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2002–2006 przez Oddziałową Komisję Ścigania
Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu w Gdańsku śledztwo potwierdziło, że w Instytucie Anatomicznym produkowano w czasie wojny mydło z tłuszczu ludzkiego, wprawdzie nie na skalę przemysłową, jednak do celów użytkowych, translated: One should note that the investigation carried out in the years 2002–2006 by the District Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation in Gdańsk (Oddziałowa Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu w Gdańsku) proved that during the war soap from human fat was manufactured at the Anatomical Institute. It was not produced on an industrial scale, but still for utilitarian purpose
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charged as a juvenile, as he was under 21 at the time of the offense. Images in the news broadcasts concealed his face for legal reasons. Being tried at the age of 94, court proceedings were limited to no more than two hours per day and two non-consecutive days per week. In
February 2019 the trial of a defendant matching this description (whom Reuters reported could not be named for legal reasons) was halted after a medical report was issued stating that the defendant was unfit to stand trial, the trial already having been suspended since the previous December.
1340:. On 28 September 2021, Frau Furchner left her home in Hamburg and failed to show for her hearing. She was captured on 30 September 2021 and the hearing was rescheduled for 19 October 2021. On 20 December 2022 Furchner, then 97, was convicted of being an accessory to murder of more than 10,000 people at Stutthof concentration camp during World War II. A two-year suspended sentence in line with that requested by prosecutors was handed down by the Itzehoe state court in northern Germany. On 20 August 2024, Furchner's conviction would be upheld by the German
47:
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274:, on 9 May 1945. It is estimated that between 63,000 and 65,000 prisoners of Stutthof concentration camp and its subcamps died as a result of murder, starvation, epidemics, extreme labour conditions, brutal and forced evacuations, and a lack of medical attention. Some 28,000 of those who died were Jews. In total, as many as 110,000 people were deported to the camp in the course of its existence. About 24,600 were transferred from Stutthof to other locations.
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556:, literally the 'German Equipment Works'), the heavily guarded armaments factory located inside the camp next to prisoner barracks. Other inmates labored in local brickyards, in private industrial enterprises, in agriculture, or in the camp's own workshops. In 1944, as forced labor by concentration camp prisoners became increasingly important in armaments production, a
2208:
M. Tomkiewicz, P. Semków: Profesor Rudolf Maria
Spanner – naukowiec czy eksperymentator? Medycyna na usługach systemu eksterminacji ludności w Trzeciej Rzeszy i na terenach okupowanej Polski. Edited by G. Łukomski, G. Kucharski. Poznań–Gniezno 2011, page 131 . Należy odnotować, że prowadzone w latach
1328:
Another Nazi camp guard, Bruno Dey from
Hamburg, was charged in October 2019 with contributing to the killings of 5,230 prisoners at Stutthof camp between 1944 and 1945. He was tried in a juvenile court due having been about 17 at that time. On 23 July 2020, he was given a two-year suspended sentence
535:
epidemics that swept the camp in the winter of 1942 and again in 1944; those whom the SS guards judged too weak or sick to work were gassed in the camp's small gas chamber. The first executions were carried out on 11 January and 22 March 1940 – 89 Polish activists and government officials were shot.
447:
The first 150 inmates, imprisoned on 2 September 1939, were selected among Poles and Jews arrested in Danzig immediately after the outbreak of war. The inmate population rose to 6,000 in the following two weeks, on 15 September 1939. Until 1942, nearly all of the prisoners were Polish. The number of
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in 2011 and 2006, respectively, but his and
Tomkiewicz research concluded that this was a byproduct stemming from Spanner's work in bone maceration at the institute unrelated to the Stutthof camp. Spanner was unlikely to have "really occupied himself with the production of usable soap from human
319:
guards, totaling 120,000 square metres (1,300,000 sq ft). In 1943, the camp was enlarged and a new camp was constructed alongside the earlier one. It was also surrounded by electrified barbed-wire fence and contained thirty new barracks, raising the total area to 1.2 square kilometres
1324:
An additional trial was attempted in
November 2018, when Johann Rehbogen was accused of being an accessory to murder. There was no evidence to link him to specific killings, and though he admitted to serving at the camp, he said that he was unaware that people were being murdered there. He was
588:
467:
Stutthof's registered inmates included citizens of 28 countries, and besides Jews and Poles – Germans, Czechs, Dutch, Belgians, French, Norwegians, Finns, Danes, Lithuanians, Latvians, Belarusians, Russians, and others. Among 110,000 prisoners were Jews from all over Europe, members of the
660:
fat", and that any soap production in his laboratory was likely marginal. It was also added that
Spanner was arrested twice after the war but released after each time after explaining how he had conducted the maceration and injection process of his models and was declared "clean" by the
267:. The actual barracks were built the following year by prisoners. Most of the infrastructure of the concentration camp was either destroyed or dismantled shortly after the war. In 1962, the former concentration camp with its remaining structures, was turned into a memorial museum.
635:
at the Danzig
Anatomical Institute, where he worked and which was not part of the Stutthof camp. The corpses used for this were not "harvested" bodies, and the byproduct of Spanner's work at the Danzig institute was collected. This was conflated with the separate
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In late April 1945, the remaining prisoners were removed from
Stutthof by sea, since the camp was completely encircled by Soviet forces. Again, hundreds of prisoners were forced into the sea and shot. Over 4,000 were sent by small boat to Germany, some to the
604:
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were only concerned with concentration camps as evidence for war crimes and crimes against humanity committed by the Third Reich leadership. Several lesser known trials followed against the staff of various concentration camps. Poland held four trials in
1186:
The evacuation of prisoners from the
Stutthof camp system began on 25 January 1945. When the final evacuation began, there were nearly 50,000 prisoners, most of them Jews, in the Stutthof camp system. The prisoners were marched in the direction of
1313:
The second trial was held from 8 October to 31 October 1947, before a Polish Special Criminal Court. The arraigned 24 ex-officials and guards of the Stutthof concentration camp were judged and found guilty. Ten were sentenced to death.
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The fourth and final trial was also held before a Polish Special Criminal Court, from 19 November to 29 November 1947. Twenty-seven ex-officials and guards were arraigned and judged; 26 were found guilty, and one was acquitted.
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began in June 1944. 4,000 prisoners, including Jewish women and children, were killed in a gas chamber before the evacuation of the camp. Another method of execution practiced in Stutthof was lethal injection of
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1218:, Sweden, and released into the care of that neutral country. It has been estimated that around half of the evacuated prisoners, over 25,000, died during the evacuation from Stutthof and its subcamps.
672:
The main German concentration camp in Stutthof had as many as 40 sub-camps during World War II. In total, the sub-camps held 110,000 prisoners from 25 countries. The sub-camps of Stutthof included:
1317:
The third trial was held from 5 November to 10 November 1947, before a Polish Special Criminal Court. Arraigned were 20 ex-officials and guards judged; 19 then found guilty, with one acquitted.
