33:
564:
of Serbia and of
Romania" in Greek, and "Tsar of the Serbs and Greeks" in Serbian. The use of "Romania" (i.e. the land of the Romans, the Byzantine Empire) and not the usual Byzantine formula "of the Romans" signified that although he claimed the direct succession to all Byzantine emperors from the
232:. Nevertheless, the generals remained accountable to the assembly for their conduct upon their return. Similar practices were followed by other Greek states, such as
224:
were generals endowed with autonomous power of command, i.e. they were able to make certain military and diplomatic decisions without prior consultation with the
469:
The
Byzantine imperial formula was imitated among the Byzantine influenced nations such as Georgia and Balkan states, and later, most notably, the emerging
294:
75:
537:
in 1230 expanded his control over most of the
Byzantine Empire's former European possessions, also adopted the title of "Tsar and
945:
911:
886:
825:
800:
773:
657:
902:
Maksimović, Ljubomir (2011). "La Serbie: pouvoir et organisation sociale". In Laiou, Angeliki E.; Morrisson, Cécile (eds.).
553:
17:
131:
applied to an individual who is unrestrained by superiors. It has been applied to military commanders-in-chief as well as
1076:
433:
continued to be used in the
Byzantine period as well. The title is particularly prevalent in the 6th century (e.g. for
1043:
973:
Vestnik
Volgogradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta. Serija 4. Istorija. Regionovedenie. Mezhdunarodnye Otnoshenija
569:, he lacked possession of Constantinople and of the Ecumenical Patriarchate, which alone conferred full legitimacy.
40:
403:, usually translated as "emperor and autocrat"), which then designated the senior of several ruling co-emperors (
790:
763:
1071:
195:
in the late 5th century BC, and was used for generals given independent authority, i.e. a supreme commander (
1013:(1935). "Avtokrator i Samodržac: Prilog za istorju vladalačke titulature u Vizantiji i u južnih Slovena".
969:"The Title of Samoderzhets (Autokrator) in Serbia and Russia: Two Ways of Byzantine Heritage Development"
370:. As such it continued to be used in Greek translations from Latin until the adoption of the Greek title
495:
228:. This was enacted when the general was expected to operate far from Athens, for instance during the
955:
518:
437:), and re-appears in the 10th–11th centuries for senior military commanders. Thus, for instance,
511:
693:
566:
534:
935:
542:
247:
246:
were also appointed by various leagues of city-states to head their combined armies. Thus
8:
577:
503:
275:
229:
82:
874:
1010:
994:
593:
585:
507:
499:
416:
310:
136:
541:
of all the
Bulgarians and the Greeks", a title which had first been claimed by Prince
1039:
1035:
941:
907:
882:
881:(in French). Presses universitaires de France. pp. 343–354 (esp. 345, 346–348).
821:
796:
769:
653:
470:
420:
290:
271:
225:
150:
1031:
980:
684:
672:
617:
605:
589:
581:
452:
386:
233:
215:
192:
419:, this use was extended to include the designated heir. The title is evidenced in
647:
549:
442:
279:
906:(in French). Presses universitaires de France. pp. 323–342 (esp. 333–336).
86: "self-ruler," "one who rules by himself," whence English "autocrat," from
985:
968:
870:
573:
477:
367:
337:
322:
69:
1065:
346:
132:
940:(2014 digitalization ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 18–24.
722:
Meillet, Antoine (1911). "Sur les mots iraniens empruntés par l'arménien".
572:
Deriving from this usage, the
Russian tsars, from the establishment of the
530:
359:
162:
27:
Greek epithet for one exercising absolute power, unrestrained by superiors
427:
from the 11th century, and in numerous illuminated manuscripts. The term
525:) of the Bulgarians", in the early reigns with the addition of "and the
931:
480:
434:
424:
389:, and was revived (no later than the early 9th century) in the form of
358:
became entrenched as the official translation of the latter during the
706:
502:
was "Autocrat of all the east and the west", title introduced during
456:
446:
428:
391:
385:
It was retained in archaic forms of address during ceremonies in the
379:
371:
350:
326:
304:
265:
251:
241:
219:
206:
171:
158:
154:
145:
904:
Le monde byzantin, Tome III: Byzance et ses voisins : 1204–1453
879:
Le monde byzantin, Tome III: Byzance et ses voisins : 1204–1453
843:
The Last Muslim
Conquest: The Ottoman Empire and Its Wars in Europe
438:
373:
342:
332:
236:, where the post served as a power base for several of the city's
32:
331:
was used by Greek historians to translate different Roman terms:
253:
166:
128:
491:
of the two continents of Asia and Europe and other possessions".
