South West Pacific Area

988: 1217: 1294:. As of 28 April 1942 the Army fleet had grown to twenty-eight ships and by 24 January 1945 that fleet of large ships exceeded ninety with a peak of ninety-eight by 1 August 1945. That number did not count a much larger fleet of small vessels, ranging from landing craft, barges and other floating equipment to seagoing vessels under 1,000 tons, including the Small Ships Section of requisitioned and locally constructed (2,712 craft) vessels crewed largely by Australian civilian employees, 1,719 as of June 1945, of the U.S. Army, and many such vessels and floating equipment delivered from the United States. The permanent fleet of SWPA almost had as many vessels as the Army's general fleet during some periods, though those vessels were often small, obsolete, in poor condition and under unorthodox management in comparison. 678: 70: 294: 840: 600: 82: 106: 94: 563:(RAAF)'s logistical and training infrastructure, were not placed under SWPA. Having placed its troops at MacArthur's disposal, the Australian government was adamant that it should be consulted on any alteration to the boundaries or command arrangements in SWPA. The government was particularly concerned that the Supreme Commander should not move troops outside Australia or Australian territory without its consent, as there were legal restrictions on where the Australian 119: 1268:

SWPA as the U. S. Navy, Royal Navy, Royal Australian Navy, Australian Army, Netherlands East Indies Navy were under his operational command while being maintained under their respective organizations. Those assets were inadequate resulting in the creation of a large Army fleet unique to SWPA, the Permanent Local Fleet, under first USFIA, later USASOS and finally Army Forces, Western Pacific (AFWESPAC), starting with the retention of the

355:, ordered Barnes to assume command as Commander, US Troops in Australia and take charge of all troops and supplies. On 22 December 1941, with the convoy's arrival in Brisbane, the command was designated as United States Forces in Australia (USFIA). It was renamed U.S. Army Forces in Australia (USAFIA) on 5 January 1942. Its mission was to create a base in Australia for the support of the forces still in the Philippines. 1298:

December 1944, leaving only Bases 2 and 7. These were deactivated in June 1945 and their functions absorbed by the Australia Base Section, as the Base Section had been renamed in February 1945. In New Guinea, Base D was closed in July 1945, and Bases A, B and E in September, leaving Bases F, G and H. Meanwhile, a series of bases were opened in the Philippines: Base K on Leyte, Base M on

1232:(USAFFE), under MacArthur's command. This had the same name as MacArthur's old headquarters in the Philippines, but its function was different. This left USASOS with logistical responsibilities only. The new arrangement was awkward, and required considerable adjustment before it functioned properly. In September 1943, Marshall was replaced by Brigadier General James L. Frink. 547:, Australia, and on reaching Longitude 110° East, due south along that meridian. ... The north and east boundaries... : From Cape Kami...south to Latitude 20° North; thence east to Longitude 130° East; thence south to the Equator; thence east to Longitude 165° East; south to Latitude 10° South; southwesterly to Latitude 17° South, Longitude 160° East; thence south. 871:. He became responsible for matters other than operations, such as administration and training. It soon became clear that Jones and Bostock could not get along together, but Kenney preferred to have Bostock in operational command, and although he regarded the antipathy between Jones and Bostock as a nuisance, was happy to leave arrangements the way they were. 788:, explaining that he would assume direct command of land forces when he reached the Philippines, and suggesting that Blamey could either go with him as an army commander, or remain in Australia as Commander in Chief. The new organisation went into effect in September 1944, with Lieutenant General Walter Krueger's Sixth US Army, Lieutenant General 713:, was appointed Commander, Allied Land Forces, SWPA. His headquarters was the existing General Headquarters (Australia), and became known as LHQ. An Australian commander was chosen as most of the land forces were Australian. In April 1942, there were 38,000 American ground troops in SWPA and 369,000 Australian. LHQ controlled five major commands: 643:

USAFIA. MacArthur reported to Marshall that there were no qualified Dutch officers in Australia, and that the Australian Army had a critical shortage of staff officers, which he did not wish to exacerbate. Nevertheless, several Dutch and Australian army officers, as well as some American naval officers, served in junior positions on the staff.

689:. All Army forces in the Pacific were placed under MacArthur's command, including those in Nimitz's Pacific Ocean Areas. A new command was formed, Army Forces Pacific (AFPAC), with GHQ operating as the headquarters of both AFPAC and SWPA. Units in POA remained under Nimitz's operational control, and the first major formation, the 410:, discussed the matter of command arrangements in the Pacific in Washington, D.C., on 9 March. Roosevelt proposed that the world would be divided into British and American areas of responsibility, with the United States having responsibility for the Pacific, where there would be an American supreme commander responsible to the 484:, saw the Pacific lines of communication primarily as a naval responsibility and would not yield command to an Army officer and proposed a division placing all of the Solomons within the Australian area, but excluding the New Hebrides, New Caledonia, and New Zealand. While the Army planners, led by Brigadier General 38: 936:

Australia. He created the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Air Task Forces to control air operations in a forward area for a specific mission, another departure from doctrine. While Kenney was enthusiastic about this innovation, Washington did not like it and, over Kenney's objections, converted the three air task forces into the

757:. Between them they controlled ten Australian and two American divisions. In August 1944, the Australian Army had a strength of 463,000 men and women, and there were 173,000 US Army ground personnel in SWPA. By late 1944, there were eighteen American divisions in SWPA, while the Australian Army had just seven. 836:(USAAF) staff officer was paired with a RAAF officer, with the senior staff posts divided evenly between them. A majority of command positions were held by Australians. To make up shortages of USAAF aircrew, RAAF aircrew were assigned to USAAF air groups, serving in every role except aircraft commander. 1297:

As the Allied forces advanced, new bases were formed, and the old ones in Australia were closed. Base Sections 5 and 6 were closed in January 1943, and Base Section 4 in June 1944. The remaining four became bases, and a Base Section was formed in Brisbane to control them. Bases 1 and 3 were closed in

768:

replaced Vasey as DCGS in September 1942, and remained in the post until January 1944. He resumed the post in July 1944 and remained until December 1945. When the main body of GHQ moved to Hollandia, Advanced LHQ followed, opening there on 15 December, but when the main GHQ moved to Leyte in February

776:

In practice, MacArthur controlled land operations through "task forces". These reported directly to GHQ, and their commanders could control all Allied land, air, naval and service forces in their area if a Japanese land attack was imminent. The most important of these was New Guinea Force, which was

642:

Although Marshall had recommended that MacArthur appoint as many Australian and Dutch officers to senior positions as possible, most of his staff was made up of US Army officers who had served under him in the Philippines. The rest, including Whitlock, Fitch and Chamberlain, had been on the staff of

376:

in the first large convoy bearing personnel, supplies and munitions intended for transhipment to Java and Philippines as well as Australia. For a brief time, due to the increased isolation of the Philippines and before the fall of Java, USAFIA was withdrawn from MacArthur's command and placed under

284:

was reformed and assumed responsibility for administration, leaving USASOS as a purely logistical agency. Both were swept away in a reorganisation in 1945. The other three commands, Allied Land Forces, Allied Air Forces and Allied Naval Forces, remained until SWPA was abolished on 2 September 1945.

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The Allied command structure in the South West Pacific Area faced the challenges of coalition warfare in several ways, with varying degrees of success. The benefits of the wartime alliances proved to be substantial, but required constant effort to maintain. For Australia and New Zealand, coalition

1267:

With a worldwide shipping crisis and SWPA being at the end of a very long supply line, as well as being a region without well developed transportation nets, regional logistics were almost entirely dependent on water transport. No one fleet composed the assets available to the Commander in Chief,

271:

was appointed as the Supreme Commander, Southwest Pacific Area, on its creation on 18 April 1942. He created five subordinate commands: Allied Land Forces, Allied Air Forces, Allied Naval Forces, United States Army Forces in Australia (USAFIA), and the United States Army Forces in the Philippines.