412:
in Stutthof began conscripting women from Danzig and the surrounding cities in June 1944, to train as camp guards because of their severe shortage after the women's subcamp of Stutthof called
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in July 1944. In total, 23,566 Jews (including 21,817 women) were transferred to Stutthof from Auschwitz, and 25,053 (including 16,123 women) from camps in the Baltic states. When the
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Stutthof was the first German concentration camp set up outside German borders in World War II, in operation from 2 September 1939. It was also the last camp liberated by the
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inmates increased considerably in 1944, with Jews forming a significant proportion of the newcomers. The first contingent of 2,500 Jewish prisoners arrived from
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has been confirmed in the samples of soapy grease (claimed to be "unfinished soap") from Danzig presented during the trials through analysis performed by the
408:. Thirty-four female guards including Becker, Bothe, Steinhoff, Paradies, and Barkmann were identified later as having committed crimes against humanity. The
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evacuated the majority of the inmates by sea and sent them to Stutthof. Other sources say that the camp staff shot most remaining inmates in a mass murder.
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The original camp (known as the old camp) was surrounded by the barbed-wire fence. It comprised eight barracks for the inmates and a "Kommandantur" for the
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Polish historians and employees at the IPN, Monika Tomkiewicz and Piotr Semków, reached similar conclusions. Semków states that the presence of human
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A range of German organisations and individuals used Stutthof prisoners as forced laborers. Many prisoners worked in SS-owned businesses such as DAW (
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created lists of people to be arrested, and the Nazi authorities were secretly reviewing suitable places to set up concentration camps in their area.
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320:(0.46 sq mi). A crematorium and gas chamber were added in 1943, just in time to start mass executions when Stutthof was included in the "
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estimates that (less officially) some 105 Stutthof subcamps were established throughout northern and central Poland. The major subcamps were in
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Neander, Joachim (2006). "The Danzig Soap Case: Facts and Legends around "Professor Spanner" and the Danzig Anatomic Institute 1944-1945".
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guards arrived at Stutthof along with female prisoners. A total of 295 women guards worked as staff in the Stutthof complex of camps.
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The execution of the SS overseers of the Stutthof concentration camp: Becker, Klaff, Steinhoff, and Pauls on 4 July 1946, with priest
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aircraft factory was constructed at Stutthof. Eventually, the Stutthof camp system became a network of forced-labor camps. The
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in eastern Germany. Cut off by advancing Soviet forces, the Germans forced the surviving prisoners to march back to Stutthof.
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Conditions in the camp were extremely harsh; tens of thousands of prisoners succumbed to starvation and disease. Many died in
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in Denmark where 351 of the 370 on board were saved. Shortly before the German surrender, some prisoners were transferred to
1207:
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431:, according to senior researcher at the Norwegian Center for Studies of Holocaust and Religious Minorities, Terje Emberland.
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Zbrodnie hitlerowskie w obozie koncentracyjnym Stutthof : liczba ofiar w świetle źródeł i badań : próba bilansu
778:
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439:
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2272:[Responsibility for the Atrocities Committed at Stutthof. The trials.]. KL Stutthof, Monografia. Archived from
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1959:
CIENCIALA, ANNA M. (2011). "Review of Profesor Rudolf Spanner 1895-1960. Naukowiec w III Rzeszy , Piotr Semków".
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2661:"The Danzig Soap Case: Facts and Legends around "Professor Spanner" and the Danzig Anatomic Institute 1944-1945"
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The first trial was held from 25 April to 31 May 1946, against 30 ex-officials and prisoner-guards of the camp.
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2417:"96-Year-Old Former Nazi Death Camp Secretary Goes on Trial Over Murders of 11,000 People - October 20, 2021"
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545:. Prisoners were also drowned in mud or clubbed to death. Between 63,000 and 65,000 people died in the camp.
328:
were also used to complement the maximum capacity of the gas chamber (150 people per execution) when needed.
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496:). One prominent inmate and survivor of the Stutthof concentration camp was a member of parliament for the
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chief, before its subsequent massive expansion. In November 1941, it became a "labor education" camp (like
86:
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551:
217:
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286:(members of the intelligentsia, religious and political leaders) in the Danzig area and Western Prussia.
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515:('Report from Stutthof'). It is believed that inmates sent for immediate execution were not registered.
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Soviet forces liberated Stutthof on 9 May 1945, rescuing about 100 prisoners who had managed to hide.
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38:
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1585:[Obóz koncentracyjny Stutthof (1939-1945)] (in Polish). Sztutowo, Poland. Archived from
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Historian Joachim Neander argued that, contrary to some claims made in previous years, what the
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4523:
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627:(IPN) calls the "chemical substance which was essentially soap" was the byproduct of Spanner's
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There was a controversy regarding whether corpses from Stutthof were used in the production of
562:
271:
2013:
1501:
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2331:"Johann Rehbogen: Former SS guard, 94, on trial over deaths at Stutthof concentration camp"
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found all of them guilty of the charges. Eleven defendants including the former commander,
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1003:
405:
362:
282:
The camp was established in connection with the ethnic cleansing project that included the
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2199:, Auschwitz–Birkenau Memorial and Museum website, 13 October 2006. Accessed July 12, 2011.
991:
8:
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46:
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Gliński, Mirosław. "Podobozy i większe komanda zewnętrzne obozu Stutthof (1939–1945)".
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1992:
1984:
469:
256:
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4600:
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3364:
1405:
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492:, and Communists (as an example of Communist deportations to Stutthof, see the Danish
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4397:
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2017:
2006:
1996:
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1310:, were sentenced to death. The rest were sentenced to various terms of imprisonment.
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Stutthof prisoners eat during a break in the construction of the camp, October 1939.
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1968:
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640:, which circulated during the war, and thereafter used as proof of this during the
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3135:
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2533:
2463:"German Court Convicts 97-Year-Old Ex-Secretary At Nazi Camp - December 20, 2022"
2321:
2196:
1251:
1230:
477:
397:
5197:
4528:
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2299:"Ex-Nazi concentration camp guard Johann Rehbogen, 94, goes on trial in Germany"
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1911:
1729:, Historia Virtual del Holocausto, elholocausto.net; accessed 30 December 2017.
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2563:"Outrage Over Museum's Video-Art Display of a Nude Game of Tag in Gas Chamber"
2008:
Denying history: Who says the Holocaust never happened and why do they say it?
638:
debunked rumours of industrial production of human soap in concentration camps
527:
A Polish POW stands at attention in the Appellplatz at Stutthof, October 1939.
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of Stutthof, charging them with crimes of war and crimes against humanity.
1016:
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424:
413:
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349:
325:
290:
260:
240:
138:
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312:. Finally, in January 1942, Stutthof became a regular concentration camp.
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Datos de 295 Mujeres Pertenecientes a la SS: Christel Bankewitz, Stutthof
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664:
program in 1948, officially exonerated, and resumed his academic career.
389:
243:
in a secluded, marshy, and wooded area near the village of Stutthof (now
2650:. Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. 20 June 2014.
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1988:
1022:
396:, Steffi Brillowski, Charlotte Graf, Charlotte Gregor, Charlotte Klein,
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557:
373:
2443:"German Court to Try 96-Year-Old Over Time at Nazi Concentration Camp"
959:
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1972:
1919:
1832:"Klooga Concentration Camp and Holocauts Memorial. Basic Information"
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Less Than Slaves: Jewish Forced Labor and the Quest for Compensation
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Map of the main camp after expansion. The German armaments factory
204:
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20:
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Organization, prisoners, subcamps, extermination, responsibility.