688:
526:
237:
112:
44:
278:
as well. The term was also employed for envoys entrusted with
398:
140:
73:
36:
1026:
Pazdernik, C. F. (2012). "Basileus/autokrator, Byzantine".
855:
Lordkipanidze, Mariam
Davydovna; Hewitt, George B. (1987),
522:
410:
202:
122:
105:
93:
556:
claimed the imperial title in 1345/46, he used the title "
303:) self-ruler' might be an intentional calque from Greek
979:(5). Volgograd: Volgograd State University: 162–183.
514:, and later dissolution officially confirmed at 1490.
455:, implying powers of command over the other regional
734:Études de linguistique et de philologie arméniennes
584:in 1917, used the formula "Emperor and Autocrat of
404:
345:uses it in its later sense as a translation of the
259:
196:
178:
116:
99:
87:
1063:
1025:
724:Mémoires de la Société de Linguistique de Paris
652:. University of California Press. p. 42.
840:
506:and lasted until dissolution of the unified
1009:
993:
592:, the title was used in a translated form (
47:. The legend reads: "Constantine, in God ,
937:The Constitution of the Later Roman Empire
901:
820:. Cambridge University Press. p. 39.
815:
1052:
984:
966:
795:. Oxford University Press. p. 1964.
645:
869:Božilov, Ivan (2011). "La Bulgarie". In
768:. Oxford University Press. p. 235.
31:
868:
788:
761:
721:
14:
1064:
1021:. Srpska kraljevska Akademija: 95–187.
757:
755:
149:. Its connection with Byzantine-style
954:
818:The Legend of Basil the Bulgar-Slayer
483:titled himself "By the grace of God,
415:), who held the actual power. In the
335:uses the term to translate the title
321:In later times, with the rise of the
316:
930:
646:Pritchett, William Kendrick (1974).
274:, a position later given to his son
270:of the southern Greek states by the
1028:The Encyclopedia of Ancient History
782:
752:
24:
997:(1970). "Avtokrator i samodržac".
924:
366:was part of the titulature of the
25:
1088:
186:
1036:10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah03022
859:, Ganatleba Publishers: Tbilisi.
789:Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991).
762:Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991).
464:
41:Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos
895:
862:
857:Georgia in the XI-XII Centuries
849:
834:
736:II, Louvain, 1977, pp. 142–150)
282:powers (πρέσβεις αὐτοκράτορες,
809:
792:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
765:Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium
739:
715:
700:
678:
666:
639:
153:gave rise to the modern terms
13:
1:
632:
387:East Roman (Byzantine) Empire
110:, 'dominion, power';
1055:Autokrator, Kaisar, Basileus
533:(r. 1218–41), who after the
457:
447:
429:
411:
392:
372:
327:
305:
266:
252:
242:
220:
203:
172:
169:", and its feminine form is
123:
106:
94:
7:
10:
1093:
986:10.15688/jvolsu4.2017.5.16
405:
399:
309:(presumably arisen in the
260:
197:
179:
139:as the translation of the
117:
100:
88:
74:
1077:Byzantine imperial titles
816:Stephenson, Paul (2003).
621:
609:
597:
521:used the title "Emperor (
461:in the northern Balkans.
967:Kršljanin, Nina (2017).
711:On the Peace with Sparta
264:, 'leader') and
519:Second Bulgarian Empire
1053:Wifstrand, A. (1939).
841:Gábor Ágoston (2023).
649:The Greek state at war
423:from 912, in imperial
286:, "elder autocrats").