1384:

Since quality tended to be more important than quantity in intelligence, this proved to be a fruitful field in which the minor Allies, Australia and the Netherlands, could play a key part. Good intelligence enabled the Allied forces to minimise the risk of failures and maximise the chances of

935:

Kenney deviated from the normal structure of an air force by creating the Advanced Echelon (ADVON) under Whitehead. The new headquarters had the authority to alter the assignments of aircraft in the forward area, where fast-changing weather and enemy action could invalidate orders drawn up in

472:

to take command of a reconstituted ABDA area on 22 February 1942, and had therefore been promised the command even before there were discussions on what it should be. MacArthur had solid support from the President, the Army and the American people, but not the Navy. The Commander in Chief,

588:. MacArthur's first General Order created five subordinate commands: Allied Land Forces, Allied Air Forces, Allied Naval Forces, United States Army Forces in Australia (USAFIA), and the United States Army Forces in the Philippines. The last command had a short life. Lieutenant General 488:, were willing to compromise on a divided command, they objected to placing Australia and New Zealand in separate theatres. The Joint Chiefs of Staff discussed the matter between 9 and 16 March, the result of which was a decision to adopt the Navy's plan, with only minor amendments. 658:, but this was found to be impractical, as Townsville lacked the communications facilities that GHQ required. The Allied Air Forces and Allied Naval Forces headquarters were co-located with GHQ in the AMP building. The Advanced Headquarters of Allied Land Forces opened at 491:

While this was still going on General Marshall, had contacted Brett and asked him to get the Australian government to nominate MacArthur, whose arrival in Australia was now imminent, as its choice for supreme commander. This was done on 17 March when MacArthur arrived at

781:'s Sixth Army arrived in SWPA, and its headquarters became that of Alamo Force. Alamo Force reported directly to MacArthur, and as a result Blamey did not command of the majority of American land forces in the theatre after that time, although his post was not abolished. 874:

One of MacArthur's first orders to Brett was for a bombing mission to the Philippines, an order delivered personally by Sutherland. When Brett protested, Sutherland informed him that MacArthur wanted the mission carried out. The mission was flown by Brigadier General

824:

The April 1942 reorganisation that created the Allied Land Forces and Allied Naval Forces also created the Allied Air Forces under Brett. Unlike MacArthur, Brett created a completely integrated headquarters, with a Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) officer,

1200:

Under U.S. Army Forces in Australia (USAFIA) a series of bases had gradually been built in Australia, initially to support the US forces in the Philippines. Seven base sections were established in Australia to operate under USAFIA: Base Section 1 at

1398:

warfare became the norm, and the experience in SWPA proved to be a formative and informative one, with many political and military lessons. Over the following decades, Australian, New Zealand and American forces would fight together again, in the

883:

to Brett. Henceforth, communications with Sutherland were handled by Bostock. Further disagreements between MacArthur and Brett followed. Meanwhile, in Washington, General George Marshall and the Chief of Army Air Forces, Lieutenant General

1251:

in April 1943, but was discontinued when the island was handed over to Sixth Army control in July. Meanwhile, Advanced Sub Base D was formed at Port Moresby in May. The sub bases became bases in August 1943. Advanced Base E was formed at

1042:. The former Anzac Area was divided so that the Australian coastal waters were with SWPA and the sea and air lines of communication from Hawaii and North America fell in the Pacific Ocean Areas (POA) with a special provision for the 414:. Churchill responded favourably to the proposal, and the governments of Australia and New Zealand were then consulted. They endorsed the idea of an American supreme commander, but wanted to have some input into matters of strategy. 1018:

with headquarters in Melbourne. That command included a naval element, some air forces but without responsibility for land defense. He was answerable directly to Admiral King. The most important force under his command was

343:

was ordered to assume command of all troops in the convoy on 12 December 1941 concurrent with their designation as Task Force—South Pacific, and place himself under the command of MacArthur. The next day, by radiogram, the

567:

could serve. The matter of changes in command first came up when Brett was replaced as Commander of Allied Air Forces by the Joint Chiefs of Staff. MacArthur and Curtin agreed that there would be no change to General Sir

769:

1945, Advanced LHQ remained behind. A Forward Echelon LHQ was formed under Berryman that remained co-located with the main body of GHQ, while the main body of LHQ remained at Hollandia until it moved to Morotai for the

1161:, replace Royle as CNS, an appointment that Carpender also supported. Over the Admiralty's objections, Curtin appointed Collins to replace Crutchley as Commander, Task Force 44, in June 1944, at the rank of 899:

Kenney sent home Major General Royce, Brigadier Generals Edwin S. Perrin, Albert Sneed and Martin Scanlon, and about forty colonels. In Australia he found two talented, recently arrived brigadier generals,

693:, did not pass to AFPAC control until 31 July 1945. SWPA, together with the Allied Air Forces, Allied Naval Forces and Allied Land Forces, was abolished on 2 September 1945, but GHQ remained as GHQ AFPAC. 1389:

later wrote that "it may prove that present day intelligence cooperation has proved to be the most lasting and important legacy of Australia's experience of coalition warfare in the Second World War."

1205:; Base Section 2 in Townsville; Base Section 3 in Brisbane; Base Section 4 in Melbourne; Base Section 5 in Adelaide; Base Section 6 in Perth; and Base Section 7 in Sydney. On 20 July USAFIA became the 1057:

on 11 September 1942. Like his predecessor, he reported to King in the former role, and MacArthur in the latter. Also like Leary, Carpender was not the most senior naval officer in the theatre, as the

1310:

and base X at Manila. These came under the Luzon Base Section, which was redesignated the Philippine on 1 April 1945. On 7 June 1945, USASOS became AFWESPAC, under the command of Lieutenant General

956:

was added to the Allied Air Forces. Kenney created the Far East Air Forces (FEAF) from his Fifth Air Force headquarters, while ADVON became the Fifth Air Force under Whitehead. The RAAF formed the

1192:, the divided command brought the Allies to the brink of disaster when misunderstandings arose between Kinkaid and Halsey. Allied Naval Forces was abolished, along with SWPA, on 2 September 1945. 500:

issued a directive formally designating the Pacific theatre an area of American strategic responsibility. On 30 March, the Joint Chiefs of Staff divided the Pacific theatre into three areas: the

888:, had become alarmed at Brett's integration of the USAAF and RAAF, and disturbed by his inability to work with MacArthur. On 6 July 1942 Marshall radioed MacArthur to offer him Major General 1014:

Vice Admiral Leary was appointed Commander, Allied Naval Forces, in April 1942. On 7 February 1942, he had become commander of the Anzac Area to the east of Australia extending to include

559:, directed all Australian defence forces personnel to treat orders from MacArthur "as emanating from the Commonwealth Government". The Army's workshops and fixed fortifications, and the 1290:

That core was augmented by vessels fleeing the Japanese advance, particularly twenty-one Dutch vessels later known as the "KPM vessels" after the Dutch shipping line's name,

1378: 1030:. When SWPA and the Allied Naval Forces were formed in April 1942, Leary also became Commander, Southwest Pacific Force (COMSOUWESPAC), while Crace's Anzac Squadron became 816:

reporting directly to GHQ. Allied Land Forces remained as an important administrative and logistical command, until it was abolished, along with SWPA, on 2 September 1945.