1677:"Mennonites and the Holocaust: From Collaboration to Perpetuation"
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2447:
2322:"Holocaust trial: Germany tries former SS guard at Stutthof camp"
1200:
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457:
24:
2512:"Court upholds 99-year-old Nazi camp worker's murder conviction"
1336:, who had been part of KZ Stutthof was arrested to be tried for
220:
to the right (black, outlined in red) by the prisoner barracks.
212:
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2270:"Odpowiedzialność za Zbrodnie Popełnione w Stutthofie. Procesy"
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Soap made from human corpses § Danzig Anatomical Institute
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Gdańsk: Ofiary zbrodniczych eksperymentów w zapomnianej mogile
300:
Originally, Stutthof was a civilian internment camp under the
263:
and initially used for the imprisonment of Polish leaders and
2190:"Human Fat Was Used to Produce Soap in Gdansk during the War"
894:
699:
600:
Clothes of victims of Stutthof concentration camp, 9 May 1945
503:, who detailed his deportation to, experience in and ensuing
416:(Konzentrationslager Bromberg-Ost) was set up in the city of
3966:
Perpetrators, participants, organizations, and collaborators
2399:"Nazi concentration camp guard convicted over 5,232 murders"
2360:"German court: Trial of Nazi guard unlikely to be restarted"
2220:"Zakończono śledztwo w głośnej "sprawie profesora Spannera""
2169:"Zakończono śledztwo w głośnej "sprawie profesora Spannera""
77:
Location of the former Stutthof concentration camp in Poland
3263:
2555:"Outrage Over Naked Game of Tag Played in Nazi Gas Chamber"
1414:, Lithuanian poet playwright, critic, and literary theorist
997:
336:
255:. The camp was set up around existing structures after the
177:
2609:
Memorial to the Victims of the Stutthof Concentration Camp
1796:"PHASE II: THE GERMAN OCCUPATION OF ESTONIA IN 1941–1944"
1545:. Muzeum Stutthof w Sztutowie. p. 59 (4–5/19 in PDF)
1174:
Two crematoria of Stutthof, photographed after liberation
5523:
International Youth Meeting Center in Oświęcim/Auschwitz
2589:
Stutthof National Museum. Selection of monographs in PDF
2490:"German court upholds ex-Nazi camp secretary conviction"
2143:
The Holocaust Object in Polish and Polish-Jewish Culture
5384:
3394:
2166:
1360:
in one of the Stutthof gas chambers, sparking outrage.
16:
Nazi concentration camp in present-day Sztutowo, Poland
2642:
2534:"Poland asked to explain naked Nazi gas chamber video"
1882:
Internment in Concentration Camps and Its Consequences
1659:
608:
Electrified barbed wire fences at Stutthof, 9 May 1945
427:
worked as guards or as instructors for prisoners from
247:) 34 km (21 mi) east of the city of Danzig (
2348:"German court stops trial of former death-camp guard"
877:
Matzkau in Maćkowy (now within city limits of Gdańsk)
1774:"Norske vakter jobbet i Hitlers konsentrasjonsleire"
1428:
2003:
1738:
1503:
The Death Marches, The Final Phase of Nazi Genocide
1070:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
69:
19:"Stutthof" redirects here. Not to be confused with
2380:"Former Nazi camp guard to go on trial in Hamburg"
2061:Soap from human fat: the case of Professor Spanner
2040:Soap from Human Fat: The Case of Professor Spanner
2005:
1624:The Holocaust Sites of Europe: An Historical Guide
1408:, Dominican Sister, blessed of the Catholic Church
180:, and political prisoners of various nationalities
2396:
2139:
1580:
5577:
4885:Resistance, victims, documentation and technical
2267:
2058:
1534:Praca więźniów w obozie koncentracyjnym Stutthof
592:Stutthof crematoria after liberation, 9 May 1945
577:
1583:"History of the concentration camp in Stuttfof"
1530:
380:Among the notable female guard personnel were:
2622:Monografia KL Stutthof (KL Stutthof monograph)
2487:
2133:
1332:In July 2021, a 96-year-old German secretary,
5370:
4870:
3951:
3511:
3380:
2701:
5556:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
2715:
1402:, Polish-British actress, author, and writer
1396:, Danish politician and member of parliament
1386:Katz), Czech dancer, choreographer (memoir:
1203:, and some to camps along the Baltic coast.
549:
509:
224:marked with an arrow, next to the red-brick
3526:Camps, ghettos, execution sites and attacks
2602:No. 1–8. Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich.
1719:
460:in July and August 1944, the camp staff of
5377:
5363:
4877:
4863:
3958:
3944:
3518:
3504:
3387:
3373:
3004:SS Main Economic and Administrative Office
2708:
2694:
2167:Polska Press Sp. z o.o. (7 October 2006).
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2059:Tomkiewicz, Monika; Semków, Piotr (2013).
1946:H.E.A.R.T at HolocaustResearchProject.org.
1906:
1904:
1902:
456:began its advance through German-occupied
340:Stutthof concentration camp administration
2552:
2261:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2048:
1958:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1447:Female guards in Nazi concentration camps
1130:Learn how and when to remove this message
480:, Lithuanian and Latvian intelligentsia,
388:, Ella Bergmann, Ella Blank, Gerda Bork,
251:) in the territory of the German-annexed
2488:von Richtfofen, Luisa (20 August 2024).
2345:
2146:. Indiana University Press. p. 57.
1878:
1621:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1304:The Soviet/Polish Special Criminal Court
1177:
1169:
603:
595:
587:
522:
438:
335:
211:
5481:Extraordinary (Soviet) State Commission
2553:Harthorne, Michael (30 November 2017).
2090:
2077:
2004:Shermer, Michael; Alex Grobman (2002).
1910:
1899:
1856:
1732:
1496:
1452:List of Nazi-German concentration camps
196:63,000 - 65,000 (including 28,000 Jews)
5578:
5464:Polish, East German, and Soviet trials
4824:Lithuanian Auxiliary Police Battalions
2316:
2314:
2312:
2140:Bozena Shallcross (21 February 2011).
2045:
2012:. Univ. of California Press. pp.
1942:Chris Webb, Carmelo Lisciotto (2007),
1674:
1479:
1356:filmed a group of nude people playing
289:Even before the war began, the German
5358:
4858:
3939:
3499:
3368:
2689:
2366:. Associated Press. 25 February 2019.
1954:
1952:
1557:
1462:Rescue of Stutthof victims in Denmark
2328:
2305:. Associated Press. 6 November 2018.
2268:Janina Grabowska (22 January 2009).
1916:The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust
1879:Matussek, Paul; et al. (1975).
1068:adding citations to reliable sources
1039:
5385:Aftermath, trials and commemoration
3396:Holocaust in German-occupied Poland
2631:SS personnel serving at Ravensbrück
2346:Ahlswede, Elke (25 February 2019).
2309:
2240:
2212:
2063:. Gdynia Wydawnictwo Róża Wiatrów.
1936:
1347:
734:Danzig–Neufahrwasser (Gdańsk–
344:The camp staff consisted of German
13:
5546:Polish Righteous Among the Nations
2655:Brief facts and photos of the camp
2397:Oltermann, Philip (23 July 2020).