243:Stratēgoì autokrátores
221:stratēgoì autokrátores
191:The title appeared in
76:αὐτοκράτωρ, autokrátōr
56:
694:Anabasis of Alexander
567:Constantine the Great
535:Battle of Klokotnitsa
494:One of the titles of
284:présbeis autokrátores
35:
1072:Ancient Greek titles
548:Similarly, when the
510:during the reign of
448:stratēgòs autokrátōr
430:stratēgòs autokrátōr
400:βασιλεὺς αὐτοκράτωρ
393:basileùs autokrátōr
267:stratēgòs autokrátōr
248:Philip II of Macedon
198:στρατηγὸς αὐτοκράτωρ
39:plaque with Emperor
18:Strategos autokrator
1011:Ostrogorsky, George
1005:. Beograd: 321–338.
995:Ostrogorsky, George
299:'lord, sovereign; (
276:Alexander the Great
230:Sicilian Expedition
98:, 'self' +
956:Ferjančić, Božidar
871:Laiou, Angeliki E.
517:The rulers of the
500:Bagrationi dynasty
417:Palaiologan period
317:Rome and Byzantium
311:Hellenistic period
137:Byzantine emperors
57:
947:978-1-107-68053-1
913:978-2-13-052008-5
888:978-2-13-052008-5
875:Morrisson, Cécile
827:978-0-521-81530-7
802:978-0-19-504652-6
775:978-0-19-504652-6
659:978-0-520-02565-3
508:Georgian monarchy
471:Tsardom of Russia
291:Iranian languages
272:League of Corinth
226:Athenian assembly
115:
85:
43:being crowned by
16:(Redirected from
1084:
1058:
1049:
1022:
1006:
990:
988:
963:
951:
918:
917:
899:
893:
892:
866:
860:
853:
847:
846:
838:
832:
831:
813:
807:
806:
786:
780:
779:
759:
750:
743:
737:
731:
719:
713:
704:
698:
685:Diodorus Siculus
682:
676:
673:Diodorus Siculus
670:
664:
663:
643:
623:
611:
599:
590:Slavic languages
582:Russian monarchy
460:
450:
432:
414:
408:
407:
402:
401:
395:
377:
330:
308:
269:
263:
262:
257:
250:was declared as
245:
223:
216:Classical Athens
213:
200:
199:
193:Classical Greece
182:
181:
175:
126:
120:
119:
111:
109:
103:
102:
97:
91:
90:
81:
79:
78:
21:
1092:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1082:
1081:
1062:
1061:
1046:
1030:. Vol. 1.
958:. "Samodržac".
948:
927:
925:Further reading
922:
921:
914:
900:
896:
889:
867:
863:
854:
850:
839:
835:
828:
814:
810:
803:
787:
783:
776:
760:
753:
744:
740:
720:
716:
705:
701:
683:
679:
671:
667:
660:
644:
640:
635:
586:All the Russias
467:
443:David Arianites
319:
280:plenipotentiary
189:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1090:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1060:
1059:
1050:
1044:
1023:
1007:
991:
975:(in Russian).
964:
952:
946:
926:
923:
920:
919:
912:
894:
887:
861:
848:
845:. p. 335.
833:
826:
808:
801:
781:
774:
751:
738:
714:
699:
677:
665:
658:
637:
636:
634:
631:
630:
629:
574:Russian Empire
570:
546:
515:
496:Georgian kings
492:
478:Ottoman sultan
466:
463:
368:Roman emperors
323:Roman Republic
318:
315:
188:
187:Ancient Greece
185:
55:of the Romans.
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1089:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1067:
1056:
1051:
1047:
1045:9781444338386
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
987:
982:
978:
974:
970:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
943:
939:
938:
933:
929:
928:
915:
909:
905:
898:
890:
884:
880:
876:
872:
865:
858:
852:
844:
837:
829:
823:
819:
812:
804:
798:
794:
793:
785:
777:
771:
767:
766:
758:
756:
748:
742:
735:
729:
726:(in French).
725:
718:
712:
708:
703:
696:
695:
690:
686:
681:
674:
669:
661:
655:
651:
650:
642:
638:
627:
619:
615:
607:
603:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
568:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
545:(r. 893–927).