1172:

MacArthur did not get along with Carpender, and twice asked for him to be replaced, only to be embarrassed in November 1943 when King replaced Carpender with Vice Admiral

384:

between 26 February and 1 March 1942. They proposed creating a new theatre of war encompassing Australia and New Zealand, under the command of Wavell's former deputy,

1157:; he was also aware that Royle had been critical of SWPA's command arrangements, and of some of his decisions. MacArthur proposed that an Australian officer, Captain 760:

When GHQ moved up to Brisbane, LHQ remained behind in Melbourne, but Blamey formed an Advanced LHQ under his Deputy Chief of the General Staff (DCGS), Major General

3433: 2737: 1053:

With the agreement of the Australian government, Leary was succeeded as Commander, Southwest Pacific Force, and Commander, Allied Naval Forces, by Vice Admiral

433:

represented Australia, along with representatives from the Netherlands, New Zealand, India and China. Page was replaced as the Australian representative by

1080:

were both senior to him. However, Royle agreed to serve under Carpenter as Commander, South West Pacific Sea Frontier, which was formed on 16 March 1943.

3655: 543:

to the eastward of the line) to a point on the coast of Sumatra at Longitude 104° East, thence south to Latitude 08° South, thence southeasterly towards

987: 592:'s United States Army Forces in the Philippines disintegrated over the following three weeks, and disappeared entirely when Wainwright surrendered on 469: 340: 584:

MacArthur became the Supreme Commander Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA) on 18 April 1942, although he preferred to use the more conventional title of

1216: 572:'s status (as Australian Army Commander-in-Chief), and that the government would be consulted about any other proposed changes. When Vice Admiral 2768: 437:

in June 1942. A parallel Pacific War Council was created in Washington, D.C., that first met on 1 April 1942. It was chaired by Roosevelt, with

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formed in 1942 and was commanded personally by Blamey in September 1942, and again in September 1943. In February 1943, Lieutenant General

1176:

without informing MacArthur or seeking the approval of the Australian government. However, a face-saving formula was agreed upon. For the

1165:, with the intention that Collins would replace Royle when his term expired. This did not occur, because Collins was seriously wounded in 3384: 3353: 3215: 3126: 1228:

headquarters arrived in Australia in February 1943, the administrative functions were taken from USASOS and given to a new headquarters,

309:

effectively divided the ABDA area in two and, in late February 1942, ABDA was dissolved at the recommendation of its commander, General

203: 20: 305:(ABDA). In December 1941 and January 1942 ABDA was referred to as the South West Pacific Area. The rapid Japanese advance through the 1374: 1330:. The Australian, British, and US Armies, as well as the RAAF and the RAN all supplied personnel for this formation, which worked on 1229: 302: 281: 3220:. United States Army In World War II — The Technical Services. Washington, DC: Center Of Military History, United States Army. 3650: 2747: 345: 3553: 1369:, who watched for Japanese aircraft and ships from observation posts behind Japanese lines; and the propaganda specialists of the 920:

arrived in September and replaced Air Vice Marshal Bostock as Kenney's chief of staff, while Bostock took over the newly created

452:

representing Canada. The Pacific War Council never became an effective body, and had no influence on strategy, but did allow the

380:

What would replace ADBA was the subject of discussions between the Australian and New Zealand chiefs of staff that were held in

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Another command, established under emergency conditions when a convoy intended for supply of the Philippines, known as the

146: 1247:. These became Advanced Sub Base A and Advanced Sub Base B respectively in April 1943. Advanced Sub Base C was created on 3660: 3460: 3358:. United States Army In World War II—The War in the Pacific. Washington: Center Of Military History, United States Army. 2751: 1291: 957: 916:. Allied Air Forces was composed of both USAAF and RAAF personnel, and Kenney moved to separate them. Brigadier General 1350: 385: 156: 3534: 3511: 3488: 3446: 3268: 3107: 3078: 3051: 3021: 2991: 2917: 2886: 337: 589: 2940: 1111: 607:

MacArthur announced the composition of his staff, known as General Headquarters (GHQ) on 19 April. Major General

359: 255: 868: 844: 714: 395: 623:, Assistant Chief of Staff, G-3; Colonel Lester J. Whitlock, Assistant Chief of Staff, G-4; Brigadier General 1362: 833: 501: 493: 37: 1180:, the Seventh Fleet was massively reinforced by ships from the Pacific Fleet. Cover was provided by Admiral 3042:(2005). "Australia and Coalition Warfare in the Second World War". In Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey (eds.). 1077: 677: 1115: 864: 848: 785: 552: 1370: 1346: 1202: 1007: 560: 438: 2785: 1385:

success. Moreover, the organisation built up in Australia proved to be useful after the war as well.

1185: 1061: 813: 793: 544: 314: 1322:

In April 1942, Brigadier General Spencer Akin and his Australian counterpart at LHQ, Major General

1225: 905: 742: 690: 497: 446: 2811:. Engineers of the Southwest Pacific. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. 1326:, agreed to pool their resources and establish a combined intelligence organisation, known as the 1153:

MacArthur was annoyed at the way that Royle, a Royal Navy officer, communicated directly with the

3526: 3503: 3413: 3316: 3194:. Washington: Transportation Unit, Historical Division, Special Staff, U. S. Army. Archived from 3155: 2835: 1119: 917: 730: 564: 478: 349: 265: 239: 124: 3339:. History of United States Naval Operations in World War II. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. 3195: 19:

This article is about an Allied command during World War II. For the theatre of operations, see

2743: 1220:

Organization for Administration and Supply, U.S. Army Forces, Southwest Pacific Area, July 1943

1158: 1073: 770: 722: 509: 388: 333: 199: 161: 3367: 3229: 2909: 1058: 738: 620: 616: 608: 411: 363: 3616:

MacArthur's Coalition: US and Australian Operations in the Southwest Pacific Area, 1942-1945

967:

in October 1944, and when MacArthur became commander of all Army forces in the Pacific, the

615:, Deputy Chief of Staff; Colonel Charles P. Stivers, Assistant Chief of Staff, G-1; Colonel 3665: 1339: 1335: 1189: 1129: 1100: 1065: 953: 734: 659: 8: 1276: 1210: 1135: 1054: 996: 805: 789: 706: 612: 474: 418: 151: 2739:

Airpower Employment of the Fifth Air Force in the World War II Southwest Pacific Theater

1087:

on 15 March 1943, and its task forces were renumbered to match, so Task Force 44 became

1430: 1323: 1144: 1122: 1043: 1023: 976: 945: 941: 636: 632: 585: 399: 370: 352: 235: 576:

was replaced a few months later, Curtin was consulted, and concurred with the change.

391:, who had assumed command of the US Army Forces in Australia (USAFIA) on 25 February. 3629: 3619: 3594: 3584: 3540: 3530: 3507: 3484: 3452: 3442: 3405: 3397: 3359: 3340: 3308: 3300: 3274: 3264: 3221: 3147: 3139: 3113: 3103: 3084: 3074: 3057: 3047: 3027: 3017: 2997: 2987: 2970: 2944: 2923: 2913: 2892: 2882: 2875: 2812: 2777: 2776:. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Chief of Military History, Department of the Army. 1358: 1248: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1154: 1003: 992: 968: 949: 909: 908:. Kenney reorganised his command in August, appointing Whitehead as commander of the 761: 686: 651: 524: 485: 465: 407: 306: 268: 219: 180: 1095:, the Amphibious Force, Southwest Pacific, which had been formed under Rear Admiral 3576: 3097: 1433:. Due to the activities of Australian typists, the latter became more widely used. 1426: 1311: 1162: 1141: 1039: 913: 826: 750: 573: 329: 310: 3249: 3178: 2960: 2859: 2844: 2825: 3523:

Kinkaid of the Seventh Fleet: A Biography of Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaid, U.S. Navy

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MacArthur's Airman: General George C. Kenney and the War in the Southwest Pacific

2021:

No. 67, 9 September 1944, Australian War Memorial: Blamey Papers, 3DRL 6643 3/102

1282: 901: 893: 885: 829: 801: 702: 662:, about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) away. The Advanced GHQ subsequently moved to 635:, Antiaircraft Officer; Colonel Burdette M. Fitch, Adjutant General; and Colonel 624: 243: 535:, Thailand, and Malaya to Singapore: from Singapore south to the north coast of 2984:

The History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff in World War II: The War against Japan

1354: 1327: 1209:, Southwest Pacific Area (USASOS SWPA), under the command of Brigadier General 1047: 1027: 972: 851:(left) meeting the Allied air forces commander in the SWPA, Lieutenant General 809: 797: 778: 765: 746: 505: 449: 422: 318: 259: 111: 3633: 1373:(FELO). Two other important combined organisations, not part of AIB, were the 1150:, but gradually grew in size as more landing craft and landing ships arrived. 3644: 3456: 3312: 3061: 2948: 2804: 1407: 1366: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1031: 979:

replaced Cobby in May. Allied Air Forces was abolished on 2 September 1945.

