3889:(MT if for rockets, SLVs, missiles, drones, or UAVs capable of delivering a payload of at least 500 kg to a range of at least 300 km or their subsystems. See note 2 to paragraph (a)(3)(xxix) of this category);""Analog-to-digital converters, usable in the system in Item 1, having either of the following characteristics: (1) Analog-to-digital converter "microcircuits", which are "radiation hardened" or have all of the following characteristics: (i) Having a resolution of 8 bits or more;" "Item 1—Category I Complete rocket systems (including ballistic missile systems, space launch vehicles, and sounding rockets (see §121.1, Cat. IV(a) and (b))) and unmanned air vehicle systems (including cruise missile systems, see §121.1, Cat. VIII (a), target drones and reconnaissance drones (see §121.1, Cat. VIII (a))) capable of delivering at least a 500 kg payload to a range of at least 300 km.
6804:
1585:(a billion years later when young galaxies are seen to form for the first time and hydrogen becomes ionized again). By observing the primordial distribution of gas, the SKA should be able to see how the Universe gradually lit up as its stars and galaxies formed and then evolved. This period of the Dark Ages, culminating in First Light, is considered the first chapter in the cosmic story of creation, and the resolving power required to see this event is the reason for the Square Kilometre Array's design. To see back to First Light requires a telescope 100 times more powerful than the biggest radio telescopes currently in the world, taking up 1 million square metres of collecting area, or one square kilometre.
669:
437:
2012 it was reported that the SKA Site
Advisory Committee had made a confidential report in February that the South African bid was stronger. However a scientific working group was set up to explore possible implementation options of the two candidate host regions, and on 25 May 2012 it was announced that it had been determined that the SKA would be split over the South African and African sites, and the Australia and New Zealand sites. While New Zealand remained a member of the SKA Organisation in 2014, it appeared that no SKA infrastructure was likely to be located in New Zealand.
406:
273:
252:
238:
211:
107:
86:
6876:
548:
6029:
599:
607:
1381:
914:
6840:
964:
1434:
1442:
6864:
70:
6039:
5026:
283:
6816:
783:
6852:
6828:
3888:
16) Hybrid (combined analogue/digital) computers specially designed for modeling, simulation, or design integration of systems enumerated in paragraphs (a)(1), (d)(1), (d)(2), (h)(1), (h)(2), (h)(4), (h)(8), and (h)(9) of USML Category IV or paragraphs (a)(5), (a)(6), or (a)(13) of USML Category VIII
1115:
The
International LOFAR Telescope —a €150 million Dutch-led project— a novel low-frequency phased aperture array spread over northern Europe. An all-electronic telescope covering low frequencies from 10 to 240 MHz, it came online from 2009 to 2011. LOFAR was in 2017 developing crucial processing
436:
In
February 2012, a former Australian SKA Committee chairman raised concerns with South African media about risks at the Australian candidate site, particularly in terms of cost, mining interference and land agreements. SKA Australia stated that all points had been addressed in the site bid. In March
575:
technology to provide multiple FOVs. This will greatly increase the survey speed of the SKA and enable several users to observe different pieces of the sky simultaneously, which is useful for (e.g.) monitoring multiple pulsars. The combination of a very large FOV with high sensitivity means that the
1366:
There has been opposition to the project from farmers, businesses, and individuals in South Africa since the project's inception. The advocacy group called Save the Karoo has stated that the radio quiet zone would create further unemployment in the South
African region where unemployment is already
579:
The combined SKA will provide a wide range of coverage, with
Australia's Murchison Widefield Array providing low-frequency coverage and South Africa's MeerKAT providing mid-frequency coverage. There will be continuous frequency coverage from 50 MHz to 14 GHz in the first two phases of its
538:
facilities to handle data from the Square
Kilometre Array radio telescope. The UK and India are part of the team developing the computational processing for the SKA radio telescope. On 3 January 2024, Indian government approved joining the SKA project accompanied by a financial commitment of ₹1,250
805:
Suitable sites for the SKA telescope must be in unpopulated areas with guaranteed very low levels of man-made radio interference. Four sites were initially proposed in South Africa, Australia, Argentina and China. After considerable site evaluation surveys, Argentina and China were dropped and the
634:
SKA-survey array: a compact array of parabolic dishes of 12–15 meters diameter each for the medium-frequency range, each equipped with a multi-beam, phased array feed with a large field of view and several receiving systems covering about 350 MHz – 4 GHz. The survey sub-array was removed
4596:
Santos, Mario; Bull, Phil; Alonso, David; Camera, Stefano; Ferreira, Pedro; Bernardi, Gianni; Maartens, Roy; Viel, Matteo; Villaescusa-Navarro, Francisco; Abdalla, Filipe Batoni; Jarvis, Matt; Metcalf, R. Benton; Pourtsidou, Alkistis; Wolz, Laura (2015). "Cosmology from a SKA HI intensity mapping
450:
On 12 March 2019, the Square
Kilometre Array Observatory (SKAO) was founded in Rome by seven initial member countries: Australia, China, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, South Africa and the United Kingdom. India and Sweden are expected to follow shortly, and eight other countries have expressed
359:
in March 2019 by seven initial member countries, with several others subsequently joining; as of 2021 there were 14 members of the consortium. This international organisation is tasked with building and operating the facility. The project has two phases of construction: the current SKA1, commonly
1324:
Potential risks for priority astronomical sites in South Africa are protected by the
Astronomy Geographic Advantage Act of 2007. Put in place to specifically support the South African SKA bid, it outlaws all activities that could endanger scientific operation of core astronomical instruments. In
619:
to cover the frequency range from 50 to 350 MHz. These will be grouped in 40 m diameter stations each containing 256 vertically oriented dual-polarisation dipole elements. Stations will be arranged with 75% located within a 2 km diameter core and the remaining stations situated on
483:
The construction phase of the project began on 5 December 2022 in
Australia and South Africa, with delegations from each of the eight countries leading the project attending ceremonies to celebrate the event. The Australian part of the project comprises 100,000 antennas built across 74 km
1100:
The Allen
Telescope Array in California uses innovative 6.1m offset Gregorian dishes equipped with wide band single feeds covering frequencies from 500 MHz to 11 GHz. The 42-element array in operation by 2017 is to be extended to 350 elements. The dish design has explored methods of
995:
in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa was commissioned in 2012 and was up and running by May 2018 when all sixty-four 13.5-metre diameter (44.3 feet) dish antennae were completed, with verification tests then underway to ensure the instruments are functioning correctly. The dishes are
1116:
techniques for the SKA.. Because of its baselines of up to 2000 km, it can make images with sub-arcsecond angular resolution over a wide field of view. Such high-resolution imaging at low frequencies is unique and will be a factor of more than an order of magnitude better than SKA1-LOW.
661:
The SKA was estimated to cost €1.8 billion in 2014, including €650 million for Phase 1, which represented about 10% of the planned capability of the entire telescope array. There have been numerous delays and rising costs over the nearly 30-year history of the intergovernmental project.
4407:
Raccanelli, Alvise; Bull, Phil; Camera, Stefano; Blake, Chris; Ferreira, Pedro; Maartens, Roy; Santos, Mario; Bull, Philip; Bacon, D. J.; Doré, Olivier; Ferreira, Pedro; Santos, Mario G.; Viel, Matteo; Zhao, Gong-Bo (2015). "Measuring redshift-space distortion with future SKA surveys".
1597:, but it is clear that they are an important component of interstellar and intergalactic space. By mapping the effects of magnetism on the radiation from very distant galaxies, the SKA will investigate the form of cosmic magnetism and the role it has played in the evolving Universe.
6792:
4652:
Abdalla, Filipe Batoni; Bull, Philip; Camera, Stefano; Benoit Levy, Aurelien; Joachimi, Benjamin; Kirk, Donnacha; Kloeckner, Hans Rainer; Maartens, Roy; Raccanelli, Alvise; Santos, Mario G.; Zhao, Gong-Bo (2015). "Cosmology from HI galaxy surveys with the SKA".
4473:
Camera, Stefano; Raccanelli, Alvise; Bull, Phil; Bertacca, Daniele; Chen, Xuelei; Ferreira, Pedro; Kunz, Martin; Maartens, Roy; Mao, Yi; Santos, Mario; Shapiro, Paul R.; Viel, Matteo; Xu, Yidong (2015). "Cosmology on the Largest Scales with the SKA".
647:
A mid region extending out to 180 km. This will contain dishes and pairs of SKA-mid and SKA-low stations. In each case they will be randomly placed within the area with the density of dishes and stations falling off towards the outer part of the
397:
The project has two phases of construction: the current SKA1, commonly just called SKA, and a possible later significantly enlarged phase sometimes called SKA2. PrepSKA commenced in 2008, leading to a full SKA design in 2012. Construction of Phase 1
651:
An outer region from 180 km to 3000 km. This will comprise five spiral arms, along which dishes of SKA-mid, grouped into stations of 20 dishes, will be located. The separation of the stations increases towards the outer ends of the spiral
4517:
Schwarz, Dominik J.; Bacon, D. J.; Chen, Song; Clarkson, Chris; Huterer, Dragan; Kunz, Martin; Maartens, Roy; Raccanelli, Alvise; Rubart, Matthias; Starck, Jean-Luc (2015). "Testing foundations of modern cosmology with SKA all-sky surveys".
643:
A central region containing about 5 km diameter cores of SKA-mid antennas (South Africa) and SKA-low dipoles (Western Australia). These central regions will contain approximately half of the total collecting area of the SKA
1564:
The cosmological measurements enabled by SKA galaxy surveys include testing models of dark energy, gravity, the primordial universe, and fundamental cosmology, and they are summarised in a series of papers available online.
2671:
893:
Many groups are working globally to develop the technology and techniques required for the SKA. Their contributions to the international SKA project are classified as either: Precursors, Pathfinders or Design Studies.
1352:
was subject to flooding and excluded from the project, despite the SKA Site Selection Committee technical analysis reporting that all African remote stations could implement flood mitigation solutions.
4194:
2003:
1491:
has precisely predicted the outcome of every experiment made to test it. Most of these tests, including the most stringent ones, have been carried out using radio astronomical measurements. By using
1943:
321:
project being built in Australia (low-frequency) and South Africa (mid-frequency). The combining infrastructure, the Square Kilometre Array Observatory (SKAO), and headquarters, are located at the
981:
MeerKAT is a South African project consisting of an array of sixty-four 13.5-metre diameter dishes as a world class science instrument, and was also built to help develop technology for the SKA.
595:, cannot be realised using one design of antenna and so the SKA will comprise separate sub-arrays of different types of antenna elements that will make up the SKA-low, SKA-mid and survey arrays:
1247:
1232:
348:
more than ten thousand times faster than before. With receiving stations extending out to a distance of at least 3,000 km (1,900 mi) from a concentrated central core, it will exploit
4352:
Bull, Phil; Camera, Stefano; Raccanelli, Alvise; Blake, Chris; Ferreira, Pedro; Santos, Mario; Schwarz, Dominik J. (2015). "Measuring baryon acoustic oscillations with future SKA surveys".
4255:
3264:
360:
just called SKA, and a possible later significantly enlarged phase sometimes called SKA2. The construction phase of the project began on 5 December 2022 in both South Africa and Australia.
1889:
943:
The Australian SKA Pathfinder, or ASKAP, is an A$ 100 million project which built a telescope array of thirty-six twelve-metre dishes. It employs advanced, innovative technologies such as
368:
The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) was originally conceived in 1991 with an international working group set up in 1993. This led to the signing of the first Memorandum of Agreement in 2000.
6678:
5719:
4708:
Jarvis, Matt; Bacon, D. J.; Blake, Chris; Brown, Michael L.; Lindsay, Sam; Raccanelli, Alvise; Santos, Mario; Schwarz, Dominik J. (2015). "Cosmology with SKA Radio Continuum Surveys".
3731:
559:
spread over a distance of several thousand kilometres to simulate a single giant radio telescope capable of extremely high sensitivity and angular resolution, using a technique called
2142:
1304:). It is illegal for any US company to export high end Intel FPGAs or any related CSP design details or firmware to China amid the US-embargo which will severely limit cooperation.
