684:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics
1623:
1593:
1563:
1533:
1428:
943:
3596:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
3524:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)
3514:Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)
2890:"Why Small Powers Also Deserve Respect"
2871:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2243:
1902:
1785:
1548:
1403:
993:Early history of small states in Europe
14:
3823:
3348:Composite Index of National Capability
2689:
2644:
2467:JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies
1692:10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.484
1275:
3468:Organization of American States (OAS)
3438:Association of Caribbean States (ACS)
3369:
3007:
2598:
2526:
2386:
2150:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2868:, Routledge, 14 March 2014, Page 130
2770:The Nordic States and European Unity
2755:The Nordic States and European Unity
2726:The Nordic States and European Unity
2707:The Nordic States and European Unity
2611:
2464:
2240:
2196:Third World Thematics: A TWQ Journal
2153:British Journal of Political Science
1949:
1742:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1667:
3239:International relations (1814–1919)
2694:. Oslo: Norwegian University Press.
1387:Constructivist view on small states
1313:
1304:
24:
3555:European Political Community (EPC)
2988:interdependencies of a small state
2139:
2080:
25:
3842:
1903:Keohane, Robert O. (April 1969).
1664:
27:Term for a class of nation-states
3685:Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG)
3035:Power in international relations
2944:"2021 Croatia Military Strength"
2840:
2479:10.1111/j.1468-5965.2010.02128.x
2304:Rokkan, Urwin, S., D.W. (1983).
1625:
1610:
1595:
1580:
1565:
1550:
1535:
1520:
1505:
1490:
1475:
1460:
1445:
1430:
1415:
893:is for the most part made up by
846:
3489:Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD)
2981:
2962:
2908:
2804:Review of International Studies
2791:
2776:
2768:Ingebritsen, Christine (1998).
2761:
2753:Ingebritsen, Christine (1998).
2746:
2732:
2724:Ingebritsen, Christine (1998).
2717:
2705:Ingebritsen, Christine (1998).
2698:
2683:
2638:
2563:
2520:
2511:
2502:
2493:
2458:
2326:
2297:
2222:
2187:
2104:
2002:Journal of European Integration
1993:
1943:
1896:
1881:
1196:Characteristics of small powers
63:Power (international relations)
34:. For small nation-states, see
3695:Polynesian Leaders Group (PLG)
3601:Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU)
1845:10.7551/mitpress/6261.003.0012
1823:
1814:
1779:
1736:
1727:
1718:
1708:
1166:disregarded by larger powers.
1033:Foreign policy of small states
1009:Evaluating the size of a state
555:Intergovernmental organisation
510:Separation of church and state
13:
1:
3606:Organization of Turkic States
3443:Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
3229:List of medieval great powers
2435:Small States in a Legal World
2208:10.1080/23802014.2016.1189806
1657:
1174:Unique Powers of Small States
3353:Comprehensive National Power
3224:List of ancient great powers
2709:. United States of America:
2618:International Studies Review
2401:10.1080/09557571.2012.710589
1680:"Small State Foreign Policy"
1347:while the remaining others,
352:(socio-political ideologies)
7:
3690:Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)
3643:Union for the Mediterranean
3396:Union for the Mediterranean
3234:List of modern great powers
2443:10.1007/978-3-319-39366-7_3
1890:Science: Servant or Master?
1640:
1343:have sought shelter in the
420:(socio-economic ideologies)
90:List of forms of government
10:
3847:
3771:Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
3282:Hegemonic stability theory
2647:International Organization
2529:International Organization
2125:10.1177/001083677100600203
2050:Alesina, Alberto. (2003).
1909:International Organization
1788:International Organization
1359:manufacturing production.
1296:Particular-intrinsic power
40:
29:
3794:
3703:
3667:
3651:
3635:
3614:
3578:
3537:
3481:
3430:
3404:
3383:
3379:
3365:
3340:
3252:
3216:
3171:
3120:
3045:
3041:
2817:10.1017/S0260210517000560
2659:10.1017/s0020818300027533
2541:10.1017/s0020818304582048
2165:10.1017/s0007123400007146
2014:10.1080/07036330500480490
1971:10.1057/s41311-017-0028-x
1921:10.1017/S002081830003160X
1888:Morgenthau, Hans (1972).
1800:10.1017/S002081830003160X
1652:The Forum of Small States
541:(geo-cultural ideologies)
3372:Organizations and groups
3332:Superpower disengagement
2711:Cornell University Press
2113:Cooperation and Conflict
1950:Long, Tom (March 2017).