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The staff, known as the "Remember Pearl Harbor" (RPH) group, selected by the

293: 247: 75: 3598: 3544: 3409: 3344: 3278: 3151: 3117: 3088: 2974: 2896: 2816: 1381:, which prepared maps and charts, and drafted appreciations of the terrain. 377:

the ABDA with continued direction to support both Java and the Philippines.

3575:

Wolk, Herman S. (1988). "George C. Kenney: MacArthur's Premier Airman". In

3134:. United States Army In World War II—The War Department. Washington, D.C.: 3039: 3031: 3009: 3001: 2956: 2781: 1386: 1331: 1236: 1104: 1020: 929: 921: 754: 540: 426: 3581:

We Shall Return! MacArthur's Commanders and the Defeat of Japan, 1942–1945

1403: 1257: 964: 876: 726: 556: 528: 481: 421:, which met for the first time in London on 10 February 1942. Churchill, 251: 211: 207: 99: 3046:. Canberra: Australian Military History Publications. pp. 105–124. 1345:

To handle other forms of intelligence, Blamey and MacArthur created the

784:

In March 1944, MacArthur met with Curtin and detailed his plans for the

3254:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 3183:. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 3174: 1399: 1269: 1166: 1035: 655: 593: 532: 513: 442: 430: 273: 227: 2617: 464:

The obvious choice for a supreme commander in the Pacific was General

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General Douglas MacArthur and Australian Prime Minister John Curtin.

1303: 663: 647: 453: 2557: 2533: 1118:. The VII Amphibious Forces initially consisted of the Australian 863:

In May 1942, the Australian government appointed Air Vice Marshal

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The forerunner of the South West Pacific Area was the short-lived

3191:

U. S. Army Transportation In The Southwest Pacific Area 1941–1947

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Entangling Alliances: Coalition Warfare in the Twentieth Century

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There was a major reorganisation in April 1945 for the planned

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Breaking the Bismarcks Barrier: 22 July 1942 – 1 May 1944

2224: 2222: 508:; the Southwest Pacific Area (SWPA), under MacArthur; and the 3099:

General Kenney Reports: A Personal History of the Pacific War

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in November 1943, followed by Bases G and H at Hollandia and

995:(centre left) with MacArthur (centre) on 28 February 1944 on 667: 2629: 2593: 2581: 2569: 2041: 2039: 1755: 1753: 1565: 1563: 2219: 2207: 1949: 1307: 1261: 1015: 2713: 2689: 2455: 2431: 2354: 2087: 1587: 1575: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1342:

intelligence was vitally important to operations in SWPA.

646:

In July, MacArthur moved his GHQ north, from Melbourne to

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from the convoy diverted to Brisbane in December 1941.

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as a replacement for Brett; MacArthur selected Kenney.

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Command Organization, Southwest Pacific Area, July 1943

3435:

A War of Their Own: Bombers over the Southwest Pacific

2701: 2506: 2484: 2482: 2383: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2063: 1922: 1723: 1699: 1672: 539:, thence round the east coast of Sumatra (leaving the 3583:. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. 3217:

The Ordnance Department: On Beachhead And Battlefront

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High Command: Australia and Allied Strategy 1939–1945

2270: 2246: 2171: 2159: 2024: 1973: 1937: 1862: 1792: 1780: 1711: 1687: 1599: 1548: 1512: 1377:(ATIS), which translated Japanese documents, and the 3073:. The Years of MacArthur. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. 2653: 2518: 2195: 2135: 1831: 1816: 1804: 1765: 1647: 1635: 1445: 362:

for USAFIA arrived Melbourne 1 February 1942 aboard

3441:. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University. 2641: 2479: 2419: 2366: 2342: 2318: 2258: 2099: 1910: 619:, Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2; Brigadier General 512:, which never became an active theatre. The former 276:surrendered on 6 May 1942, while USAFIA became the 262:, and other Allied forces also served in the SWPA. 2874: 2306: 2147: 2111: 1886: 1874: 975:replaced Streett in March 1945, and Air Commodore 928:in January 1943. His successor, Brigadier General 317:—retained responsibility for Allied operations in 206:. It was one of four major Allied commands in the 3125:Leighton, Richard M.; Coakley, Robert W. (1995). 2294: 1524: 1046:having a designated sub commander under Admiral 991:Allied Naval Forces SWPA, commander Vice Admiral 3642: 3618:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 2881:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 764:, which moved to nearby St Lucia. Major General 280:, Southwest Pacific Area (USASOS SWPA). In 1943 42:South West Pacific Area shoulder sleeve insignia 3386:Strategy and Command – The First Two Years 3124: 2563: 2539: 1542: 1195: 2986:. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. 2906:U.S. Army Ships and Watercraft of World War II 2766: 2500: 1334:and decrypting Japanese message traffic. This 1239:in August 1942, and sub bases were created at 725:, based in Queensland; Lieutenant General Sir 3394:United States Army Center of Military History 3297:United States Army Center of Military History 3136:United States Army Center of Military History 2770:The Transportation Corps: Operations Overseas 800:'s First Australian Army, Lieutenant General 654:. The original intention had been to move to 115: 1213:, and Barnes returned to the United States. 1083:The Southwest Pacific Force was renamed the 456:to put their concerns before the President. 2934: 1581: 1235:The New Guinea Advanced Base was formed in 3656:South West Pacific theatre of World War II 3102:. New York City: Duell, Sloan and Pearce. 1034:. In June, Crace was succeeded by another 204:South West Pacific Theatre of World War II 36: 21:South West Pacific theatre of World War II 3500:The Royal Australian Air Force: A History 3251:South-West Pacific Area – First Year 3187: 2767:Bykovsky, Joseph; Larson, Harold (1957). 2635: 2623: 2611: 2599: 2587: 2575: 2551: 1494: 1375:Allied Translator and Interpreter Section 1357:that carried out special operations like 1230:United States Army Forces in the Far East 611:became Chief of Staff; Brigadier General 303:American-British-Dutch-Australian Command 282:United States Army Forces in the Far East 3497: 3481:MacArthur and Sutherland: The Good Years 3247: 2935:Gwyer, J M. A.; Butler, J R. M. (1964). 2872: 2228: 2213: 2069: 1967: 1955: 1904: 1856: 1215: 986: 838: 676: 598: 346:Chief of Staff of the United States Army 292: 3520: 3334: 3258: 3128:Global Logistics And Strategy 1940–1943 2962:The Government and the People 1942–1945 2955: 2461: 2437: 2389: 2360: 2057: 1732: 1717: 1705: 1681: 1593: 1451: 579: 16:Allied military command in World War II 3643: 3478: 3431: 3382: 3351: 3285: 3095: 3038: 3008: 2903: 2823: 2719: 2707: 2695: 2683: 2647: 2401: 2336: 2276: 2252: 2240: 2201: 2189: 2177: 2165: 2141: 2093: 2081: 2045: 2030: 2006: 1982: 1868: 1798: 1786: 1774: 1759: 1744: 1693: 1666: 1629: 1617: 1605: 1569: 1506: 1475: 1463: 1188:, which remained under Nimitz. At the 1103:later in the year. A training centre, 982: 631:, Engineer Officer; Brigadier General 516:was divided between SWPA and the POA. 332:, was rerouted to Brisbane due to the 3068: 3016:. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 2981: 2969:. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 2803: 2671: 2659: 2527: 2512: 2488: 2473: 1844: 1825: 1810: 1641: 1518: 1207:United States Army Services of Supply 696: 417:This resulted in the creation of the 297:Map of the South West Pacific Theater 278:United States Army Services of Supply 3613: 3574: 3551: 3213: 3173: 2868:. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 2857: 2853:. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 2842: 2735: 2449: 2425: 2413: 2377: 2348: 2324: 2312: 2300: 2288: 2264: 2153: 2129: 2117: 2105: 1994: 1943: 1931: 1916: 1892: 1880: 1554: 1530: 1429:became "South West Pacific Area" in 819: 627:, Signal Officer; Brigadier General 519:An annex defined SWPA's boundaries: 404:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1419: 1292:Koninklijke Paketvaart-Maatschappij 958:Australian First Tactical Air Force 879:, but MacArthur personally wrote a 470:leave the Philippines for Australia 13: 3607: 3552:Wolk, Herman S. (September 1987). 1351:Services Reconnaissance Department 1224:When Lieutenant General Krueger's 1114:, New South Wales, and another at 1091:. Another important component was 272:The last command disappeared when 14: 3677: 2967:Australia in the War of 1939–1945 2866:Australia in the War of 1939–1945 2851:Australia in the War of 1939–1945 2832:Australia in the War of 1939–1945 2809:Organization, Troops and Training 1099:on 8 January 1943. It became the 971:was added as well. Major General 3188:Masterson, Dr. James R. (1949). 2873:Griffith, Thomas E. Jr. (1998). 733:in Victoria; Lieutenant General 250:and Australian forces, although 202:supreme military command in the 147:Philippines campaign (1941–1942) 117: 104: 92: 80: 68: 3651:Allied commands of World War II 2941:History of the Second World War 2861:Royal Australian Navy 1942–1945 2846:Royal Australian Navy 1939–1942 2012: 1317: 912:and Walker as commander of the 3335:Morison, Samuel Eliot (1950). 3263:. New York: St Martins Press. 2904:Grover, David H., ed. (1987). 948:. In June 1944, Major General 832:, as his chief of staff. Each 650:, where it was located in the 396:President of the United States 242:, and the western part of the 157:Philippines Campaign (1944–45) 1: 2728: 2626:, pp. Appendix 49, p. 1. 1363:Secret Intelligence Australia 1006:, at the commencement of the 932:, disappeared in March 1943. 834:United States Army Air Forces 494:Batchelor, Northern Territory 1413: 1196:U.S. Army Services of Supply 924:. Walker was shot down over 639:, Public Relations Officer. 459: 445:representing Australia, and 425:(Deputy Prime Minister) and 246:. It primarily consisted of 198:) was the name given to the 7: 3554:"The Other Founding Father" 3521:Wheeler, Gerald E. (1994). 3432:Rodman, Matthew K. (2005). 3355:The Fall Of The Philippines 2908:. Annapolis, Maryland USA: 2564:Leighton & Coakley 1995 2540:Leighton & Coakley 1995 2019:GHQ Operations Instructions 1543:Leighton & Coakley 1995 1425:"Southwest Pacific Area in 1379:Allied Geographical Section 843:Royal Australian Air Force 786:Western New Guinea campaign 553:Prime Minister of Australia 315:Commander-in-Chief in India 10: 3682: 3661:Queensland in World War II 3483:. New York City: Praeger. 