1949:
1363:
1224:
51:Prisoner barracks after liberation
14:
5637:
5606:Museums in Pomeranian Voivodeship
5601:Lists of Nazi concentration camps
5228:Special Prosecution Book – Poland
3347:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos
2668:
2329:Hope, Russell (6 November 2018).
1812:from the original on 5 March 2012
1601:"The Stutthof Museum in Sztutowo"
625:Institute of National Remembrance
472:, Polish civilians deported from
5596:1945 disestablishments in Poland
5405:Population transfers (1944–1946)
4454:Ferdinand von Sammern-Frankenegg
2999:Concentration Camps Inspectorate
2637:SS personnel serving at Stutthof
1706:www.holocaustresearchproject.org
1524:
1457:Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles
1431:
1270:
1239:
1208:barge full of starving prisoners
1044:
368:In 1942 the first German female
68:
61:
45:
5508:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
5420:Anti-Jewish violence, 1944–1946
2526:
2504:
2481:
2455:
2435:
2409:
2390:
2372:
2339:
2291:
2234:
2202:
2183:
2160:
2119:
2032:
1885:. Springer-Verlag. p. 19.
1872:
1850:
1824:
1788:
1766:
1055:needs additional citations for
657:Gdańsk University of Technology
5616:World War II museums in Poland
4836:Schutzmannschaft Battalion 118
4812:36th Estonian Police Battalion
1694:
1668:
1615:
1593:
1246:First row from left to right:
1165:
1152:, September 1939 – August 1942
1035:
152:, September 1939 – August 1942
1:
5626:Death marches in World War II
5591:1939 establishments in Poland
5503:Monument to the Ghetto Heroes
5333:Human medical experimentation
1868:] (in Danish). Gyldendal.
1702:"Stutthof Concentration Camp"
1467:
1197:Neuengamme concentration camp
1142:The camp had two commanders:
1079:"Stutthof concentration camp"
578:Alleged human soap production
518:
165:2 September 1939 – 9 May 1945
5621:World War II sites in Poland
5611:Registered museums in Poland
3015:Deutsche Wirtschaftsbetriebe
3009:German Earth and Stone Works
2324:. BBC News. 6 November 2018.
2130:Dziennik Baltycki 21.04.2011
1944:Stutthof Concentration Camp.
1745:. Indiana University Press.
1739:Benjamin B. Ferencz (2002).
1472:
1161:, August 1942 – January 1945
667:
614:soap made from human corpses
434:
348:guards and, after 1943, the
284:liquidation of Polish elites
157:, August 1942 – January 1945
7:
5586:Stutthof concentration camp
5538:Righteous Among the Nations
5425:Ministry of Public Security
4804:Belarusian Auxiliary Police
3414:Related articles by country
3160:Disciplinary and Penal Code
1626:. I.B Tauris. p. 302.
1539:Prisoner labour at Stutthof
1424:
1394:Martin Nielsen (politician)
717:Danzig–Burggraben in
482:Latvian resistance fighters
394:Hermine Boettcher-Brueckner
10:
5642:
5450:Frankfurt Auschwitz trials
4832:Ukrainian Auxiliary Police
2581:
1684:Mennonite Quarterly Review
1372:, Norwegian international
1293:against former guards and
1228:
1210:was towed into harbour at
956:Schirkenpass (Scherokopas)
796:Außenarbeitslager Gerdauen
581:
507:from the camp in his book
498:Communist Party of Denmark
18:
5536:
5493:
5463:
5442:
5433:
5390:
5354:
5305:
5285:
5246:
5223:Sobibor perpetrator album
5180:
5171:
5106:
5075:
5068:
4982:
4941:
4890:
4854:
4808:Estonian Auxiliary Police
4790:
4734:
4709:
4573:
4566:
4467:
4411:
4353:
4295:
4124:
3978:
3971:
3935:
3918:Human medical experiments
3900:
3762:
3720:
3659:
3592:
3540:
3531:
3495:
3491:
3402:
3334:
3254:
3247:
3204:
3112:Identification of inmates
3084:
3031:
2991:
2723:
2514:. Reuters. 20 August 2024
1622:Winstone, Martin (2010).
1329:by the court in Hamburg.
631:processes done to create
552:Deutsche Ausrüstungswerke
462:Klooga concentration camp
200:
192:
184:
169:
161:
145:
134:
124:
85:
56:
44:
37:
32:
5471:Auschwitz trial (Poland)
4816:Latvian Auxiliary Police
4549:Karl Eberhard Schöngarth
4051:Friedrich-Wilhelm Krüger
2717:Nazi concentration camps
2594:22 February 2019 at the
2243:Stutthof. Zeszyty Muzeum
1675:Rempel, Gerhard (2010).
1531:Maria Przyłucka (1977).
1508:Harvard University Press
1342:Federal Court of Justice
616:at the lab of Professor
331:
228:administration building.
5561:Garden of the Righteous
5313:Identification in camps
5306:Technical and logistics
4752:Order Police battalions
3322:Soviet prisoners of war
3054:SS construction brigade
2663:, German Studies Review
2600:Zeszyty Muzeum Stutthof
1581:Stutthof State Museum.
490:Soviet prisoners of war
324:" in June 1944. Mobile
308:), administered by the
277:
237:Nazi concentration camp
39:Nazi concentration camp
4974:Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
4439:Heinrich Klaustermeyer
2648:Holocaust Encyclopedia
1661:Holocaust Encyclopedia
1183:
1175:
1027:Zeyersniederkampen in
757:Außenstelle Elbing in
609:
601:
593:
563:Holocaust Encyclopedia
550:
528:
510:
444:
341:
310:German Security Police
229:
5513:Majdanek State Museum
4646:Karl-Friedrich Höcker
3550:Auschwitz II-Birkenau
3304:Sonder- und Ehrenhaft
3222:Schutzhaftlagerführer
2568:The New York Observer
2230:on 30 September 2007.
2093:German Studies Review
1181:
1173:
607:
599:
591:
582:Further information:
526:
442:
350:Ukrainian auxiliaries
339:
215:
109:54.32889°N 19.15389°E
4990:Mordechai Anielewicz
4701:Elisabeth Volkenrath
4586:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann
4222:Arthur Liebehenschel
4147:Hermine Braunsteiner
4091:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
3259:Prisoner functionary
3066:Politische Abteilung
3021:SS-Totenkopfverbände
2038:Drobnicki, John A. "
1866:Report from Stutthof
1862:Rapport fra Stutthof
1510:. pp. 111–112.
1264:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann
1064:improve this article
990:Preußisch Stargard (
511:Rapport fra Stutthof
486:psychiatric patients
425:Waffen SS volunteers
406:Jenny-Wanda Barkmann
363:SS and Police Leader
5528:March of the Living
5400:Holocaust survivors
5264:Vrba–Wetzler report
5040:Alexander Pechersky
5000:Mordechai Tenenbaum
4449:Alexander Palfinger
4272:Johann Schwarzhuber
3832:Międzyrzec Podlaski
3811:Lviv pogroms (1941)
3712:Sonderaktion Krakau
3342:Der Ort des Terrors
3291:Political prisoners
3281:Jehovah's Witnesses
2906:Natzweiler-Struthof
2467:The Huffington Post
1838:. 10 September 2019
1803:www.webcitation.org
1420:, Danish politician
253:Free City of Danzig
105: /
5443:West German trials
5238:Wannsee Conference
5025:Itzhak Katzenelson
4777:General Government
4262:Franz Reichleitner
4192:Fritz Hartjenstein
4182:Maximilian Grabner
4101:Bruno Streckenbach
3913:Grossaktion Warsaw
3566:Operation Reinhard
2639:, Axis History.com
2633:, Axis History.com
2540:. 30 November 2017
2386:. 17 October 2019.