965:The size of small states
3716:Commonwealth of Nations
3550:Council of Europe (CoE)
3312:Power transition theory
2572:Foreign Policy Analysis
1892:. New American Library.
1170:relationship building.
804:Administrative division
748:International relations
2787:. New York: Routledge.
1959:International Politics
1468:Bosnia and Herzegovina
970:Optimal size of states
913:Powers great and small
3786:Uniting for Consensus
2690:Mjoset, Lars (1986).
2289:) CS1 maint: others (
1104:international trade."
944:Defining small powers
814:Democratic transition
677:Self-governing colony
274:Military dictatorship
41:Further information:
3652:Africa–South America
3615:North America–Europe
2993:12 July 2014 at the
1404:List of small powers
1282:particular-intrinsic
891:international system
3802:United Nations (UN)
3570:Visegrád Group (V4)
3560:European Union (EU)
3327:Superpower collapse
3322:Sphere of influence
3297:Philosophy of power
2974:23 May 2014 at the
2054:The size of nations
1276:Small states' power
853:Politics portal
738:Supranational union
647:Dependent territory
560:National government
3831:Types of countries
3636:Africa–Asia–Europe
2978:, 26 February 2014
2896:. 22 November 1993
2894:The New York Times
2692:Nordic Dagen Denpå
2631:10.1093/isr/viw040
2612:Long, Tom (2017).
2584:10.1093/fpa/orw062
903:Treaty of Chaumont
3818:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3809:
3361:
3360:
3317:Second Superpower
3277:Deterrence theory
1869:Missing or empty
1228:Annette Baker Fox
1094:Political shelter
1017:In their article
887:
886:
838:
837:
809:Democracy indices
784:
783:
587:
586:
396:Semi-presidential
321:
320:
16:(Redirected from
3838:
3381:
3380:
3367:
3366:
3307:Power projection
3292:Internationalism
3265:Balance of power
3260:American decline
3244:Post-Western era
3043:
3042:
3028:
3021:
3014:
3005:
3004:
2998:
2985:
2979:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2940:
2934:
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2931:
2929:
2920:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2886:
2869:
2863:
2850:
2844:
2839:
2829:
2819:
2795:
2789:
2788:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2721:
2715:
2714:
2702:
2696:
2695:
2687:
2681:
2680:
2670:
2642:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2609:
2596:
2595:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2524:
2518:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2491:
2490:
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2456:
2455:
2430:
2421:
2420:
2384:
2371:
2370:
2364:
2356:
2330:
2324:
2323:
2317:
2309:
2301:
2295:
2294:
2284:
2276:
2251:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2191:
2185:
2184:
2148:
2137:
2136:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2089:
2078:
2077:
2057:
2047:
2034:
2033:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1956:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1872:
1867:
1865:
1857:
1836:
1830:
1827:
1821:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1740:
1734:
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1725:
1722:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1675:
1635:
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1629:
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1620:
1616:
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1605:
1601:
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1511:
1509:
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1500:
1496:
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1479:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1455:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1419:
1418:
1314:Collective power
1305:Derivative power
1108:Societal shelter
1101:Economic shelter
879:
872:
865:
851:
850:
798:
797:
642:Associated state
600:
599:
575:Internationalism
565:World government
542:
421:
353:
334:
333:
308:Free association
295:
256:
175:
118:
106:
105:
69:
68:
21:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3806:
3790:
3699:
3668:Oceania–Pacific
3663:
3647:
3631:
3610:
3574:
3533:
3477:
3426:
3400:
3375:
3357:
3336:
3287:Multilateralism
3248:
3212:
3167:
3116:
3037:
3032:
3002:
3001:
2986:
2982:
2976:Wayback Machine
2967:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2942:
2941:
2937:
2927:
2925:
2918:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2899:
2897:
2888:
2887:
2872:
2864:
2853:
2796:
2792:
2781:
2777:
2766:
2762:
2751:
2747:
2738:
2737:
2733:
2722:
2718:
2703:
2699:
2688:
2684:
2643:
2639:
2610:
2599:
2568:
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2525:
2521:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2431:
2424:
2385:
2374:
2358:
2357:
2345:
2331:
2327:
2311:
2310:
2308:. London: Sage.