3261:Battle of the Bismarck Sea 3096:Kenney, George C. (1949). 3069:James, D. Clayton (1975). 2501:Bykovsky & Larson 1957 1371:Far Eastern Liaison Office 1347:Allied Intelligence Bureau 1314:, and it absorbed USAFFE. 1203:Birdum, Northern Territory 1008:Admiralty Islands campaign 1002:during the bombardment of 741:in Western Australia; the 561:Royal Australian Air Force 288: 18: 3248:McCarthy, Dudley (1959). 2827:The New Guinea Offensives 1392: 1349:(AIB). This included the 1116:Toorbul Point, Queensland 794:Eighth United States Army 468:. He had been ordered to 174: 169: 139: 131: 63: 55: 47: 35: 30: 3479:Rogers, Paul P. (1990). 2982:Hayes, Grace P. (1982). 2858:Gill, G. Hermon (1968). 2843:Gill, G. Hermon (1957). 1439: 1226:Sixth United States Army 1062:Chief of the Naval Staff 855:(right) in mid-1945, in 743:Northern Territory Force 691:Tenth United States Army 527:around the coast of the 498:Combined Chiefs of Staff 496:. On 24 March 1942, the 3527:Naval Historical Center 3504:Oxford University Press 3498:Stephens, Alan (2001). 3286:Milner, Samuel (1957). 2836:Australian War Memorial 2736:Barr, James A. (1997). 1582:Gwyer & Butler 1964 1256:and Advanced Base F at 1120:Landing Ships, Infantry 946:310th Bombardment Wings 705:'s Commander in Chief, 192:South West Pacific Area 31:South West Pacific Area 3383:Morton, Louis (1962). 3352:Morton, Louis (1993). 2824:Dexter, David (1961). 2744:Maxwell Air Force Base 2554:, pp. vi–ix, 242. 1221: 1074:Royal Netherlands Navy 1038:officer, Rear Admiral 1011: 869:Chief of the Air Staff 860: 682: 604: 549: 523:From Cape Kami in the 510:Southeast Pacific Area 334:attack on Pearl Harbor 298: 162:Borneo campaign (1945) 3259:McAulay, Lex (1991). 2937:Grand Strategy, Vol.3 2910:Naval Institute Press 1219: 1059:Royal Australian Navy 990: 892:or Brigadier General 842: 796:, Lieutenant General 680: 670:in October 1944, and 621:Stephen J. Chamberlin 617:Charles A. Willoughby 609:Richard K. Sutherland 602: 551:On 17 April 1942 the 521: 504:(POA), under Admiral 412:Joint Chiefs of Staff 296: 234:, the Territories of 3614:Dean, Peter (2018). 3525:. Washington, D.C.: 3392:. Washington, D.C.: 3295:. Washington, D.C.: 3201:on 30 September 2014 2791:on 27 September 2012 2416:, pp. 380, 441. 2096:, pp. 207, 353. 1190:Battle of Leyte Gulf 1169:on 21 October 1944. 1101:VII Amphibious Force 954:Thirteenth Air Force 771:operations in Borneo 753:under Major General 745:under Major General 580:General Headquarters 311:Sir Archibald Wavell 210:. SWPA included the 3214:Mayo, Lida (1991). 3180:The Final Campaigns 3071:Volume 2, 1941–1945 2722:, pp. 123–124. 2698:, pp. 237–242. 2686:, pp. 226–230. 2674:, pp. 181–182. 2638:, pp. 368–380. 2602:, pp. 321–324. 2590:, pp. 319–318. 2578:, pp. 317–318. 2566:, pp. 390–392. 2542:, pp. 195–196. 2476:, pp. 250–251. 2464:, pp. 404–406. 2452:, pp. 494–496. 2440:, pp. 343–344. 2404:, pp. 364–366. 2363:, pp. 346–349. 2339:, pp. 245–246. 2291:, pp. 520–521. 2243:, pp. 537–538. 2231:, pp. 168–170. 2216:, pp. 174–175. 2192:, pp. 216–217. 2132:, pp. 168–169. 2084:, pp. 276–277. 2048:, pp. 350–353. 2009:, pp. 309–310. 1997:, pp. 594–595. 1958:, pp. 74, 159. 1762:, pp. 206–207. 1747:, pp. 264–268. 1632:, pp. 244–249. 1620:, pp. 244–246. 1596:, pp. 227–228. 1572:, pp. 242–245. 1509:, pp. 151–152. 1478:, pp. 145–148. 1466:, pp. 240–242. 1211:Richard J. Marshall 1110:was established at 1055:Arthur S. Carpender 983:Allied Naval Forces 847:, Air Vice Marshal 790:Robert Eichelberger 666:in September 1944, 613:Richard J. Marshall 590:Jonathan Wainwright 502:Pacific Ocean Areas 475:United States Fleet 419:Pacific War Council 152:New Guinea campaign 3561:Air Force Magazine 3466:on October 7, 2012 3419:on 21 October 2020 3235:on 17 October 2012 3161:on 20 January 2021 1934:, pp. 24, 47. 1431:Australian English 1222: 1044:South Pacific Area 1024:John Gregory Crace 1012: 977:Frederick Scherger 861: 808:and Major General 806:I Australian Corps 715:Lieutenant General 697:Allied Land Forces 683: 637:LeGrande A. Diller 633:William F. Marquat 605: 586:Commander in Chief 400:Franklin Roosevelt 386:Lieutenant General 366:President Coolidge 353:George C. Marshall 299: 3625:978-0-7006-2605-2 3590:978-0-8131-9105-8 3370:on 8 January 2012 2515:, pp. 66–67. 2060:, pp. 26–27. 1946:, pp. 46–47. 1859:, pp. 24–26. 1557:, pp. 40–41. 1521:, pp. 19–20. 1359:Operation Jaywick 1249:Goodenough Island 1182:William F. Halsey 1178:invasion of Leyte 1174:Thomas C. Kinkaid 1140:and the American 1004:Los Negros Island 993:Thomas C. Kinkaid 969:Seventh Air Force 950:St. Clair Streett 910:V Fighter Command 820:Allied Air Forces 762:George Alan Vasey 687:invasion of Japan 525:Luichow Peninsula 486:Dwight Eisenhower 466:Douglas MacArthur 408:Winston Churchill 338:Brigadier General 307:Dutch East Indies 269:Douglas MacArthur 220:Dutch East Indies 186: 185: 181:Douglas MacArthur 3673: 3637: 3602: 3577:Leary, William M 3571: 3569: 3567: 3558: 3548: 3517: 3494: 3475: 3473: 3471: 3465: 3459:. Archived from 3440: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3418: 3412:. Archived from 3391: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3366:. Archived from 3348: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3321: 3315:. Archived from 3294: 3289:Victory in Papua 3282: 3255: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3234: 3228:. Archived from 3210: 3208: 3206: 3200: 3184: 3170: 3168: 3166: 3160: 3154:. Archived from 3133: 3121: 3092: 3065: 3035: 3005: 2978: 2952: 2931: 2900: 2880: 2869: 2854: 2839: 2820: 2800: 2798: 2796: 2790: 2784:. Archived from 2775: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2754:on April 8, 2013 2750:. 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Styer 1278:Admiral Halstead 1142:attack transport 1076:′s Vice Admiral 1040:Victor Crutchley 914:V Bomber Command 827:Air Vice Marshal 751:New Guinea Force 574:Herbert F. Leary 341:Julian F. Barnes 330:Pensacola Convoy 127: 123: 121: 120: 110: 108: 107: 98: 96: 95: 86: 84: 83: 74: 72: 71: 59:2 September 1945 40: 28: 27: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3671: 3670: 3641: 3640: 3626: 3610: 3608:Further reading 3605: 3591: 3565: 3563: 3556: 3537: 3514: 3491: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3449: 3438: 3422: 3420: 3416: 3389: 3373: 3371: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3292: 3271: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3164: 3162: 3158: 3131: 3110: 3081: 3054: 3024: 2994: 2920: 2889: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2773: 2757: 2755: 2742:(M.A. thesis). 