2279:on 22 January 2009
2277:(Internet Archive)
2195:2011-05-21 at the
1776:. 15 November 2010
1725:Nunca Mas (2007),
1633:978-1-84-885-290-7
1603:. Pomorskie.travel
1184:
1176:
1156:SS-Sturmbannführer
1147:SS-Sturmbannführer
950:Schichau-Werft in
610:
602:
594:
529:
470:Polish underground
445:
423:Several Norwegian
392:, Erna Boettcher,
342:
257:invasion of Poland
230:
114:54.32889; 19.15389
5573:
5572:
5569:
5568:
5489:
5488:
5350:
5349:
5346:
5345:
5301:
5300:
5293:Sonderaktion 1005
5167:
5166:
4850:
4849:
4828:Ypatingasis būrys
4730:
4729:
4671:Johanna Langefeld
4666:Hildegard Lächert
4562:
4561:
4398:Alfred Trzebinski
4363:Franz von Bodmann
4315:Lorenz Hackenholt
4157:Theodor van Eupen
4096:Jakob Sporrenberg
3931:
3930:
3655:
3654:
3362:
3361:
3330:
3329:
3186:Arbeit macht frei
2659:Joachim Neander *
2620:Several authors,
2469:. 20 October 2021
2423:. 20 October 2021
2224:Dziennik Bałtycki
2171:. Wiadomosci24.pl
2153:978-0-253-00509-0
2070:978-83-62012-02-2
2023:978-0-520-23469-7
1961:The Polish Review
1892:978-3-642-66077-1
1589:on 22 March 2016.
1517:978-0-674-72598-0
1206:On 5 May 1945, a
1159:Paul-Werner Hoppe
1140:
1139:
1132:
1114:
992:Starogard Gdański
633:anatomical models
352:brought in by SS-
210:
209:
185:Number of inmates
155:Paul-Werner Hoppe
5633:
5455:Treblinka trials
5440:
5439:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5356:
5355:
5254:Graebe affidavit
5247:Witness accounts
5193:Frank memorandum
5178:
5177:
5073:
5072:
5060:Szmul Zygielbojm
5050:Frumka Płotnicka
5010:Leon Feldhendler
4995:Icchak Cukierman
4949:Ghetto uprisings
4879:
4872:
4865:
4856:
4855:
4800:Schutzmannschaft
4621:Feodor Fedorenko
4571:
4570:
4479:Wolfgang Birkner
4267:Heinrich Schwarz
4257:Josef Oberhauser
4232:Heinrich Matthes
4116:Dieter Wisliceny
4106:Richard Thomalla
4081:Heinz Reinefarth
4031:Heinrich Himmler
3976:
3975:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3937:
3936:
3901:Other atrocities
3538:
3537:
3520:
3513:
3506:
3497:
3496:
3493:
3492:
3389:
3382:
3375:
3366:
3365:
3252:
3251:
3237:Luftwaffe guards
2710:
2703:
2696:
2687:
2686:
2651:
2627:
2614:24 June 2013 at
2605:
2575:
2572:
2558:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2492:. Duetsche Welle
2485:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2459:
2453:
2452:
2439:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2421:Daily News Brief
2413:
2407:
2406:
2394:
2388:
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2370:
2367:
2355:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2325:
2318:
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2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2278:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2238:
2232:
2231:
2226:. Archived from
2216:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2187:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2164:
2158:
2157:
2137:
2131:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2088:
2075:
2074:
2056:
2043:
2036:
2030:
2027:
2011:
2000:
1973:10.2307/41550440
1956:
1947:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1918:(3rd ed.).
1908:
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1896:
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1528:
1522:
1521:
1494:
1441:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1418:Thøger Thøgersen
1348:Filming location
1334:Irmgard Furchner
1286:Nuremberg Trials
1274:
1248:Elisabeth Becker
1243:
1135:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1115:
1113:
1072:
1048:
1040:
881:Malken Mierzynek
800:Zheleznodorozhny
642:Nuremberg trials
555:
513:
429:Nordic countries
382:Elisabeth Becker
120:
119:
117:
116:
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5574:
5565:
5532:
5485:
5476:Stutthof trials
5459:
5429:
5386:
5383:
5342:
5328:Holocaust train
5297:
5281:
5269:Witold's Report
5259:Gerstein Report
5242:
5208:Katzmann Report
5188:Auschwitz Album
5163:
5102:
5064:
5030:Michał Klepfisz
4978:
4937:
4886:
4883:
4846:
4786:
4756:Ordnungspolizei
4726:
4705:
4686:Erich Muhsfeldt
4616:Margot Dreschel
4601:Alexander Bülow
4558:
4554:Udo von Woyrsch
4544:Hermann Schaper
4539:Emanuel Schäfer
4524:Josef Meisinger
4484:Helmut Bischoff
4463:
4419:Heinz Auerswald
4407:
4349:
4297:
4291:
4287:Christian Wirth
4197:Gottlieb Hering
4120:
4086:Julian Scherner
4071:Georg Michalsen
4056:Franz Kutschera
4016:Odilo Globocnik
3967:
3964:
3927:
3896:
3758:
3716:
3697:Kielce cemetery
3651:
3588:
3527:
3524:
3487:
3398:
3393:
3363:
3358:
3326:
3312:"Race defilers"
3297:Nacht und Nebel
3243:
3200:
3193:Jedem das Seine
3080:
3027:
2987:
2719:
2714:
2682:" 2000. Vol. 2.
2680:Acta Cassubiana
2671:
2666:
2625:
2603:
2596:Wayback Machine
2584:
2579:
2578:
2561:
2543:
2541:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2486:
2482:
2472:
2470:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2451:. 18 July 2021.
2441:
2440:
2436:
2426:
2424:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2395:
2391:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2364:Washington Post
2358:
2344:
2340:
2320:
2319:
2310:
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2296:
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2282:
2280:
2276:
2266:
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2239:
2235:
2218:
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2207:
2203:
2197:Wayback Machine
2188:
2184:
2174:
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2165:
2161:
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2134:
2124:
2120:
2089:
2078:
2071:
2057:
2046:
2037:
2033:
2024:
1957:
1950:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1922:. p. 195.