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
490:
486:
482:
479:
476:
475:
474:
472:
465:Other nations
462:
459:
454:
449:
444:
440:
436:
431:
426:
422:
418:
413:
396:
394:
388:
383:
381:
376:
375:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
352:
348:
347:victory title
344:
340:
339:
334:
329:
324:
314:
312:
307:
302:
298:
297:
292:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
268:
256:
255:
249:
244:
239:
235:
231:
227:
222:
217:
212:
211:
210:
208:
194:
184:
176:
174:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
147:
142:
138:
134:
130:
127:) is a Greek
125:
114:
108:
96:
84:
77:
71:
67:
63:
62:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
1054:
1027:
1018:
1014:
1002:
999:Sabrana Dela
998:
976:
972:
959:
936:
903:
897:
878:
864:
856:
851:
842:
836:
817:
811:
791:
784:
764:
746:
741:
733:
727:
723:
717:
710:
702:
692:
687:, XVII.4.9;
680:
675:, XVI.89.1–3
668:
648:
641:
626:samoderzhets
625:
613:
602:samodarzhets
601:
561:
557:
554:Stefan Dušan
538:
531:Ivan Asen II
488:
484:
468:
390:
384:
363:
360:Roman Empire
355:
349:
336:
320:
300:
295:
288:
283:
205:
204:
190:
180:αὐτοκράτειρα
173:autokráteira
170:
165:, it means "
163:Modern Greek
144:
124:autokrátores
118:αὐτοκράτορες
65:
60:
59:
58:
52:
48:
29:
932:Bury, J. B.
732:(repr. in:
512:George VIII
425:chrysobulls
412:symbasileis
406:συμβασιλεῖς
378:by Emperor
293:, the term
1066:Categories
962:: 642–643.
749:, III.86.7
745:Polybius,
730:: 242–250.
633:References
622:самодержец
598:самодържец
588:". In the
576:up to the
562:autokrator
539:autokrator
489:autokrator
481:Bayezid II
441:installed
435:Belisarius
356:Autokrátōr
328:autokrátōr
306:autokrátōr
209:autokrátōr
151:absolutism
66:Autocrator
61:Autokrator
49:autokratōr
934:(1910) .
747:Histories
707:Andocides
697:, I.1.1–3
614:samodržac
610:самодржац
594:Bulgarian
458:stratēgoí
382:in 629.
380:Heraclius
364:imperator
351:imperator
301:literally
296:*hwatā́wā
207:stratēgòs
159:autocracy
146:imperator
877:(eds.).
565:time of
558:basileus
543:Simeon I
504:David IV
485:basileus
453:Bulgaria
439:Basil II
374:basileús
362:, where
343:Plutarch
341:, while
338:dictator
333:Polybius
234:Syracuse
155:autocrat
53:basileus
618:Russian
606:Serbian
580:of the
550:Serbian
529:", but
289:In the
254:hēgemṓn
238:tyrants
167:emperor
129:epithet
1042:
944:
910:
885:
824:
799:
772:
689:Arrian
656:
527:Vlachs
261:ἡγεμών
214:). In
143:title
107:krátos
101:κράτος
45:Christ
552:king
421:coins
161:. In
141:Latin
133:Roman
95:autós
89:αὐτός
70:Greek
37:Ivory
1040:ISBN
1015:Glas
960:LSSV
942:ISBN
908:ISBN
883:ISBN
822:ISBN
797:ISBN
770:ISBN
654:ISBN
578:fall
560:and
523:Tsar
487:and
157:and
135:and
83:lit.
51:and
1032:doi
981:doi
498:of
451:of
445:as
313:).
183:).
113:pl.
64:or
1068::
1038:.
1019:84
1017:.
1003:IV
1001:.
977:22
971:.
873:;
754:^
728:17
709:,
691:,
628:).
624:,
620::
616:;
612:,
608::
604:,
600:,
596::
473:.
409:,
354:.
325:,
240:.
218:,
201:,
121:,
104:,
92:,
80:,
72::
1057:.
1048:.
1034::
989:.
983::
950:.
916:.
891:.
830:.
805:.
778:.
662:.
397:(
258:(
177:(
68:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