2302:
2298:
2278:
2277:
2265:
2253:
2252:
2241:
2233:
2227:
2223:
2192:
2188:
2149:
2140:
2109:
2105:
2090:
2081:
2066:
2048:
2037:
1998:
1994:
1954:
1948:
1944:
1901:
1897:
1886:
1882:
1870:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1815:
1784:
1780:
1757:10.2307/2009952
1741:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1709:
1702:
1676:
1665:
1660:
1643:
1638:
1626:
1624:
1618:North Macedonia
1611:
1609:
1596:
1594:
1581:
1579:
1566:
1564:
1551:
1549:
1536:
1534:
1521:
1519:
1506:
1504:
1491:
1489:
1476:
1474:
1461:
1459:
1446:
1444:
1431:
1429:
1416:
1414:
1406:
1389:
1325:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1278:
1238:
1198:
1176:
1145:
1122:
1035:
1011:
995:
972:
967:
946:
915:
883:
845:
840:
839:
826:Democratisation
819:Autocratization
795:
787:
786:
785:
742:
703:
682:Tributary state
672:Satellite state
627:
597:
596:Power structure
589:
588:
540:
539:
521:
492:
478:
469:Totalitarianism
419:
418:
400:
351:
350:
331:
323:
322:
317:
293:
285:
250:
242:
173:
165:
112:
103:
102:Source of power
80:Basic forms of
74:Politics series
65:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3844:
3834:
3833:
3816:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3791:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3707:
3705:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3655:
3653:
3649:
3648:
3646:
3645:
3639:
3637:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3622:Arctic Council
3618:
3616:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3582:
3580:
3576:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3567:
3565:Nordic Council
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3408:
3406:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3393:
3387:
3385:
3377:
3376:
3363:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3262:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3188:
3177:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3166:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3039:
3038:
3031:
3030:
3023:
3016:
3008:
3000:
2999:
2980:
2961:
2949:
2935:
2907:
2870:
2851:
2810:(3): 526–546.
2790:
2775:
2760:
2745:
2731:
2716:
2713:. p. 115.
2697:
2682:
2653:(3): 403–456.
2637:
2624:(2): 185–205.
2597:
2578:(3): 599–617.
2562:
2535:(2): 311–344.
2519:
2510:
2501:
2492:
2457:
2451:
2422:
2395:(3): 387–398.
2372:
2343:
2325:
2296:
2263:
2239:
2221:
2186:
2159:(2): 171–217.
2138:
2103:
2079:
2064:
2035:
1992:
1965:(2): 144–160.
1942:
1915:(2): 291–310.
1895:
1880:
1853:
1831:
1822:
1813:
1794:(2): 291–310.
1778:
1751:(4): 556–576.
1745:World Politics
1735:
1726:
1717:
1707:
1700:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1621:
1606:
1591:
1576:
1561:
1546:
1531:
1516:
1501:
1486:
1471:
1456:
1441:
1426:
1410:
1405:
1402:
1388:
1385:
1345:European Union
1324:
1321:
1315:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1297:
1294:
1277:
1274:
1265:negotiations.
1237:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1175:
1172:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1154:Agenda setting
1152:
1151:Chair meetings
1149:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1121:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1105:
1098:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1034:
1031:
1010:
1007:
994:
991:
986:
985:
982:
971:
968:
966:
963:
945:
942:
928:pax oecumenica
914:
911:
885:
884:
882:
881:
874:
867:
859:
856:
855:
842:
841:
836:
835:
834:
833:
831:Hybrid regimes
828:
823:
822:
821:
811:
806:
796:
793:
792:
789:
788:
782:
781:
780:
779:
774:
769:
764:
762:Regional power
759:
751:
750:
744:
743:
741:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
712:
711:
705:
704:
702:
701:
696:
691:
684:
679:
674:
669:
667:Puppet monarch
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
636:
635:
629:
628:
626:
625:
620:
615:
607:
606:
598:
595:
594:
591:
590:
585:
584:
583:
582:
577:
572:
567:
562:
557:
552:
544:
543:
538:
537:
532:
526:
523:
522:
520:
519:
518:
517:
512:
502:
500:State religion
494:
493:
491:
490:
487:
483:
480:
479:
477:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
423:
422:
417:
416:
411:
405:
402:
401:
399:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
371:Constitutional
368:
363:
355:
354:
349:
348:
343:
337:
332:
330:Power ideology
329:
328:
325:
324:
319:
318:
316:
315:
310:
305:
297:
296:
294:(rule by none)
287:
286:
284:
283:
278:
277:
276:
266:
258:
257:
244:
243:
241:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
177:
176:
167:
166:
164:
163:
158:
153:
148:
146:Representative
143:
138:
133:
128:
120:
119:
104:
101:
100:
97:
96:
85:
84:
77:
76:
59:Emerging power
51:Regional power
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3843:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3666:
3660:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3650:
3644:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3634:
3628:
3625:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3577:
3571:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3420:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3391:African Union
3389:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3097:
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3029:
3024:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3010:
3009:
3006:
2996:
2992:
2989:
2984:
2977:
2973:
2970:
2965:
2958:
2953:
2945:
2939:
2924:
2917:
2911:
2895:
2891:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2867:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2856:
2848:
2843:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2827:11250/2477311
2823:
2818:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2786:
2779:
2771:
2764:
2756:
2749:
2741:
2735:
2727:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2701:
2693:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2632:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2523:
2514:
2505:
2496:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2461:
2454:
2452:9783319393650
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2427:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2368:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2344:9781783742707
2340:
2336:
2329:
2321:
2315:
2307:
2300:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2264:9781783742707
2260:
2256:
2250:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2232:
2225:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2119:(2): 91–102.