1912:Gilbert, Martin
1909:
1900:
1893:
1877:
1873:
1858:Nielsen, Martin
1855:
1851:
1841:
1839:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1798:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1777:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1753:
1737:
1733:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1708:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1679:
1673:
1669:
1658:
1641:
1634:
1620:
1616:
1606:
1604:
1599:
1598:
1594:
1579:
1558:
1548:
1546:
1542:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1498:Blatman, Daniel
1495:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1406:Julia Rodzińska
1388:A Time to Speak
1366:
1364:Notable inmates
1354:Artur Żmijewski
1350:
1284:The well known
1282:
1281:
1280:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1267:
1266:
1252:Gerda Steinhoff
1244:
1233:
1231:Stutthof trials
1227:
1225:Stutthof trials
1168:
1136:
1125:
1119:
1116:
1073:
1071:
1061:
1049:
1038:
1033:
929:Pruszcz Gdański
832:KL Heiligenbeil
670:
629:bone maceration
586:
580:
570:(Thorn) and in
521:
478:Warsaw Uprising
437:
398:Gerda Steinhoff
334:
280:
239:established by
153:
113:
111:
107:
104:
99:
96:
94:
92:
91:
81:
80:
79:
78:
75:
74:
73:
52:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5639:
5629:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5571:
5570:
5567:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5558:
5553:
5542:
5540:
5534:
5533:
5531:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5518:Sobibór Museum
5515:
5510:
5505:
5499:
5497:
5491:
5490:
5487:
5486:
5484:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5467:
5465:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5452:
5446:
5444:
5437:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5396:
5394:
5388:
5387:
5382:
5381:
5374:
5367:
5359:
5352:
5351:
5348:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5309:
5307:
5303:
5302:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5295:
5289:
5287:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5279:
5275:Sonderkommando
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5243:
5241:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5218:Posen speeches
5215:
5213:Korherr Report
5210:
5205:
5203:Höfle telegram
5200:
5195:
5190:
5184:
5182:
5175:
5169:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5162:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5110:
5108:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5079:
5077:
5070:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5045:Witold Pilecki
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5020:Henryk Iwański
5017:
5015:Paweł Frenkiel
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4986:
4984:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4938:
4936:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4894:
4892:
4888:
4887:
4882:
4881:
4874:
4867:
4859:
4852:
4851:
4848:
4847:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4820:Arajs Kommando
4796:
4794:
4788:
4787:
4785:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4749:
4742:Einsatzgruppen
4738:
4736:
4732:
4731:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4713:
4711:
4707:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4698:
4696:Alice Orlowski
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4611:John Demjanjuk
4608:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4577:
4575:
4568:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4509:Gerhard Flesch
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4475:
4473:
4470:Einsatzgruppen
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4415:
4413:
4412:Ghetto command
4409:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4393:Horst Schumann
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4359:
4357:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4301:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4252:Johann Niemann
4249:
4244:
4239:
4237:Hermann Michel
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4212:Karl-Otto Koch
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4189:
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4152:Irmfried Eberl
4149:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4041:Fritz Katzmann
4038:
4033:
4028:
4026:Arthur Greiser
4023:
4021:Richard Glücks
4018:
4013:
4008:
4006:Ludwig Fischer
4003:
3998:
3996:Adolf Eichmann
3993:
3988:
3982:
3980:
3973:
3969:
3968:
3963:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3940:
3933:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3904:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3768:
3766:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3731:
3724:
3722:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3663:
3661:
3660:Mass shootings
3657:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3650:
3649:
3647:Danzig-Matzkau
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3612:Kraków-Płaszów
3609:
3604:
3598:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3535:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3522:
3515:
3508:
3500:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3399:
3392:
3391:
3384:
3377:
3369:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3356:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3336:
3335:Historiography
3332:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3317:Roma and Sinti
3314:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3300:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3255:
3249:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3208:
3206:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3197:
3196:
3189:
3179:
3174:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3155:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3057:
3056:
3046:
3041:
3035:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3026:
3025:
3017:
3012:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2993:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2985:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2968:
2967:
2966:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2932:
2927:
2926:
2925:
2915:
2914:
2913:
2903:
2902:
2901:
2894:Mittelbau-Dora
2891:
2890:
2889:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2863:
2862:
2861:
2854:Kraków-Płaszów
2851:
2850:
2849:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2757:
2756:
2755:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2733:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2713:
2712:
2705:
2698:
2690:
2684:
2683:
2670:
2669:External links
2667:
2665:
2664:
2657:
2652:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2618:
2606:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2574:
2573:
2571:. 8 July 2015.
2559:
2525:
2503:
2480:
2454:
2434:
2408:
2389:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2308:
2290:
2260:
2233:
2211:
2201:
2182:
2159:
2152:
2132:
2118:
2076:
2069:
2044:
2031:
2029:
2028:
2022:
1967:(3): 265–269.
1948:
1935:
1928:
1898:
1891:
1871:
1849:
1823:
1787:
1765:
1751:
1731:
1718:
1693:
1667:
1639:
1632:
1614:
1592:
1556:
1523:
1516:
1477:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1443:
1442:
1439:Germany portal
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1397:
1391:
1377:
1370:Reidar Kvammen
1365:
1362:
1349:
1346:
1276:
1269:
1268:
1260:Erna Beilhardt
1258:; second row:
1245:
1238:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1229:Main article:
1226:
1223:
1212:Klintholm Havn
1167:
1164:
1163:
1162:
1153:
1138:
1137:
1052:
1050:
1043:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1031:
1029:Kępiny Wielkie
1025:
1020:
1014:
1000:
995:
988:
980:
975:
966:
957:
954:
948:
943:
939:Russoschin in
937:
932:
924:
915:
910:
905:
900:
888:
883:
878:
875:
868:
863:
859:Königsberg in
857:
852:
845:
839:
829:
823:
820:
815:
813:Graniczna Wieś
809:
803:
793:
788:
784:Gotenhafen in
782:
781:near Szczecin)
775:
772:Schichau-Werke
768:
761:
755:
748:
742:Danziger Werft
739:
732:
721:
715:
710:
703:
696:
690:
681:
674:
669:
666:
662:denazification
618:Rudolf Spanner
579:
576:
520:
517:
501:Martin Nielsen
436:
433:
386:Erna Beilhardt
359:Fritz Katzmann
333:
330:
322:Final Solution
279:
276:
265:intelligentsia
208:
207:
202:
198:
197:
194:
190:
189:
186:
182:
181:
171:
167:
166:
163:
159:
158:
147:
143:
142:
136:
132:
131:
126:
122:
121:
89:
83:
82:
76:
67:
66:
60:
59:
58:
57:
54:
53:
50:
42:
41:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5638:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5619:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5609:
5607:
5604:
5602:
5599:
5597:
5594:
5592:
5589:
5587:
5584:
5583:
5581:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5551:
5547:
5544:
5543:
5541:
5539:
5535:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5469:
5468:
5466:
5462:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5432:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5415:Kielce pogrom
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5397:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5380:
5375:
5373:
5368:
5366:
5361:
5360:
5357:
5353:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5304:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5288:
5284:
5278:
5276:
5272:
5270:
5267:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5245:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5233:Stroop Report
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5173:Documentation
5170:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5145:
5142:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5111:
5109:
5105:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5080:
5078:
5074:
5071:
5067:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5041:
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5005:Marek Edelman
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4946:
4944:
4940:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4893:
4891:Organizations
4889:
4880:
4875:
4873:
4868:
4866:
4861:
4860:
4857:
4853:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4793:
4792:Collaboration
4789:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4757:
4753:
4750:
4747:
4743:
4740:
4739:
4737:
4735:Organizations
4733:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4712:
4708:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4681:Eduard Lorenz
4679:
4677:
4676:Anton Lechner
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4661:Josef Kollmer
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4631:Kurt Gerstein
4629:
4627:
4626:Hans Hoffmann
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4596:Juana Bormann
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4565:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4534:Erich Naumann
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4489:Lothar Beutel
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4460:
4459:Jürgen Stroop
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4429:Josef Blösche
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4410:
4404:
4403:Eduard Wirths
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4388:Josef Mengele
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4378:Horst Fischer
4376:
4374:
4373:Karl Gebhardt
4371:
4369:
4368:Carl Clauberg
4366:
4364:
4361:
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1182:Camp memorial
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1120:February 2024
1112:
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1081: –
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1075:Find sources:
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1053:This article
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960:Schippenbeil/
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729:Ostrów Island
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723:Danzig–Holm (
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536:Gassing with
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494:Horserød camp
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374:Aufseherinnen
371:
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365:of the area.