2731: 2726: 2718: 2714: 2706: 2702: 2694: 2690: 2682: 2678: 2670: 2666: 2658: 2654: 2646: 2642: 2634: 2630: 2622: 2618: 2610: 2606: 2598: 2594: 2586: 2582: 2574: 2570: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2538: 2534: 2526: 2519: 2511: 2507: 2499: 2495: 2487: 2480: 2472: 2468: 2460: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2424: 2420: 2412: 2408: 2400: 2396: 2388: 2384: 2376: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2347: 2343: 2335: 2331: 2323: 2319: 2311: 2307: 2299: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2275: 2271: 2263: 2259: 2251: 2247: 2239: 2235: 2227: 2220: 2212: 2208: 2200: 2196: 2188: 2184: 2176: 2172: 2164: 2160: 2152: 2148: 2140: 2136: 2128: 2124: 2116: 2112: 2104: 2100: 2092: 2088: 2080: 2076: 2068: 2064: 2056: 2052: 2044: 2037: 2029: 2025: 2017: 2013: 2005: 2001: 1993: 1989: 1981: 1974: 1966: 1962: 1954: 1950: 1942: 1938: 1930: 1923: 1915: 1911: 1903: 1899: 1891: 1887: 1879: 1875: 1867: 1863: 1855: 1851: 1843: 1832: 1824: 1817: 1809: 1805: 1797: 1793: 1785: 1781: 1773: 1766: 1758: 1751: 1743: 1739: 1731: 1724: 1716: 1712: 1704: 1700: 1692: 1688: 1680: 1673: 1665: 1648: 1640: 1636: 1628: 1624: 1616: 1612: 1604: 1600: 1592: 1588: 1580: 1576: 1568: 1561: 1553: 1549: 1541: 1537: 1529: 1525: 1517: 1513: 1505: 1501: 1497:, pp. 4–5. 1493: 1482: 1474: 1470: 1462: 1458: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1437: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1395: 1320: 1198: 1078:Conrad Helfrich 985: 902:Ennis Whitehead 894:Jimmy Doolittle 830:William Bostock 822: 802:Leslie Morshead 773:in April 1945. 703:Australian Army 699: 625:Spencer B. Akin 582: 462: 291: 244:Solomon Islands 189: 176: 118: 116: 114: 105: 103: 102: 93: 91: 90: 81: 79: 78: 69: 67: 43: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 3679: 3669: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3639: 3638: 3624: 3609: 3606: 3604: 3603: 3589: 3572: 3549: 3535: 3518: 3512: 3495: 3489: 3476: 3447: 3429: 3380: 3349: 3332: 3283: 3269: 3256: 3245: 3211: 3185: 3171: 3122: 3108: 3093: 3079: 3066: 3052: 3036: 3022: 3006: 2992: 2979: 2953: 2932: 2918: 2901: 2887: 2870: 2855: 2840: 2821: 2807:, ed. (1953). 2805:Casey, Hugh J. 2801: 2764: 2748:Air University 2732: 2730: 2727: 2725: 2724: 2712: 2710:, p. 246. 2700: 2688: 2676: 2664: 2662:, p. 184. 2652: 2640: 2636:Masterson 1949 2628: 2624:Masterson 1949 2616: 2614:, p. 339. 2612:Masterson 1949 2604: 2600:Masterson 1949 2592: 2588:Masterson 1949 2580: 2576:Masterson 1949 2568: 2556: 2552:Masterson 1949 2544: 2532: 2530:, p. 120. 2517: 2505: 2503:, p. 428. 2493: 2478: 2466: 2454: 2442: 2430: 2428:, p. 512. 2418: 2406: 2394: 2392:, p. 131. 2382: 2380:, p. 277. 2365: 2353: 2351:, p. 236. 2341: 2329: 2327:, p. 113. 2317: 2305: 2293: 2281: 2279:, p. 201. 2269: 2267:, p. 520. 2257: 2255:, p. 519. 2245: 2233: 2218: 2206: 2194: 2182: 2180:, p. 176. 2170: 2168:, p. 100. 2158: 2146: 2134: 2122: 2110: 2108:, p. 165. 2098: 2086: 2074: 2062: 2050: 2035: 2033:, p. 207. 2023: 2011: 1999: 1987: 1985:, p. 221. 1972: 1970:, p. 236. 1960: 1948: 1936: 1921: 1919:, p. 593. 1909: 1907:, p. 174. 1897: 1885: 1873: 1871:, p. 227. 1861: 1849: 1847:, p. 311. 1830: 1828:, p. 174. 1815: 1813:, p. 667. 1803: 1801:, p. 348. 1791: 1789:, p. 342. 1779: 1764: 1749: 1737: 1735:, p. 115. 1722: 1710: 1708:, p. 112. 1698: 1696:, p. 309. 1686: 1684:, p. 113. 1671: 1646: 1644:, p. 765. 1634: 1622: 1610: 1608:, p. 246. 1598: 1586: 1584:, p. 437. 1574: 1559: 1547: 1545:, p. 170. 1535: 1533:, pp. 40. 1523: 1511: 1499: 1495:Masterson 1949 1480: 1468: 1456: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1435: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1394: 1391: 1355:Z Special Unit 1328:Central Bureau 1319: 1316: 1264:respectively. 1197: 1194: 1147:Henry T. Allen 1048:Chester Nimitz 1028:Anzac Squadron 984: 981: 973:Paul Wurtsmith 906:Kenneth Walker 821: 818: 810:Oscar Griswold 798:Vernon Sturdee 779:Walter Krueger 766:Frank Berryman 747:Edmund Herring 735:Gordon Bennett 698: 695: 581: 578: 506:Chester Nimitz 461: 458: 450:Mackenzie King 447:Prime Minister 423:Clement Attlee 360:War Department 290: 287: 187: 184: 183: 178: 172: 171: 167: 166: 165: 164: 159: 154: 149: 141: 137: 136: 133: 129: 128: 112:United Kingdom 65: 61: 60: 57: 53: 52: 49: 45: 44: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3678: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3611: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3573: 3562: 3555: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3536:0-945274-26-2 3532: 3528: 3524: 3519: 3515: 3513:0-19-555541-4 3509: 3505: 3501: 3496: 3492: 3490:0-275-92918-3 3486: 3482: 3477: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3448:1-58566-135-X 3444: 3437: 3436: 3430: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3388: 3387: 3381: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 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1968:McCarthy 1959 1964: 1957: 1956:McCarthy 1959 1952: 1945: 1940: 1933: 1928: 1926: 1918: 1913: 1906: 1905:McCarthy 1959 1901: 1895:, p. 31. 1894: 1889: 1883:, p. 19. 1882: 1877: 1870: 1865: 1858: 1857:McCarthy 1959 1853: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1827: 1822: 1820: 1812: 1807: 1800: 1795: 1788: 1783: 1777:, p. 48. 1776: 1771: 1769: 1761: 1756: 1754: 1746: 1741: 1734: 1729: 1727: 1720:, p. 60. 1719: 1714: 1707: 1702: 1695: 1690: 1683: 1678: 1676: 1669:, p. 22. 1668: 1663: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1651: 1643: 1638: 1631: 1626: 1619: 1614: 1607: 1602: 1595: 1590: 1583: 1578: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1556: 1551: 1544: 1539: 1532: 1527: 1520: 1515: 1508: 1503: 1496: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1477: 1472: 1465: 1460: 1454:, p. 49. 1453: 1448: 1444: 1432: 1428: 1422: 1418: 1411: 1409: 1408:War on Terror 1405: 1401: 1390: 1388: 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1367:Coastwatchers 1364: 1360: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1324:Colin Simpson 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 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Lavarack 716: 712: 711:Thomas Blamey 708: 704: 694: 692: 688: 679: 675: 674:in May 1945. 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 649: 644: 640: 638: 634: 630: 629:Hugh J. Casey 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 601: 597: 595: 591: 587: 577: 575: 571: 570:Thomas Blamey 566: 562: 558: 554: 548: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 520: 517: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 489: 487: 483: 480: 476: 471: 467: 457: 455: 451: 448: 444: 440: 439:Richard Casey 436: 435:Stanley Bruce 432: 428: 424: 420: 415: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 392: 390: 387: 383: 378: 375: 374: 368: 367: 361: 356: 354: 351: 347: 342: 339: 335: 331: 326: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 295: 286: 283: 279: 275: 270: 267: 263: 261: 257: 253: 249: 248:United States 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 193: 188:Military unit 182: 179: 173: 168: 163: 160: 158: 155: 153: 150: 148: 145: 144: 143:World War II 142: 138: 135:30 March 1942 134: 132:Anniversaries 130: 126: 113: 101: 89: 77: 76:United States 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 3615: 3580: 3564:. Retrieved 3560: 3522: 3499: 3480: 3468:. Retrieved 3461:the original 3434: 3421:. Retrieved 3414:the original 3385: 3372:. 