4334:
2830:
6600:
1242:
2660:
344:. It will operate over a wide range of frequencies and its size will make it 50 times more sensitive than any other radio instrument. If built as planned, it should be able to
3051:
6728:
3840:
2708:
1300:. China has pushed for a unified beam forming design that has led other major countries to drop out of the project. Canada continues to use Altera Stratix-10 processors (by
340:
Conceived in the 1990s, and further developed and designed by the late-2010s, when completed sometime in the 2020s it will have a total collecting area of approximately one
2317:
6341:
3753:
2457:
1637:. The signatures of forming Earth-like planets imprinted on circumstellar dust may be the most conspicuous evidence of their presence and evolution, and may even detect
1284:. China, a founding member of the project, has designed and constructed the first prototype of the regional data processing centre. An Tao, head of the SKA group of the
3442:
1072:
6311:
5377:
1292:
supercomputer was used in 2016 to train the software. The processing of the project will be performed on Chinese designed and manufactured Virtex-7 processors by
5269:
3100:
2909:
2397:
4186:
1237:
1014:
operating in the frequency range 80–300 MHz that began upgraded operation in 2018 at the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory site in Western Australia.
3960:
1993:
2180:
627:(around 200 to be built in Phase 1) to cover the frequency range 350 MHz to 14 GHz. It is expected that the antenna design will follow that of the
6921:
6075:
451:
interest to join in the future. This international organisation was tasked with building and operating the facility, with the first construction contracts
3945:
2807:
1933:
2961:
4041:
4138:
457:
By mid-2019, the start of scientific observations were expected to start no earlier than 2027. In July 2019, New Zealand withdrew from the project.
4102:
3871:
Canada's NRC is helping to build the next-generation Square Kilometre Array (SKA) radio telescope...NRC's design embeds Intel® Stratix® 10 SX FPGAs
3261:
1507:
in regions of extremely curved space. The goal is to reveal whether Einstein was correct in his description of space, time and gravity, or whether
762:
4247:
3883:
756:
6916:
6549:
5151:
1672:
3758:
China's Huawei Technologies Co Ltd are not affected by U.S. action aimed at curbing the telecom equipment maker's access to American technology.
1316:
project to specifically develop dish and feed technology for the SKA. It is operated by a consortium of universities and was completed in 2012.
6688:
5367:
3237:
1357:
708:
4338:
2261:
786:
An automatic wideband radio scanner system was used to survey the radio frequency noise levels at the various candidate sites in South Africa.
3723:
3131:
806:
other two sites were shortlisted (with New Zealand joining the Australian bid, and 8 other African countries joining the South African bid):
447:
Initial construction contracts began in 2018. Scientific observations with the fully completed array are not expected any earlier than 2027.
387:
5357:
4792:
3775:
Huawei has chosen high performance Virtex® UltraScale+™ FPGAs to power their first FP1 instance as part of a new accelerated cloud service.
2134:
1966:
938:
738:
2785:
1259:
371:
In the early days of planning, China vied to host the SKA, proposing to build several large dishes in the natural limestone depressions (
1746:
5292:
1549:
picture of the first ripples of structure that formed individual galaxies and clusters. This may also allow the measurement of effects
2290:
6321:
5058:
3697:
2030:
1367:
above 32%. Farmers had stated that the agriculture-based economy in the Karoo would collapse if they were forced to sell their land.
768:
3047:
2933:
2342:
2163:
1867:
1787:
166:
6733:
6068:
5997:
5748:
5471:
5308:
3027:
2697:
2106:
3833:
5030:
3770:
2883:
1398:
955:
in the mid-west region of Western Australia. All 36 antennas and their technical systems were officially opened in October 2012.
286:
2449:
1804:
744:
720:
135:
32:
17:
2479:
2056:
429:, England was announced as the location for the project headquarters. In November 2011, the SKA Organisation was formed as an
6723:
5709:
5431:
4839:
3808:
3569:
925:
815:
391:
122:
4073:
3438:
3386:
2082:
6683:
6580:
5685:
5579:
2427:
1906:
1041:
1023:
465:
390:
on 11 April 2005 specifically to protect and maintain the current "radio-quietness" of the main Australian SKA site at the
3284:
6926:
6738:
6570:
6061:
5677:
4939:
2950:
Koenig, Robert (18 August 2006). "RADIO ASTRONOMY: Candidate Sites for World's Largest Telescope Face First Big Hurdle".
2269:
1534:
944:
698:
568:
2733:
996:
equipped with a number of high performance single pixel feeds to cover frequencies from 580 MHz up to 14 GHz.
6620:
5511:
4820:
2569:
2539:
1508:
692:
686:
4907:
3675:
3092:
2905:
2389:
6759:
6590:
6206:
5347:
5169:
5112:
4886:
4869:
3544:
2010 Sixth IEEE International Conference on e-Science Workshops: Data Challenges for Next-generation Radio Telescopes
1420:
1285:
1047:
726:
3000:"SA's bid to host Square Kilometre Array (SKA) Radio Telescope: briefing by Department & SKA Project Team | PMG"
6764:
6042:
5908:
5277:
5179:
4164:
3866:
6803:
3464:
2367:
2176:
904:
Design Study: A study of one or more major sub-systems of the SKA design, including the construction of prototypes
6896:
6769:
6610:
5783:
5401:
5106:
1581:
when the universe became cool enough for hydrogen to become neutral and decouple from radiation) and the time of
1276:
to reduce the raw data to relevant derived information. In mid 2011 it was estimated the array could generate an
1083:
4575:
Maartens, Roy; Abdalla, Filipe B.; Jarvis, Matt; Santos, Mario G. (2015). "Cosmology with the SKA -- overview".
5764:
5501:
5337:
2803:
1538:
1520:
1402:
430:
4947:
3983:
3793:
2017 XXXIInd General Assembly and Scientific Symposium of the International Union of Radio Science (URSI GASS)
3649:
567:(FOV), making it possible to survey very large areas of sky at once. One innovative development is the use of
6306:
5187:
5051:
2633:
1574:
1028:
The HERA array is located in South Africa's Meerkat National Park. It is designed to study highly redshifted
576:
SKA will be able to compile extremely large surveys of the sky considerably faster than any other telescope.
4031:
2759:
1469:. A number of key science projects that have been selected for implementation via the SKA are listed below.
1363:
The largest risk to the overall project is probably its budget, which up until 2014 had not been committed.
6906:
5951:
5629:
5529:
3416:
3337:
2505:
Spie (2014). "Philip Diamond plenary: The Square Kilometre Array: A Physics Machine for the 21st Century".
1699:
1622:
1610:
1488:
831:
4128:
3187:
901:
Pathfinder: A telescope or programme carrying out SKA-related technology, science and operations activity.
6084:
5972:
5863:
5729:
5637:
5451:
5253:
5102:
4964:
1890:"First country has approved participation in constructing the largest telescope the world has ever known"
1833:
1688:
1478:
1110:
1011:
898:
Precursor facility: A telescope on one of the two SKA candidate sites, carrying out SKA-related activity.
702:
527:
5693:
4095:
3311:
6782:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6615:
6128:
6123:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
5203:
4915:
4764:
3363:
1613:, searching for prebiotic chemistry, and contributing to the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (
531:
4979:
4224:
2202:
6911:
6708:
6595:
5491:
5411:
5128:
5118:
3623:
3597:
3494:
2831:"Explained | Square Kilometre Array project, world's largest radio telescope, and India's role in it"
2789:
1062:
1005:
473:
469:
4005:
3210:
6032:
5701:
5669:
5569:
5245:
5133:
5044:
3787:
Kooistra, E.; Hampson, G. A.; Gunst, A. W.; Bunton, J. D.; Schoonderbeek, G. W.; Brown, A. (2017).
3520:
3157:
1724:
1683:
795:
791:
750:
441:
422:
418:
322:
3123:
106:
6186:
5941:
5931:
5395:
5261:
1938:
1582:
1546:
1391:
992:
714:
237:
218:
4789:
1503:, astronomers will be able to examine the limits of general relativity such as the behaviour of
6575:
6539:
6316:
6236:
5653:
1638:
1288:, stated, "It will generate data streams far beyond the total Internet traffic worldwide." The
584:
Phase 1: Providing ~10% of the total collecting area at low and mid frequencies by 2023 (SKA1).
5009:
2861:
2804:"India's National Centre for Radio Astrophysics becomes the 11th full SKA Organisation member"
1272:
The amount of sensory data collected poses a huge storage problem, and will require real-time
668:
314:
6901:
6703:
6286:
6166:
5946:
5913:
5833:
5441:
5387:
5327:
5227:
4896:
2318:"Another eye in sky, on ground: India is now part of world's largest radio telescope project"
1739:
1693:
1659:
1605:
This key science program, called "Cradle of Life", will focus on three objectives: observing
1462:
1095:
1067:
988:
968:
842:
628:
118:
3901:
639:
The area covered by the SKA – extending out to ~3000 km – will comprise three regions:
480:
and the International LOFAR Telescope, spread across Europe with a core in the Netherlands.
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6231:
6014:
5803:
5661:
5219:
5195:
4727:
4672:
4616:
4539:
4429:
4371:
4290:
3229:
1779:
1338:
3701:
2026:
1859:
665:
As of December 2022, the whole project was reported to be worth around A$ 3 billion.
8:
6868:
6605:
6544:
6261:
6256:
6246:
6241:
5987:
5798:
5793:
5788:
5645:
5549:
5421:
2930:
1764:
1658:
The SKA will be capable of detecting extremely weak radio emission "leakage" from nearby
1606:
1466:
1253:
1052:
345:
326:
4731:
4676:
4620:
4543:
4433:
4375:
4294:
3233:
3093:"Outback observatory open for business - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)"
3024:
2228:
2103:
1783:
251:
6856:
6844:
6713:
6693:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6436:
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6411:
6401:
6396:
6391:
6386:
6381:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
5967:
5936:
5883:
5843:
5813:
5756:
5521:
5300:
4745:
4717:
4690:
4662:
4634:
4606:
4576:
4557:
4529:
4499:
4479:
4455:
4419:
4389:
4361:
4316:
4133:
3814:
3575:
3547:
3219:
2981:
1496:
1458:
1342:
631:
using an offset Gregorian design having a height of 15 metres and a width of 12 metres.
592:
560:
489:
433:
and the project moved from a collaboration to an independent, not for profit, company.
405:
334:
272:
210:
6053:
2875:
5992:
5838:
5161:
4308:
3804:
3788:
3565:
2973:
2952:
2849:
1593:
It is still not possible to answer basic questions about the origin and evolution of
1454:
1449:
The capabilities of the SKA will be designed to address a wide range of questions in
1326:
1273:
827:
624:
477:
4749:
4710:
Proceedings of Advancing Astrophysics with the Square Kilometre Array — PoS(AASKA14)
4694:
4655:
Proceedings of Advancing Astrophysics with the Square Kilometre Array — PoS(AASKA14)
4638:
4599:
Proceedings of Advancing Astrophysics with the Square Kilometre Array — PoS(AASKA14)
4561:
4521:
Proceedings of Advancing Astrophysics with the Square Kilometre Array — PoS(AASKA14)
4503:
4476:
Proceedings of Advancing Astrophysics with the Square Kilometre Array — PoS(AASKA14)
4459:
4411:
Proceedings of Advancing Astrophysics with the Square Kilometre Array — PoS(AASKA14)
4393:
4354:
Proceedings of Advancing Astrophysics with the Square Kilometre Array — PoS(AASKA14)
3818:
3579:
3067:
2985:
440:
In April 2015, the headquarters of the SKA project were chosen to be located at the
6820:
6534:
5982:
5878:
5873:
5808:
5559:
5211:
4735:
4680:
4624:
4547:
4489:
4447:
4437:
4379:
4320:
4298:
4036:
3923:
3884:"Electronic Code of Federal Regulations: PART 121—THE UNITED STATES MUNITIONS LIST"
3800:
3796:
3557:
2965:
2510:
2483:
2052:
1808:
1648:
520:
485:
410:
383:
341:
96:
4836:
85:
6585:
5903:
5848:
5092:
5067:
4983:
4951:
4843:
4824:
4796:
4063:
3390:
3268:
3072:
3055:
3031:
2969:
2937:
2262:"Square Kilometre Array Telescope construction begins in West Australian outback"
2110:
2078:
1934:"Oz telescope body under microscope after ex-chairman raises difficult questions"
1704:
1558:
1484:
819:
802:, England, while the telescopes will be installed in Australia and South Africa.
556:
349:
318:
2419:
1910:
587:
Phase 2: Completion of the full array (SKA2) at low and mid frequencies by 2030.