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361:, the Higher
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355:Gruppenführer
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302:Danzig police
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40:
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31:
26:
22:
5274:
5198:Höcker Album
5181:Nazi sources
5069:Victim lists
5035:Miles Lerman
4842:Trawniki men
4782:Hotel Polski
4691:Detlef Nebbe
4656:Oswald Kaduk
4651:Karl Jeschke
4529:Bruno Müller
4519:Felix Landau
4504:Ernst Damzog
4499:Karl Brunner
4468:
4444:Franz Konrad
4345:Adolf Theuer
4298:executioners
4277:Franz Stangl
4247:Robert Mulka
4217:Josef Kramer
4167:Karl Frenzel
4137:Richard Baer
4132:Hans Aumeier
4125:Camp command
4111:Otto Wächter
3991:Josef Bühler
3986:Viktor Brack
3972:Perpetrators
3626:
3564:
3406:Main article
3351:
3302:
3295:
3191:
3184:
3169:
3107:Forced labor
3097:Action 14f14
3092:Action 14f13
3032:Subdivisions
3019:
2958:
2647:
2599:
2566:
2542:. Retrieved
2537:
2528:
2516:. Retrieved
2506:
2494:. Retrieved
2483:
2471:. Retrieved
2466:
2457:
2446:
2437:
2425:. Retrieved
2420:
2411:
2403:The Guardian
2402:
2392:
2384:The Guardian
2383:
2374:
2363:
2351:
2341:
2302:
2293:
2281:. Retrieved
2274:the original
2263:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2228:the original
2223:
2214:
2204:
2185:
2173:. Retrieved
2162:
2142:
2135:
2127:
2121:
2099:(1): 63–86.
2096:
2092:
2060:
2034:
2007:
1964:
1960:
1938:
1915:
1881:
1874:
1865:
1861:
1852:
1840:. Retrieved
1835:
1826:
1814:. Retrieved
1802:
1790:
1778:. Retrieved
1768:
1756:. Retrieved
1741:
1734:
1721:
1709:. Retrieved
1705:
1696:
1687:
1683:
1670:
1660:
1623:
1617:
1607:30 September
1605:. Retrieved
1595:
1587:the original
1547:. Retrieved
1538:
1533:
1526:
1502:
1412:Balys Sruoga
1387:
1383:
1351:
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1327:
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1308:Johann Pauls
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1185:
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1126:
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1100:
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1074:
1062:Please help
1057:verification
1054:
1017:Westerplatte
984:
978:Sophienwalde
970:
961:
928:
896:
866:Krzemieniewo
848:
841:Hopehill in
805:Graudenz in
695:in Bydgoszcz
684:Bromberg-Ost
671:
646:
622:
611:
561:
547:
530:
508:
466:
446:
422:
414:Bromberg-Ost
409:
402:Ewa Paradies
379:
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369:
367:
353:
345:
343:
314:
299:
291:Selbstschutz
288:
281:
269:
261:World War II
241:Nazi Germany
232:
231:
225:
221:
201:Liberated by
5318:Gas chamber
5286:Concealment
5277:photographs
5124:Gross-Rosen
5093:Lviv (Lwów)
5055:Roza Robota
4959:Częstochowa
4591:Herta Bothe
4581:Hans Anhalt
4574:Camp guards
4514:Ludwig Hahn
4494:Paul Blobel
4434:Franz Bürkl
4424:Hans Biebow
4383:Fritz Klein
4320:Josef Klehr
4305:Erich Bauer
4296:Gas chamber
4242:Karl Möckel
4227:Maria Mandl
4202:Rudolf Höss
4187:Otto Hantke
4076:Oswald Pohl
4066:Ernst Lerch
3877:Stanisławów
3787:Częstochowa
3677:Bronna Góra
3607:Gross-Rosen
3602:Auschwitz I
3276:Homosexuals
3217:Lagerführer
3102:Early camps
3039:Appellplatz
2935:Ravensbrück
2930:Niederhagen
2796:Gross-Rosen
2784:Flossenbürg
2731:Arbeitsdorf
2626:(in Polish)
2604:(in Polish)
2544:24 February
2473:20 December
2333:. Sky News.
2283:12 November
2249:: 165–180.
1549:11 February
1400:Ingrid Pitt
1380:Helen Lewis
1256:Wanda Klaff
1166:Death march
1036:Commandants
891:Camp Nawitz
870:Lauenburg (
861:Kaliningrad
825:Gwisdyn in
750:Dzimianen (
693:DAG Factory
505:death march
476:during the
454:Soviet army
390:Herta Bothe
162:Operational
135:Operated by
112: /
87:Coordinates
5580:Categories
4641:Irma Grese
4636:Paul Götze
4606:Luise Danz
4355:Physicians
4162:Kurt Franz
4011:Hans Frank
3979:Organizers
3923:Heidelager
3271:"Asocials"
3212:Commandant
2918:Neuengamme
2878:Mauthausen
2830:Kaiserwald
2760:Buchenwald
2724:Main camps
2644:"Stutthof"
2427:20 October
2405:. Hamburg.
2175:14 January
2042:." (2018).
1780:21 January
1711:6 February
1468:References
1338:war crimes
1090:newspapers
969:Seerappen/
705:Chorabie (
649:fat tissue
574:(Elbing).
558:Focke-Wulf
519:Conditions
326:gas wagons
222:Death gate
146:Commandant
141:government
100:19°09′14″E
97:54°19′44″N
5495:Memorials
5392:Aftermath
5159:Treblinka
5114:Auschwitz
4969:Treblinka
4954:Białystok
4942:Uprisings
4722:Treblinka
4567:Personnel
4335:Otto Moll
4325:Hans Koch
4177:Amon Göth
3908:Action T4
3872:Sosnowiec
3842:Nowy Sącz
3777:Białystok
3744:Szczuczyn
3692:Erntefest
3682:Bydgoszcz
3667:Białystok
3582:Treblinka
3458:Lithuania
3248:Prisoners
3232:Wehrmacht
3205:Personnel
3177:Selection
3153:Muselmann
3024:(Camp SS)
2736:Auschwitz
2518:20 August
2496:20 August
2255:0137-5377
2105:0149-7952
1997:254434249
1981:0032-2970
1920:Routledge
1473:Citations
1352:In 1999,
1189:Lauenburg
1150:Max Pauly
1019:in Gdańsk
1008:Org. Todt
886:Mikoszewo
843:Nadbrzeże
827:Gwiździny
807:Grudziądz
770:Elbing /
765:Org. Todt
763:Elbing /
752:Dziemiany
736:Nowy Port
688:Bydgoszcz
668:Sub-camps
450:Auschwitz
435:Prisoners
418:Bydgoszcz
295:Pomerania
150:Max Pauly
5338:Zyklon B
5154:Trawniki
5149:Stutthof
5134:Majdanek
3882:Tarnopol
3822:Lubartów
3734:Jedwabne
3637:Trawniki
3627:Stutthof
3617:Potulice
3560:Majdanek
3478:Slovakia
3181:Slogans
3148:Language
2992:Agencies
2976:subcamps
2964:subcamps
2959:Stutthof
2952:subcamps
2940:subcamps
2923:subcamps
2911:subcamps
2899:subcamps
2887:subcamps
2871:subcamps
2866:Majdanek
2859:subcamps
2847:subcamps
2835:subcamps
2823:subcamps
2812:subcamps
2801:subcamps
2789:subcamps
2777:subcamps
2765:subcamps
2753:subcamps
2741:subcamps
2612:Archived
2592:Archived
2538:BBC News
2303:CBS News
2193:Archived
2113:27667954
1989:41550440
1914:(2002).