2118:
2114:
2107:
2099:
2095:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2046:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1899:
1891:
1884:
1876:
1863:
1856:
1854:9780262266963
1850:
1846:
1842:
1835:
1826:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1782:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1730:
1721:
1711:
1703:
1701:9780190228637
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1663:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1634:
1622:
1619:
1607:
1604:
1592:
1589:
1577:
1574:
1562:
1559:
1547:
1544:
1532:
1529:
1517:
1514:
1502:
1499:
1487:
1484:
1472:
1469:
1457:
1454:
1442:
1439:
1427:
1424:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:Nordic states
1320:
1311:
1302:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1269:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1206:
1205:
1203:
1190:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1140:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1117:
1109:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1061:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1039:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1015:
1006:
1002:
998:
990:
983:
980:
979:
978:
975:
962:
958:
954:
950:
941:
937:
935:
931:
929:
923:
919:
910:
906:
904:
900:
896:
892:
880:
875:
873:
868:
866:
861:
860:
858:
857:
854:
849:
844:
843:
832:
829:
827:
824:
820:
817:
816:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
801:
800:
799:
791:
790:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
754:
753:
752:
749:
746:
745:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
718:Confederation
716:
715:
714:
713:
710:
707:
706:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
689:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
639:
638:
637:
634:
631:
630:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
613:Unitary state
611:
610:
609:
608:
605:
602:
601:
593:
592:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
566:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
547:
546:
545:
536:
533:
531:
528:
527:
525:
524:
516:
515:State atheism
513:
511:
508:
507:
506:
505:Secular state
503:
501:
498:
497:
496:
495:
488:
485:
484:
482:
481:
475:
472:
470:
467:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
426:
425:
424:
415:
412:
410:
409:Authoritarian
407:
406:
404:
403:
397:
394:
392:
389:
387:
386:Parliamentary
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
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174:(rule by few)
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3704:Non–regional
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2959:, March 2007
2952:
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2926:. Retrieved
2922:
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2898:. Retrieved
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2495:
2473:(1): 43–60.
2470:
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2328:
2305:
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2199:
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2005:
2001:
1995:
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1958:
1945:
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1871:|title=
1834:
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947:
938:
932:
927:
924:
920:
916:
907:
899:small states
898:
895:small powers
894:
888:
767:Middle power
756:
694:Vassal state
688:Buffer state
686:
662:Puppet state
657:Protectorate
633:Client state
623:Principality
449:Distributism
391:Presidential
269:Dictatorship
193:Gerontocracy
115:rule by many
88:
72:Part of the
66:
55:Middle power
18:Small states
3412:Arab League
3405:Africa–Asia
3173:Geopolitics
3148:Least Great
3096:Realpolitik
2668:10852/15263
2008:(1): 7–31.
1111:stagnation.