6880:
6808:
6718:
6698:
5977:
5858:
4519:
4409:
3280:
2135:"New Zealand pulls out of the Square Kilometre Array after benefits questioned"
1998:
732:
616:
535:
3561:
2999:
987:, a seven-dish engineering and science testbed instrument for MeerKAT, in the
6890:
6554:
5898:
5853:
5828:
2737:
2450:"How will SKA1 be better than today's best radio telescopes? [image]"
2390:"The World's Largest Radio Telescope Takes A Major Step Towards Construction"
1530:
1029:
850:
564:
181:
168:
150:
137:
100:
47:
34:
4817:
3961:"U.S. stops Intel from selling Xeon chips to Chinese supercomputer projects"
2591:
2561:
2531:
1537:
thus revealed will give constraints to determine the processes resulting in
1533:
will map a billion galaxies out to the edge of the observable Universe. The
591:
The frequency range from 50 MHz to 14 GHz, spanning more than two
6832:
6796:
6118:
5823:
5096:
4312:
3671:
3208:
2977:
1644:
1630:
1450:
774:
As of December 2022, there were 16 countries involved in the project.
572:
539:
crore which marks the initial step towards ratification as a member state.
231:
4187:"Astronomers and sheep farmers butt heads over the Square Kilometer Array"
6002:
5893:
5888:
5818:
5017:
3789:"Gemini FPGA Hardware Platform for the SKA Low Correlator and Beamformer"
2514:
1634:
1554:
1524:
1500:
4740:
4685:
4629:
4552:
4494:
4451:
4442:
4384:
4160:
3439:"French NenuFAR telescope granted SKA Pathfinder status - SKA Telescope"
3209:
Tom Osterloo; Marc Verheijen & Wim van Cappellen (10–14 June 2010).
1356:
During 2014, South Africa experienced a month-long strike action by the
1348:
An identified remote station location for the southern African array in
635:
from the SKA1 specification following a "rebaselining" exercise in 2015.
4799:-Response to Program Prioritization Panels. James Cordes. 1 April 2009.
2359:
1652:
1550:
1405: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1349:
874:
866:
598:
547:
460:
As of November 2020, five precursor facilities were already operating:
6875:
4933:
4248:"In South Africa, Opposition Flares against Giant SKA Radio Telescope"
3946:"Politics, not security, behind Huawei, ZTE allegations, say analysts"
3754:"Taiwan's TSMC says chip shipments to Huawei not affected by U.S. ban"
606:
375:) that dimple its southwestern provinces; China called their proposal
352:'s ability to provide the highest-resolution images in all astronomy.
295:
6138:
6007:
5235:
4096:"Report and Recommendation of the SKA Site Advisory Committee (SSAC)"
4068:
2763:
2612:
2179:(Press release). Square Kilometre Array Organisation. 12 March 2019.
1626:
1594:
1573:
The SKA is intended to provide observational data from the so-called
1504:
1334:
947:
to give a wide field of view (30 square degrees). ASKAP was built by
870:
497:
330:
4934:
Boolardy Station and the Murchison Radio-Astronomy Observatory (MRO)
4303:
4278:
3154:"SKA SA – Square Kilometre Array radio telescope (SKA) South Africa"
1380:
503:
with the completion date estimated as 2028. The site has been named
6133:
5868:
5720:
Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Science
5610:
4722:
4667:
4611:
4581:
4534:
4484:
4424:
4366:
4335:"Galaxy Evolution, Cosmology And Dark Energy – Further Information"
3979:
3035:
2233:
1578:
1542:
1514:
1289:
1281:
1057:
952:
913:
854:
823:
799:
602:
Artist's impression of a Low-Band SKA Sparse Aperture Array Station
426:
5036:
4944:
3902:"Overview of Cryptography and the Defence Trade Controls Act 2012"
3724:"SKA telescope to generate more data than entire Internet in 2020"
3645:
3552:
3224:
1360:(NUMSA), which added to the delays of the installation of dishes.
1325:
2010, concerns were raised over the will to enforce this law when
963:
555:
The SKA will combine the signals received from thousands of small
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
5461:
1971:
1633:
or moons are most likely to have environments favourable for the
1492:
1433:
1277:
1078:
976:
878:
493:
461:
402:
providing an operational array, with Phase 2 completion in 2025.
4714:
Advancing Astrophysics with the Square Kilometre Array (Aaska14)
4659:
Advancing Astrophysics with the Square Kilometre Array (Aaska14)
4603:
Advancing Astrophysics with the Square Kilometre Array (Aaska14)
4526:
Advancing Astrophysics with the Square Kilometre Array (Aaska14)
4416:
Advancing Astrophysics with the Square Kilometre Array (Aaska14)
4358:
Advancing Astrophysics with the Square Kilometre Array (Aaska14)
1441:
951:
at the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory site, located near
563:. Some of the sub-arrays of the SKA will also have a very large
27:
Radio telescope under construction in Australia and South Africa
6491:
6406:
5481:
5086:
5025:
4864:
3412:
3333:
3179:
2291:"UK, India Scientists To Collaborate In Astronomy, Bio-Imaging"
1293:
882:
282:
69:
4790:
The Square Kilometre Array Project Description for Astro 2010
4768:
3619:
3308:"e-MERLIN / VLBI National Radio Astronomy Facility - e-MERLIN"
1017:
782:
6743:
6441:
6346:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6251:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6161:
6156:
5600:
3307:
1677:
1330:
1301:
1297:
1143:
Requirements for the SKA itself are about 100 times greater.
984:
948:
921:
917:
888:
862:
858:
846:
376:
372:
4651:
4472:
1155:
40 Gbit/s from correlator to processor (~ 600 km)
325:
in the United Kingdom. The SKA cores are being built in the
6529:
5082:
4976:
4574:
4216:
3387:"Sydney Institute for Astronomy - The University of Sydney"
3359:
1765:"An Optimal Design of Array Configuration of KARST for SKA"
1614:
681:
In February 2021, the members of the SKAO consortium were:
620:
three spiral arms, extending out to a radius of 50 km.
551:
Countries that participated in the preparatory phase of SKA
356:
6827:
4032:"Mining plans pose threat to South African astronomy site"
3786:
3593:
3490:
1280:
a day of raw data, which could be compressed to around 10
1126:
4406:
4351:
2229:"SKA: Construction to begin on world's biggest telescope"
1860:"Jodrell Bank chosen as base for largest radio telescope"
672:
Square Kilometre Array Organisation (SKAO) membership map
610:
Artist's impression of a SKA Dense Aperture Array Station
534:(UKRI) are investigating the possibility of establishing
501:
were expected to start working on the site in early 2023,
5378:
Combined Array for Research in Millimeter-wave Astronomy
4881:
4516:
3516:
2027:"Africa and Australasia to share Square Kilometre Array"
1655:, by identifying spectral lines at specific frequencies.
1651:(carbon-containing chemicals) in outer space, including
1341:, an activity that would have the potential to increase
1032:
emitted prior to, and during the epoch of reionization.
6083:
4995:
3153:
1740:"Kilometer-square Area Radio Synthesis Telescope—KARST"
1307:
1153:~10 Tbit/s from antennas to correlator (< 6 km)
263:
4595:
3465:"India's GMRT telescope granted SKA pathfinder status"
2906:"Construction starts on SKA Organisation headquarters"
1472:
6780:
4707:
4279:"Giant SKA telescope rattles South African community"
4129:"October 2014 - Strike delays SKA Dish Installations"
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
5007:
4064:"Mozambique: Exact Location of SKA Telescope Sought"
3771:"Xilinx Powers Huawei FPGA Accelerated Cloud Server"
1967:"Australia on the outer for largest space telescope"
1437:
Artist's impression of the Offset Gregorian Antennas
932:
1600:
4765:"Radio Astronomy: Something Kinda Awesome, (SKA)""
2876:"Spain joins the SKA Organisation - SKA Telescope"
2120:
1994:"Further delays signalled in super-telescope plan"
1203:8 h to write 12 h of data to disk at 10 GB/s
999:
5482:Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network
4010:South African Radio Astronomy Observatory - SARAO
1312:The Technology Development Project, or TDP, is a
1010:The Murchison Widefield Array is a low-frequency
6888:
1515:Galaxies, cosmology, dark matter and dark energy
763:Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research
4827:. T.J.W. Lazio, J.C. Tarter, D.J. Wilner. 2004.
4337:. Skatelescope.org. 25 May 2012. Archived from
3281:"Electronic Multi Beam Radio Astronomy ConcEpt"
2661:"REPORT AND OPTIONS FOR RE-BASELINING OF SKA-1"
1673:Five-hundred-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope
1319:
845:, at an elevation of about 1000 metres, in the
790:The headquarters of the SKA are located at the
409:The SKA headquarters at Jodrell Bank, with the
377:Kilometer-square Area Radio Synthesis Telescope
5368:Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment
2255:
2253:
2251:
2177:"Founding Members Sign SKA Observatory Treaty"
709:French National Centre for Scientific Research
400:was scheduled to take place from 2018 to 2020,
6069:
5052:
4940:Photographs from the Boolardy site, June 2010
4120:
3541:
2169:
1187:including data validation, source extraction,
853:Province. There are also distant stations in
504:
388:Australian Communications and Media Authority
5358:Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder
5010:"Where to Build The Square Kilometre Array?"
3491:"The Allen Telescope Array - SETI Institute"
2634:"Square Kilometre Array Project - Rau's IAS"
2354:
2352:
2164:Technical information: the operational model
1958:
1852:
1647:will also use the SKA to search for complex
1499:detectors, or timing pulsars found orbiting
1254:Electronic MultiBeam Radio Astronomy ConcEpt
1053:Electronic MultiBeam Radio Astronomy ConcEpt
939:Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder
623:SKA-mid array: an array of several thousand
6922:Science and technology in Western Australia
6545:President of South Africa Residence Nkandla
5152:500 meter Aperture Spherical Telescope
4908:"Australian SKA Planning Office Newsletter"
4605:. Vol. 14, no. 2015. p. 19.
4153:
3831:
2248:
2097:
2071:
1828:
1826:
1511:are needed to account for these phenomena.
1018:Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA)
444:in the UK, officially opened in July 2019.
6076:
6062:
5059:
5045:
2335:
1805:"Planning for the radio astronomy service"
1680:– a 1990s Chinese proposal to host the SKA
889:Precursors, pathfinders and design studies
830:, 315 km (196 mi) north-east of
271:
250:
236:
209:
105:
84:
68:
4739:
4721:
4684:
4666:
4628:
4610:
4580:
4551:
4533:
4493:
4483:
4441:
4423:
4383:
4365:
4302:
3834:"The SKA LOW correlator design challenge"
3551:
3223:
3121:
2349:
2045:
1931:
1568:
1421:Learn how and when to remove this message
769:Science and Technology Facilities Council
5472:Molonglo Observatory Synthesis Telescope
5309:Warkworth Radio Astronomical Observatory
4813:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4805:
4029:
3864:
2259:
1901:
1899:
1823:
1440:
1432:
1089:
962:
912:
781:
757:École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
667:
615:SKA-low array: a phased array of simple
605:
597:
546:
404:
6744:Rheinmetall Denel Munition South Africa
6535:Mahlamba Ndlopfu Presidential Residence
3594:"The Square Kilometre Array - SKA-AAVP"
3090:
2526:
2524:
1964:
1545:throughout the Universe will provide a
1215:accessed using VO tools & services
908:
249:1 km (11,000,000 sq ft)
14:
6917:Science and technology in South Africa
6889:
6540:Sefako Makgatho Presidential Residence
3977:
3867:"Intel FPGAs: Accelerating the Future"
2949:
2430:from the original on 21 September 2015
2370:from the original on 21 September 2015
1763:Su, Yan; et al. (February 2003).
1465:as well as extending the range of the
745:Institute of Astrophysics of Andalusia
721:National Centre for Radio Astrophysics
6724:BAE Systems Land Systems South Africa
6530:Nelson Mandela Qunu Village residence
6057:
5973:Cosmic microwave background radiation
5710:Pushchino Radio Astronomy Observatory
5432:Large Latin American Millimeter Array
5040:
5008:Merrifield, Michael; Crowther, Paul.
4897:"The Square Kilometre Array Category"
4802:
4762:
4245:
4126:
3716:
3626:from the original on 23 February 2017
3366:from the original on 17 November 2016
2658:
2592:"Developing technologies for SKA-Low"
2472:
2315:
2260:Clifford, Rachael (5 December 2022).
2085:from the original on 23 February 2015
1932:Carpenter, Avery (22 February 2012).
1896:
1738:Nan, R.; et al. (16 June 2002).