1860:(1947).
1807:Archived
1500:(2011).
1425:See also
1374:football
1023:Wiślinka
974:, Russia
971:Lyublino
965:, Poland
946:Brodnica
935:Przebrno
922:Potulice
918:Potulitz
908:Obrzycko
851:, Russia
836:Mamonovo
777:Pölitz (
774:(Elbląg)
767:(Elbląg)
719:Kokoszki
713:Cieszyny
538:Zyklon B
245:Sztutowo
233:Stutthof
205:Red Army
129:Sztutowo
125:Location
33:Stutthof
21:Struthof
5323:Gas van
5139:Sobibór
5076:Ghettos
4983:Leaders
4964:Sobibor
4717:Sobibor
4710:By camp
3857:Siedlce
3764:Ghettos
3749:Tykocin
3721:Pogroms
3707:Palmiry
3632:Szebnie
3577:Sobibor
3555:Chełmno
3483:Ukraine
3468:Romania
3448:Germany
3438:Estonia
3433:Denmark
3428:Croatia
3423:Belgium
3418:Belarus
3049:Subcamp
2971:Vaivara
2818:Hinzert
2582:Sources
2448:Hamodia
2352:Reuters
1842:23 July
1816:23 July
1758:24 June
1201:Hamburg
1104:scholar
1002:Thorn (
962:Sępopol
941:Rusocin
927:Praust/
913:Pelplin
895:Nawitz/
849:Juschny
698:Bruss (
458:Estonia
188:110,000
170:Inmates
25:Stuthof
5435:Trials
5410:Bricha
5144:Soldau
5129:Izbica
5119:Bełżec
5098:Warsaw
5083:Kraków
4923:Żegota
3892:Warsaw
3867:Słonim
3862:Sambor
3837:Mizocz
3827:Lublin
3802:Kraków
3797:Kielce
3792:Grodno
3772:Będzin
3754:Wąsosz
3730:(1946)
3728:Kielce
3642:Warsaw
3622:Soldau
3572:Belzec
3473:Russia
3463:Norway
3453:Latvia
3443:France
3141:Yellow
3136:Purple
3116:Badges
3085:Topics
3071:Revier
3011:(DEST)
2983:Warsaw
2772:Dachau
2253:
2150:
2111:
2103:
2067:
2020:
2014:114–17
1995:
1987:
1979:
1926:
1889:
1749:
1630:
1541:]
1514:
1376:player
1291:Gdańsk
1106:
1099:
1092:
1085:
1077:
985:Słupsk
983:Stolp/
952:Gdańsk
903:Niskie
872:Lębork
855:Kolkau
847:Jesau/
822:Gutowo
818:Grodno
786:Gdynia
779:Police
759:Elbląg
746:Gdańsk
725:Gdańsk
707:Chorab
679:Bocień
572:Elbląg
543:phenol
533:typhus
474:Warsaw
404:, and
306:Dachau
272:Allies
249:Gdańsk
235:was a
193:Killed
139:German
5107:Camps
4767:RKFDV
3887:Wilno
3852:Radom
3847:Pińsk
3782:Brest
3687:Dynów
3533:Camps
3121:Black
2882:Gusen
2842:Kauen
2598:from
2109:JSTOR
1993:S2CID
1985:JSTOR
1864:[
1836:Issuu
1810:(PDF)
1799:(PDF)
1680:(PDF)
1543:(PDF)
1537:[
1296:kapos
1216:Malmö
1199:near
1111:JSTOR
1097:books
1012:Toruń
1010:) in
897:Nawcz
700:Brusy
568:Toruń
332:Staff
174:Poles
5550:List
5088:Łódź
4908:Bund
4772:VoMi
4762:WVHA
3817:Łódź
3807:Lwów
3739:Lviv
3286:Jews
3264:Kapo
3131:Pink
3114:and
2880:and
2546:2023
2520:2024
2498:2024
2475:2022
2429:2021
2285:2014
2251:ISSN
2177:2016
2148:ISBN
2101:ISSN
2065:ISBN
2018:ISBN
1977:ISSN
1924:ISBN
1887:ISBN
1844:2020
1818:2020
1782:2013
1760:2013
1747:ISBN
1713:2021
1663:2014
1628:ISBN
1609:2021
1551:2015
1512:ISBN
1083:news
998:Susz
655:and
278:Camp
178:Jews
4933:ŻZW
4928:ŻOB
4918:PKB
4903:AOB
2678:. "
1969:doi
1384:née
1358:tag
1066:by
1004:AEG
920:in
893:in
744:in
686:in
653:IPN
644:.
293:in
259:in
218:DAW
23:or
5582::
4913:GL
4898:AK
4834:/
4830:,
4826:,
4822:,
4818:,
4814:,
4810:/
4806:,
4746:SS
3353:KL
2646:.
2565:.
2536:.
2465:.
2445:.
2419:.
2401:.
2382:.
2362:.
2350:.
2311:^
2301:.
2222:.
2107:.
2097:29
2095:.
2079:^
2047:^
2016:.
1991:.
1983:.
1975:.
1965:56
1963:.
1951:^
1901:^
1834:.
1805:.
1801:.
1704:.
1688:84
1686:.
1682:.
1642:^
1559:^
1506:.
1481:^
1344:.
1262:,
1254:,
1250:,
1006:,
620:.
488:,
484:,
420:.
410:SS
400:,
384:,
370:SS
346:SS
317:SS
226:SS
176:,
5552:)
5548:(
5378:e
5371:t
5364:v
4878:e
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4802:(
4758:)
4754:(
4748:)
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3809:(
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3126:P
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2522:.
2500:.
2477:.
2431:.
2354:.
2287:.
2257:.
2247:3
2179:.
2156:.
2115:.
2073:.
2026:.
1999:.
1971::
1932:.
1895:.
1846:.
1820:.
1784:.
1762:.
1715:.
1665:.
1636:.
1611:.
1553:.
1520:.
1390:)
1382:(
1133:)
1127:(
1122:)
1118:(
1108:·
1101:·
1094:·
1087:·
1060:.
994:)
874:)
838:)
834:(
802:)
798:(
754:)
738:)
731:)
727:–
709:)
702:)
27:.
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