772:Great power
757:Small power
699:Viceroyalty
570:Nationalism
434:Colonialism
414:Libertarian
376:Directorial
253:rule by one
233:Technocracy
228:Stratocracy
208:Meritocracy
198:Kleptocracy
188:Aristocracy
47:Great power
36:Small state
2928:17 January
2065:0262012049
1658:References
1498:Costa Rica
1290:collective
1286:derivative
1223:Zaki Laidi
777:Superpower
733:Superstate
728:Federation
723:Devolution
709:Federalism
550:City-state
223:Plutocracy
218:Particracy
82:government
43:Superpower
32:Microstate
3374:by region
3158:Potential
2836:0260-2105
2592:1743-8586
2557:154693906
2549:1531-5088
2487:154727213
2417:154643940
2409:0955-7571
2361:cite book
2353:980017415
2314:cite book
2281:cite book
2273:980017415
2216:157783676
2181:154348061
2133:220052648
2030:153615392
2022:0703-6337
1979:1384-5748
1937:153636753
1929:1531-5088
1808:153636753
1773:153400061
1588:Lithuania
1202:Asle Toje
934:Asle Toje
604:Unitarism
580:Globalism
486:Religious
474:Tribalism
464:Socialism
459:Feudalism
444:Despotism
439:Communism
429:Anarchism
366:Communist
313:Stateless
303:Anarchism
264:Despotism
248:Autocracy
238:Theocracy
203:Kritarchy
171:Oligarchy
156:Socialist
110:Democracy
3825:Category
3458:Mercosur
3431:Americas
3302:Polarity
3270:European
3181:American
3143:Emerging
3138:Regional
3090:Politics
3085:National
3080:Maritime
3060:Economic
2991:Archived
2972:Archived
2900:14 March
2677:54187082
2202:: 9–26.
2074:52134605
1987:55222540
1862:citation
1641:See also
1483:Bulgaria
652:Dominion
381:Legalist
361:Absolute
346:Republic
341:Monarchy
213:Noocracy
183:Anocracy
136:Economic
126:Demarchy
3579:Eurasia
3341:Studies
3217:History
3208:Pacific
3196:Chinese
3055:Climate
2923:ecpr.eu
2100:: 1–10.
1765:2009952
1528:Estonia
1513:Croatia
1453:Armenia
1423:Albania
1349:Iceland
1341:Finland
1333:Denmark
794:Related
489:Secular
454:Fascism
291:Anarchy
281:Tyranny
141:Liberal
3795:Global
3538:Europe
3384:Africa
3253:Theory
3201:Indian
3133:Middle
3121:Status
3065:Energy
2997:, 2012
2834:
2675:
2590:
2555:
2547:
2485:
2449:
2415:
2407:
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2341:
2271:
2261:
2214:
2179:
2173:194084
2171:
2131:
2072:
2062:
2028:
2020:
1985:
1977:
1935:
1927:
1851:
1806:
1771:
1763:
1698:
1633:Serbia
1630:
1615:
1603:Cyprus
1600:
1585:
1573:Latvia
1570:
1555:
1543:Jordan
1540:
1525:
1510:
1495:
1480:
1465:
1450:
1438:Angola
1435:
1420:
1353:Norway
1337:Sweden
1066:ways.
618:Empire
530:Global
161:Others
151:Social
131:Direct
61:, and
3191:Asian
3163:Super
3153:Great
3128:Small
3107:Smart
3102:Sharp
3047:Types
2919:(PDF)
2673:S2CID
2553:S2CID
2483:S2CID
2413:S2CID
2234:(PDF)
2212:S2CID
2177:S2CID
2169:JSTOR
2129:S2CID
2026:S2CID
1983:S2CID
1955:(PDF)
1933:S2CID
1804:S2CID
1769:S2CID
1761:JSTOR
1558:Kenya
535:Local
3746:G8+5
3482:Asia
3112:Soft
3075:Hard
3070:Food
2930:2018
2902:2015
2832:ISSN
2588:ISSN
2545:ISSN
2447:ISBN
2405:ISSN
2367:link
2349:OCLC
2339:ISBN
2320:link
2291:link
2287:link
2269:OCLC
2259:ISBN
2070:OCLC
2060:ISBN
2018:ISSN
1975:ISSN
1925:ISSN
1875:help
1849:ISBN
1696:ISBN
1351:and
1339:and
1288:and
889:The
3761:G77
3756:G24
3751:G20
3185:Pax
2822:hdl
2812:doi
2663:hdl
2655:doi
2626:doi
2580:doi
2537:doi
2475:doi
2439:doi
2397:doi
2204:doi
2161:doi
2121:doi
2010:doi
1967:doi
1917:doi
1841:doi
1796:doi
1753:doi
1715:76.
1688:doi
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