1248:Square Kilometre Array Design Studies
1233:Aperture Array Verification Programme
816:Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory
392:Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory
123:Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory
6581:Northern Cape Provincial Legislature
6038:
5686:National Radio Astronomy Observatory
5580:Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope
4276:
4258:from the original on 4 December 2017
4141:from the original on 1 November 2014
4044:from the original on 5 November 2012
4006:"Astronomy Geographic Advantage Act"
3924:"Australian Export Controls and ICT"
3846:from the original on 22 January 2019
3600:from the original on 2 February 2017
3523:from the original on 31 January 2017
3384:
3340:from the original on 22 October 2016
3243:from the original on 6 December 2014
3190:from the original on 31 January 2017
3160:from the original on 14 January 2017
2806:. SKA Organisation. 11 August 2014.
2786:"Germany joins the SKA Organisation"
2521:
2504:
2226:
2024:
2018:
1752:from the original on 5 October 2016.
1403:adding citations to reliable sources
1374:
1308:Technology Development Project (TDP)
1024:Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array
466:Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array
453:expected to be awarded in late 2020.
6739:South African National Space Agency
6571:Eastern Cape Provincial Legislature
6555:Presidential Residence (Genadendal)
6085:National Key Points in South Africa
5678:Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory
5066:
4887:"Inside the Square Kilometre Array"
4837:Curtin Institute of Radio Astronomy
4108:from the original on 8 January 2016
4076:from the original on 23 August 2012
3986:from the original on 2 October 2016
3958:
3730:. IDG Communications. 7 July 2011.
3445:from the original on 8 January 2016
3314:from the original on 1 January 2017
3305:
3103:from the original on 7 October 2012
3017:
2908:. SKA Organisation. 18 April 2012.
2810:from the original on 8 January 2016
2695:
2677:from the original on 6 October 2015
2572:from the original on 8 January 2016
2542:from the original on 8 January 2016
2400:from the original on 8 January 2016
2270:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2033:from the original on 20 August 2018
1737:
1588:
1535:large-scale structure of the cosmos
1473:Extreme tests of general relativity
1445:Schematic of the SKA Central Region
1296:, integrated into platforms by the
1127:Data challenges of SKA pathfinders
727:National Institute for Astrophysics
699:National Astronomical Observatories
355:The SKAO consortium was founded in
24:
6621:Western Cape Provincial Parliament
5512:Northern Extended Millimeter Array
4227:from the original on 31 March 2017
4197:from the original on 31 March 2017
3926:. Department of Defense(Australia)
3904:. Department of Defense(Australia)
3652:from the original on 28 April 2016
3091:Osborne, Darren (5 October 2012).
3068:"The Square Kilometre Array (SKA)"
2788:. 20 December 2012. Archived from
2736:. SKA Organisation. Archived from
2482:. SKA Organisation. Archived from
2227:Amos, Jonathan (5 December 2022).
2183:from the original on 30 March 2019
2006:from the original on 10 April 2012
1946:from the original on 29 March 2014
1909:. SKA Organisation. Archived from
1793:from the original on 3 March 2016.
1762:
1639:planets capable of supporting life
1621:The SKA will be able to probe the
1529:The sensitivity of the SKA in the
1509:alternatives to general relativity
1267:
687:Department of Industry and Science
25:
6938:
6760:O. R. Tambo International Airport
6679:Onderstepoort Biological Products
6591:North West Provincial Legislature
6217:Durban North Distribution Station
6212:Durban South Distribution Station
5348:Australia Telescope Compact Array
5170:Caltech Submillimeter Observatory
5113:Very Long Baseline Interferometry
4936:– University of Western Australia
4853:
4030:Nordling, Linda (22 March 2011).
3734:from the original on 2 April 2015
3678:from the original on 3 March 2016
2886:from the original on 19 June 2018
2460:from the original on 4 March 2016
2059:from the original on 15 June 2014
1965:Flitton, Daniel (10 March 2012).
1870:from the original on 3 April 2011
1577:(between 300,000 years after the
1559:rate of expansion of the universe
1286:Shanghai Astronomical Observatory
1199:70 PB/yr if all products are kept
1119:
1048:Very Long Baseline Interferometry
933:Australian SKA Pathfinder (ASKAP)
6874:
6862:
6850:
6838:
6826:
6814:
6802:
6790:
6765:King Shaka International Airport
6292:Muldersvlei Transmission Station
6037:
6028:
6027:
5024:
4965:Canadian SKA Consortium web site
4830:
4783:
4756:
4701:
4645:
4589:
4568:
4167:from the original on 1 July 2014
4127:Butoi, Mario (7 November 2014).
3980:"Welcome to the SKA TDP Website"
3832:John Bunton (10 February 2017).
3542:Ray P. Norris (7 January 2011).
3497:from the original on 4 July 2011
3419:from the original on 27 May 2016
3287:from the original on 12 May 2016
3134:from the original on 19 May 2018
2912:from the original on 19 May 2012
2828:
2714:from the original on 2 June 2016
2316:Marar, Anjali (3 January 2024).
2145:from the original on 4 July 2019
1696:– related to the SKA development
1601:Search for extraterrestrial life
1379:
841:The core site is located at the
814:The core site is located at the
777:
281:
6770:Cape Town International Airport
6656:South African Bank Note Company
6611:Houses of Parliament, Cape Town
6477:Transnet Pipeline Witbank Depot
6227:Lotus Park Distribution station
6197:Klaarwater Distribution Station
6157:Grassridge Transmission Station
5402:Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope
5270:UTR-2 decameter radio telescope
4914:. 10 April 2007. Archived from
4510:
4466:
4400:
4345:
4327:
4270:
4239:
4209:
4179:
4088:
4056:
4023:
3998:
3971:
3952:
3938:
3916:
3894:
3876:
3858:
3825:
3780:
3763:
3746:
3690:
3664:
3638:
3612:
3586:
3535:
3509:
3483:
3457:
3431:
3405:
3378:
3352:
3326:
3299:
3273:
3255:
3202:
3172:
3146:
3124:"MeerKAT telescope is complete"
3122:Tshangela, Lebo (16 May 2018).
3115:
3084:
3060:
3041:
3025:Nations vie for giant telescope
2992:
2943:
2924:
2898:
2868:
2822:
2796:
2778:
2752:
2726:
2689:
2652:
2626:
2605:
2584:
2554:
2498:
2442:
2412:
2382:
2309:
2283:
2220:
2195:
2157:
2141:. IOP Publishing. 4 July 2019.
1986:
1390:needs additional citations for
1370:
1218:
1206:
1192:
1180:
1168:
1158:
1146:
1130:
1125:
1084:Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope
1000:Murchison Widefield Array (MWA)
836:
6302:Droeriver Transmission Station
5502:Northern Cross Radio Telescope
5338:Atacama Large Millimeter Array
3801:10.23919/URSIGASS.2017.8104976
2613:"Low-Frequency Aperture Array"
2025:Amos, Jonathan (25 May 2012).
1925:
1882:
1834:"SKA Telescope specifications"
1797:
1756:
1731:
1717:
1539:galaxy formation and evolution
1521:Galaxy formation and evolution
1483:For almost one hundred years,
1358:National Union of Metalworkers
1123:
1035:
542:
431:intergovernmental organisation
13:
1:
6704:Main Telephone Exchange (PPR)
6601:Government Building Nelspruit
6307:Koeberg Nuclear Power Station
4893:magazine online, January 2012
4846:- Cradle of Life. April 2015.
3959:Kan, Michael (9 April 2015).
3865:McNamara, Dan (15 May 2018).
3218:. ISKAF2010 Science Meeting.
2104:UK to be giant telescope's HQ
1710:
1662:civilizations, if they exist.
1243:Preparatory Study for the SKA
1163:750 Tflop/s expected/budgeted
6202:Pegasus Transmission Station
6182:Minerva Transmission Station
6162:Perseus Transmission Station
5952:Gravitational-wave astronomy
5530:Primeval Structure Telescope
4277:Wild, Sarah (23 June 2016).
4246:Sarah, Wild (22 June 2016).
3469:SKA Telescope Public Website
2970:10.1126/science.313.5789.910
2762:. SKA Africa. Archived from
2203:"Precursors and Pathfinders"
1489:general theory of relativity
1320:Project risks and opposition
1222:
1219:
1212:
1207:
1201:5 PB/yr with current funding
1198:
1193:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1169:
1162:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1136:
1131:
809:
739:National Research Foundation
468:(HERA) in South Africa, the
7:
6729:Hartebeeshoek Earth Station
6616:120 Plein Street, Cape Town
6297:Acasia Transmission Station
6222:Athene Transmission Station
6192:Impala Transmission Station
6177:Apollo Transmission Station
5864:Christiaan Alexander Muller
5730:Vermilion River Observatory
5638:Algonquin Radio Observatory
5103:Astronomical interferometer
4977:SKA Design Studies web site
3080:(3): 3 – via Sabinet.
2053:"Australia - SKA Telescope"
1666:
1557:and causing the increasing
1479:Tests of general relativity
1189:cross-identification, etc.
1111:Low-Frequency Array (LOFAR)
703:Chinese Academy of Sciences
528:Department of Atomic Energy
506:Inyarrimanha Ilgari Bundara
10:
6943:
6927:Interferometric telescopes
6467:Bosloop Water Pump Station
6417:Tarlton Distribution Depot
6342:OilTanking Grindrod Calulo
6172:Hydra Transmission Station
5204:Large Millimeter Telescope
1518:
1476:
1108:
1093:
1021:
1003:
974:
967:MeerKAT telescopes in the
958:
936:
676:
532:UK Research and Innovation
505:
484:(46 mi), also in the
363:
6752:
6664:
6596:KwaZulu-Natal Legislature
6563:
6520:
6457:Grootfontein Pump Station
6330:
6207:Drakensberg Power Station
6147:
6091:
6023:
5960:
5922:
5776:
5741:
5628:
5593:
5492:Murchison Widefield Array
5412:Green Bank Interferometer
5320:
5236:RATAN-600 Radio Telescope
5142:
5127:
5119:Astronomical radio source
5074:
4996:SKA South Africa web site
4528:. arXiv.org. p. 32.
4418:. arXiv.org. p. 31.
3562:10.1109/eScienceW.2010.13
3030:29 September 2006 at the
2343:"Participating countries"
1213:all data in public domain
1063:Expanded Very Large Array
1006:Murchison Widefield Array
693:National Research Council
474:Murchison Widefield Array
470:Australian SKA Pathfinder
292:
279:
258:
245:
227:
217:
197:
129:
114:
92:
79:
67:
6684:SSA Communication Centre
6586:Pretoria Union Buildings
6472:Nooitgedact Pump Station
6452:Rieftontein Pump Station
6412:Airport e-Natis Facility
6252:Sol Transmission Station
5702:Onsala Space Observatory
5694:Nançay Radio Observatory
5670:Jodrell Bank Observatory
5570:Very Long Baseline Array
5246:Sardinia Radio Telescope
4982:30 December 2011 at the
4950:23 November 2018 at the
4842:26 February 2015 at the
3756:. Reuters. 23 May 2019.
3700:. ASTRON. Archived from
3262:Aerospace-Technology.com
1684:List of radio telescopes
1225:cross-correlation, etc.
1220:Data-intensive research
1104:
1030:atomic hydrogen emission
796:Jodrell Bank Observatory
792:University of Manchester
751:Onsala Space Observatory
656:
442:Jodrell Bank Observatory
423:University of Manchester
419:Jodrell Bank Observatory
329:, where the view of the
323:Jodrell Bank Observatory
287:Related media on Commons
182:26.697028°S 116.631278°E
6317:Ankerlig Power Station
6187:Grootvlei Power Station
6139:Mokolo Dam Pump Station
5932:Submillimetre astronomy
5544:Australia, South Africa
5396:Event Horizon Telescope
3360:"Long Wavelength Array"
1772:Acta Astronomica Sinica
1725:"SKA Timeline - SKA UK"
1329:applied to explore the
1160:Large processing power
1150:telescope to processor
715:Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
386:was established by the
333:galaxy is the best and
6897:Square Kilometre Array
6674:Square Kilometre Array
6576:Free State Legislature
6507:FA Production Platform
6367:Kroonstad Pump Station
6357:Coalbrook Pump Station
6352:Bethlehem Pump Station
6312:Gourikwa Power Station
6237:Hendrina Power Station
6150:and transmission sites
6148:Electricity generation
5654:Green Bank Observatory
5540:Square Kilometre Array
5031:Square Kilometre Array
4882:SKA Australia web site
2760:"SKA site bid outcome"
2734:"The project timeline"
2207:Square Kilometre Array
2109:2 October 2018 at the
2079:"The SKA Organisation"
1595:cosmic magnetic fields
1569:Epoch of re-ionization
1446:
1438:
1223:data mining, stacking,
1101:low-cost manufacture.