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Retrieved 2752:the original 2738: 2715: 2703: 2691: 2679: 2667: 2655: 2650:, p. 5. 2643: 2631: 2619: 2607: 2595: 2583: 2571: 2559: 2547: 2535: 2508: 2496: 2469: 2462:Wheeler 1994 2457: 2445: 2438:Wheeler 1994 2433: 2421: 2409: 2397: 2390:Morison 1950 2385: 2361:Wheeler 1994 2356: 2344: 2332: 2320: 2308: 2303:, p. 4. 2296: 2284: 2272: 2260: 2248: 2236: 2209: 2197: 2185: 2173: 2161: 2149: 2137: 2125: 2113: 2101: 2089: 2077: 2065: 2058:McAulay 1991 2053: 2026: 2018: 2014: 2002: 1990: 1963: 1951: 1939: 1912: 1900: 1888: 1876: 1864: 1852: 1806: 1794: 1782: 1740: 1733:Hasluck 1970 1718:Hasluck 1970 1713: 1706:Hasluck 1970 1701: 1689: 1682:Hasluck 1970 1637: 1625: 1613: 1601: 1594:Hasluck 1970 1589: 1577: 1550: 1538: 1526: 1514: 1502: 1471: 1459: 1452:Hasluck 1970 1447: 1421: 1396: 1387:David Horner 1383: 1344: 1332:codebreaking 1321: 1318:Intelligence 1306:, Base S on 1302:, Base R at 1296: 1289: 1284:Coast Farmer 1283: 1277: 1271: 1266: 1237:Port Moresby 1234: 1223: 1199: 1171: 1159:John Collins 1152: 1146: 1136: 1130: 1124: 1106: 1082: 1052: 1021:Rear Admiral 1013: 998: 934: 930:Howard Ramey 922:RAAF Command 898: 886:Henry Arnold 873: 865:George Jones 862: 849:George Jones 823: 783: 775: 759: 755:Basil Morris 700: 684: 652:AMP Building 645: 641: 606: 583: 550: 541:Sunda Strait 522: 518: 490: 463: 427:Anthony Eden 416: 393: 389:George Brett 379: 372: 365: 357: 327: 300: 264: 195: 191: 190: 25: 3666:Pacific War 3470:20 February 3175:Long, Gavin 2943:. H.M.S.O. 2720:Horner 2005 2708:Horner 1982 2696:Horner 1982 2684:Horner 1982 2648:Grover 1987 2402:Horner 1982 2337:Morton 1962 2277:Morton 1962 2253:Kenney 1949 2241:Kenney 1949 2202:Rodman 2005 2190:Kenney 1949 2178:Kenney 1949 2166:Kenney 1949 2142:Kenney 1949 2094:Horner 1982 2082:Rogers 1990 2046:Horner 1982 2031:Horner 1982 2007:Horner 1982 1983:Dexter 1961 1869:Dexter 1961 1799:Horner 1982 1787:Horner 1982 1775:Milner 1957 1760:Horner 1982 1745:Morton 1962 1694:Horner 1982 1667:Milner 1957 1630:Morton 1962 1618:Morton 1962 1606:Morton 1962 1570:Morton 1962 1507:Morton 1962 1476:Morton 1993 1464:Morton 1962 1404:Vietnam War 1258:Finschhafen 1186:Third Fleet 965:Harry Cobby 877:Ralph Royce 731:Second Army 727:Iven Mackay 557:John Curtin 529:Tonkin Gulf 482:Ernest King 222:(excluding 212:Philippines 208:Pacific War 140:Engagements 125:New Zealand 100:Netherlands 3645:Categories 3634:1012716132 3502:. London: 2729:References 2672:Casey 1953 2660:Casey 1953 2528:Casey 1953 2513:Casey 1953 2489:Casey 1953 2474:Casey 1953 1845:Casey 1953 1826:Casey 1953 1811:James 1975 1642:Hayes 1982 1519:Casey 1953 1400:Korean War 1270:USAT 1167:Leyte Gulf 1123:HMAS 1105:HMAS 1072:, and the 1036:Royal Navy 723:First Army 656:Townsville 596:on 6 May. 594:Corregidor 533:Indo-China 514:Anzac Area 443:Owen Dixon 441:and later 431:Earle Page 402:, and the 274:Corregidor 240:New Guinea 228:East Timor 177:commanders 170:Commanders 3457:475083118 3313:220484034 3062:225414839 2949:230089734 2450:Gill 1968 2426:Gill 1968 2414:Gill 1968 2378:Gill 1968 2349:Gill 1968 2325:Gill 1968 2313:Gill 1968 2301:Gill 1968 2289:Gill 1957 2265:Gill 1957 2154:Barr 1997 2130:Wolk 1987 2118:Wolk 1988 2106:Wolk 1987 1995:Long 1963 1944:Long 1963 1932:Long 1963 1917:Long 1963 1893:Long 1963 1881:Long 1963 1555:Mayo 1991 1531:Mayo 1991 1414:Footnotes 1353:with its 1241:Milne Bay 1163:commodore 1155:Admiralty 1145:USS 1131:Westralia 1070:Guy Royle 997:USS 881:reprimand 814:XIV Corps 739:III Corps 664:Hollandia 460:Formation 454:Dominions 382:Melbourne 313:, who—as 232:Australia 88:Australia 56:Disbanded 3599:17483104 3545:31078997 3410:63151391 3402:61-60001 3374:24 April 3364:53-63678 3345:10310299 3305:56-60004 3279:23082610 3226:79014631 3205:24 April 3177:(1963). 3165:24 April 3152:63151391 3144:55-60001 3118:37302833 3089:12591897 3012:(1982). 2975:33346943 2959:(1970). 2928:87-15514 2897:38885310 2817:16114940 1406:and the 1304:Batangas 1137:Kanimbla 660:St Lucia 648:Brisbane 373:Mariposa 371:SS 364:SS 256:Filipino 3579:(ed.). 3032:9464416 3002:7795125 2795:12 July 2782:1358605 1245:Oro Bay 1125:Manoora 1107:Assault 1066:Admiral 1064:(CNS), 999:Phoenix 707:General 565:Militia 537:Sumatra 479:Admiral 350:General 323:Sumatra 289:Origins 266:General 260:British 224:Sumatra 175:Notable 64:Country 51:1942–45 3632: 3622: 3597: 3587: 3566:2 July 3543: 3533: 3510: 3487: 3455: 3445: 3423:9 July 3408: 3400: 3362: 3343: 3326:9 July 3311: 3303: 3277: 3267: 3224: 3150: 3142: 3116: 3106: 3087: 3077: 3060: 3050: 3030: 3020: 3000: 2990: 2973: 2947: 2926: 2916: 2895: 2885: 2815: 2780: 2758:3 July 1393:Legacy 1365:; the 960:under 926:Rabaul 857:Manila 749:; and 672:Manila 545:Onslow 218:, the 216:Borneo 200:Allied 122: 109: 97: 85: 73: 48:Active 3557:(PDF) 3464:(PDF) 3439:(PDF) 3417:(PDF) 3390:(PDF) 3320:(PDF) 3293:(PDF) 3239:8 May 3233:(PDF) 3199:(PDF) 3159:(PDF) 3132:(PDF) 2789:(PDF) 2774:(PDF) 1440:Notes 1340:Ultra 1336:Magic 1300:Luzon 1272:Meigs 942:309th 938:308th 845:chief 668:Leyte 319:Burma 252:Dutch 236:Papua 3630:OCLC 3620:ISBN 3595:OCLC 3585:ISBN 3568:2012 3541:OCLC 3531:ISBN 3508:ISBN 3485:ISBN 3472:2009 3453:OCLC 3443:ISBN 3425:2012 3406:OCLC 3398:LCCN 3376:2013 3360:LCCN 3341:OCLC 3328:2012 3309:OCLC 3301:LCCN 3275:OCLC 3265:ISBN 3241:2013 3222:LCCN 3207:2013 3167:2013 3148:OCLC 3140:LCCN 3114:OCLC 3104:ISBN 3085:OCLC 3075:ISBN 3058:OCLC 3048:ISBN 3028:OCLC 3018:ISBN 2998:OCLC 2988:ISBN 2971:OCLC 2945:OCLC 2924:LCCN 2914:ISBN 2893:OCLC 2883:ISBN 2813:OCLC 2797:2012 2778:OCLC 2760:2012 1338:and 1308:Cebu 1281:and 1262:Biak 1243:and 1134:and 1068:Sir 1016:Fiji 952:'s 944:and 904:and 717:Sir 709:Sir 701:The 394:The 369:and 321:and 238:and 196:SWPA 1275:, 1254:Lae 1184:'s 1026:'s 867:as 812:'s 804:'s 792:'s 737:'s 729:'s 721:'s 226:), 3647:: 3628:. 3593:. 3559:. 3539:. 3529:. 3506:. 3451:. 3404:. 3396:. 3307:. 3299:. 3273:. 3146:. 3138:. 3112:. 3083:. 3056:. 3026:. 2996:. 2965:. 2939:. 2922:. 2912:. 2891:. 2864:. 2849:. 2830:. 2746:: 2520:^ 2481:^ 2368:^ 2221:^ 2038:^ 1975:^ 1924:^ 1833:^ 1818:^ 1767:^ 1752:^ 1725:^ 1674:^ 1649:^ 1562:^ 1483:^ 1410:. 1402:, 1361:; 1128:, 1050:. 940:, 555:, 531:, 477:, 406:, 398:, 348:, 336:. 325:. 258:, 254:, 230:, 214:, 3636:. 3601:. 3570:. 3547:. 3516:. 3493:. 3474:. 3427:. 3378:. 3347:. 3330:. 3281:. 3243:. 3209:. 3169:. 3120:. 3091:. 3064:. 3034:. 3004:. 2977:. 2951:. 2930:. 2899:. 2838:. 2819:. 2799:. 2762:. 1010:. 859:. 194:( 23:.

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