1073:SKA Molonglo Prototype
1042:APERture Tile in Focus
972:
929:
787:
673:
611:
603:
552:
414:
307:Square Kilometre Array
187:-26.697028; 116.631278
80:Alternative names
63:Square Kilometre Array
18:Square Kilometer Array
6487:Zaaihoek Pump Station
6462:Vygeboom Pump Station
6287:Matimba Power Station
6167:Lethabo Power Station
5947:High-energy astronomy
5834:Sebastian von Hoerner
5442:Long Wavelength Array
5388:European VLBI Network
5328:Allen Telescope Array
5228:Qitai Radio Telescope
4954:- Novel about the SKA
4823:15 March 2015 at the
3839:. CSIRO. p. 30.
3212:The latest on Apertif
3054:27 April 2014 at the
2936:11 April 2018 at the
2698:"SKA Baseline Design"
2420:"SKA Aperture Arrays"
2002:. AFP. 5 April 2012.
1694:Mills Cross Telescope
1463:particle astrophysics
1444:
1436:
1096:Allen Telescope Array
1090:Allen Telescope Array
1068:Long Wavelength Array
989:Meerkat National Park
969:Meerkat National Park
966:
916:
843:Meerkat National Park
785:
671:
629:Allen Telescope Array
609:
601:
550:
514:sharing sky and stars
408:
151:30.72111°S 21.41111°E
119:Meerkat National Park
48:30.72111°S 21.41111°E
6667:and technology sites
6502:PetroSA GTL Refinery
6482:Khutala Pump Station
6447:Jericho Pump Station
6282:Majuba Power Station
6277:Komati Power Station
6272:Kendal Power Station
6267:Tutuka Power Station
6232:Camden Power Station
6015:Solar radio emission
5804:Jocelyn Bell Burnell
5662:Haystack Observatory
5196:Green Bank Telescope
5180:Effelsberg Telescope
5033:at Wikimedia Commons
4818:SKA - Cradle Of Life
4795:24 July 2018 at the
4341:on 9 September 2012.
4163:. SKA Organisation.
3773:. 6 September 2017.
3441:. 5 September 2014.
3267:15 June 2012 at the
3184:www.mwatelescope.org
3038:, 28 September 2006.
2515:10.1117/2.3201407.12
2166:(SKA, 2 August 2018)
2081:. SKA Organisation.
1607:protoplanetary discs
1399:improve this article
1339:hydraulic fracturing
1238:Canadian SKA Program
1194:Storage and duration
1177:10 MW for processor
1148:Large bandwidth from
928:in Western Australia
909:Precursor facilities
246:Collecting area
228:Telescope style
6907:Proposed telescopes
6641:SARB Port Elizabeth
6626:SARB Port Elizabeth
6606:Limpopo Legislature
6262:Duvha Power Station
6257:Matla Power Station
6247:Arnot Power Station
6242:Kriel Power Station
5988:Pulsar timing array
5794:Edward George Bowen
5784:Elizabeth Alexander
5646:Arecibo Observatory
5550:Submillimeter Array
5452:Low-Frequency Array
5422:Korean VLBI Network
5288:Southern Hemisphere
5199:(West Virginia, US)
4870:SKA on Scholarpedia
4771:on 11 December 2014
4741:10.22323/1.215.0018
4732:2015aska.confE..18J
4686:10.22323/1.215.0017
4677:2015aska.confE..17A
4630:10.22323/1.215.0019
4621:2015aska.confE..19S
4553:10.22323/1.215.0032
4544:2015aska.confE..32S
4495:10.22323/1.215.0025
4443:10.22323/1.215.0031
4434:2015aska.confE..31R
4385:10.22323/1.215.0024
4376:2015aska.confE..24B
4295:2016Natur.534..444W
4252:Scientific American
4134:Mail & Guardian
3978:Chatterjee, Shami.
3704:on 26 December 2017
3393:on 18 February 2017
3234:2010iska.meetE..43O
3050:, 16 February 2007
2480:"Facts and figures"
2345:. SKA Organisation.
1913:on 4 September 2012
1811:on 9 September 2007
1784:2003AcASn..44S..31S
1635:development of life
1531:21 cm hydrogen line
1467:observable universe
1455:fundamental physics
1182:Pipeline processing
530:(DAE) in India and
496:Aboriginal people.
327:southern hemisphere
178: /
156:-30.72111; 21.41111
147: /
121:, South Africa and
74:Artist's impression
64:
53:-30.72111; 21.41111
44: /
6714:African Explosives
6694:Denel Land Systems
6397:Total Depot Alrode
6392:Sasol Depot Alrode
6382:Shell Depot Alrode
6362:Sasol Pump Station
6092:Water supply sites
5968:Aperture synthesis
5937:Infrared astronomy
5874:Joseph Lade Pawsey
5844:Kenneth Kellermann
5814:Nan Dieter-Conklin
5522:One-Mile Telescope
5301:Parkes Observatory
4193:. 5 January 2017.
3886:. 22 August 2019.
3672:"SKADS Technology"
3048:Science Network WA
2931:Co-hosting the SKA
2860:has generic name (
2792:on 6 January 2013.
2638:compass.rauias.com
2322:The Indian Express
1907:"The organisation"
1631:Earth-like planets
1497:gravitational wave
1447:
1439:
1343:radio interference
1141:budgeted for ASKAP
973:
945:phased array feeds
930:
788:
674:
612:
604:
569:focal-plane arrays
561:aperture synthesis
553:
415:
382:Australia's first
335:radio interference
62:
6778:
6777:
6651:SARB Johannesburg
6636:SARB Bloemfontein
6523:residential sites
6372:Magdala TPL Depot
6051:
6050:
5993:Radio propagation
5942:Optical astronomy
5839:Karl Guthe Jansky
5649:(Puerto Rico, US)
5624:
5623:
5416:West Virginia, US
5165:(Puerto Rico, US)
5162:Arecibo Telescope
5029:Media related to
5014:Deep Space Videos
4289:(7608): 444–446.
4221:savethekaroo.com/
3948:. 8 October 2012.
3810:978-90-825987-0-4
3571:978-1-4244-8988-6
3471:. 6 February 2015
3413:"NENUFAR website"
3385:Gaensler, Bryan.
2297:. 18 October 2023
2113:. Jonathan Amos,
1892:. 20 August 2019.
1649:organic compounds
1547:three-dimensional
1431:
1430:
1423:
1327:Royal Dutch Shell
1274:signal processing
1229:
1228:
1208:Retrieval of data
1170:Power consumption
849:area of the arid
828:Western Australia
761:The Netherlands:
490:traditional lands
478:Western Australia
413:in the background
337:is at its least.
315:intergovernmental
303:
302:
16:(Redirected from
6934:
6912:Radio telescopes
6879:
6878:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6855:
6854:
6853:
6843:
6842:
6841:
6831:
6830:
6819:
6818:
6817:
6807:
6806:
6795:
6794:
6793:
6786:
6689:CSIR Wind Tunnel
6631:SARB East London
6564:Government sites
6497:PetroSA Voorbaai
6492:Chevron Refinery
6437:Rustenburg Depot
6427:Langlaagte Depot
6422:Klerksdorp Depot
6335:processing sites
6078:
6071:
6064:
6055:
6054:
6041:
6040:
6031:
6030:
6008:HD 164595 signal
5983:Odd radio circle
5961:Related articles
5879:Ruby Payne-Scott
5809:Arthur Covington
5799:Ronald Bracewell
5769:
5761:
5753:
5734:
5725:
5715:
5706:
5698:
5690:
5682:
5674:
5666:
5658:
5650:
5642:
5616:
5606:
5585:
5575:
5565:
5560:Very Large Array
5555:
5545:
5535:
5526:
5517:
5507:
5497:
5487:
5477:
5467:
5457:
5447:
5437:
5436:Argentina/Brazil
5427:
5417:
5407:
5392:
5383:
5373:
5363:
5353:
5343:
5333:
5313:
5305:
5297:
5289:
5282:
5278:Yevpatoria RT-70
5274:
5266:
5258:
5250:
5241:
5232:
5224:
5216:
5212:Lovell Telescope
5208:
5200:
5192:
5184:
5175:
5166:
5157:
5140:
5139:
5129:Radio telescopes
5061:
5054:
5047:
5038:
5037:
5028:
5021:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4920:
4901:The Conversation
4847:
4834:
4828:
4815:
4800:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4767:. Archived from
4760:
4754:
4753:
4743:
4725:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4688:
4670:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4632:
4614:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4572:
4566:
4565:
4555:
4537:
4514:
4508:
4507:
4497:
4487:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4445:
4427:
4404:
4398:
4397:
4387:
4369:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4306:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4263:
4243:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4217:"Save the Karoo"
4213:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4202:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4174:
4172:
4157:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4146:
4124:
4118:
4117:
4115:
4113:
4107:
4100:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4083:
4081:
4072:. 26 June 2012.
4060:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4002:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3975:
3969:
3968:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3933:
3931:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3898:
3892:
3891:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3862:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3851:
3845:
3838:
3829:
3823:
3822:
3795:. pp. 1–4.
3784:
3778:
3777:
3767:
3761:
3760:
3750:
3744:
3743:
3741:
3739:
3720:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3709:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3685:
3683:
3668:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3657:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3555:
3539:
3533:
3532:
3530:
3528:
3513:
3507:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3461:
3455:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3409:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3398:
3389:. Archived from
3382:
3376:
3375:
3373:
3371:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3277:
3271:
3259:
3253:
3252:
3250:
3248:
3242:
3227:
3217:
3206:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3195:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3139:
3119:
3113:
3112:
3110:
3108:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3064:
3058:
3045:
3039:
3021:
3015:
3014:
3012:
3010:
2996:
2990:
2989:
2947:
2941:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2917:
2902:
2896:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2882:. 19 June 2018.
2872:
2866:
2865:
2859:
2855:
2853:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2800:
2794:
2793:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2740:on 5 August 2012
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2713:
2702:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2676:
2665:
2656:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2640:. 3 January 2024
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2609:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2528:
2519:
2518:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2416:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2396:. 9 March 2015.
2386:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2360:"The SKA Layout"
2356:
2347:
2346:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2330:
2328:
2313:
2307:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2276:
2257:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2241:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2131:
2118:
2117:. 29 April 2015.
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2064:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2011:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1951:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1903:
1894:
1893:
1886:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1875:
1866:. 2 April 2011.
1856:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1830:
1821:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1807:. Archived from
1801:
1795:
1794:
1792:
1769:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1744:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1721:
1660:extraterrestrial
1589:Cosmic magnetism
1426:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1383:
1375:
1315:
1165:1 Pflop desired
1124:
924:antennas at the
826:in the state of
767:United Kingdom:
521:Wajarri language
518:
515:
512:
508:
507:
502:
486:Murchison region
454:
411:Lovell Telescope
401:
384:radio quiet zone
342:square kilometre
296:edit on Wikidata
285:
275:
270:
267:
265:
254:
241:
240:
223:2027 (projected)
219:First light
213:
208:
206:
193:
192:
190:
189:
188:
183:
179:
176:
175:
174:
171:
162:
161:
159:
158:
157:
152:
148:
145:
144:
143:
140:
110:
109:
97:square kilometre
93:Named after
88:
72:
65:
61:
59:
58:
56:
55:
54:
49:
45:
42:
41:
40:
37:
21:
6942:
6941:
6937:
6936:
6935:
6933:
6932:
6931:
6887:
6886:
6885:
6873:
6863:
6861:
6851:
6849:
6839:
6837:
6825:
6815:
6813:
6801:
6791:
6789:
6781:
6779:
6774:
6748:
6666:
6660:
6559:
6522:
6516:
6377:Wilge TPL Depot
6347:Natref Refinery
6334:
6332:
6326:
6149:
6143:
6087:
6082:
6052:
6047:
6019:
5956:
5924:
5918:
5904:Gart Westerhout
5772:
5767:
5759:
5751:
5737:
5732:
5723:
5713:
5712:(PRAO ASC LPI,
5704:
5696:
5688:
5680:
5672:
5664:
5656:
5648:
5640:
5620:
5614:
5604:
5589:
5583:
5573:
5563:
5553:
5543:
5533:
5524:
5515:
5505:
5495:
5485:
5475:
5465:
5455:
5445:
5435:
5425:
5415:
5405:
5390:
5381:
5371:
5361:
5351:
5341:
5331:
5321:Interferometers
5316:
5311:
5303:
5295:
5287:
5280:
5272:
5264:
5262:Usuda Telescope
5256:
5248:
5239:
5230:
5222:
5214:
5206:
5198:
5190:
5182:
5173:
5164:
5155:
5144:
5131:
5123:
5093:Radio telescope
5070:
5068:Radio astronomy
5065:
4984:Wayback Machine
4952:Wayback Machine
4945:A Trojan Affair
4924:
4922:
4918:
4906:
4856:
4851:
4850:
4844:Wayback Machine
4835:
4831:
4825:Wayback Machine
4816:
4803:
4797:Wayback Machine
4788:
4784:
4774:
4772:
4761:
4757:
4706:
4702:
4650:
4646:
4594:
4590:
4573:
4569:
4515:
4511:
4478:. p. 025.
4471:
4467:
4405:
4401:
4360:. p. 024.
4350:
4346:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4304:10.1038/534444a
4275:
4271:
4261:
4259:
4244:
4240:
4230:
4228:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4200:
4198:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4170:
4168:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4144:
4142:
4125:
4121:
4111:
4109:
4105:
4098:
4094:
4093:
4089:
4079:
4077:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4047:
4045:
4028:
4024:
4014:
4012:
4004:
4003:
3999:
3989:
3987:
3976:
3972:
3957:
3953:
3944:
3943:
3939:
3929:
3927:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3907:
3905:
3900:
3899:
3895:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3863:
3859:
3849:
3847:
3843:
3836:
3830:
3826:
3811:
3785:
3781:
3769:
3768:
3764:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3737:
3735:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3707:
3705:
3696:
3695:
3691:
3681:
3679:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3655:
3653:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3629:
3627:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3603:
3601:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3572:
3540:
3536:
3526:
3524:
3517:"LOFAR - LOFAR"
3515:
3514:
3510:
3500:
3498:
3489:
3488:
3484:
3474:
3472:
3463:
3462:
3458:
3448:
3446:
3437:
3436:
3432:
3422:
3420:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3396:
3394:
3383:
3379:
3369:
3367:
3358:
3357:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3304:
3300:
3290:
3288:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3269:Wayback Machine
3260:
3256:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3215:
3207:
3203:
3193:
3191:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3163:
3161:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3135:
3120:
3116:
3106:
3104:
3089:
3085:
3066:
3065:
3061:
3056:Wayback Machine
3046:
3042:
3032:Wayback Machine
3022:
3018:
3008:
3006:
2998:
2997:
2993:
2948:
2944:
2938:Wayback Machine
2929:
2925:
2915:
2913:
2904:
2903:
2899:
2889:
2887:
2874:
2873:
2869:
2857:
2856:
2847:
2846:
2839:
2837:
2827:
2823:
2813:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2784:
2783:
2779:
2769:
2767:
2766:on 26 June 2014
2758:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2741:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2700:
2696:Dewdney, P. E.
2694:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2663:
2657:
2653:
2643:
2641:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2573:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2530:
2529:
2522:
2503:
2499:
2489:
2487:
2486:on 28 July 2012
2478:
2477:
2473:
2463:
2461:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2403:
2401:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2373:
2371:
2358:
2357:
2350:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2326:
2324:
2314:
2310:
2300:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2284:
2274:
2272:
2258:
2249:
2239:
2237:
2225:
2221:
2211:
2209:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2186:
2184:
2175:
2174:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2148:
2146:
2133:
2132:
2121:
2111:Wayback Machine
2102:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2062:
2060:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2036:
2034:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2007:
1992:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1963:
1959:
1949:
1947:
1930:
1926:
1916:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1873:
1871:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1832:
1831:
1824:
1814:
1812:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1790:
1767:
1761:
1757:
1749:
1742:
1736:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1713:
1705:Project Cyclops
1700:Simon Ratcliffe
1669:
1645:Astrobiologists
1611:habitable zones
1603:
1591:
1571:
1527:
1519:Main articles:
1517:
1485:Albert Einstein
1481:
1475:
1427:
1416:
1410:
1407:
1396:
1384:
1373:
1322:
1313:
1310:
1270:
1268:Data challenges
1224:
1214:
1209:
1202:
1200:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1176:
1171:
1164:
1154:
1149:
1142:
1140:
1122:
1113:
1107:
1098:
1092:
1038:
1026:
1020:
1008:
1002:
979:
961:
941:
935:
911:
891:
839:
820:Mileura Station
812:
780:
679:
659:
617:dipole antennas
545:
516:
513:
510:
500:
452:
417:In April 2011,
399:
366:
350:radio astronomy
319:radio telescope
299:
262:
235:
204:
202:
186:
184:
180:
177:
172:
169:
167:
165:
164:
155:
153:
149:
146:
141:
138:
136:
134:
133:
104:
75:
52:
50:
46:
43:
38:
35:
33:
31:
30:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6940:
6930:
6929:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6884:
6883:
6871:
6859:
6847:
6835:
6823:
6811:
6799:
6776:
6775:
6773:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6756:
6754:
6750:
6749:
6747:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6719:Denel Aviation
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6699:Denel Dynamics
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6670:
6668:
6665:Space, science
6662:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6618:
6613:
6608:
6603:
6598:
6593:
6588:
6583:
6578:
6573:
6567:
6565:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6526:
6524:
6518:
6517:
6515:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6434:
6432:Meyerton Depot
6429:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6409:
6407:Chevron Texaco
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6387:Chevron Alrode
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6338:
6336:
6333:fuel depot and
6328:
6327:
6325:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6214:
6209:
6204:
6199:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6153:
6151:
6145:
6144:
6142:
6141:
6136:
6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6106:
6101:
6095:
6093:
6089:
6088:
6081:
6080:
6073:
6066:
6058:
6049:
6048:
6046:
6045:
6035:
6024:
6021:
6020:
6018:
6017:
6012:
6011:
6010:
6005:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5978:Interferometry
5975:
5970:
5964:
5962:
5958:
5957:
5955:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5934:
5928:
5926:
5920:
5919:
5917:
5916:
5911:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5859:Bernard Lovell
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5811:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5791:
5789:John G. Bolton
5786:
5780:
5778:
5774:
5773:
5771:
5770:
5762:
5757:ESA New Norcia
5754:
5745:
5743:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5727:
5717:
5707:
5699:
5691:
5683:
5675:
5667:
5659:
5651:
5643:
5634:
5632:
5626:
5625:
5622:
5621:
5619:
5618:
5608:
5597:
5595:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5587:
5577:
5567:
5564:New Mexico, US
5557:
5547:
5537:
5527:
5519:
5509:
5499:
5489:
5479:
5469:
5459:
5449:
5446:New Mexico, US
5439:
5429:
5419:
5409:
5399:
5393:
5385:
5382:California, US
5375:
5365:
5355:
5345:
5335:
5332:California, US
5324:
5322:
5318:
5317:
5315:
5314:
5306:
5298:
5296:(South Africa)
5290:
5284:
5283:
5275:
5267:
5259:
5251:
5243:
5233:
5225:
5220:Ooty Telescope
5217:
5209:
5201:
5193:
5185:
5177:
5167:
5159:
5148:
5146:
5137:
5125:
5124:
5122:
5121:
5116:
5110:
5100:
5090:
5078:
5076:
5072:
5071:
5064:
5063:
5056:
5049:
5041:
5035:
5034:
5022:
4999:
4998:
4987:
4986:
4968:
4967:
4956:
4955:
4942:
4937:
4931:
4921:on 12 May 2012
4904:
4894:
4884:
4873:
4872:
4867:
4855:
4854:External links
4852:
4849:
4848:
4829:
4801:
4782:
4763:RiAus (2011).
4755:
4716:. p. 18.
4700:
4661:. p. 17.
4644:
4588:
4567:
4509:
4465:
4399:
4344:
4326:
4269:
4238:
4208:
4178:
4152:
4119:
4087:
4055:
4022:
3997:
3970:
3951:
3937:
3915:
3893:
3875:
3857:
3824:
3809:
3779:
3762:
3745:
3715:
3689:
3663:
3637:
3611:
3585:
3570:
3546:. p. 21.
3534:
3508:
3482:
3456:
3430:
3404:
3377:
3351:
3334:"Expanded VLA"
3325:
3306:Beswick, Rob.
3298:
3272:
3254:
3201:
3171:
3145:
3114:
3099:. Abc.net.au.
3083:
3059:
3040:
3016:
2991:
2942:
2923:
2897:
2867:
2829:Desk, DH Web.
2821:
2795:
2777:
2751:
2725:
2688:
2659:McPherson, A.
2651:
2625:
2604:
2583:
2553:
2520:
2497:
2471:
2441:
2411:
2381:
2348:
2334:
2308:
2282:
2247:
2219:
2194:
2168:
2156:
2119:
2096:
2070:
2044:
2017:
1999:The Australian
1985:
1957:
1924:
1895:
1881:
1851:
1840:. 28 June 2022
1822:
1796:
1755:
1730:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1668:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1642:
1623:habitable zone
1602:
1599:
1590:
1587:
1570:
1567:
1551:hypothetically
1516:
1513:
1477:Main article:
1474:
1471:
1429:
1428:
1387:
1385:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1321:
1318:
1314:US$ 12 million
1309:
1306:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1172:of processors
1167:
1166:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1138:Specifications
1135:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1120:Design studies
1118:
1109:Main article:
1106:
1103:
1094:Main article:
1091:
1088:
1087:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1055:
1050:
1045:
1037:
1034:
1022:Main article:
1019:
1016:
1004:Main article:
1001:
998:
975:Main article:
960:
957:
937:Main article:
934:
931:
910:
907:
906:
905:
902:
899:
890:
887:
838:
835:
811:
808:
779:
776:
772:
771:
765:
759:
753:
747:
741:
737:South Africa:
735:
733:Portugal Space
729:
723:
717:
711:
705:
695:
689:
678:
675:
658:
655:
654:
653:
649:
645:
637:
636:
632:
621:
589:
588:
585:
580:construction.
544:
541:
536:supercomputing
509:, which means
365:
362:
346:survey the sky
317:international
301:
300:
293:
290:
289:
277:
276:
260:
256:
255:
247:
243:
242:
229:
225:
224:
221:
215:
214:
199:
195:
194:
131:
127:
126:
116:
112:
111:
94:
90:
89:
81:
77:
76:
73:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6939:
6928:
6925:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6892:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6870:
6860:
6858:
6848:
6846:
6836:
6834:
6829:
6824:
6822:
6812:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6798:
6788:
6787:
6784:
6771:
6768:
6766:
6763:
6761:
6758:
6757:
6755:
6751:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6709:ArcelorMittal
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6663:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6646:SARB Pretoria
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6622:
6619:
6617:
6614:
6612:
6609:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6597:
6594:
6592:
6589:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6568:
6566:
6562:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6550:JL Dube House
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6527:
6525:
6519:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6442:Sasol Secunda
6440:
6438:
6435:
6433:
6430:
6428:
6425:
6423:
6420:
6418:
6415:
6413:
6410:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6339:
6337:
6329:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6268:
6265:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6230:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6208:
6205:
6203:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6193:
6190:
6188:
6185:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6146:
6140:
6137:
6135:
6132:
6130:
6127:
6125:
6122:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6079:
6074:
6072:
6067:
6065:
6060:
6059:
6056:
6044:
6036:
6034:
6026:
6025:
6022:
6016:
6013:
6009:
6006:
6004:
6001:
6000:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5965:
5963:
5959:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5930:
5929:
5927:
5921:
5915:
5914:Robert Wilson
5912:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5899:Govind Swarup
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5854:John D. Kraus
5852:
5850:
5849:Frank J. Kerr
5847:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5837:
5835:
5832:
5830:
5829:Antony Hewish
5827:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5810:
5807:
5805:
5802:
5800:
5797:
5795:
5792:
5790:
5787:
5785:
5782:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5766:
5763:
5758:
5755:
5750:
5747:
5746:
5744:
5740:
5731:
5728:
5721:
5718:
5711:
5708:
5703:
5700:
5695:
5692:
5687:
5684:
5679:
5676:
5671:
5668:
5663:
5660:
5655:
5652:
5647:
5644:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5630:Observatories
5627:
5612:
5609:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5581:
5578:
5571:
5568:
5561:
5558:
5551:
5548:
5541:
5538:
5531:
5528:
5523:
5520:
5513:
5510:
5503:
5500:
5493:
5490:
5483:
5480:
5473:
5470:
5463:
5460:
5453:
5450:
5443:
5440:
5433:
5430:
5423:
5420:
5413:
5410:
5403:
5400:
5397:
5394:
5389:
5386:
5379:
5376:
5369:
5366:
5359:
5356:
5349:
5346:
5339:
5336:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5310:
5307:
5302:
5299:
5294:
5291:
5286:
5285:
5279:
5276:
5271:
5268:
5263:
5260:
5255:
5252:
5247:
5244:
5237:
5234:
5229:
5226:
5221:
5218:
5213:
5210:
5205:
5202:
5197:
5194:
5189:
5188:Galenki RT-70
5186:
5181:
5178:
5171:
5168:
5163:
5160:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5147:
5141:
5138:
5135:
5130:
5126:
5120:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5108:
5104:
5101:
5098:
5094:
5091:
5088:
5084:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5062:
5057:
5055:
5050:
5048:
5043:
5042:
5039:
5032:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5006:
5005:
5004:
5003:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4985:
4981:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4973:
4972:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4935:
4932:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4892:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4879:
4878:
4877:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4862:
4861:
4860:
4859:International
4845:
4841:
4838:
4833:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4814:
4812:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4786:
4770:
4766:
4759:
4751:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4704:
4696:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4648:
4640:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4604:
4600:
4592:
4583:
4578:
4571:
4563:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4545:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4522:
4513:
4505:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4477:
4469:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4412:
4403:
4395:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4368:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4348:
4340:
4336:
4330:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4273:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4242:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4196:
4192:
4191:The Economist
4188:
4182:
4166:
4162:
4161:"SKA Project"
4156:
4140:
4136:
4135:
4130:
4123:
4104:
4097:
4091:
4075:
4071:
4070:
4065:
4059:
4043:
4039:
4038:
4033:
4026:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3985:
3981:
3974:
3966:
3965:Computerworld
3962:
3955:
3947:
3941:
3925:
3919:
3903:
3897:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3872:
3868:
3861:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3783:
3776:
3772:
3766:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3733:
3729:
3728:Computerworld
3725:
3719:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3625:
3621:
3615:
3599:
3595:
3589:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3567:
3563:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3545:
3538:
3522:
3518:
3512:
3496:
3492:
3486:
3470:
3466:
3460:
3444:
3440:
3434:
3418:
3414:
3408:
3392:
3388:
3381:
3365:
3361:
3355:
3339:
3335:
3329:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3258:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3214:
3213:
3205:
3189:
3185:
3181:
3175:
3159:
3155:
3149:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3118:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3079:
3075:
3074:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3020:
3005:
3001:
2995:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2946:
2939:
2935:
2932:
2927:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2885:
2881:
2880:SKA Telescope
2877:
2871:
2863:
2851:
2836:
2835:Deccan Herald
2832:
2825:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2710:
2706:
2705:SKA Telescope
2699:
2692:
2673:
2669:
2668:SKA Telescope
2662:
2655:
2639:
2635:
2629:
2614:
2608:
2593:
2587:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2507:SPIE Newsroom
2501:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2459:
2455:
2454:SKA Telescope
2451:
2445:
2429:
2425:
2424:SKA Telescope
2421:
2415:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2369:
2365:
2364:SKA Telescope
2361:
2355:
2353:
2344:
2338:
2323:
2319:
2312:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2236:
2235:
2230:
2223:
2208:
2204:
2198:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2165:
2160:
2144:
2140:
2139:Physics World
2136:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2058:
2055:. SKA. 2014.
2054:
2048:
2032:
2028:
2021:
2005:
2001:
2000:
1995:
1989:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1961:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1928:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1900:
1891:
1885:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1827:
1810:
1806:
1800:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1766:
1759:
1748:
1741:
1734:
1726:
1720:
1716:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1596:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1522:
1512:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1443:
1435:
1425:
1422:
1414:
1404:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1388:This section
1386:
1382:
1377:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1354:
1351:
1346:
1345:at the site.
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1317:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1261:
1258:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1139:
1134:
1117:
1112:
1102:
1097:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1071:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1025:
1015:
1013:
1007:
997:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
970:
965:
956:
954:
950:
946:
940:
927:
923:
919:
915:
903:
900:
897:
896:
895:
886:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
851:Northern Cape
848:
844:
834:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
807:
803:
801:
797:
793:
784:
778:SKA locations
775:
770:
766:
764:
760:
758:
755:Switzerland:
754:
752:
748:
746:
742:
740:
736:
734:
730:
728:
724:
722:
718:
716:
712:
710:
706:
704:
700:
696:
694:
690:
688:
684:
683:
682:
670:
666:
663:
650:
646:
642:
641:
640:
633:
630:
626:
625:dish antennas
622:
618:
614:
613:
608:
600:
596:
594:
586:
583:
582:
581:
577:
574:
570:
566:
565:field-of-view
562:
558:
549:
540:
537:
533:
529:
524:
522:
499:
495:
491:
487:
481:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
458:
455:
448:
445:
443:
438:
434:
432:
428:
424:
420:
412:
407:
403:
395:
393:
389:
385:
380:
378:
374:
369:
361:
358:
353:
351:
347:
343:
338:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
297:
291:
288:
284:
278:
274:
269:
261:
257:
253:
248:
244:
239:
233:
230:
226:
222:
220:
216:
212:
200:
196:
191:
173:116°37′52.6″E
160:
132:
128:
124:
120:
117:
113:
108:
102:
101:antenna array
98:
95:
91:
87:
82:
78:
71:
66:
60:
57:
19:
6902:Astrobiology
6869:Solar System
6673:
6521:Presidential
6099:Zwartkopjies
5923:Astronomy by
5884:Arno Penzias
5824:Cyril Hazard
5539:
5466:South Africa
5257:(Uzbekistan)
5097:Radio window
5013:
5001:
5000:
4990:South Africa
4989:
4988:
4970:
4969:
4958:
4957:
4923:. Retrieved
4916:the original
4911:
4900:
4890:
4876:Australia/NZ
4875:
4874:
4858:
4857:
4832:
4785:
4773:. Retrieved
4769:the original
4758:
4713:
4709:
4703:
4658:
4654:
4647:
4602:
4598:
4591:
4570:
4525:
4520:
4512:
4475:
4468:
4452:2318/1790152
4415:
4410:
4402:
4357:
4353:
4347:
4339:the original
4329:
4286:
4282:
4272:
4262:19 September
4260:. Retrieved
4251:
4241:
4229:. Retrieved
4220:
4211:
4199:. Retrieved
4190:
4181:
4169:. Retrieved
4155:
4143:. Retrieved
4132:
4122:
4110:. Retrieved
4090:
4078:. Retrieved
4067:
4058:
4046:. Retrieved
4035:
4025:
4013:. Retrieved
4009:
4000:
3988:. Retrieved
3973:
3964:
3954:
3940:
3928:. Retrieved
3918:
3906:. Retrieved
3896:
3887:
3878:
3870:
3860:
3848:. Retrieved
3827:
3792:
3782:
3774:
3765:
3757:
3748:
3736:. Retrieved
3727:
3718:
3706:. Retrieved
3702:the original
3692:
3680:. Retrieved
3666:
3654:. Retrieved
3640:
3628:. Retrieved
3620:"Home - SKA"
3614:
3602:. Retrieved
3588:
3543:
3537:
3525:. Retrieved
3511:
3499:. Retrieved
3485:
3473:. Retrieved
3468:
3459:
3447:. Retrieved
3433:
3421:. Retrieved
3407:
3395:. Retrieved
3391:the original
3380:
3368:. Retrieved
3354:
3342:. Retrieved
3328:
3316:. Retrieved
3301:
3289:. Retrieved
3275:
3257:
3245:. Retrieved
3211:
3204:
3192:. Retrieved
3183:
3180:"MWA - Home"
3174:
3162:. Retrieved
3148:
3136:. Retrieved
3127:
3117:
3105:. Retrieved
3096:
3086:
3077:
3071:
3062:
3043:
3019:
3007:. Retrieved
3003:
2994:
2957:
2951:
2945:
2926:
2914:. Retrieved
2900:
2888:. Retrieved
2879:
2870:
2838:. Retrieved
2834:
2824:
2812:. Retrieved
2798:
2790:the original
2780:
2768:. Retrieved
2764:the original
2754:
2742:. Retrieved
2738:the original
2728:
2716:. Retrieved
2704:
2691:
2679:. Retrieved
2667:
2654:
2642:. Retrieved
2637:
2628:
2616:. Retrieved
2607:
2595:. Retrieved
2586:
2574:. Retrieved
2565:
2556:
2544:. Retrieved
2535:
2506:
2500:
2488:. Retrieved
2484:the original
2474:
2462:. Retrieved
2453:
2444:
2432:. Retrieved
2423:
2414:
2402:. Retrieved
2393:
2384:
2372:. Retrieved
2363:
2337:
2325:. Retrieved
2321:
2311:
2299:. Retrieved
2294:
2285:
2273:. Retrieved
2265:
2238:. Retrieved
2232:
2222:
2210:. Retrieved
2206:
2197:
2185:. Retrieved
2171:
2159:
2147:. Retrieved
2138:
2114:
2099:
2087:. Retrieved
2073:
2061:. Retrieved
2047:
2035:. Retrieved
2020:
2008:. Retrieved
1997:
1988:
1976:. Retrieved
1970:
1960:
1948:. Retrieved
1937:
1927:
1915:. Retrieved
1911:the original
1884:
1872:. Retrieved
1863:
1854:
1844:13 September
1842:. Retrieved
1837:
1813:. Retrieved
1809:the original
1799:
1775:
1771:
1758:
1733:
1719:
1625:of Sun-like
1604:
1592:
1572:
1563:
1528:
1482:
1451:astrophysics
1448:
1417:
1408:
1397:Please help
1392:verification
1389:
1371:Key projects
1365:
1362:
1355:
1347:
1323:
1311:
1271:
1175:1 MW at site
1137:
1132:
1114:
1099:
1027:
1009:
983:
980:
971:in the Karoo
942:
892:
840:
837:South Africa
813:
804:
789:
773:
680:
664:
660:
638:
590:
578:
573:phased-array
554:
525:
482:
472:(ASKAP) and
459:
456:
449:
446:
439:
435:
416:
396:
381:
370:
367:
354:
339:
310:
306:
304:
232:phased array
170:26°41′49.3″S
29:
6857:Outer space
6845:Spaceflight
6109:Vereeniging
6104:Zuikerbosch
6003:Wow! signal
5894:Martin Ryle
5889:Grote Reber
5819:Frank Drake
5760:(Australia)
5594:Space-based
5584:Netherlands
5456:Netherlands
5426:South Korea
5304:(Australia)
5254:Suffa RT-70
5018:Brady Haran
4865:SKA website
2964:: 910–912.
2858:|last=
2566:SKA Science
2536:SKA Science
2394:SKA Science
2212:22 November
1653:amino acids
1583:First Light
1555:dark energy
1525:Dark matter
1501:black holes
1036:Pathfinders
1012:radio array
685:Australia:
543:Description
185: /
154: /
130:Coordinates
125:, Australia
115:Location(s)
51: /
6891:Categories
6331:Crude oil,
5925:EM methods
5145:telescopes
5143:Individual
4723:1501.03825
4668:1501.04035
4612:1501.03989
4582:1501.04076
4535:1501.03820
4485:1501.03851
4425:1501.03821
4367:1501.04088
4171:28 October
4145:1 November
3990:1 February
3656:1 February
3630:1 February
3604:1 February
3527:1 February
3501:1 February
3449:1 February
3423:1 February
3397:1 February
3370:1 February
3344:1 February
3318:1 February
3291:1 February
3194:1 February
3164:1 February
3004:pmg.org.za
2770:28 October
2744:28 October
2618:22 October
2597:22 October
2275:6 December
2240:5 December
2089:28 October
1711:References
1627:protostars
1553:caused by
1541:. Imaging
1495:as cosmic
1350:Mozambique
1184:essential
875:Mozambique
867:Madagascar
731:Portugal:
498:Bulldozers
142:21°24′40″E
139:30°43′16″S
39:21°24′40″E
36:30°43′16″S
6821:Astronomy
5909:Paul Wild
5742:Multi-use
5722:(SAORAS,
5496:Australia
5484:(MERLIN,
5476:Australia
5362:Australia
5352:Australia
5281:(Ukraine)
5273:(Ukraine)
5183:(Germany)
4903:, 2011/12
4775:1 October
4597:survey".
4069:AllAfrica
4015:4 January
3930:26 August
3908:26 August
3869:. Intel.
3850:20 August
3698:"EMBRACE"
3674:. SKADS.
3646:"PrepSKA"
3553:1101.1355
3475:3 January
3225:1007.5141
3128:SABC News
3107:7 October
3023:Amos, J.
3009:4 January
2840:4 January
2814:11 August
2718:5 October
2681:5 October
2644:4 January
2576:5 October
2546:5 October
2464:5 October
2434:5 October
2404:5 October
2374:5 October
2327:3 January
2301:3 January
1575:Dark Ages
1505:spacetime
1459:cosmology
1335:shale gas
1282:petabytes
1256:(EMBRACE)
1210:by users
1133:Challenge
1044:(Apertif)
993:Carnarvon
871:Mauritius
832:Geraldton
818:(MRO) at
810:Australia
713:Germany:
488:, in the
476:(MWA) in
379:(KARST).
331:Milky Way
205:2018–2024
201:2018–2024
6753:Airports
6134:Vaal Dam
6129:Eikenhof
6114:Mapleton
6033:Category
5869:Jan Oort
5768:(Canada)
5752:(Canada)
5705:(Sweden)
5697:(France)
5641:(Canada)
5611:Spektr-R
5454:(LOFAR,
5434:(LLAMA,
5391:(Europe)
5380:(CARMA,
5370:(CHIME,
5360:(ASKAP,
5207:(Mexico)
5191:(Russia)
5075:Concepts
4980:Archived
4948:Archived
4925:19 March
4840:Archived
4821:Archived
4793:Archived
4750:55630081
4695:29623186
4639:55246221
4562:17895596
4504:59136297
4460:54072202
4394:55195638
4313:27337317
4256:Archived
4231:30 March
4225:Archived
4201:30 March
4195:Archived
4165:Archived
4139:Archived
4103:Archived
4074:Archived
4042:Archived
3984:Archived
3841:Archived
3819:35235341
3732:Archived
3676:Archived
3650:Archived
3624:Archived
3598:Archived
3580:34645164
3521:Archived
3495:Archived
3443:Archived
3417:Archived
3364:Archived
3338:Archived
3312:Archived
3285:Archived
3265:Archived
3247:15 April
3238:Archived
3188:Archived
3158:Archived
3132:Archived
3101:Archived
3097:ABC News
3052:Archived
3036:BBC News
3028:Archived
2986:42969567
2978:16917038
2960:(5789).
2934:Archived
2910:Archived
2884:Archived
2850:cite web
2808:Archived
2709:Archived
2672:Archived
2670:. SKAO.
2570:Archived
2540:Archived
2458:Archived
2428:Archived
2398:Archived
2368:Archived
2295:NDTV.com
2266:ABC News
2234:BBC News
2187:14 March
2181:Archived
2143:Archived
2115:BBC News
2107:Archived
2083:Archived
2057:Archived
2031:Archived
2010:10 April
2004:Archived
1950:26 March
1944:Archived
1939:The Star
1868:Archived
1864:BBC News
1788:Archived
1747:Archived
1667:See also
1629:, where
1579:Big Bang
1543:hydrogen
1411:May 2012
1290:Tianhe-2
1250:(SKADS)
1196:of data
1058:e-MERLIN
953:Boolardy
855:Botswana
824:Boolardy
800:Cheshire
749:Sweden:
707:France:
691:Canada:
557:antennas
464:and the
427:Cheshire
313:) is an
6881:Science
6809:Physics
6783:Portals
6322:Centlec
6124:Palmiet
6119:Barrage
6043:Commons
5582:(WSRT,
5572:(VLBA,
5532:(PaST,
5474:(MOST,
5462:MeerKAT
5404:(GMRT,
5350:(ATCA,
5340:(ALMA,
5293:HartRAO
5265:(Japan)
5249:(Italy)
5231:(China)
5223:(India)
5154:(FAST,
5107:History
5081:Units (
4728:Bibcode
4673:Bibcode
4617:Bibcode
4540:Bibcode
4430:Bibcode
4372:Bibcode
4321:4451534
4291:Bibcode
4112:12 July
4080:12 July
4048:27 June
3738:2 April
3230:Bibcode
2953:Science
2890:19 June
2037:20 June
2029:. BBC.
1978:9 March
1972:The Age
1874:2 April
1780:Bibcode
1493:pulsars
1278:exabyte
1079:NenuFAR
1075:(SKAMP)
977:MeerKAT
959:MeerKAT
879:Namibia
743:Spain:
725:Italy:
719:India:
701:of the
697:China:
677:Members
648:region.
644:arrays.
593:decades
519:in the
494:Wajarri
492:of the
462:MeerKAT
421:of the
364:History
259:Website
203: (
6402:Alrode
5777:People
5724:Russia
5714:Russia
5615:Russia
5562:(VLA,
5552:(SMA,
5542:(SKA,
5516:France
5494:(MWA,
5444:(LWA,
5424:(KVN,
5414:(GBI,
5372:Canada
5330:(ATA,
5240:Russia
5172:(CSO,
5115:(VLBI)
5087:jansky
4971:Europe
4959:Canada
4891:Cosmos
4748:
4693:
4637:
4560:
4502:
4458:
4392:
4319:
4311:
4283:Nature
4037:Nature
3817:
3807:
3708:21 May
3682:23 May
3578:
3568:
3138:25 May
2984:
2976:
2916:26 May
2562:"SKA2"
2532:"SKA1"
2490:26 May
2149:5 July
2063:22 May
1917:21 May
1815:3 June
1778:: 31.
1337:using
1294:Xilinx
883:Zambia
571:using
280:
234:
103:
6833:Stars
6797:Radio
6734:NECSA
5605:Japan
5601:HALCA
5534:China
5506:Italy
5406:India
5398:(EHT)
5342:Chile
5156:China
5002:Other
4919:(PDF)
4912:CSIRO
4746:S2CID
4718:arXiv
4691:S2CID
4663:arXiv
4635:S2CID
4607:arXiv
4577:arXiv
4558:S2CID
4530:arXiv
4500:S2CID
4480:arXiv
4456:S2CID
4420:arXiv
4390:S2CID
4362:arXiv
4317:S2CID
4106:(PDF)
4099:(PDF)
3844:(PDF)
3837:(PDF)
3815:S2CID
3576:S2CID
3548:arXiv
3241:(PDF)
3220:arXiv
3216:(PDF)
3073:Quest
2982:S2CID
2940:. SKA
2712:(PDF)
2701:(PDF)
2675:(PDF)
2664:(PDF)
1791:(PDF)
1768:(PDF)
1750:(PDF)
1743:(PDF)
1689:LOFAR
1678:KARST
1331:Karoo
1302:Intel
1298:CSIRO
1105:LOFAR
991:near
985:KAT-7
949:CSIRO
922:ASKAP
918:CSIRO
863:Kenya
859:Ghana
847:Karoo
822:near
657:Costs
652:arms.
425:, in
373:karst
294:[
266:.skao
198:Built
6512:ORCA
5998:SETI
5765:PARL
5749:DRAO
5733:(US)
5689:(US)
5681:(UK)
5673:(UK)
5665:(US)
5657:(US)
5525:(UK)
5312:(NZ)
5215:(UK)
5134:List
5085:and
5083:watt
4927:2007
4777:2014
4309:PMID
4264:2017
4233:2017
4203:2017
4173:2014
4147:2014
4114:2012
4082:2012
4050:2011
4017:2024
3992:2017
3932:2019
3910:2019
3852:2019
3805:ISBN
3740:2015
3710:2015
3684:2015
3658:2017
3632:2017
3606:2017
3566:ISBN
3529:2017
3503:2017
3477:2020
3451:2017
3425:2017
3399:2017
3372:2017
3346:2017
3320:2017
3293:2017
3249:2013
3196:2017
3166:2017
3140:2018
3109:2012
3011:2024
2974:PMID
2962:AAAS
2918:2012
2892:2018
2862:help
2842:2024
2816:2014
2772:2014
2746:2014
2720:2015
2683:2015
2646:2024
2620:2022
2599:2022
2578:2015
2548:2015
2492:2012
2466:2015
2436:2015
2406:2015
2376:2015
2329:2024
2303:2024
2277:2022
2242:2022
2214:2020
2189:2019
2151:2019
2091:2014
2065:2014
2039:2018
2012:2012
1980:2012
1952:2012
1919:2012
1876:2011
1846:2022
1838:SKAO
1817:2012
1615:SETI
1523:and
1461:and
1333:for
1260:BEST
881:and
526:The
357:Rome
305:The
268:.int
163:and
83:SKA
4736:doi
4681:doi
4625:doi
4548:doi
4490:doi
4448:hdl
4438:doi
4380:doi
4299:doi
4287:534
3797:doi
3558:doi
2966:doi
2958:313
2511:doi
1617:).
1609:in
1487:'s
1401:by
926:MRO
920:'s
798:in
794:'s
311:SKA
264:www
6893::
5574:US
5554:US
5486:UK
5174:US
5016:.
5012:.
4910:.
4899:,
4889:,
4804:^
4744:.
4734:.
4726:.
4712:.
4689:.
4679:.
4671:.
4657:.
4633:.
4623:.
4615:.
4601:.
4556:.
4546:.
4538:.
4524:.
4498:.
4488:.
4454:.
4446:.
4436:.
4428:.
4414:.
4388:.
4378:.
4370:.
4356:.
4315:.
4307:.
4297:.
4285:.
4281:.
4254:.
4250:.
4223:.
4219:.
4189:.
4137:.
4131:.
4101:.
4066:.
4040:.
4034:.
4008:.
3982:.
3963:.
3813:.
3803:.
3791:.
3726:.
3648:.
3622:.
3596:.
3574:.
3564:.
3556:.
3519:.
3493:.
3467:.
3415:.
3362:.
3336:.
3310:.
3283:.
3236:.
3228:.
3186:.
3182:.
3156:.
3130:.
3126:.
3095:.
3076:.
3070:.
3034:,
3002:.
2980:.
2972:.
2956:.
2878:.
2854::
2852:}}
2848:{{
2833:.
2707:.
2703:.
2666:.
2636:.
2568:.
2564:.
2538:.
2534:.
2523:^
2509:.
2456:.
2452:.
2426:.
2422:.
2392:.
2366:.
2362:.
2351:^
2320:.
2293:.
2268:.
2264:.
2250:^
2231:.
2205:.
2137:.
2122:^
1996:.
1969:.
1942:.
1936:.
1898:^
1862:.
1836:.
1825:^
1786:.
1776:44
1774:.
1770:.
1745:.
1561:.
1457:,
1453:,
885:.
877:,
873:,
869:,
865:,
861:,
857:,
523:.
394:.
99:,
6785::
6077:e
6070:t
6063:v
5726:)
5716:)
5617:)
5613:(
5607:)
5603:(
5586:)
5576:)
5566:)
5556:)
5546:)
5536:)
5518:)
5514:(
5508:)
5504:(
5498:)
5488:)
5478:)
5468:)
5464:(
5458:)
5448:)
5438:)
5428:)
5418:)
5408:)
5384:)
5374:)
5364:)
5354:)
5344:)
5334:)
5242:)
5238:(
5176:)
5158:)
5136:)
5132:(
5109:)
5105:(
5099:)
5095:(
5089:)
5060:e
5053:t
5046:v
5020:.
4929:.
4779:.
4752:.
4738::
4730::
4720::
4697:.
4683::
4675::
4665::
4641:.
4627::
4619::
4609::
4585:.
4579::
4564:.
4550::
4542::
4532::
4506:.
4492::
4482::
4462:.
4450::
4440::
4432::
4422::
4396:.
4382::
4374::
4364::
4323:.
4301::
4293::
4266:.
4235:.
4205:.
4175:.
4149:.
4116:.
4084:.
4052:.
4019:.
3994:.
3967:.
3934:.
3912:.
3854:.
3821:.
3799::
3742:.
3712:.
3686:.
3660:.
3634:.
3608:.
3582:.
3560::
3550::
3531:.
3505:.
3479:.
3453:.
3427:.
3401:.
3374:.
3348:.
3322:.
3295:.
3251:.
3232::
3222::
3198:.
3168:.
3142:.
3111:.
3078:8
3013:.
2988:.
2968::
2920:.
2894:.
2864:)
2844:.
2818:.
2774:.
2748:.
2722:.
2685:.
2648:.
2622:.
2601:.
2580:.
2550:.
2517:.
2513::
2494:.
2468:.
2438:.
2408:.
2378:.
2331:.
2305:.
2279:.
2244:.
2216:.
2191:.
2153:.
2093:.
2067:.
2041:.
2014:.
1982:.
1954:.
1921:.
1878:.
1848:.
1819:.
1782::
1727:.
1641:.
1424:)
1418:(
1413:)
1409:(
1395:.
517:'
511:'
309:(
298:]
207:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
